anatomi endokrin mei 2014 revisi
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Anatomy of the
Endocrine System
By : Chodidjah
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• At the end of the lecture, students
should be able to d escribe :
The position and structur of the glands
of endocrine system:hypothalamus,
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, para thyroid,
adrenal, pancreas, ovarium, testis
Hormones which producing of
endocrine system
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
the structures of hypothalamus related
to the pituitary gland.
• Describe the blood supply of endocrine
system gland .
•Describe the blood supply of pituitarygland & the hypophyseal portal system.
• The nervous system of endocrine
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the Endocrine System• The endocrine system ismade up of seen di!erent
"#ands that ma$e chemica#sca##ed %OR&ONES'
• %OR&ONES are su(stancesthat act as mesen"er tocontro# many (ody function'
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The endocrine system ma$es
more the )* mayor hormonesthat he#p contro#+
• Gro,th
• Reproduction• Se-sua# dee#opment
• .se and Stora"e of ener"y
• Responses to physica# stress ortrauma
• Lee# of /uid sa#t and su"ar in
(#ood
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GLANDS OF ENDOCRINESYSTEM
• Hypothalamus
. Pituitary
• Pineal
• Thyroid
• Para thyroid
• Thymus
• Adrenal• Pancreas
• Gonade ( Ovarium and Testis)
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%01OT%ALA&.S
The hypotha#amusis #ocated in thecenter of the (rain'
It ma$es hormonesthat increase or
decrease the re#easeof the hormonesmade in thepituitary "#and ita#so ma$eshormones that he#p
to contro# ,ater(a#ance2 s#eep2temperature2appetide and (#oodpressure'
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Hormones Which produced by hypothalamus
Releasing Hormones RH!
"rowth Hormone RH
"onadotrophin RH
Thyrotropin RH
#rolactin RH
$orticotropin RH
Release% inhibiting Hormones:
omatostatin
Dopamin
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1IT.ITAR0 GLAN34%01O1%0SIS CEREBRI5
't is referred to as the master of endocrine glands.
't is a small oval structure ( cm in diameter.
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't lies in the middle cranial fossa
1OSITION
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it lies between optic chiasma anteriorly! &
mamillary bodies posteriorly!.
&ami##ary (od
ptic chiasma
Body of sphenoi
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)#*R'+R: Diaphragma
sellae'-*R'+R: phenoidal air
sinuses
/T*R/: $avernous
sinuses
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S.B3IVISIONS O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3
The gland is divided into:(! /nterior lobe /denohypophysis!: it is the True gland, ecretes
hormones
0! #osterior lobe eurohypophysis!: connected to hypothalamus
through hypothalamo%hypophyseal tract, tores hormones secreted by
hypothalamic nuclei
ypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract
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BLOO3 S.11L0 O6 1IT.ITAR0 GLAN3
/RT*R'*: uperior & inferior hypophyseal arteries branches
of internal carotid artery!
1*': Hypophyseal veins drain into $avernous inuses.
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ARTERIES
uperior hypophyseal: supplies infundibulum & forms a capillary
networ2 from which vessels pass downward & form sinusoids into the
anterior lobe of pituitary gland hypophyseal portal system!.'nferior hypophyseal: supplies posterior lobe of pituitary gland.
a hypothalamo-hypophsealportal vessel
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Hormone%releasing &
inhibiting factors
produced byhypothalamus use
Hypophyseal #ortal
ystem of vessels toreach the /nterior
lobe of pituitary gland
ANTERIOR
LOBE
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The neurohypophysis
receives a nerve supply fromsome of the hypothalamic
nuclei (supraoptic &
paraventricular )
The axons of these nuclei
convey their neurosecretion
to the Posterior lobe of
pituitary gland throughHypothalamo-Hypophyseal
tract from where it passes into
the blood stream.
1OSTERIORLOBE
, c
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, cproducin" ofanteriorpituitary "#ands
Gro!th hormone
( GH)
"uteini#in$ hormone
("H)
%ollicle &timulatin$hormone (%&H)
Thyrotropin hormone
(T&H)
Prolactin (P'")
Adrenocorticotropichormone ( ACTH)
elanocye stimulatin$
hormone ( &H)
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POSTERIOR PITUITARYORMONES
O*TOC*+
,A&OP'-&&*+ ( Anti iuretic
Hormones/AH0 Ar$inin
,asopressin/A,P0or Ar$ipressin)
Posterior pituitary hormones are sinthesed 1y
the hypothalamus. They are than store in
neurosecretory vesicles 1e2ore secreted 1y
pituitary into 1lood stream.
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1INEAL "#and7pinea# (ody
The pinea# "#and#ocated in thecentre of the (rain2to the (et,een thecere(ra#
hemisphereattached to thethird entric#e
It produced theme#atonin hormone2,ith is used the(ody to $eepnorma# (ody s#eepcyc#e '
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The ThyroidG#and
Bro!nishred and so2t
durin$ li2e .
"ocated in the nec3 1elo!the laryn4 0 and anterior to
the trachea
-ach lo1e
5pearshaped and 67cm lon$
8sually !ei$hs a1out 97;$
(lar$er in!omen)
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&urrounded 1y a thin02i1rous capsule o2 connective
tissue
-4ternal to this is 2ormed 1y
pretracheal 2ascia
'i$ht and le2t lo1es are
connected 1y 1and o2 tissuecalled isthmus.
Thyroid $land attached to
arch o2 cricoid cartila$e and
to o1li<ue line o2 thyroid
cartila$e
5moves up and do!n !ith
s!allo!in$ and oscillates
durin$ spea3in$
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*sthmus: e4tends across the
trachea anterior to second and
third tracheal cartila$es
Pyramidal lo1e=e4ists0
ascendin$ 2rom the isthmusto!ards hyoid 1one
"ies deep to sternothyroidand
sternohyoid muscles
*nternal ju$ular vein andcommon carotid arterylie
posterolateral to thyroid
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ARTERIAL S.11L0
Arterial supply 2rom
superior and in2erior
thyroid arteries
5lie 1et!een capsule and
pretracheal 2ascia (2alse
capsule)
all thyroid arteries
anastomose !ith one
another on and in the
su1stance o2 the thyroid01ut little anastomosis
across the median plane .
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'ecurrent laryn$eal nerveis
( 1ranch o2 va$us nerve) an
important structure lyin$
1et!een trachea and thyroid
5may 1e injured durin$
thyroid sur$ery >ipsilateral
paralysis0 o2 vocalis plica0
hoarse voice .
Thyroid $land produce :
T ( Triiodotyronin)0T? (Thyro4in) and
Calcitonin
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• Cal!"to#"# a hormo#es thatst"m$lates %epos"t"o# o& !al!"$m &romthe 'loo% "#to the 'o#es( 'ala#!"#)
the a!t"o# o& parathyro"%• Thyro"% hormo#es they !o#trol the
*asal Meta'pl"! Rate +*MR,(
I#$e#!e !ell %".ere#t"at"o# a#%)ro/th
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1ARAT%0ROI3GLAN3
%our parathyroid $land are
2ound near the posterior
aspect o2 the thyroid $land.
They are small 9; ?; m$and have a 1ean li3e shape.
Parathyroid $lands usually
lie 1et!een posterior 1order
o2 thyroid $land and its
sheath
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These ? $lands produce parathyroid
hormone (PTH)0 !hich help to maintaincalcium homeostasis 1y actin$ on the
renal tu1ule as !ell as calcium store in
the s3eletal system and 1y actin$indirectly on the $astointestinal tract
thiou$h the activation o2 vit .
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A3RENAL GLAN37S.1RARENALGLAN3
The adrenal $land is a smalltri an$ular $land located on
top o2 the 3idney.
Adrenal $lands are oran$e
colored endocrine $lands
that are a1out
@07 4 inch.
The $land consist s o2 a
medulla and is surrounded
1y corte4.
*t is responsi1le 2or
producin$ epinephrin andnor epinephrin 0 as !ell as
the hormones related !ith
stress thou$ht the process o2
corticosteroids.
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A3RENAL GLAN3
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• O#e the ma"# &$#!t"o# o& the a%re#al)la#% "s to /or0 /"th thehypothalam$s a#% the p"t$"tary 1
• The hypothalam$s pro%$!e%!ort"!otroph"#- Realeas"#) ormo#ethat st"m$late% the a%re#al )la#%s to
pro%$!e hormo#e !alle%!ort"!ostero"%1
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BLOO3 S.11L0
The artrial 1lood supply
to each adrenal $land is
via three adrenal
arteries:
-The superior suprarenal
artery0 a 1ranch o2 thein2erior phrenic artuery
- The middle suprarenal
artery0 a 1ranch o2 the
aorta
- The in2erior suprarenalartery0 a 1ranch o2 the
renal artery
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The Venousdraina"e
-The enousdraina"e of theadrena# is ia thesuprarena# eins,hich drain into
di!erent maineins on each side'
8 The ri"ht into theinferior ena caa
- The #eft into the
#eft rena# or #eftinferior phrenicein
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NERVE S.11L0
The adrenal $land
have a rich nervesupply 0 1ranch 2rom
Coeliac ple4us and
the thoracicus
splancnic
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6.NCTIONALANATO&0
The adrena# "#and can (edeide into t,o 9ones2 eachof ,hich producin" speci:chormones'
The inner part of the adrena#ca##ed medu##a secretedadrena#in 4 epinephrine5 and
noradrena#in 4 norepinephrine5
The outer part of theadrena# "#and ca##ed corte-secreted +
8 &inera#ocorticoid A#dosteron 4 9ona
"#omeru#osa5
8 G#ucocorticoid corti9o#4 ;ona fascicu#ata5
8 Andro"en 4;onareticu#aris5
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1ANCREATICGLAN3
Gland !ith 1oth e4ocrine
and endocrine 2unctions
@797 cm lon$
;@;; $
"ocation: in epi$astric and
le2t hypochondric re$ion.
'etroperitoneum0 9nd
lum1ar verte1ral level
-4tends in an o1li<ue0
transverse position
Parts o2 pancreas: head0nec30 1ody and tail
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1ANCREATIC 3.CT
irsun$i duct runsthe entire len$th o2pancreas
-&antorini duct drainssuperior portion o2
head and emptiesseparately into 9nd portion o2 duodenum
Common Bile duct1ehind 2irst portion o2
duodenum then throu$hhead o2 pancreas
Terminates at ampulla o2vater
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The pancreas is an endocrine $land !hich hase4ocrine and endocrine tissue.
The e4ocrine secretes pancreatic juice0 a
solution containin$ en#yme 2or car1ohydrat0protein and triacyl $lycerol di$est.
Pancreatic juice drains into the small intestine.
The endocrine part secretes hormones 2or there$ulation o2 1lood $lucose concentration0include insulin0 $luca$on and somatostatin .
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B"OO &8PP"Blood supply 2rom &plenicartery0 Hepatic artery and&uperior esenteric ArteryCeliac Common HepaticArtery GastroduodenalArtery &uperiorpancreaticoduodenal artery !hich divides into anteriorand posterior 1ranches
&A
*n2eriorpancreaticoduodenal artery !hich divides into anteriorand posterior 1ranches
2 D " &
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2e#o$s Dra"#a)e o&Pa#!reas
• %ollo!s arterial supply• Anterior and posterior arcades drain head and
the 1ody• &plenic vein• &uperior and in2erior mesenteric vein pass deep
to pancreas0 mer$e !ith spleen vein0 terminatesin portal vein
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2e#o$s Dra"#a)e o& the Pa#!reas
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I##ervat"o# o& Pa#!reas
• &ympathetic 2i1ers 2rom the splanchnic nerves
• Parasympathetic 2i1ers 2rom the va$us
• Both $ive rise to intrapancreatic periacinar
ple4uses• Parasympathetic 2i1ers stimulate 1oth e4ocrine
and endocrine secretion
•&ympathetic 2i1ers have a predominantlyinhi1itory e22ect
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Pro%$!t"o# o& Pa#!reat"! ormo#es 'y Three Cell Types
lpha cells produce glucagon!
"eta cells produce insulin!
#elta cells produce somatostatin!
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ovary
The ovaries are the
2emale pelvic
reproduction or$an and
are responsi1le 2or the
production o2 se4hormones.
The ovaries are small
They are paired or$an
located on either side o2
the uterus !ithin theBroad "i$ament 1ello!
the uterin 2allopian tu1e.
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BLOO3 S.11L0
Blood supply to the ovary
is via the ovarian artery0
1oth the ri$ht and le2t
arteries ori$inate directly
2rom the aorta.
The le2t ovariy vein drain
into the le2t renal vein
and the ri$ht ovarian
vein empties into the
in2erior venae cava.
Hormones produce 1y the
ovary are estro$en and
pro$esteron.
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The T-&T-& (sin$ular:
T-&T*&/ Testicle
T-&T-& are the
male $onads0 located
in the scrotum.Testes are component
o2 1oth the
reproduction system
and the endocrine
system.
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-ach testes isenclosed 1y the
tunica va$inalis0 a
continuation o2 the
peritoneum that linesthe a1domino pelvic
cavity.
A 2i1rous capsule
covers each testis
called the tunica
al1u$enia
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The primary 2unction o2 the
testes are produce sperm
( spermato$enesis) and to
produce andro$en (e40
testosteron)
Gonadotropin Hormon
produced 1y the anterior
pituitary:
"H Testosteron release
%&H &permato$enesis
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B"OO &8PP"
The paired testicularisartery arise directly 2rom
the a1dominal artery and
descend thou$h the in$uinal
canal.
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The le2t testicularis
vein drain into the
le2t renal vein and
the ri$ht testicularisvein empties into the
in2erior venae cava.
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The tunica al1u$inea
$ives rise to septa
(partitions) that divide
the testis into lo1ules
(a1out 97;)
-ach lo1ule contains
or ? hi$hly coiled
semini2erous tu1ules
These conver$e to
1ecome rete testis
!hich transport sperm
to the epididymis
The testicu#ar
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The testicu#ararteries (ranch o!the a(domina#aorta near the
$idneys' The ri"httesticu#ar eindrains direct#y intothe inferior enacaa2 ,hi#e the #efttesticu#ar eindrains into the #eftrena# ein and theninto the inferiorena caa' Noteho, the esse#s
cross oer theureters and enterand e-it thein"uina# cana# ,iththe spermatic cord
ia the deep and
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