analysis of consciousness in the works of marx by merab mamardashvili

Upload: alexei-penzin

Post on 07-Jul-2018

232 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    1/20

    M E R A B M A M A R D A ~ V I L I

    A N A L Y S I S O F C O N S C I O U S N E S S I N T H E W O R K S

    O F M A R X *

    Re f e r e n c e t o M a r x h a s b e c o m e in p h i lo s o p h y a f o r m o f c o m p r e h e n s io n

    of a theory and of cr i t ica l se lf - ref lec t ion of the researcher . This is no

    acc iden t . Marx coun ts among those few th inkers - - pe rhaps a handfu l

    - - i n t he h i s to r y o f h u m a n i ty w h o h a v e o p e n e d to t h o u g h t w h o le p l a ne s

    o f rea l i ty and who have de tec ted masses o f new ob jec t ive re la t ionsh ips

    and connec t ions . Uncov er ing these new geo log ica l l aye rs , these

    th inkers mark fo r cen tu r ie s to come how one de f ines though t , wha t i s

    the pa th o f i t s deve lopment , and even wha t i t means fo r though t to be

    ra t iona l . Peop le l ike Ga l i leo , E ins te in and Marx have pu t in the hands

    of re sea rche rs a who le mass o f new ob jec t s c ry ing ou t fo r e luc ida t ion - -

    a new ob jec t ive con t inen t tha t was no t the re fo r p rev ious though t and

    which subsequen t thoug h t canno t a f fo rd to ignore.

    A m o n g th e m a n y o b j e c t s i n t h e M a r x i a n r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w e f i n d

    thought , both in tu i t ive and ref lec t ive , as needing thoroughly socia l

    ana lys is . F r om th is recons t ruc t ion a r i se wha t we ca ll con tem pora ry

    approaches to consc iousness - - i . e . , the p rob lems and approaches tha t

    cou ld no t be conce ived p r io r to Marx . We see these consequences - -

    somet im es in s t range and m asked fo rms - - in ou r inab i li ty to exp la in ,

    f rom a t rad i t iona l en l igh tenment ra t iona l i s t v iewpoin t , movements l ike

    ex is ten t ia l i sm, phenomeno logy ,

    Wissenssoziologie

    psychoana lys i s , and

    s t ruc tu ra l i sm in the s tudy o f cu l tu re (wh ich , by the way , a l so exp la ins

    why our excurs ions in to the thbugh t o f Marx a re so necessa ry ) . For , i t

    was p rec i se ly Marx who in t roduced a se r ie s o f heur i s t i c dev ices tha t

    sp rang the conf ines o f t r ad i t iona l ph i lo sophy - - inc lud ing the fa l lacy o f

    speaking of pure cons cious ness as se lf -ac t iva t ing and crea t ive with in

    the conf ines o f an agen t tha t tu rns ou t to be the human ind iv idua l . The

    ob jec t s o f the inves t iga t ion o f consc iousness a re e l sewhere , wi th new

    dependenc ies and pa ramete rs , wh ich a re a l l unava i lab le to in te rna l

    * T rans la ted f rom Voprosyfilosofii6 1968) , pp . 13- -25 .

    Studies in Soviet Thought

    32 1986) , 101 - -12 0 .

    © 1986 by D ReidelPublishing Company

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    2/20

    1 2 M E R A B M A M A R D A g V I L I

    o b s e r v a t i o n a n d i n t r o s p e c t i o n . T h e s e m e t h o d s , w h i c h h a d d o m i n a t e d

    e p i s t e m o l o g y f o r s o l o n g , a r e n o w t o b e s h u n t e d t o t h e s i d e.

    M a r x e f f e c t e d t hi s r e v o l u t i o n a b o v e a ll in h is e c o n o m i c i n v e s ti g a ti o n s

    o f a ce r t a in soc ia l fo rmat ion - - cap i t a l i sm; inves t iga t ions wh ich con-

    c r e t i z e d ( a n d d e v e l o p e d i n u n f o r e s e e a b l e d i r e c t i o n s ) t h e e l e m e n t s

    c o n c e r n i n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s in t h e m a t e r i a li s t c o n c e p t i o n o f h i s to r y , w h i c h

    h a d h i th e r t o b e e n - - t o u s e a n e x p r e s s i o n o f L e n i n - - o n l y h y p o t h e ti c a l.

    W e h a v e t o m a k e a fe w p r e li m i n a r y r e m a r k s ( b e c a u s e in M a r x w e d o

    n o t f i n d a d i s t in c t e p i s t e m o l o g y , o r a c c o u n t o f m e t h o d , o r o f d i a le c t ic ,

    etc.). 1

    I n e c o n o m i c s , M a r x c a r r i e d o n m a i n l y m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a n d p h i l o s o -

    p h i c w o r k , al th o u g h h e u s e d t h e t e r m s a n d p r o b l e m a r e a s o f e c o n o m i c s

    i ts el f. T h i s p h i l o s o p h i c w o r k w a s b o t h c o n d i t i o n a n d c o n t e n t o f t h e

    r e c o n s t r u c t i o n h e c a r r i e d o u t i n p o l it i c al e c o n o m y . I t w a s a l s o c o n d i t i o n

    a n d c o n t e n t o f t h a t f o r m ( o r p a r a d ig m , a s o n e l i k es t o s a y t o d a y ) o f

    p h i l o s o p h i c a l l y c o n s c i o u s t h o u g h t e s s e n t i a l f o r ( p o l i t i c a l - e c o n o m i c )

    d i s c o v e r i e s th a t r e v o l u t i o n i z e d w h o l e b r a n c h e s o f t h is s c i e n c e a n d

    e l a b o r a t e d n e w s o r t s o f t h e o r y . O b j e c t i v e l y , w e f in d i n th i s s o r t o f

    t h o u g h t a w h o l e s e ri e s o f p h i l o s o p h i c h y p o t h e s e s a n d h e u r i s ti c d e v i c e s .

    T h e s e a r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e l a n g u a g e o f e c o n o m i c s b u t c o u l d a l s o b e

    r e f i n e d a s g e n e r a l l y u s e f u l p h i l o s o p h i c c a t e g o r i e s . A m o n g t h e m , f o r

    e x a m p l e , is t h e t h e si s o n t h e n a t u r e o f t h in g s s e n s i b le - s u p r a s e n s i b l e , o r

    s o c i a l ( M a r x ) , p r o b l e m s o f o b j e c t i v a t i o n , a n d o f r e l a ti o n s o f o b j e c t if i -

    a b l e , s o c i a l l y o b j e c t i v e f o r m s t o t h e s u b j e c t i v e l y a c t i v e c a p a c i t i e s o f

    m a n ; t h e r e l a t io n s o f r a t io n a l k n o w l e d g e t o e c o n o m i c a c t iv i ty ; a n d t h e

    q u e s t i o n a s t o h o w t h is r e a l it y c a n p r e s e n t i t se l f t o t h e d i r e c t o b s e r v e r

    a n d w h y i t c a n b e m i s r e p r e s e n t e d , e tc . 2

    W e h a v e s p e c i f i e d t h o s e p r o p o s i t i o n s b e c a u s e t h e y p r e s u p p o s e a

    c e r ta i n t h e o r y o f c o n s c io u s n e s s . S u c h a t h e o r y c o u l d b e f o u n d i n M a r x

    i n a q u i t e p r o f o u n d f o r m , a l t h o u g h i t w a s f u ll y u n d e r s t o o d o n l y la t e r,

    a n d m e a n w h i l e m a n y a s p e c t s w e r e r e i n v e n t e d a n d f a l se l y a t t ri b u t e d t o

    o the r s ( e .g . to phenomeno log i s t s , ex i s t en t i a l i s t s , p sychoana lys t s

    e t a l . 3

    O f c o u r s e , w h a t i s h i g h l i g h t e d i n t h e M a r x i a n w o r k s i s t h a t i t

    c a r r ie s o u t o b j e c t i v e a n d s y s t e m - s t r u c t u r a l i n v e s t i g a ti o n o f it s o b j e c t - -

    e c o n o m i c r e l a ti o n s o f a c e r ta i n s o c i a l f o r m a t i o n , w h i c h a r e n o t e x -

    p l a i n e d b y t h e a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t s c a r ry i n g

    t h e m . E x c l u d e d a l s o a r e al l r e f e r e n c e s to t h e s u b j e c t s ' u n d e r s t a n d i n g , t o

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    3/20

    CONSCIOU SNESS IN MARX 1 3

    e c o n o m i c p r o c e s s e s , t o t h e i r v o l i t i o n s , m o t i v a t i o n s , e t c . W h a t i s i n v e s -

    t i g a t e d i s t h e e n t i r e , s e l f - d e v e l o p i n g o r g a n i c w h o l e . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f

    M a r x c a n b e s e e n p r e c i s e ly in t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s a b l e to o p e n u p s u c h

    a p a t h t o s c i e n c e , t h a t h e r e v e a l e d t h e h i d d e n a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l c o n s t i t u -

    t i o n o f th e s u b j e c t s c a rr y i n g t h e m . E x c l u d e d a l s o a r e all r e f e r e n c e s t o

    t h e s u b j e c t s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , t o e c o n o m i c p r o c e s s e s , t o t h e i r v o l i t i o n s ,

    mot iva t ions , e t c . What i s inves t iga ted i s the en t i r e , s e l f -deve lop ing

    o r g a n ic w h o l e . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f M a r x c a n b e s e e n p r e c is e l y i n t h e

    f a c t t h a t h e w a s a b l e t o o p e n u p s u c h a p a t h t o s c i e n c e , t h a t h e r e v e a l e d

    t h e h i d d e n a n t h r o p o l o g i s m o f p r e v i o u s p o l it ic a l e c o n o m y w h i c h c o n -

    s i s t e d i n a b s t r a c t a n d u n e x a m i n e d a n t i - h i s t o r i c a l a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t

    m a n , a b o u t h is n e e d s a n d i n te r e st s, a n d s o o n . M a r x m e t h o d o f

    i n v e st ig a t io n o f e c o n o m i c p h e n o m e n a is o b je c t i v e a n d d o e s n o t u s e t h e

    p s y c h i c p r o c e s s e s a n d c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f i n d i v id u a l s a s a p o i n t o f

    d e p a r t u r e ( a l th o u g h a l l t h e v a r i o u s p r o c e s s e s a n d c o n t e n t o f c o n s c i o u s -

    n e s s d o a p p e a r i n t h e i n v e s ti g a ti o n s) .

    H o w e v e r , i n w h a t f o r m d o w e f i n d h e r e c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i t s p h e -

    n o m e n a a n d i t s r e l a t i o n s ? I t e x i s t s a n d s o m e t h i n g i s a s s u m e d a b o u t i t .

    T he re i s the in te res t ing f ac t tha t i t i s an ob jec t ive , ma te r ia l i s ti c m e th od

    o f a n al y si s o f s o c ia l p h e n o m e n a t h at c o n t a i n e d t h e k e y t o u n d e r s t a n d -

    i n g c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a s p e c i a l m o d a l i t y . T h i s a p p r o a c h a l s o m a d e

    p o s s i b l e d i s t i n c t i o n s a m o n g i t s v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s , a n d a m o n g b a s i c

    c o n c e p t i o n s o f it s n a t u r e , i t s f u n c t io n s a n d t h e d i v e r s i t y o f i ts f o rm .

    T h e f a c t is th a t M a r x h a d h i s o w n w a y o f d e s c r i b i n g s o c i a l sy s t em s :

    i n e a c h c a s e , h e w o u l d c o n s t r u c t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n s u c h a w a y t h a t

    f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g h e h a d t o d o w i t h s y s t e m s a c t u a l i z i n g a n d f u n c -

    t io n i n g t h r o u g h c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; i.e . s u c h t h a t t h e y c o n t a i n e d r e f l e c t io n a s

    a n e c e s s a r y e l e m e n t ( o r , a g ai n , s u c h t h a t t h e y c o n t a i n e d t h e r e s e a r c h e r s

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a n e l e m e n t i n t ri n si c t o t h e a c t o f r e s e a rc h i n g ) . S y s t e m s

    o f t h i s k i n d w e r e f o r h i m , b y d e f i n i t i o n , s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c s y s t e m s ;

    w h e n c e i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o c o n s i d e r c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a f u n c t i o n o r

    a t t r ib u t e o f s o c i a l sy s t e m s o f a c ti v it y , d r a w i n g i ts c o n t e n t a n d s t r u c t u r e s

    ( o r f o r m s ) f r o m t h e d i f fe r e n t ia t e d s y s t em i c li nk s, a n d n o t r e s t r ic t e d

    s i m p l y t o t h e r e f l e c t i o n o f a n o b j e c t i n t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f a s u b j e c t . T h e

    c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s t y p e o f a n a l y s i s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s t h a t s o c i a l -

    o b j e c t i v e f o r m s a n d s o c i a l t h in g s t u r n o u t t o b e a p p l i c a b l e t o i t a s t h e

    e x t e n s i o n t h e r e o f t o t h e l e v e l o f h u m a n s u b j e c ti v it y . H e r e i s t h e p i v o t a l

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    4/20

    104 MERAB MAMARDASVILI

    point, that in the investigation of consciousness it be seen as indepen-

    dent of the psychologically conscious expressions of the spiritual life of

    the individual, of his various forms of self-assessment and self-under-

    standing, of motivational language, etc.

    The consciousness that exists in subjects can in principle be studied

    completely objectively, according to its objectivities , and according to

    the meaningful objects that are seen as generated by the self-develop-

    ment and differentiation of the system of social activity as a whole. As

    we have seen, it is just here that Marx wants to do his reconstruction.

    He wants to find the determinants and formative mechanisms of the

    objects of knowledge that are representatives (or replacements ) for

    something else. He wants to know their objective content and the role

    they play in the behavior of the individual. He wants also to find the

    social fabric of these mechanisms -- the real interplay between people

    (even though the mechanisms of the formation of consciousness are not

    directly given).

    Thus, while for classical philosophy -- which was a philosophy of

    self-consciousness -- consciousness had a teleological structure and

    was measured uniquely by perception and representation as actualized

    in the reflexive knowledge of the individual, Marx was the first to place

    consciousness into the domain of scientific determinism, and to reveal

    its social transformation and social mechanisms.4

    Instead of being monochromatic and flat , consciousness reveals its

    archeological depths; it turns out to be polychromatic, and penetrated

    with determinants from simultaneously active levels -- the level of

    social mechanisms, of the unconscious, of cultural systems of signs, etc.

    What is more, there is the genetic side, with various causes acting at

    various times according to various laws. Of course, consciousness of

    these depths and diverse parameters could not be found in the self-

    conscious work of the individual thinking about himself and about the

    world; and the products of consciousness could not be traced back to

    this individual activity. Consciousness is only one of the metamorphoses

    of the extensive and diverse whole -- only the tip of the iceberg. It has

    to be studied along with its hidden parts and in dependence on them.

    From the structure of the Marxian analysis of consciousness flow

    the elements of a whole series of theories: (1) the theoretical model of

    the social conditioning of consciousness; (2) the theory of fetishism and

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    5/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S IN M A R X 1 0 5

    s y m b o l i z a t i o n o f t h e s o c i a l i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; ( 3 ) t h e t h e o r y o f i d e o l o g y

    ( w e n o t e t h a t M a r x a n t i ci p a t ed h e r e w h a t la t e r b e c a m e Wissenssoz io -

    logie);

    ( 4 ) t h e t h e o r y o f sc i e n c e a n d o f f r e e sp i r it u a l p r o d u c t i o n a s

    s p e c i a l f o r m s o f t h e a c t i v i t y o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; ( 5 ) t h e t h e o r y o f c o n -

    s c i o u sn e s s as in s t ru m e n t o f t h e i n d iv i d u al d e v e l o p m e n t o f m a n a n d o f

    h i s r e spons ib i l i ty in the sp here s o f cu l tu re an d o f h i s to r i ca l ac t iv i ty .

    H e r e w e w ill li m it o u r s e lv e s t o s o m e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e c o u r s e o f

    M a r x i a n t h o u g h t t h a t g e n e r a t e d t h e r i c h b r a n c h e s , h e u r i s t i c a b s t r a c t i o n s

    a n d s c h e m a t a , w h i c h m a r k t h e s p e c i f ic i ty o f t h e M a r x i a n a n a l y si s o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s .

    E v e n i n th e t r e a t m e n t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s th a t M a r x p r o v i d e s w h e n

    d e a li n g w i t h t h e c o m m o d i t y m o d e l i n Capi ta l , w e s e e t h e a b o v e t r a i t s

    o f th e g e n e r a ll y M a r x i a n m e t h o d , w h i c h c a n b e c a l le d t h e i m p e r s o n a l

    ( o r r e d u c t i v e - o b j e c t i v e ) a n a l y s i s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c u l t u r e . L e t u s

    expla in .

    M a r x c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e c o m m o d i t y a s a t h in g th a t i s s e n s i b l e - s u p r a -

    sens ib le o r soc ia l ; i . e . i t i s such tha t , a longs ide i t s na tu ra l and s ens ib le

    p r o p e r t i e s , i t e x p r e s s e s t o s e n s u o u s i n t u i t i o n w h a t i s n o t d i r e c t l y g i v e n

    ( w h a t o n l y p e r c e p t i o n c a n e n c o m p a s s ) , b e c a u s e o f th e s o c i a l p r o p e r t i e s

    a n d r e l a ti o n s t h a t b e l o n g t o it s n a t u r a l b o d y .

    I n t h e p r e s e n t i n s t a n c e i t i s v a l u e t h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e c o m m o d i t y .

    T h e m a t e r ia l f o r m s o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f h u m a n a c ti v it y a l w a y s h a v e t h e

    p r o p e r t y o f b e i n g s ig n s o f s o c i a l s i g ni f ic a n c e a n d a s s u c h r e g u l a t e t h e

    c o n s c i o u s a c t iv i ty o f i n d iv i d u a l s a s w e l l a s t h e i r i n t e r c o u r s e . B u t i n

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h e p r o p e r t y o f h av i n g, e .g ., v a l u e a n d , t h e r e f o r e , o f b e i n g

    the s ign o f soc ia l s ign i f i cance , be longs p rec i s e ly to th ings , i . e . to the i r

    c o n c r e t e b o d i l y n a tu r e . I t c o n c e a l s f r o m i n d i v i d u a ls t h e s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r

    o f th e i r l a b o r i n t h e f o r m o f a s u p r a - s e n si b l e p r o p e r t y ( in t h e u n d e r -

    s t and ing o f it) , anc ho red in i t a s in a f e ti sh . Th i s i s the f e t i sh i sm

    u n c o v e r e d b y M a r x i n t h e p r o d u c t s o f l a b o r , p r e s e n t a s s o o n a s t h e y

    a r e p r o d u c e d a s c o m m o d i t i e s . . . S o 6 . iz .2 , t .23 , s t r .82) . This i s

    p r e c i se l y a f o r m o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s - - i ts s y m b o l i z in g a n d c o n n o t a t i o n a l

    a c ti v it y - - t h a t M a r x r e v e a ls a n d f r o m w h i c h f o l l o w a w h o l e s e r i e s o f

    t r a it s t h a t b e l o n g t o t h e s o c i a l b e i n g - c o n s c i o u s n e s s p a i r in g a n d to t h e

    m e t h o d o f a n a ly z i n g it.

    W h y d o e s t h e o b j e c t o c c u r i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s j u s t in th is f o r m r a t h e r

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    6/20

    1 0 6 M E R A B M A M A R D A g V I L I

    t h a n i n a n o t h e r ? M a r x ' c o n s t a n t a n s w e r t o t hi s q u e s t i o n ( n o t o n l y i n

    e c o n o m i c s b u t a l s o i n h i s s o c i a l r e s e a r c h a n d p o l i t i c a l w o r k s ) i n v o k e s

    d i s t a n ti a t io n f r o m t h e m e c h a n i s m s o f i n d i v id u a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d

    f r o m t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o r i n c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e in d i v id u a l 's u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

    I n o r d e r t o p e n e t r a t e i n t o t h e p r o c e s s e s g o i n g o n i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    M a r x p e r f o r m s t h e f o l l o w i n g a b s t r a c t i o n : i n t h e s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o

    m em be rs o f the r e la t ion ob jec t (phys ica l bo dy , s ign o f soc ia l s ign if i-

    c a n c e s ) - - h u m a n s u b j e c t i v i t y , w h i c h a r e o n l y s u p e r f i c i a l l y g i v e n , h e

    i n s e r ts a s p e c ia l l in k , t h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f c o n t e n t f u l ( s o d e r i a t e l n y e )

    s o c i a l l i n k s - - t h e l i n k s o f e x c h a n g e o f a c t i v i t i e s a m o n g p e o p l e , f o r m e d

    i n t o a d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a n d h i e r a r c h i c a l s t r u c t u r e . T h e n h e s t u d i e s t h e

    p r o c e s s e s a n d m e c h a n i s m s t h a t f lo w f r o m t h e f a c t o f t h e p o l y v a le n t

    in te r tw in ing and l aye r ing o f r e l a t ions in th i s sys tem, acco rd ing to the

    l e v el s a n d s t a g es in t o w h i c h h u m a n a c t iv i ty b l o o m s , i n c r ea s i n g i n

    soc ia l fo rce .

    Th e in t ro du c t ion o f th i s m ed ia t ing l ink t r ans fo rm s a l l the r e la tions , in

    t h e f r a m e w o r k o f w h i c h c o n s c i o u s n e s s is s tu d ie d . T h e f o r m s a c q u i r e d

    b y s e p a r a t e o b j e c t s ( a n d p e r c e i v e d b y s u b j e c t i v i t y ) a r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n s

    o f t h e s y s t e m ( o r s u b s y s t e m ) o f t h e r e l a t i o n s , d r a w i n g t h e i r l i f e f r o m

    t h e ir i n t e r c o n n e c ti o n s . T h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e c o n s c io u s n e s s a n d p e r -

    c e p t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t o c c u r s i n t h e s p a c e s c r e a t e d b y o r , i f y o u li k e ,

    r es t r i c t ed by these r e la t ions . I t i s ac ros s these r e la t ions tha t the s tudy o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s m u s t f r a y i t s a c t u a l p a t h ; i . e . o n e m u s t f i n d t h e t y p e s o f

    m o t i v e s , i n t e r e s t s a n d m e a n i n g s t h a t a r e s e t i n m o t i o n b y a g i v e n s o c i a l

    sys tem.

    P u s h i n g t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o m m o d i t y a n d o f e c o n o m i c f o r m s i n

    g e n e r a l a l o n g t h is p a t h , M a r x r a d i ca l ly c h a n g e s t h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f t h e

    c a u s a l i t y o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . M e c h a n i c a l c a u s a l i t y - - a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l l y

    i m p o r t e d b y t h e p r e v i o u s r a t i o n a l i s m i n t o t h e s o c i a l e x p e r i e n c e o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s - - s i m p l y w i l l n o t w o r k s i n c e i t i s b a s e d o n t h e p r e -

    s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s a c t u a ll y c a p a b l e i n e v e r y i n s ta n c e o f

    kno w ing h i s r ea l in te res t s and h i s r ea l s ta tus , and tha t the ob jec t s he

    p e r c e i v e s c a u s e h i s s u b j e c t i v e i m a g e s ( a c c o r d i n g to t h e l a w o f a s s o -

    c i a ti o n , u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e t h in k i n g i n d iv i d u a l) . D r o p p i n g t h is p r e s u p -

    p o s i t i o n , M a r x d e r i v e s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s n o t f r o m t h e

    i m m e d i a t e c o n t e n t~ o f s e p a r a t e o b j e c t s , b r o u g h t f r o m s e n s a t io n i n t o

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s , b u t f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s a r i s i n g a m o n g t h e o b j e c t s i n t h e

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    7/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S I N M A R X 1 0 7

    s y s t e m , a n d f r o m t h e i r p l a c e a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a m o n g t h e s e r e l a ti o n s .

    S e p a r a t e o b je c t s n o w a p p e a r a s d e p o s i ts o r s e d i m e n t a t io n s o f t h e

    s y s t e m , i n w h i c h w i d e r l in k s a n d r e l a t i o n s p e e k o u t , as i t w e r e . T h e i r

    f o r m c a n b e d e t e c t e d v i a a n a l y s i s a s s o o n a s t h e y a r i s e f r o m t h e

    r e l a t io n s i n th i s s t r u c tu r e . P e r c e p t i o n t h e r e o f in c o n s c i o u s n e s s - - w h i c h

    w e w ill e x a m i n e m o r e c a r e f u ll y b e l o w - - is m a r k e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

    r e l a t io n s a n d b o n d s a r e v o i d e d o f t h e i r p r i m i t iv e c o n t e n t . T h e f o r m

    s e r v e s t o r e p r e s e n t ( o r r e p l a c e ) t h e m i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d i n d i v i d u a l

    t h o u g h t i s n o t a b l e t o g r a s p t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v i t y . W h e n c e i t i s u n d e r -

    s t a n d a b l e t h a t r e l a ti v e t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s o n e c a n f i n d o n l y c a u s a t i o n

    i n d u c e d i n th e i s o la t e d m e m b e r s o f th e s y s t e m b y t h e s y s t e m in g e n e ra l ;

    i t is a m a t t e r o f s y s t e m s c a u s a l i ty a n d o f n o o t h e r s o rt . M a r x ' c o n -

    t e n t i o n t h a t s o c ia l c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s c o n d i t i o n e d b y s o c i a l b e i n g a n d t h a t

    t h e c o n t e n t s o f id e o l og i c al , l eg a l a n d o t h e r s u p e r s tr u c t u r a l p h e n o m e n a

    a n d d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d b y e c o n o m i c r e l a ti o n s , et c. h a v e t o b e s e e n i n

    t h e l i g h t o f t h e s e a b s t r a c t i o n s a n d i d e a l i z a t i o n s w h i c h u n d e r l i e t h e

    M a r x i a n s c h e m a t a o f t h e c a u s a l l i n k b e t w e e n s o c i a l b e i n g a n d s o c i a l

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s . I t s u f fi c e s t o c l e a n s e t h e m a n d t o b e n d t hi s s c h e m a i n a n

    a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l d i r e c t i o n t o m a k e i t s e n s e l e s s ( a s h a p p e n s , e . g . , a m o n g

    e c o n o m i c m a t e r ia l is t s ) . P r e c i s e ly i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e r e v e l a t i o n o f

    s y s t e m i c c a u s a l i t y a n d o f t h e f i r s t f o r m s o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a p p e a r i n M a r x t h e f i rs t e l e m e n t s o f h is m a t e r i a l is t

    a p p r o a c h - - n a m e l y , t h e e x t e n s i o n t o t h e li fe o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e

    p r i n c i p l e s o f s o c i a l d e t e r m i n i s m - - w h i c h m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o u n d e r -

    s t a n d m o r e c o m p l e x a n d r e la t iv e ly a u t o n o m o u s f o r m s a n d b r a n c h e s o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s .

    U s i n g t h e s c h e m a o f s y s t e m i c c a u s a li ty M a r x a c t u a l ly d e t e c t s t h e

    e f f e c ts o f t h e a c t i o n o f th e s y s t e m s i m u l t a n e o u s l y o n s u b j e c t a n d o n

    o b j e c t , a n d m a k e s a n i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c o v e r y - - r e l a t i v e t o t h e s e s i m u l -

    t a n e o u s l y s e i z e d ( o r g r a s p e d ) e f f e c t s i t i s s e n s e l e s s t o d i s t i n g u i s h o b j e c t

    f r o m c o n s c i o u s n e s s o r r e a l f r o m p e r c e i v e d . I t is d if f ic u l t n o t t o d r a w

    a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t M a r x a l w a y s g o e s t o t h o s e p o i n t s , w h e r e

    r e l a t io n s i n v o l v e e x a c t l y w h a t t h e y i n f a c t r e p r e s e n t

    S o g . ,

    t . 23 , s t r .83) .

    T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r ly t h e c a s e w h e n M a r x t u r n s t o a n a l y z e th e m i r a c l e s

    a n d g h o s ts o f t h e c o m m o d i t y w o r l d w h i c h c a n n o t a t a ll b e d e r i v e d

    f r o m t h e a c t s o f t h e t h i n k i n g i n d i v i d u a l . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h e

    p h e n o m e n a M a r x t r e a ts a s c o n s c io u s n e s s: c o m m o d i t y f o r m , v a l u e

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    8/20

    1 0 8 M E R A B M A M A R D A ~ )V IL I

    fo rm" , " l abor va lue" , "p r i ce o f cap i t a l , "pe rcen tage" , "va lue o f l and" .

    T h e s e a r e j u s t f u ll y r e a l a n d o b j e c t i v e r e la t io n s O n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

    r e l a t i v e t o t h e o b j e c t s w h i c h a r e a n a l y z e d a s p r o p e r l y e c o n o m i c ( e . g . ,

    t h e m o n e y - f o r m o f v al u e ), it is d if fi c u lt t o s a y w h e t h e r t h e y a r e o b j e c t s

    o r c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d t h i s l e a d s m a n y c o m m e n t a t o r s o n

    apital

    as t ray:

    i s w h a t i s g o in g o n o b j e c t i v e o r s u b j e c t iv e f o r M a r x ? 5

    T h e s im p l e f a c t o f th e m a t t e r i s t h a t M a r x r e v ea l s th e p h e n o m e n o -

    l o g ic a l n a t u r e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ( it s q u a s i - o b j e c t i v e c h a r a c t e r ) a n d

    i n t r o d u c e s a n a b s t r a c t i o n t h a t m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o a n a l y z e c o n s c i o u s -

    n e s s o b j e c t i v e l y a s a t ra n s f o r m a t i o n o f o b j e c t s i n to q u a s i - o b j e c t i v e

    f o r m s , d e r i v e d f r o m p r o c e s s e s o c c u r r i n g i n th e i n te r n a l w o r l d o f t h e

    s u b j e c t, I t i s t h e t r e m e n d o u s c o n t r i b u t i o n o f M a r x t o h a v e f i rs t g i v e n t o

    t h e w o r d " p h e n o m e n o n " i ts c o n t e m p o r a r y s ig n if ic a nc e . B e f o r e all

    s u b s e q u e n t p h e n o m e n o l o g i s t s , h e c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h a t t o " g o

    b e y o n d t h e p h e n o m e n o n " m e a n s t o e x pl a in t h e s o ci a l s y s te m o f c o m -

    m u n i c a t i o n t h a t s u p p l i e s t h e p h e n o m e n a t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s . 6 T h e s e a r c h

    f o r a n d e s t a b l i sh m e n t o f t h e id e n t i t y o f t h e a p p a r e n t a n d t h e a c t u a l ( o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d o b j e c t ) i n f a c t s o l v e s o t h e r , n o n - p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l

    p rob lems : f i r s t , t he who le wor ld o f the s e l f - consc ious , r e f l ex ive soc ia l

    e x p e r i e n c e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d i t s i d e o l o g i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n a r e s y s -

    t e m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d ; a n d , s e c o n d l y , w h a t r e m a i n s a f t e r t h e r e d u c t i o n

    e x p o s e s t h e o b j e c t i v i ty o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a s w e l l a s t h e i d e n t i ti e s o f

    s p e c i a l o b j e c t s t o t h e f o r m s g e n e r a t e d b y s y s t e m a t i c r e l a t i o n s , a n d c a n ,

    t h e r e f o r e , o n t h e b a s i s o f a n a ly s i s o f t h e f o r m e r e s t a b li s h a n a l y si s o f t h e

    l a t te r a s t h e y a r e g i v e n ' i n t h e s y s t e m a n d g e n e r a t e d b y it. 7 W h e t h e r o n e

    i s t a lk i n g a b o u t p e o p l e ' s b e l i e f i n th e s u p e r n a t u r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f o b j e c t s ,

    i n g o d s , o r i n th e " y e l l o w a l g o r it h m s " a b o u t t h e v a l u e o f l a b o r - - M a r x '

    g r e a t p r i n c i p l e i s t o j u d g e p r o c e s s e s i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

    s p e c i f i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w h i c h r e a l r e l a t i o n s u n d e r g o , i n o r d e r t o t a k e

    o n c e r t a i n o b j e c t i v e fo r m s (e .g . th e s e n s i b l e - s u p r a s e n s ib l e v a l u e o f t h e

    c o m m o d i t y ) . A s a r e su l t, M a r x c a ll s f o r j u d g i n g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s

    th rough wha t i t pos i t s a s d i s t inc t f rom i t s e l f , i n i t s t ak ing on the ro le o f

    p e r c e p t i o n , w h e n i t s i m p l y n o t e s w h a t g o e s o n , e t c . H e t h e n c a l l s f o r

    s e e in g c o n s c i o u s n e s s o r i n t r o d u c i n g i t a s c o n d i t i o n o f t h e m o v e m e n t

    a n d f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e s e t r a n s f o r m e d o b j e c t s .

    L e t u s g o b a c k t o t h e c o m m o d i t y , t h a t " s e n s i b l e -s u p r a s e n s b l e

    t h in g " . W h a t i s t h e c a s e ? T h e c o u r s e o f th e M a r x i a n i n v e s ti g a t io n s h o w s

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    9/20

    CONS CIO US NES S IN M RX

    1 0 9

    t h a t b e t w e e n t h e r e a l r e l a t i o n o r t h i n g a s t h e y a r e a n d h o w t h e y a r e

    p r e s e n t i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h e r e i s a f i e l d n o t c o v e r e d b y i n d i v i d u a l

    p e r c e p t i o n a n d c o m p l e t e d b y t h e s o c i a l m e c h a n i s m w h i c h p r o v i d e s t h e

    i n d i v id u a l w i th s o m e s o r t o f p e r c e p t i o n o f re a li ty , e it h e r e x t e r n a l o r

    i n te r n a l. T h e r e f o r e , t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n a s to t h e o b j e c t i v e f o r m s

    t h a t a r e n o t d i f f e r e n t f r o m c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d w h e n c e t h e y c o m e , i s t h e

    s a m e a s a n s w e r i n g t h e q u e s t i o n a s t o w h i c h a g e n t p r e s e n t s ( o r

    s u b j e c t s ) t h i n g s t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s ( t h e m o v e m e n t o c c u r r i n g o u t s i d e o f

    consc iousnes s i t s e l f ) . Marx as sumes tha t r ea l i ty i s pe rce ived in a ce r t a in

    f o r m - - i n th e f o r m o f c o n s ta n t a n d i r re d u c i b l e o b j e c t s o f k n o w l e d g e ,

    p r o p e r t i e s , o b j e c t i v e m e a n i n g s , i n t e n t i o n s , j u s t a s t h e e y e p e r c e i v e s n o t

    t h e s u b j e c ti v e i m p r e s s i o n s o n t h e re t in a , b u t th e o b j e c t i v e f o r m o f

    t h i n g s t h a t a r e o u t s i d e t h e e y e

    S o d .

    t . 23 , s t r . 82 ) . The charac te r o f

    p e o p l e ' s a c t i v i t y i s r e - r e f l e c t e d i n t h e i r c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n t h e f o r m o f a

    ce r t a in s e t o f s ign i f i can t ob jec t s . P rec i s e ly th i s r evo lu t ion in consc ious -

    nes s s e t s the s t age fo r the r ep resen ta t iv i ty o f r ea l s t ruc tu res . In the case

    o f t h e c o m m o d i t y , f o r e x a m p l e , th e p r o p e r s o c i a l r e l a ti o n s h i p o f p e o p l e

    o f c o m m o n l a b o r ( v a l u e ) i s p r e s e n t e d b y c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s o c c u r i n g

    ou t s ide the soc ia l re l a t ions o f th ings , a s consc io usn es s o f the supra -

    sens ib le p roper t i e s o f these th ings (o r , in o the r cases , o f the soc ia l

    r e la t i o n s o f g o d s , r e l a ti o n s o f p h y s ic a l s y m b o l s o f n e e d , o f s y m b o l s o f

    soc ia l s t a tuses and ro les , and so on ) .

    W e l~ no w t h e im p o r t a n c e t h a t M a r x a t t r ib u t e d t o th e p h e n o m e n a o f

    p r o j e c t i o n a n d o b j e c t i v a t i o n . W e s h o u l d r e c a l l , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e

    p r o j e c t i o n h e h a d i n m i n d is n o t t h e p r o d u c t o f c o n sc i o u sn e s s ; b u t c o n -

    s c i o u s n e s s i s t h e r e v e r s e a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t i o n a n d o b j e c t i v a t i o n

    t h a t a r e g o i n g o n i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e i n d iv i d u a l, t h e y a r e e l a b o r a t e d i n

    t h e s o c i a l s y s t e m ( a s i t s o b j e c t i v e a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e s o c i a l f o r m o f t h e

    e x c h a n g e o f a ct iv i ty , m e d i a t e d b y t h in g s) , a n d t h a t a r e n o w c i t e d b y

    i n d i v i d u a l s w h o t h e r e b y d e v e l o p i n t h e m s e l v e s t h e i n t e r n a l m e a s u r e o f

    consc iousnes s . I t i s he re no t a s sumed tha t consc iousnes s i s a t a l l

    ob jec t i f i ed . Som eth ing e l s e is ob jec t i f i ed . M arx v e ry de f in i t e ly s t r ikes

    t h e m o d e l o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t p r e v a i l e d d u r i n g t h e e n l ig h t e n m e n t a n d

    t r ad i t iona l r a t iona l i sm, acco rd ing to wh ich man es tab l i shes ex te rna l ,

    o b j e c t i f ie d p r o d u c t s , m o d e l l e d o n o n e o r a n o t h e r o f h i s p s y c h o l o g i c a l

    p r o p e r t i e s o r s t a t e s . M a r x e l i m i n a t e s s u c h a r g u m e n t a t i o n f r o m t h e

    e x p l a n at io n o f t h e i n c a r n at e p r o d u c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e ss , a n d f r o m t h e

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    10/20

    1 1 0 M E R A B M A M A R D A g V I L I

    e x p l a n a ti o n o f th e t r a n s la t io n a n d p r o j e c t i o n o f th e p r o p e r t i e s o f h u m a n

    a c t i v i t y . H e i s c l e a r e n o u g h a b o u t t h e b a s i c d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n h i s a n d

    t h e t ra d i ti o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e p r o b l e m o f h o w c o n s c i o u s n e s s an d

    l a n g u a g e t h a t e x i st f o r o t h e r p e o p l e a r e p r i m a r y in r e l a ti o n s h i p to

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s f o r m e

    S o r . ,

    t .3 , s t r .29 ) . I t is a l so c lea r to h im tha t m an

    i s n o t b o r n a s a F i c h t e a n p h i l o s o p h e r : I a m I , a n d t h a t it i s o n l y

    t h r ou g h t h e h u m a n b e i n g P a u l t h at th e h u m a n b e i n g P e t e r b e gi n s t o

    r e l a t e to h i m s e l f a s a h u m a n b e i n g S o 6 . , t .23 , s t r .62) .

    V e r y i m p o r t a n t i n t h i s c o n t e x t i s w h a t o c c u r s b e f o r e t h i s t r a n s f o r m a -

    t i o n a n d s e r v e s a s i t s m a i n s p r i n g , b e c a u s e p r e c i s e l y h e r e i s c o n s t i t u t e d

    t h e s t r u c t u r e t h a t i s t h e d i s c o u r s e o f t h e o t h e r i n t h e m e g a p h o n e o f

    consc iousnes s ; i . e . i t s soc ia l de te rmin i sm and mechan i sm ta lk ing

    t h r o u g h c o n s c i o u s n e s s . O f c o u r s e , t h e a c t i v i t y o f p e o p l e i s r e f l e c t e d

    w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t b u t o n l y a f t e r i t u n d e r g o e s a w h o l e s e r i e s o f s p e c i f i c

    t r an s f o rm a t i o n s . W e h a v e a l r e a d y n o t e d t h a t th e o b j e c t i v e f o r m d r a w s

    i ts p r im a r y c o n t e n t a n d l i fe f r o m t h e c o m p l e x o f re a l re l a t io n s a n d t h e i r

    d i f f e ren t i a t ion in a de f in i t e sys tem o f in te rac t ion . B u t , in the ir co un te r -

    p o s i t i o n t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i t i s g i v e n a s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t a n d f o r m e d

    ( l im i t e d a n d f u r t h e r u n d i f fe r e n t i a ta b l e ) . A s f i g u r es o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d

    a s c o n s c i o u s c o n t e n t , t h e o b j e c t i v e f o r m i s c a l le d f o r t h b y t h e f a c t t h a t

    r e a l r e la t i o n s a r e o b j e c t i v e l y o m i t t e d a n d s u b s t i t u t e d b y c e r t a i n t r a n s -

    f o r m a t i o n s ( p r i o r t o a n d i n d e p e n d e n t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ) . H e r e i s w h a t

    h a p p e n s : t h e k n i t ti n g o f t h e i s o l a t e d o b j e c t i v e f o r m w i t h h u m a n a c t iv i ty

    w h i c h a s s u c h i s f in i te a n d n o t f u r t h e r r e d u c i b l e ; t h e c o n f u s i o n o f t h e

    s o c i a l m e a n i n g s w i t h p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e b o d y l e a d s t o a n a t u r a l -

    i za t ion o f m ean ingfu l s igns ( f e t i sh i sm an d sy m bol iza t ion o f the soc ia l );

    t h e i n v e r s i o n w h e r e t h e m o v e m e n t f r o m p r o d u c t i o n r e l a t i o n s i n t h e

    e x c h a n g e o f a c ti v it y f o r t h e t h in g m e a n t t u r n s a r o u n d i n s u c h a w a y th a t

    t h e m e a n t t h i n g b e c o m e s a g e n e r a t o r o f a c t i v i t y a n d t h e f o r m o f

    c o m m u n i c a t i o n , w h i c h ha p r a c t i c e is e x a c t l y t h e c a s e ; 8 t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n ,

    w h e r e c o n s c i o u s n e s s ' u lt im a t e o b j e c t is e n d o w e d w i t h u n d i ff e r e n ti a te d

    un i ty and w i th a l l l inks o f a l l r e l a t ions o f the who le , w i th a l l i t s ac tua l ly

    d i f f e r e n t d e fi n i ti o n s ( w h i t h e r c o m e s t h e o n e a n d t h e o t h e r , c a u s i n g w h a t

    p s y c h o l o g y k n o w s a s t h e a m b i v a l e n c e o f m a n y f o r m s o f k n o w l e d g e ,

    etc.),

    A l l t h is i s e a s y t o f o l l o w i n M a r x ' a n a l y si s o f t h e c o m m o d i t y . O n l y a t

    t h e o u t c o m e d o w e h a v e t h e b o n d r e a li ty - c o n sc i o u sn e s s , w h e r e s o m e

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    11/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S IN M A R X 1 11

    c o n c e p t u a l f o r m s r e p r e s e n t r e a l i t y , p u t t i n g a s i d e t h e a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e o f

    t h e i r r e l a t i o n s . T h e y a l s o a r e c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a c t u a l i z e d b y i n d i v i d u a l s

    in the i r soc ia l ac t iv i ty . M arx de f ines such fo rm s as soc ia l ly me an ingfu l

    a n d , t h e r e f o r e , o b j e c t i v e c o n c e p t u a l f o r m s f o r p r o d u c t i v e r e l a ti o n s o f a

    g i v e n h i s to r i c a ll y d e f i n e d s o c ia l m o d e o f p r o d u c t i o n . . . S o d . , t .23,

    s t r. 8 6 ). T h e y a r e g e n e r a t e d b y th e s e r e l a ti o n s a s m e a n s a n d a s fo r m s o f

    s p e c if i c r e a l iz a t i o n a n d m o v e m e n t i n t h e a c t iv i ty o f m a s s e s o f i n d iv i d -

    ua l s. H er e occ ur s the ana lys is o f a spec ia l abs t r ac t ion : soc ia l con -

    sc iousnes s . The l inkage o f th i s consc iousnes s w i th be ing i s a sys temic ,

    o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l , c a u s a l b o n d . 9 B e c a u s e i t is o n l y t h r o u g h s t r u c t u r e d

    l in k s , f o r m e d i n t h e tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h a t re a l it y

    d e f i n e s c o n s c i o u s n e s s , i t i s p r e s e n t e d i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n o n e f o r m o r

    a n o t h e r a s c o n t e n t , s e n s e , a n d m e a n i n g , a n d h i d e s a t t h e s a m e t i m e

    b o t h i ts e l f a n d t h e t r a n s f o r m a t o r y m e c h a n i s m . T h i s s o m e t h i n g e l im i -

    n a t e d b y th e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s c a n n o t b e t h e c a u s e (i n t h e m e c h a n i s t i c

    s ense o f ac t ion o r g ivennes s ) , bu t i t i s exac t ly th i s someth ing tha t

    d e f i n e s t h e f i g u r e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s . T h e d e f i n i t i o n i s o f a s t a g e o n

    w h i c h t h is s o m e t h i n g d e f i n e s t h e f ig u r e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s b y p r o x y ,

    t h r o u g h w e l l - t r a i n e d p u p p e t s w h i c h r e c i t e t h e c o n d e n s e d t e x t . O n t h e

    s t a g e i s i n d e p e n d e n t r e a li ty , s e e n a n d h e a r d - - b u t t h e s e a r e j u s t

    t h e a t ri c a l e f f e c ts , b e c a u s e t h e p u p p e t e e r i s b e h i n d t h e s c r e e n .

    I n t h e s a m e s e n s e i n w h i c h M a r x s p o k e a b o u t c h a ra c t er is ti c e c o -

    n o m i c m a s k s i b i d . s t r. 9 5 ), h e e x p l a in e d m a s k s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    r e p r e s e n t e d b y f i g u r e s a n d a c t u a l i z e d b y t h e m i n t h e i r a c t i v i t y . T h e t e x t

    i s w r i t t e n b y s o c i e t y b u t i t i s e n c o d e d i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e p r o d u c t s

    o f th e t r a n s f o rm a t i o n , t h e n e w r e la t io n s ( e v e n th o s e a m o n g p r o d u c t s ,

    r e l a t ions o f con sc iou snes s , i .e . s t age r e la t ions and no t r ea l r e l a t ions )

    a re a l so a l anguage tha t expres ses the soc ia l in consc iousnes s , i . e . the

    a c t u a l s o c i a l r e a l i t y . T h i s i s w h a t h a s t o b e d e c i p h e r e d . M a r x a c t u a l l y

    r e g a r d s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a s o c ia l p h e n o m e n o n t h a t is

    im pre s sed on sub jec t s , i .e . in sc r ibed in to the ind iv idua l s. Th i s i s ho w

    h e u n d e r s t o o d t h e s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n i n g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d n o t o t h e r -

    w i s e . C o n s c i o u s n e s s c o d e s a n d i n i ts o w n m a t e r i a l re a l iz e s r e - p r e s e n -

    t a t io n o f i ts o b j e c t w h i c h i t s el f is g e n e r a t e d b y o p e r a t i o n o f th e s o c i a l

    m e c h a n i s m . A n a l y s i s o f t h is r e - p r e s e n t a t i o n r e q u i r e s n o r e f e r e n c e t o

    t h e p s y c h i c n a t u r e o f t h e s u b j e c t o r t o p r e v i o u s a s s o c i a t i o n s o f th e

    s u b j e c t , o r t o h i s h a b i ts , i n c li n a ti o n s , o r t h e t h o u s a n d s o f d e t a il s

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    12/20

    1 1 2 M E R A B M A M A R D A ~ V I L I

    w h e r e b y c o n s c i o u s n e s s p a s se s a n d is t r an s f o r m e d . N o n e o f th is i s a b l e

    to exp la in w ha t i s go ing on in the t r ans fo rm at ion o f r e l a t ions .

    e fore a

    m a n b e c a m e c o n s c i o u s o f , e . g . , v a l u e a s a s u p r a s e n s i b l e p r o p e r t y o f a

    p h y s ic a l b o d y , o f t h e p r o d u c t o f la b o r , t h o s e t ra n s f o r m a t i o n s - -

    kn i tt ing , m ix ing , inv er s ion , r edu c t ion , e t c . , wh ich con s t i tu te the t r ans -

    f o r m a t o r y p l a y o f t h e s o c i a l m e c h a n i s m p u t t i n g i n t h e p l a c e o f r e a l i t y

    t h e q u a s i - o b j e c t i v e f o r m s - - a l r e a d y t o o k p l a c e . B e c a u s e a ll o f t h is

    h a p p e n s a m a n k n o w n s v a lu e a s s u c h a p r o p e r t y .

    I f, a s M a r x s h o w s , w e f i n d i n t h e i n d iv i d u a l o b j e c t i v e c o n c e p t u a l

    f o r m s , e x p r e s s e d a n d d e s c r i b e d i n s o c i a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s ( i d e a s , o b j e c -

    t i v e m e a n i n g s , s y m b o l s , e t c . ) , t h e n t h e s e a r e t h e v e r y s a m e f o r m s i n

    which the sub jec t f ixes and exper iences h i s soc ia l l i f e , be ing ob l iv ious to

    t h e i r r e a l p a t h a n d g e n e s i s . T h e s e f o r m s , w i t h w h i c h a m a n r e c o r d s t h a t

    w h i c h i m p e l l s a n d m o v e s h i m , d o n o t g o f u r t h e r t h a n t h e o b j e c t i v e l y

    a p p a r e n t m o t i v e s a n d s e n s e o f h is c o n s c i o u s m o t i v a t i o n s a n d s p i r it u a l

    a c t s ( s i m i l a r t h i n g s h a p p e n w h e n c o n s c i o u s n e s s r e c o r d s i t s p s y c h i c

    e x p e r i e n c e ) .

    A l l t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l t h i n k s , e x p r e s s e s , w i s h e s a n d - e x p e r i e n c e s - -

    t h e w h o l e p s y c h o l o g i c a l ( a n d , i n o t h e r s y s te m s , a n i m i st ic , m y t h o l o g ic a l ,

    c o s m o l o g i c a l , e t c ) la n g u a g e o f m o t i v a t i o n s , f o r m u l a t i n g h i s s o c i a l n e e d s

    a n d d e s i r e s , r e m a i n s a t t h e l e v e l o f t h i s a b s t r a c t i o n o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t

    a n d i n t h e fo r m a l lo w e d b y t h e p r o c e s s e s a n d m e c h a n i sm s o f t h e s y s te m

    o f s o c i a l ac t iv i ty . I t s f o r m s a r e r e g a r d e d a s c r y st a ll i za t io n s o f p r o d u c t s

    o f t h e p l a y o f t h e la t te r . L i n k a g e s a n d d e p e n d e n c i e s a c t i n g in t h e

    s t r u c tu r e a n d r e a l ly s p ea k in g , h a v e to b e u n d e r s t o o d b e f o r e t h e f o r m s

    c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d . I n s h o r t, t h e m o r e o b v i o u s a n d c l o s er t h e s t ru c t u re ,

    t h e h a r d e r i t i s t o d e t e c t i t , a n d t h i s i s o n e m o r e r e a s o n f o r t h e

    f r u i tl e s s n e s s o f v a r i o u s d i r e c t f o r m s o f k n o w l e d g e f o u n d i n t h e i d e a l is t

    p h i l o s o p h y o f c u l tu r e .

    H o w e v e r , t h e f o r m s i n w h i c h s o m e t h i n g i s p r e s e n t t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    a n d w h i c h a r e e x p e r i e n c e d a n d r e c o r d e d b y i t i n te r m s o f m o t i v e s,

    m e a n i n g , c o n c e p t u a l i n t e r e s t , e t c . - - a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e n o t f o r m s o f

    r e al it y o r o f t h e m e c h a n i s m , t h e c o n c e p t u a l r e d u c t i o n o f w h i c h i s

    i m p r i n t e d i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s - - c o u l d n o t b e c a l l e d m e r e l y u n c l e a r ,

    a r b i t r a r y o r s u b j e c t i v e . T h e s e a r e r io t m y s t e r i o u s d e l u s i o n s , o c c u r i n g o n

    t h e p a t h t o w a r d t r u t h , s h r o u d e d i n m y s t e r y a n d t h e r e f o r e o p p o s e d t o

    s c i e n c e , b u t t h e y l i e a l o n g t h e s a m e v e c t o r ( a s i f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    13/20

    CONSCI OUSNES S IN MARX 3

    kn ow ledg e is a c l ea r ing up o f m ean ing , an d as i f t ru th i s the

    t e l e o l o g i c a l s e n s e a n d d r i v i n g f o r c e b e h i n d t h i s u n c l e a r m o v e m e n t o f

    t h o u g h t) . T h is c o u n t e r p o s i t i o n o f f o r m s a n d s c i e n c e p r o v e s t o b e

    i m p o s s i b l e s i n c e i n t o t a l i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m i t c e r t a i n f o r m s p l a y a f u l l y

    d e f i n e d g e n e t i c a n d f u n c t i o n a l r o l e , a n d a r e c o n s t a n t l y r e p r o d u c e d b y

    the soc ia l r e l a t ions themse lves . As such , they pos ses s a ce r t a in s t ab i l i ty ,

    s t r u c t u r e d - n e s s , a n d e x i s t a s i r r e d u c i b l e t o a n y k n o w l e d g e a n d a s

    u n a v o i d a b l e . M a r x s a id , e .g ., th a t t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e r e a l n a t u r e o f th e

    p r o d u c t s a s o f c o m m o d i t i e s n e v e r d i ss i p at e s t h e p h y s ic a l a p p e a r a n c e

    o f t h e s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r o f l a b o r

    Soc . ,

    t . 23 , s t r .84 ) , tha t fo r pe op le

    i n v o l v e d in th e r e l a ti o n s o f c o m m o d i t y p r o d u c t i o n , t h e p e c u l i a r it i e s o f

    t h e l a t t e r - -

    b e f o r e a s w e l l a s a f t e r t h e d i s c o v e r y i n q u e s t i o n - -

    s e e m t o

    have un ive r sa l s ign i f i cance , ju s t a s the p roper t i e s o f a i r - - i t s phys ica l

    f o r m - - c o n t i n u e t o ex i st e v e n a f te r s c ie n c e h a s b r o k e n i t d o w n i n to i ts

    c o m p o n e n t e le m e n t s

    i b i d ,

    s t r .84 , m y i ta lics ,

    M . M . ) .

    I n e p i s t e m o l o g i c a l te r m s t h is m e a n s t h a t n o p u r e c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    s u c h a s p r o p o s e d b y c l a s si c al p h i l o s o p h y , c a n r e a l ly b e e s t a b l i s h e d , t h a t

    a w h o l e s e r i e s o f o b j e c t i v e c o g n i t i v e f o r m s c a n n o t b e p e r c e i v e d a s a

    c o n s c i o u s l y c o n t r o l l e d c o n s t i t u t io n o f t h e o b j e c t b y m a n . S u g g e s ti n g

    c e r t a in e x c e n t ri c it ie s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d a n a ly z i n g i t i n a r o u n d -

    a b o u t w a y , th r o u g h o b j e c t iv e a c ti v it y (s o t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s b e c o m e s

    v i s ib l e i n i ts a s p e c t s a n d a s o n e o f i ts m e t a m o r p h o s e s ) , M a r x b r o k e w i t h

    t h e t e l e o l o g i c a l m a t r i x w h i c h w a s c o m m o n l y u s e d i n h i s t i m e a n d h a d a

    c e r t a i n u s e f u l n e s s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f c o g n i t i v e p h e n o m e n a ( m a i n l y

    t h o s e o f s c i e n c e ) . C e r t a i n c o g n i t i v e f o r m s t u r n o u t t o b e i n v a r i a n t

    r e la t iv e t o a n y o t h e r ( s ay , t h e m o r e d e v e l o p e d ) f o r m s o f k n o w l e d g e a n d

    c o u l d n o t b e s u p e r c e d e d b y t h e l a t t e r . M a r x c l e a r l y f o r m u l a t e d t h e

    p r i n c i p l e o f th e i r r e d u c i b i l it y o f b e i n g ( i n cl u d in g t h e b e i n g o f k n o w l -

    e d g e ) t o k n o w l e d g e . I n t h i s s e n s e , k n o w l e d g e w a s , i f w e c a n s p e a k t h is

    w a y , e x is te n ti a li ze d i n M a r x i s m lo n g b e f o r e t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f a n y

    f o r m s o f e x i s te n t ia l is m o r p h e n o m e n o l o g y . T h e p e c u l i a r i ty in t h e

    u n d e r s t a n d in g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o M a r x i sm . B o t h

    M a r x a n d L e n i n , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e e n l i g h t e n m e n t p r e j u d i c e s i n t h e

    p r o p a g a n d a a n d i d e o l o g ic a l w o r k o f t h e P a r t y , c o n s ta n t l y c a l le d a t t en -

    t i o n t o t h e f a c t th a t s o c i a ll y c a u s e d i d e a s , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d i ll u si o n s,

    m u s t b e s u b j e c t e d n o t o n l y t o t h e o r e t i c a l c r i t i q u e ( i . e . , r e p l a c e d w i t h

    k n o w l e d g e ) b u t a l s o t o p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e i n c h a n g i n g r e a l i t y , t o t h e

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    14/20

    1 1 4 M E R A B M M RD ~VILI

    e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e c l as se s a n d s o c ia l m o v e m e n t s , a n d t o c h a n g e s o f t h e

    re la t ions an d s t ru c tu res o f soc ia l sys tems .

    H o w e v e r , t h i s i s o n l y o n e o f t h e p r a c t i c a l e x t e n s i o n s o f a m o r e

    g e n e r a l M a r x i a n p r o c e d u r e . M a r x a t t e n d s n o t t o p e r c e p t i v e c o n s c i o u s -

    n e s s w h i c h d e v e l o p s i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f a b s t r a c t i o n b y t h e e p i s t e m o -

    log ica l sub jec t ( acco rd ing to the t e l eo logy o f s e l f - consc iousnes s , e t c . ) ,

    b u t t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n v o l v e d i n s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s , t h e r e a l l y a c t i v e l i n k

    o f t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d f u n c t i o n in g , a n d t h e r e f o r e s e e n a c c o r d i n g

    t h e i r r o l e a n d p l a c e w i t h i n t h e m . M a r x p a r t s c o m p a n y a t t h i s p o i n t w i t h

    the t r ad i t iona l ob je c t - su b jec t r e l a t ionsh ip , show ing tha t the r e la t ion -

    sh ip o f soc ia l ideas and r e la t ions to soc ia l be ing i s no t a r e l a t ion o f the

    t h o u g h t o f t h e s u b j e c t t o t h e o b j e c t h e i s i n v e s t i g a t i n g a n d t h a t ,

    c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o u n t e r p o s i t i o n o f m a t e r i a l a n d s p ir it u a l a t t h a t

    l e v e l o f f e r s l it tl e t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c h a n g e o f

    c u l t u r e s a n d o f s y s te m s o f h u m a n s p i ri tu a l - p ra c t ic a l m a s t e r y o f t h e

    w o r l d a r o u n d t h e m . I t i s i n t h e w o r k s o f M a r x t h a t f o r t h e f ir s t t i m e

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c u l t u r a l f o r m s e n t e r n e w , n o n - c l a s s i c a l c o - o r d i n a t e s

    of ana lys is .

    I n M a r x , i n w h o m s c ie n c e fo u n d t h e w a y o f se a rc h in g o u t a n d

    d i s c o v e r i n g t h e s o c i al d e t e r m i n a n t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d c u l tu r e , t h e s e

    n e w s c h e m a t a o f a n a l y s i s p r o v i d e v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g a c c e s s t o m u c h m o r e

    com plex fo rm s , e.g . the r a t iona l i za t ions o f ind i r ec t ly f e t i sh ized fo rm s o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s w h i c h , d u r i n g i d e o l o g i c a l c o n f r o n t a t i o n , p e n e t r a t e i d e o l -

    o g y , s c i e n c e , p h i l o s o p h y a n d c u l t u r e i n g e n e r a l - - e v e n t a k i n g o n

    i n d e p e n d e n t f o r m a n d s u p p o r t i n g t h e i n t e r e s ts o f t h e e x p lo i t e rs .

    O f a l l o f t h e f o r m s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , M a r x p a i d m o s t a t t e n t i o n t o t h e

    t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s t h a t s e e m e d l o g i c a l l y c o n s i s t e n t b u t p r o v e d t o b e

    t o t a l l y o t h e r . H e p r i n c i p a l l y s h o w e d t h a t m a n a s a r e f l e c t i v e a n d

    i n t e n t io n a l l y o r i e n t e d b e i n g i s n o t m a s t e r o f h i s o w n i d e o l o g i c a l h o u s e .

    T h i s i s n o t i n t h e s e n s e t h a t a n i n d i v i d u a l i s c o n s t r a i n e d b y t h e

    p r e - g i v e n c o n t e n t o f h is t h o u g h t , b u t i n th e s e n s e t h a t r e la t iv e t o t h e

    v e r y m e c h a n i s m s o f t h is t h o u g h t , a n a c t i v e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t a g e n t i s a

    p e r s o n w h o m a n a g e s t o a v o i d i d e a l i z i n g h i s s i t u a t i o n , m o t i v e s a n d

    in teres ts .

    T h e d e c i si v e d e p e n d e n c y o f su c h c o n c e p t u a l p r o c e s s e s ( as s e p a r a t e d

    f rom real l i fe and exis t ing a longs ide i t ) , as Marx ident i f ies i t , i s i t s

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    15/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S I N M R X 1 1 5

    d e p e n d e n c e o n i m m e d i a t e c o n s c i o u s n e s s t h a t i s s p o n t a n e o u s l y a c c u m u -

    la t ing in soc ia l s t ruc tu res . He has va r ious names fo r i t : consc iousnes s

    in te r tw ined in the im m ed ia te l anguag e o f r ea l l if e ; sp i r i tua l -p rac t i ca l

    m a s t e r y o f r e al it y ; c o n c e p t u a l f o r m s o f p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s ; o r d i -

    n a r y c o n s c i o u s n e s s . B u t t h e li n k a g e o f e x t e r n a ll y a u t o n o m o u s r a t i o n a l-

    i z a t i o n s o f t h e l i f e o f i d e a s w i t h t h i s t y p e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a l w a y s

    o c c u r s i n t h e s a m e w a y - - i t i s a n a l y z e d b y M a r x a l o n g t h e li n es o f t h e

    l i n k a g e o f w h a t i s s a i d a n d w h a t i s n o t s a i d ( e x p r e s s e d ) a s a s p e c i a l

    f o r m o f c a u s al il ty . H e c h a r a c t e r i z e s t r a n s f o r m e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s b y

    i n t r o d u c i n g w h a t c a n b e c a ll e d t h e i n d i re c t p r a g m a t i c o b j e c t s o f

    though t .

    O n t h e w h o l e , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t hi s c o n s c i o u s n e s s c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e

    s t r u c t u r e o f t h e d i s t o r t e d f o r m s , w h i c h a s s p e c i a l f o r m s o f l in k a g e w e r e

    r e v e a l e d a n d e l a b o r a t e d b y M a r x , a n d w h i c h c o n t a in i n g e n er a l th e

    s t r u c t u r e o f a w h o l e s e r ie s o f in d i r ec t , s y m b o l i c - il l u s o r y e x p r e s s i o n s ,

    f o u n d i n t h e m o s t d i v e r s e r ea l m s o f th e l if e o f h u m a n c o n s c i o u s n e s s

    and ac t iv ity . Bu t , th i s is no t the p lace to an a lyze the s t ruc tu re o f th is

    fo rm; we w i l l a s sume tha t i t i s known ( i t occu r s f r equen t ly in C a p i t a l .

    L e t u s n o w l o o k a t s o m e i n d ir e c t o b j e c t s.

    W h a t i s a n i n d ir e c t p r a g m a t i c o b j e c t o f t h o u g h t ? I t is a si m p l e

    o b j e c t w h i c h in d i r e c t ly o r t e x tu a l ly s u p p o s e s a n i d e a b u t w h i c h i n f a c t

    i n d i re c t l y a s s e r ts a n o t h e r o b j e c t , a n o t h e r o b j e c t i v i t y o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    w h i c h i s n o t d i r e c t l y e x p r e s s e d a s a n a n a l y ti c o b j e c t o f t h o u g h t . T h e

    f i r s t r e p l a c e s t h e s e c o n d a n d m o v e s a c c o r d i n g t o i t s o w n l o g i c . F o r

    e x a m p l e , w h e n H e g e l s p e a k s o f t h e r e ig n o f r e a s o n i n h i s to r y , th is c a n

    b e s e e n a s in d i r e c t a f f i r m a t i o n o f a n o t h e r b a s i c H e g e l i a n t h o u g h t , t h e

    rup tu re o f the l inks o f sp i r i t and r ea l i ty , a s we l l a s the idea tha t

    p e r c e p t i o n i n d e p e n d e n t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s i n i m i c a l t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s

    a n d e v a d e s i t s r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l . M a r x s e e s t h e s e s e c o n d t y p e s o f

    c o n c e p t u a l o b j e c t i v a t i o n s a s f l o w i n g f r o m s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e s a n d r e a l i t y

    i ts el f. T h e y a r e b o r n t h e r e i n t h e fo r m o f d i r e c t l a n g u a g e o f c o n s c i o u s -

    n e s s a n d i n d i re c t l y e x p r e s s t h e m a t t h is le v e l, w i t h o u t g o i n g b e y o n d t h e

    s e n s e t h e y c o n t a i n . W h e n c e , a r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n i s a c o n s c i o u s n e s s w h i c h

    r e f l e c t s a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t i v e , s o c i a l l y n e c e s s a r y a p p e a r a n c e b u t , a t t h e

    s a m e t i m e , v i e w s i t s e l f a s s o m e t h i n g i n d e p e n d e n t a n d u n c o n d i t i o n e d

    rela t ive to rea l i ty .

    Th i s l ink w i th r e a l i ~ can b e the ob jec t o f spec ia l s c ien t i fi c ana lys i s,

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    16/20

      6 MER B M M RD gVILI

    a s h a p p e n s i n th e M a r x i a n c r i ti q u e o f G e r m a n i d e o l o g y , b u t it d o e s

    n o t a p p e a r i n r a t i o n a l i z e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s i t s e l f . W h a t i s m o r e , r a t i o n a l -

    i z e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s b a r s m a n f r o m a c le a r c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f h i s r e a l

    s t a t u s a n d d i m i n i s h e s h i s a b i l i t y t o s e e t h e c o n t e n t t h a t i s p r e s e n t b u t

    n o t r e c o g n i z e d . W h e n c e , i n t h e a n a ly s is o f d i s t o r t e d f o r m s t h a t h a v e l o s t

    the s igns o f the i r o r ig ins , M arx s t a r t s f rom wh a t s ee m s s e lf - su ff i c ien t

    a n d i n d e p e n d e n t , a n d a r r i v e s a t r e c o n s t r u c t e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s , t h e s e

    r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n w i t h th e h e l p o f o b j e c t i v it i e s o f

    c o n s c i o u s n e s s , w h i c h a r e g e n e r a t e d b y t h e m e c h a n i s m s o f s o c i a l r e l a -

    t ions in the sys tem.

    M a r x , w h o s e e s c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a r e a l e l e m e n t o f e x i st in g s o c ia l

    s y s t e m s , d o e s n o t t a k e t h e p a t h o f t h e t e l e o l o g i z i n g o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s ,

    and r e fuses to s ee i t a s a pu r i f i ca t ion o f r ea l mea n ing , supp l i ed by

    p r a x is a n d e x i st in g in t h e d e p t h s o f th e i n d i v id u a l. W h a t i s p r e s e n t b u t

    n o t r e c o g n i z e d , f o r M a r x , i s n o t t r u th o r t h e f o r m o f r e a li ty , b u t a

    c o r r e l a t e o f t h e o b j e c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e , h i d d e n i n c o n s c i o u s n e s s ' a u t o n -

    o m y . A s M a r x c o n s t a n tl y i n d ic a te s , t h e b a s i c d e p e n d e n c y a n d g r o w t h

    p o i n t o f r a t i o n a li z e d i n d i r e c t f o r m s i n t h e c u l t u r e c o n s is t s i n t h e f a c t

    t h a t d i s t o r t e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s w h i c h i s s p o n t a n e o u s l y g e n e r a t e d b y s o c i a l

    s t r u c tu r e s , i s a p o s t e r i o r i a n d i n t e n ti o n a l ly d e v e l o p e d b y i d e o l o g i s ts o f

    t h e r u l i n g c l a s s . D i s t o r t e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s t h e c o n c e p t u a l m a t e r i a l a n d

    sp i r itua l ho r izon o f a s epara te ideo log ica l e s t a te tha t i s o f f ic i a l and

    domina tes a soc ie ty as the c las s ideo logy . I t i s in th i s s ense tha t Marx

    speak s abo u t the ideo log ica l cad res o f the ru ling c las s , d i s tingu i sh ing

    t h e m f r o m t h e f r e e s p ir i tu a l p r o d u c e r s ( K . M a r x , Teor i i pr ibavo noj

    stoimosti (Th eor ies o f Surp lus Va lu e ) Q . I, M. 195 4 , s t r .261) . The

    c o u r s e o f t h e M a r x i a n a n a l y si s a s s u m e s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f i n d i r e c t

    f o r m s o f f e t is h i s t- p r a g m a t i c c o n s c i o u s n e s s i s t h e r a t i o n a li z a ti o n o f

    r e a d y - m a d e s p i ri tu a l p r o d u c t s o f s o ci a l r e l a ti o n s (i.e ., p r o d u c t s t h a t a r e

    o u t s i d e o f , p r i o r t o , a n d i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e a c t i o n o f r a t io n a l s c ie n t if ic

    t h o u g h t ) t h r o u g h e x t e r n a l m e a n s o f k n o w l e d g e . I t u s e s r a ti o n a l

    p r o c e d u r e s a s m e a n s o f r e c o g n i t i o n a n d a c q u i s i t io n o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s

    b y i n d i v i d u a ls w h o a r e i n t e g r a t e d i n th i s w a y i n to t h e s o c i a l s y st e m .

    B u t , i f t h e s e m e a n s a r e r a ti o n a l i n b o u r g e o i s s o c i e t y (i.e . a d e q u a t e

    t o t h e j u d g e m e n t a l c a p a b i l i t i e s o f a t o m i z e d i n d i v i d u a l s ) , i n o t h e r e r a s

    they migh t be those o f an imis t , my tho log ica l , r e l ig ious , e t c . cha rac te r .

    T h e b a s i c r e l a t i o n s h i p r e m a i n s t h e s a m e . A s M a r x de facto show s , th i s

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    17/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S I N M A R X 1 1 7

    is th e r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y f o rm s o f c o n -

    s c i o u s n e ss . H e g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r s t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f s u c h i n d i r e c t

    f o r m s o f i d e o l o g y a s e c o n d a r y p h e n o m e n o n , c o n c e al in g i n it s s y s te m -

    a t iz a t io n s t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v i ti e s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s , c o m b i n i n g t h e m i n

    a c e r t a i n f o r m a n d t u r n i n g t h e m i n t o s e e m i n g l y a u t o n o m o u s a n d

    i n d e p e n d e n t e n t it ie s ( t h is s c h e m a c a n b e u s e d t o v i ew , e.g ., t h e r e l a t io n -

    s h ip b e t w e e n o b j e c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e , o n t h e o n e h a n d , a n d t h e s y s te m s o f

    mytho logy , r e l ig ion , e t c . , on the o the r ) . Marx ' ana lys i s has be fo re i t ,

    t h e r e f o r e , t h e t a s k o f (1 ) e s ta b l i sh i n g t h e p r i m a r y f o r m s o f c o n s c i o u s -

    n e s s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o b j e c t s a n d n o t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s

    w h e r e t h e y a p p e a r i n i d e o l o g i c a l s y s t e m a t i z a t i o n s ( r e p r e s e n t i n g a

    r e d u c t i o n o f th e l a tt e r) , a n d ( 2 ) u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e i n te r n a l c o u r s e o f th e

    r a t i o n a l i z i n g j u d g e m e n t s , e v o l v i n g i t f r o m t h e c l e a r d e p e n d e n c e o f

    l o g ic a l t h o u g h t o n t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f o b j e c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e a n d o f t h e

    q u a s i - o b j e c t s w h i c h a r e f o r m e d i n th e s t r u c t u r e s o f th e m e c h a n i s m s o f

    soc ia l sys tems .

    I t t h u s a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r a t io n a l i z a ti o n t h a t p e n e t r a t e s i d e o l o g y is d e -

    r ived f rom jus t a s ing le p r inc ip le . Th i s p r inc ip le sys temat ica l ly exp la ins

    and makes theo re t i ca l ly pos s ib le and in te l l ig ib le fo r man tha t wh ich a l -

    r ead y ex is t s a s in ten t iona l ob jec t o f con sc iou snes s , wha t th is ob jec t d i s -

    s i m u l a t e s , a n d w h a t i s a l r e a d y a f f i r m e d b y i t ( b u t i t r e m a i n s u n k n o w n

    j u s t a s th e c a u s e s a n d o r i g in s o f t a b o o s i n p ri m i t i v e s o c i e t ie s r e m a i n u n -

    k n o w n ) . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n i n to i d e o l o g y o f s u c h a sy s t e m a t i z a t i o n m a k e s

    log ica l ly ava i l ab le and in te l l ig ib le tha t wh ich ex i s t s , bu t ex i s t s unknown

    as to w hy and w hen ce . Th i s is i ts t a sk and apo lo ge t i c ro le , to wh ich i t

    i s l imi ted . Thu s , fo r exam ple , such a ye l low a lgo r i thm as the va lue o f

    l a b o r w h i c h is an e l e m e n t o f e v e r y d a y li fe b e c a m e i n p ra c t i c e fu n d a -

    m e n t a l t o b o u r g e o i s , v u l g a r p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m y . I t b e c a m e t h e l i n k f o r a

    t h e o r e t i c a l d e r i v a t i o n o u t o f s o m e s y s t e m a t i c p r i n c i p l e s ( j u s t a s , l e t u s

    s a y, a b a s e l e s s t a b o o c a n a c q u i r e a b a s e i n a g iv e n m y t h o l o g i c a l s y s t em ) .

    B u t , i n f a c t, th e c o n t e n t o f t h e q u a s i - o b j e c t is a f o r m o f m o v e m e n t i n

    t h e s y s t e m , b u t i t i s n o t a n a c t iv e , a u t o n o m o u s t h o u g h t .

    M arx ve ry c lea r ly s ays in th i s r ega rd :

    I t i s c l e a r w h a t i m p o r t a n c e a c c r u e s t o t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f v a l u e a n d t h e p r i c e o f l a b o r

    p o w e r i n t o t h e f o r m o f w a g e l a b o r i.e . th e v a l u e a n d p r i c e o f w o r k i ts el f. I n t h i s f o r m o f

    a p p e a r a n c e h i d i n g t h e t r u e r e l a t io n a n d e s t a b l is h i n g a n a p p a r e n t l y d i r e ct l y o p p o s i t e

    r e l at i o n r e s i d e a ll o f t h e l eg a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b o t h o f t h e w o r k e r a n d o f t h e c a p it a li s t

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    18/20

    1 1 8 M E R A B M A M A R D A g V I L I

    all the my stifications of the capitalist m od e of prod uction, all the illusions of freed om it

    generates, and all the apologetic evasions of vulgar political econo m y. Sog . t.23,

    str.550).

    W e w i l l a d d o n l y t h a t w h e n M a r x s h o w s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t t h e t h o u g h t

    o f t h e c l a s s i c s o f b o u r g e o i s p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m y , o c c u p i e d i n a n a l y s i s o f

    i ts i n t e rn a l l i n ks , n e v e r t h e l e s s a d o p t s i ts o w n c o n c e p t s l i k e l a b o r p r ic e

    ( c f . a l s o s t r . 5 4 7 - - 5 4 9 ) , w h a t h e e x p l a i n s a n d d e s c r i b e s a r e n o t t h e l a w s

    o f k n o w l e d g e b u t t h e m e c h a n i s m o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s th a t d e p e n d s o n t h e

    c o r r e l a t i o n o f i ts p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y fo r m s . T h e f ir st e n c i r c le s a n d

    c i r c u m s c r i b e s t h e s e c o n d ; t h e y i n c l u d e a n d o u t l i n e t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f

    s e c o n d a r y f o r m s ( m y t h o l o g y , r e li g io n , p r a g m a t i c r a t i o n a li z a t io n s ) w h i c h

    f o r m t h e f i e ld o f t h e i r p o s si b il it ie s , c o m b i n e d a n e w o n a n e w l e v el - -

    t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d a r y ( m y t h o l o g i c a l , r a ti o n a l , e t c .) e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e

    c o n t e n t o f c o n s c io u s n e s s . T h i s c o n s t it u t e s t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f th e

    s e c o n d a r y o n t h e p r i m a r y f o r m s . B u t t h e s e c o n d a r y f o r m s o f c o n -

    s c i o u s n e s s c a n d i s t o r t a n d m a s k t h e p r i m a r y . I n a n y c a s e , t h e f o r m e r

    h i d e t h e l a t te r . O n t h is p l a n e , M a r x ' o b j e c t i v e - r e d u c t i v e an a l ys i s o f

    consc iousnes s - - i . e . ana lys i s o f i t a s e f f ec t o f the p lay o f r e l a t ions in

    r e a l s o c i a l s y s t e m s - - i s a w a y o f d e t e c t i n g p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v i ti e s a n d o f

    the me an ings o f con sc iou snes s , a s we l l a s the c las s i f ica t ion o f a l l

    s e c o n d a r y f o r m s . T h e s e l a t t e r , i n s u b s e q u e n t s y s t e m a t i z a t i o n s a n d

    c l a r i f i c a t i o n s , a r e m e r e l y d e v e l o p i n g w h a t i s a l r e a d y i n h e r e n t i n t h e

    p r o p e r t i e s o f th e s e s p e c i a l o b j e c t s o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s .

    T h i s s c h e m a o f M a r x a l so s e r v e s to e x p o s e t h e a p o l o g e t i c s t an c e t h a t

    b o u r g e o i s p o l it i c a l e c o n o m y t a k e s r e l a t iv e t o t h e b a s e s o f c a p it a l is t

    p r o d u c t i o n ; i.e ., t h a t v u l g a r f o r m o f i d e o l o g i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s w h i c h h a s

    p e n e t r a t e d a n d b e c o m e c o n s t a n t i n e c o n o m i c s . M a r x d o e s n o t a t a l l

    r e d u c e t h i s p o s i t i o n t o t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f n a k e d s e l f- i n te r e s t o f e vi l

    p e r s o n s w h o c o n s t r u c t f e s ti sh i z ed f o r m s o f co n s c i o u sn e s s . H e d o e s ,

    h o w e v e r , p i c t u r e t h e m a s i d e o l o g i st s w h o a r e m e d i a t i n g so c i a l r e la -

    t ions tha t a r e typ ica l o f mass soc ie ty , r°

    M a r x ' a p p r o a c h l e a d s t o a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a n d i n t e r e s t i n g p r o b l e m

    t h a t o f t h e r o l e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n t h e p e r s o n a l ( a n d n o t s o c i a l l y

    m e d i a t e d ) d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d iv i d u a ls , s o c i a l g r o u p s , e t c . T h i s t h e m e

    b e e o m e s v e r y i m p o r t a n t w h e n i t is a m a t t e r o f t h e v i o l at io n o f t h e

    n o r m a l f u n c t i o n i n g o f s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c s y s t e m s , o r o f a s o c i a l - h i s t o r i c a l

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    19/20

    C O N S C I O U S N E S S I N M A R X 1 1 9

    s i t u a t i o n , w h e r e i t i s c l e a r l y f e l t th a t c h a n g e i s n e e d e d . H e r e , t o o , t h e

    w o r k o f M a r x o f f e r s g r e a t h e l p t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r .

    N O T E S

    W h i l e M a r x d id n o t d o a ' L o g i c ' (i n c a p it a ls ) , h e d id d o t h e logic o f Capi tal . . .

    (V. I . Len in ,

    So6.

    t .29, s tr .301)

    2 I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g a n d im p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t M a r x s im u l t a n e o u s ly c o n s t r u c t s b o th a

    th e o r y o f th e o b j e c t i v e ( e c o n o m ic ) p r o c e s s a n d a t h e o r y o f i ts r e f l e c t io n in t h e h e a d s o f

    i t s d i r e c t a g e n t s . H e s t u d i e s a n d c r i t i c i z e s n o t s o m u c h t h e i n d iv id u a l e r r o r s a n d

    m is t a k e s o f c o n s c io u s n e s s ( a l t h o u g h h e c e r t a in ly d o e s d o t h a t ) , b u t e x p o s e s t h e

    o b j e c t i v e - c o n c e p tu a l e x p r e s sio n s o f t h e r e a l p r o c e s s. H e d e r iv e s a n d d e f in e s t h e

    c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e n e c e s s a r y a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e d i s t o r t e d f o r m s

    (verwandel te Formen).

    3 U n f o r tu n a t e ly , t h e p h i l o s o p h i c p u b l i c i s a c q u a in t e d w i th t h e m m o s t l y i n t h i s f a l s e

    f o r m .

    4 F o r o u r s u b s e q u e n t e x p o s i t i o n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c l a r i f y w h a t w e m e a n b y t h e

    p h i lo s o p h y o f s e l f- c o n s c io u s n e s s t h a t w a s t y p i c a l o f t h e c l a s si c s. Be g in n in g w i th

    D e s c a r t e s , i t w a s a s s u m e d th a t p h i l o s o p h y d e f in e s t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h o u g h t , r e v e a l i n g

    h o w th e c o n t e n t o f c o n s c io u s n e s s ( w h e th e r i t h a s t o d o w i th th o u g h t , c o n d u c t , i n t e r e st s ,

    o r f e e l in g s ) c a n b e r e p r o d u c e d a n d f i x e d s o t ha t , c o n t r o l l e d b y c o n s c io u s n e s s , i t c a n b e

    u s e d a s a t e l e o lo g i c a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t , b e g in n in g w i th s o m e n a tu r a l ly

    e x i s ti n g c o in c id e n c e o f th o u g h t a n d o b j e c t . I t t h u s b e g in s w i th s o m e s o r t o f t r u e s t a te

    o f a f f a i r s , a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g p r i o r t o t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s p o n t a n e o u s p r o c e s s o f

    consc iousness (e .g . , the Car tes ian cogito, t h e I a m I o f c l a s si c a l G e r m a n p h i l o s o p h y ,

    e tc . ) . Whether i t i s ques t ion o f wha t rea l ly ex is t s o r o f wha t a f fec ts the inves t iga t ion

    th e r e o f , t h e w h o le p r o c e s s a p p e a r s a s t e le o lo g i c a l ly o r g a n i z e d a n d o c c u r r i n g w i th in t h e

    c o n f in e s o f p u r e c o n s c io u s n e s s ( i. e., n o n - e m p i r i c a l c o n s c io u s n e s s , c l e a n s e d a n d

    e x f o l i a t e d s e l f - c o n s c io u s n e s s ) . F o r t h e c l a s s i c s , a n y f o r m o f c o n s c io u s n e s s i s a c o m -

    p a r i s o n o f t h i s t r e n d t o w a r d c o in c id e n c e w i th r e a l i t y w i th c o n s c io u s n e s s a n d , t h e r e f o r e ,

    i s v iew ed in ana logy wi th it , a s an ap prox im at ion to i t , e tc .

    5 W e f i n d a m o n g S o v ie t p h i l o s o p h i c w r i t in g s a s tr i k in g e x a m p le o f a n o b j e c t i v e M a r x i s t

    a n a ly s is o f t h e s u b j e c t i v e f o r m s t h r o u g h a s t u d y o f p u r e ly o b j e c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e s o f t h e

    e c o n o m ic s y s t e m . W e h a v e i n m in d E . V . I I ' e n k o v ' s a n a ly s i s o f t h e n a tu r e o f t h e i d e a l

    (e l . ' Idea l ' in th e

    Filosofskafa enciklopedifa,

    t .II)

    6 H e r e t o g o b e y o n d t h e p h e n o m e n o n d o e s n o t m e a n t o g r a sp , i n t h e e p i s te m o l o g i c a l

    s e n s e, a n e x t e r n a l m e a s u r e l y in g b e y o n d t h e p h e n o m e n o n , a n d a s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e

    s o c i a l a c t i v it y t h a t g e n e r a t e s t h e p h e n o m e n o n . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e p o in t i s t o e x p l a in

    th e m e c h a n i s m th a t g e n e r a t e s in it p h e n o m e n a a s e s s e n t i al f o r m s o f r e a l it y o r , m o r e

    e x ac tl y , f o r m s . . , o f a c tu a l e x i st e n c e (K . M a r k s ,

    Teoriya pribav o6n oj stoimo sti ,

    6.1II, M .

    1961 , s t r .460) .

    7 Co n s e q u e n t ly , t h e c o n t e n t s o f c o n s c io u s n e s s a r e s im u l t a n e o u s ly g iv e n i n a n o th e r

    p l a c e , i n a n o th e r f o r m th a n i n t h e c o n s c io u s n e s s o f t h e p s y c h o lo g i c al , c o g n i t i v e, re l a t in g

    u n i ty o f t h e ' T ' - - t h e c o n s c io u s p h e n o m e n a o f t h e i n d iv id u a l ; n a m e ly , i n t h e s o c i a l

    s y s t e m o f a c t io n . T h e p o s s ib i l it y o f m e a s u r in g c o n s c io u s n e s s a t t h e s a m e t im e a s o n e

    m e a s u r e s s o m e th in g o th e r t h a n c o n s c io u s n e s s i s t h e e s s e n t ia l d e m a n d o f t h e M a r x i a n

    p r o c e d u r e .

  • 8/18/2019 Analysis of consciousness in the works of Marx by Merab Mamardashvili

    20/20

    12

    M E R A B M A M A R D A ~ V I L I

    8 M a r x i a n a n a l y s i s c o n s t a n t l y d e a l s w i t h s u c h p r a c t i c a l a p p e a r a n c e s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n

    e x a m i n i n g th e d e f i n i t i o n s o f c a p i ta l w h e n c o r r e l a t e d w i t h o t h e r c a p it a l, M a r x s h o w s

    t h a t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v i e w h o l d i n g t h a t p r o f i t f o l l o w s e q u a l l y f r o m a l l f o r m s o f c a p i t a l

    e x p r e s s e s a p r a c t i c a l f a c t ; t o d e p a r t f r o m i t , o n e w o u l d h a v e t o t a k e c a p i t a l a s a w h o l e

    - - a m y s t e r y f o r t h e c a p i ta l is t . I n t h i s s e n s e c o m i n g t o c o n s c i o u s n e s s

    osoznanie)

    i s t h e

    e m e r g e n c e o f o b j e c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e s ( i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f t h e

    p r a c t i c a l f a c t c o n s c i o u s n e s s a s a c t u a l i n t e r n a l b o n d i s a m y s t e r y ) .

    9 C a u s e a n d e ff e ct ar e h e t e r o g e