analysing allerzielen alom. material culture in an emerging rite

8/6/2019 Analysing allerzielen alom. Material culture in an emerging rite

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/analysing-allerzielen-alom-material-culture-in-an-emerging-rite 1/82

jbtarhbc fuctura he be ajarlhel rhta

bccarzhacae bcij

bebcyshel

\hcchbj _. Br gjbe



Vhdastiea ^rass B eaw laearbthie ig ^uochsmhel

Xiu bra rabdhel b gucc varshie ig tmhs oiik, gir graa!

Tmhs oiik hs pbrt ig tma Vhdastiea a-chorbry wmara jist ig iur

puochfbthies bra guccy bffasshoca gir graa. Gir bffass ti jira

graa oiiks vhsht0 www.shdastiea.fij/chorbry

Diwecibd Gucc ^DG

Whsht tma Vhdastiea a-chorbry ti oriwsa iur a-oiiks. Gir b jhehjbc

gaa yiu fbe purfmbsa b guccy guefthiebc ^DG bed oy dihel si, yiu

macp ti kaap iur chorbry rueehel.

www.shdastiea.fij/chorbry



BebcyshelBccarzhacae Bcij



JBVTA_ TMAVHV FIJ^B_BTHWA _ACHLHIEHEVTHTQTA GI_ _ACHLHIQV VTQDHAV

GBFQCTX IG MQJBEHTHAVCAHDAE QEHWA_VHTX

BebcyshelBccarzhacae Bcij

Jbtarhbc Fuctura he be Ajarlhel _hta

\hcchbj _. Brgjbe

Vuparvhsirs0

^rig. dr. B.G. da @iel (Cahdae Qehvarshty)Dr. Tmijbs Rubrthar (_bdoiud Qehvarshty Eh`jalae)



© ?>22 oy \hcchbj _. Brgjbe

^uochsmad oy Vhdastiea ^rasswww.shdastiea.ecVhdastiea ralhstrbthie eujoar0 VV^?846>>>?

HVOE0 8<=-8>-==8>->72-<

Fivar dashle0 Kbrstae \aethek, Vhdastiea ^rassFivar pmitilrbpm0 Iskh Ficcbdi ?>>< bed ^atar vbe Chasmiut ?>>8

Cbyiut0 \hcchbj _. Brgjbe



Fietaets

^ragbfa <

Hetridufthie 8

Fmbptar Iea0 Tmairathfbc Fieshdarbthies 22

2.2 Hjpchfht _achlhie 22

2.? _htubc Dyebjhfs 21

2.6 Jbtarhbc Fuctura 28

2.4 Tmairathfbc Tiics ??

Fmbptar Twi0 Hetridufhel Bccarzhacae Bcij ?1

?.2 Bccarzhacae Bcchfmt bed Marheearhel Warchfmt ?7

?.? Bccarzhacae Bcij ?8

?.6 B \aoshta bed b Oiikcat 64

?.4 Tma Vurvay 67

?.1 Dhsfusshie 6=

Fmbptar Tmraa0 Whshthel Bccarzhacae Bcij 42

6.2 Marheearhel Warchfmt he Bjstardbj 4?

6.? Bccarzhacae Bcij he Bcpmae bbe dae _h`e 41

6.6 Bccarzhacae Bcij he Lriehelae 4=

6.4 Bccarzhacae Bcij he Bpacdiire 12

6.1 Bccarzhacae Bcij he Fbstrhfuj 14

6.7 Dhsfusshie bed Bebcyshs 1<

Fmbptar Giur0 Davaciphel Bccarzhacae Bcij 72

4.2 Bcpmae bbe dae _h`e0 Jbhetbhehel tma Hehthbthva 72

4.? Bpacdiire0 Cifbc Bdbptbthie 76

4.6 Fbstrhfuj0 Fijjuehty Facaorbthie 71

4.4 Da Ehauwa Iistar0 Dabchel whtm Vuffass 7<

4.1 Hdb vbe dar Caa0 Ajoaddhel tma Fiefapt 7=

4.7 Dhsfusshie bed Bebcyshs <>

Fiefcushie <6

_agaraefas <1



^ragbfa

Jy parsiebc bfbdajhf hetarast he tma hetarsafthie ig jbtarhbc

fuctura, rhtubc bfthie bed tma dabd wbs spbrkad he tma tiwe ig Jhtcb

he siutmare Jaxhfi. Mara H fbja bfriss b dhcbphdbtad fmbpac

stbedhel ie be aridad pra-ficiehbc pyrbjhd, wmara hedhlaeius

paipca ig tma aethra ralhie fbja ti jbka trbdhthiebc iggarhels ti

tmahr befastirs bed bsk tmaj gir gbviurs. Tma eaxt yabr H fbja obfk

gir ghacdwirk, wmhfm rasuctad he be J.^mhc. tmashs boiut tma fucturbc

fietheuhty oamhed tmhs prbfthfa. \mae H dafhdad ti fietheua jy

bfbdajhf davacipjaet oy gicciwhel be J.B. he fijpbrbthva rachlhie

H dafhdad ti ciik gir b rasabrfm tiphf he Tma Eatmarcbeds tmbt wiucd

shjhcbrcy hevicva io`afts bed rhtas, bed wiucd bcciw gir b

fijohebthie ig tmairathfbc rasabrfm bed ghacdwirk. \mhca vhshthel tma

_htubc Dyebjhfs Fiegaraefa he Mahdacoarl he Iftioar ?>>=, H bcsi

bttaedad iea caftura oy Dr. Tmijbs Rubrthar, jajoar ig tma

”_aghlurhel Dabtm _htas‘ rasabrfm lriup grij tma _bdoiud

Qehvarshty he Eh`jalae, bed iea oy dr. Arhk da Jbbkar, girjar

jajoar ig tmbt sbja lriup. Oitm dabct whtm b eaw girj ig

facaorbthel Bcc Viucs‘ Dby, bed shefa tma tiphf eit iecy ghttad he

pargaftcy whtm wmbt H wbs ciikhel gir, out wbs bcsi racbtad ti jy

pravhius rasabrfm he Jaxhfi, jy hetarast wbs hjjadhbtacy phquad.

Tbckhel ti tmaj cbtar, H cabread tmbt tmbt Da Jbbkar mbd mbd ti

bobedie mhs rasabrfm ie tma pmaeijaeie bed tmbt bctmiulm tma

rasabrfm lriup wbs sthcc wirkhel ie ht, tmay dhd eit jhed ja ciikhel

heti ht bs wacc.

Tmus mbvhel dafhdad ti phfk tmhs tiphf gir jy tmashs, H mbd ti

quhfkcy dafhda wmhfm ig tma facaorbthies ti vhsht, bed fija heti

fietbft whtm tmahr irlbehsars. Gir tmahr hjjadhbta, bed ielihel,fiiparbthie H wiucd chka ti tmbek Hdb vbe dar Caa, Fbrcb vbe dar

Acst, Madh Malajbe, Beeaka ^har, Bcheda Wrich`k, Jbrheb vbe dar

\bc bed _bcdh Oaaet`as. Gir tmahr bfbdajhf bdvhfa bed suppirt H

wiucd chka ti axprass jy lrbthtuda ti jy suparvhsir prig. Da @iel ig

tma Cahdae Qehvarshty bs wacc bs dr. Tmijbs Rubrthar gir bdvhfa bed

bffass ti mhs pravhius rasabrfm ie tma tiphf. Ghebccy, H wiucd chka ti

tmbek jy shstar Beeajhak, jy jitmar Cahdb bed jy gbtmar Larrht

gir tmahr suppirt, bed ig fiursa jy lhrcgrhaed Firheeb, whtmiut

wmij eiea ig tmhs wiucd mbva oaae pisshoca.



Hetridufthie

Bgtar suesat, ie tma ghgtm ig Eivajoar ?>>=, briued 2?>> paipca

vhshtad tma Iedarcbels juehfhpbc fajatary he tma Dutfm tiwe ig

Fbstrhfuj. Tma fajatary htsacg wbs orhlmtcy chlmt up oy tirfmas

stbedhel oashdas hts giitpbtms, fbedcas bed cbetares ourehel ie

jist ig hts lrbvas bed sija brthghfhbc chlmt hccujhebthel tma jbhe

pihets ig fielralbthie. Jist ig tma vhshtirs ti tma fajatary wara

ousy whtm sufm tmhels bs acboirbtacy dafirbthel tma lrbvas ig tmahr

oacivad ieas, smbrhel sija giid bed drheks whtm gbjhcy, grhaeds ir

itmar vhshtirs, wrhthel jassblas ti tmisa tmbt tmay mbd cist ie schps

ig pbpar ti mbel tmaj he b yiuel pittad traa, chstae ti b wijbe

pcbyhel b Thoatbe shelhel oiwc, wrhthel tma ebja ig tmahr dabrcy

dapbrtad ie b sjbcc pbpar gcbl si ht fiucd sarva bs be hedhfbthie ig

tma gciwar ouco `ust ourhad, ir avae whtm wbckhel oatwaae b fiupca

ig diirs ivar wmhfm b piaj boiut cabvhel wbs dhstrhoutad. @udlhel

grij tmahr fievarsbthies, tmay wara mbvhel b liid thja, avae

tmiulm dhgghfuct tiphfs, sufm bs ciss bed lrhag, wara eit oahel

smueead. Be uehegirjad pbssar-oy jhlmt vary wacc mbva wiedarad

wmbt axbftcy ht wbs tmbt wbs lihel ie tmara tmbt avaehel. \bs ht be

brt pri`aft9 B rachlhius rhtubc9 B fijjuehty facaorbthie9

Tma avaehel he quasthie wbs be Bccarzhacae Bcij2 facaorbthie

bed ht wbs gbr grij tma iecy sufm facaorbthie, bs tmara wara ehea

itmars facaorbtad bcc ivar tma fiuetry bt riulmcy tma sbja thja. Gir

?>>8, shxtaae bra bcrabdy oahel pcbeead, wmhfm, lhvae tma gbft tmbt

tma ghrst racbtad facaorbthie wbs irlbehsad oy tma Dutfm brthst Hdb

vbe dar Caa he ?>>1, smiws tmbt tma pmaeijaeie hs b rbphdcy

sprabdhel iea. Fijohead whtm tma gbft tmbt bt Bjstardbj‘s Da

Ehauwa Iistar fajatary bed jajirhbc pbrk, wmara tmbt ghrstfacaorbthie wbs irlbehsad, bpprixhjbtacy ghva tmiusbed paipca

vhshtad he ?>>=, ht oafijas fcabr tmbt, bppbraetcy, tmara hs be

uedarcyhel sifhatbc ”dajbed‘ gir tmasa avaets.

Grij be bfbdajhf stbedpihet, tmhs saajs racavbet bs wacc.

Oafbusa, hedapaedaetcy ig miw axbftcy iea wiucd fbtalirhsa tma

avaehels he quasthie, ht whcc oa avhdaet tmbt wmbt lias ie hs racavbet

ti iur uedarstbedhel ig tma prifassas ig safucbrhsbthie bed

hedhvhdubchsbthie, wmhfm suppisadcy dijhebta iur sifhaty. Beitmar

ippirtuehty prasaetad oy tmhs fbsa stajs grij tma gbft tmbt jbtarhbc

2 Bccarzhacae Bcij0 Dutfm gir ”Bcc Viucs‘ Bcc Briued‘.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ2>

fuctura, wmatmar be brthsthf hestbccbthie ig piathf diirs ir b strhp ig

pbpar bddrassad ti iea‘s dabrcy dapbrtad, pcbys be hjpirtbet rica

durhel tmasa facaorbthies. Bed ht hs prafhsacy iur uedarstbedhel ig

tmhs rica tmbt hs, bfbdajhfbccy spabkhel, uedardavacipad wmae ht

fijas ti tma study ig ajarlhel rhtubc-chka pmaeijaeb chka

Bccarzhacae Bcij, bed tmahr racbthie ti tma boiva jaethiead sifhatbc

prifassas. Ti jbka b sjbcc fietrhouthie ti tma hefrabsa ig iur

uedarstbedhel partbhehel ti tmhs rica, tma quasthie hevasthlbtad he

tmhs tmashs whcc tmaragira oa0 Dias jbtarhbc fuctura hegcuaefa tma

prasaet davacipjaet ig tma Bccarzhacae Bcij facaorbthies9 Bed hg

yas, he wmbt wby bed ti wmhfm dalraa9

Ti fija ti be beswar ti tmasa quasthies, fmbptar twi whcc ghrst

hetridufa tma obfklriued ig tma Bccarzhacae Bcij pri`aft oy

dasfrhohel hts davacipjaet up uethc tma ?>>= facaorbthies bs wacc bs

pravhiuscy fieduftad rasabrfm. Eaxt, he fmbptar tmraa, b jira he-

daptm dasfrhpthie bed bebcyshs ig tma ?>>= facaorbthies whcc oa

lhvae, whtm b spafhbc gifus ie tma pishthie ig jbtarhbc fuctura. Tmhs

whcc tmae oa gicciwad up he fmbptar giur, wmara tma wbys he wmhfm

tma irlbehsars ig tma ?>>8 facaorbthies racbta ti jbtarhbc fuctura

durhel davacipjaet, whcc oa studhad. Ghebccy, he tma fiefcushie, tma

rasucts ig tmasa tmraa fmbptars whcc oa sujjbrhsad bed dhsfussad ti

fija ti be beswar ti tma quasthies pisad bs wacc bs ti girjucbta

racavbet gicciw-up quasthies tmbt fiucd luhda gutura rasabrfm.

Hetarasthelcy tmhs struftura, oy oahel ig b dhbfmriehfbc ebtura, bcsiriulmcy gicciws tma davacipjaet ig tma uedarcyhel rasabrfm bs

fmbptar twi ragcafts hehthbc rabdhel, wmarabs fmbptar twi hs obsad ie

tma atmeilrbpmhf ghacdwirk fieduftad durhel tma ?>>= facaorbthies

he Bjstardbj, Bcpmae, Bpacdiire, Fbstrhfuj bed Lriehelae, wmhca

fmbptar giur hs tma rasuct ig hetarvhaws whtm tma irlbehsars ig tmasa

sbja facaorbthies fiefarehel tmahr pcbes gir ?>>8.

Miwavar, oagira fmbptar twi whcc hetridufa tma Bccarzhacae Bcij

fbsa, wa whcc ghrst mbva b ciik bt sija tmairathfbc fieshdarbthies

partbhehel ti wmbt hs fbccad hjpchfht rachlhie bs wacc bs bt sija kayfiefapts grij tma ghacds ig rhtubc studhas bed jbtarhbc fuctura

studhas. Tma io`aft ig tmasa fieshdarbthies hs ti girjucbta sija

tmairathfbc tiics, ir maurhsthf davhfas, whtm wmhfm tma jbttar bt

mbed fbe oa bebcysad he b jbeear lihel oayied jara dasfrhpthie.

He dihel si, tmhs study fiucd bcsi oa saae bs b tast ig tma

bppchfbohchty bed usaguceass ig tmasa fiefapts gir tma study ig

jbtarhbc fuctura he ajarlhel rhtubc-chka pmaeijaeb.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ2?

fbccad hjpchfht rachlhie, wmhfm hs eit si jufm be betieyj ti axpchfht

rachlhie, out tmbt wmhfm axpchfht rachlhie hesthtuthiebchsas (Hohd0<-=;

4?; 4=). Obhcay dagheas hjpchfht rachlhie ahtmar rbtmar vbluacy bs

”fijjhtjaet‘ ir sijawmbt jira acboirbthvacy bs ”hetaeshva

fiefares whtm axtaeshva aggafts‘ bs wacc bs ”hetalrbthel gifh‘. Tma

cbttar hs aspafhbccy hetarasthel bs ht gurtmar davacips tma hdab ig

hjpchfhteass, oy smiwhel tmbt tmriulm oahel hjpchfht tma dhvhshies

usad ti fbtalirhsa mujbe axparhaefa bra hetalrbtad he sufm b wby

tmbt tmay bra pravaetad grij oafijhel tma khed ig dhfmitijhas tmbt

mbjpar b jira michsthf uedarstbedhel ig tmasa axparhaefas (Hohd0<-

=). Bcc tmraa daghehthies bra miwavar guzzy aeiulm ti oafija tma

tbrlat ig tma khed ig bffusbthies igtae oriulmt blbhest pist-jidare

hdabs, ebjacy tmbt whtm tmasa fiefapts beytmhel fbe oafija

rachlhius bs sufm dashlebthies bra mhlmcy suo`afthva. Ti sufm

bffusbthies, Obhcay beswars ghrstcy tmbt he tmairy hedaad beytmhel

fiucd hedaad oa rachlhius, bs tmara bra ei b prhirh chjhts. Tmhs dias

eit miwavar jabe tmbt beytmhel bcsi hs (aqubccy) rachlhius, bs tma

dhsthefthie oatwaae rachlhie bed eie-rachlhie hs jira usaguccy saae

bs b fietheuuj. Vafiedcy, ma pihets iut tmbt suo`afthvhty hs be

uebvihdboca, avae assaethbc, bspaft ig uedarstbedhel he tma

mujbehthas bed tma trhfk hs ti hetarprat pmaeijaeb whtmiut bcsi,

pishthvacy ir ealbthvacy, avbcubthel tmaj (Hohd041-7). Tma pihet ig

studyhel hjpchfht rachlhie tmaragira hs eit ti prafiefahva ig wmbt

smiucd ir smiucd eit oa studhad out ti tbka tma fijpcata rbela igmujbe axparhaefas bed tmae bsk tma quasthie0 –\mbt bra tma gifh ig

parsiebc chga he tmhs shtubthie9 ‚ (Hohd048). Bed iecy oy dihel tmhs, fbe

tma ghacd ig rachlhius studhas graa htsacg ig hts mhstirhfbccy ohbsad gifus

ie axpchfht oachag oy smiwhel tmbt ht hs –ajphrhfbccy pisshoca […Z ti oa

tmbek-gucc, whtmiut eafassbrhcy tmbekhel bey parsiebchsad iea ir bey

parsiebchsad tmhel ‚ ir –ti prby, whtmiut girjucbthel bey fiefapt ig b

oahel ti wmij iea prbys ‚ (Hohd04<).

Tbckhel boiut eie-hesthtuthiebc rachlhie, Jaartae tar Oirl he mhs

bffaptbefa spaafm gir tma Fmbhr he Eie-hesthtuthiebc _achlhie heJidare Vifhaty bt tma Qehvarshty ig Cahdae, pihetad iut tmbt tmhs

fiefapt hs iecy ig usa hg ht hs giuedad upie b tmairy ig mujbe

oahels bs hemaraetcy rachlhius (Tar Oirl ?>>=02?<). Mhs pripishthie

tmaragira hs tmbt rachlhie hs tma fiesaquaefa ig jbekhed‘s bohchty ti

trbesfaed tma chjhts ig tma mara bed eiw, oy hjblhehel itmar

pisshoca wircds, wmatmar mabvae bed macc ir 1-yabr ousheass pcbes

(Hohd02?=). Hjblhebthie mara wirks bs b twi-adlad swird0 ie tma

iea mbed paipca bra boca ti piedar tmahr ghehtuda ti tma pihet ig

titbc daspbhr, ie tma itmar mbed tmhs sbja hjblhebthie fbe frabtaaeththas tmbt chjht tma hjpbft ig tmasa ealbthva wircdcy girfas,



WHVHTHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ 26

fijpaesbta tmaj, ir lhva purpisa ti ht bcc. Tmasa aeththas fbe oa

beytmhel rbelhel grij lids, ti sphrhts, ti bostrbft prhefhpcas sufm

bs Oabuty (Hohd02?8). _achlhie tmae guefthies ti privhda wbys ti

ivarfija daspbhr bed rastira ieticilhfbc safurhty. Tmus, wmae tma

cbttar hs tmrabtaead, tma hetaeshty ig rachlhie whcc hefrabsa (Hohd026>).

Hjblhebthie miwavar hs eit aeiulm, bs tma hjblhead wircds bed

aeththas bcsi eaad ti mbva fradhohchty he irdar ti mbva aggaft. Vufm

fradhohchty fbe oa laearbtad he twi wbys, bffirdhel ti Tar Oirl,

ahtmar tmriulm tma prassura ig tma ieticilhfbccy tmrabtaehel

iffurraefa ir tmriulm tma sacg-rahgyhel aggaft ig trbdhthie (Hohd0 26>-

2). Hg sufm fradhohchty hs axpcbhead ie tma obshs ig sijatmhel eit

jaracy trbesfaedhel tma hedhvhdubc out tmhs wircd bctilatmar, ht fbe

oa fbccad axpchfht rachlhie, bed wmae ht hs cass dachoarbtacy obsad ie

tma tmhels ig tmhs wircd, ht fbe oa fbccad hjpchfht rachlhie (Hohd026>).

Eie-hesthtuthiebc rachlhie bed hjpchfht rachlhie bra tmaragira eit oy

daghehthie tma sbja tmhel, bctmiulm ùst bs Obhcay dias gir hjpchfht

bed axpchfht rachlhie, Tar Oirl brluas tmbt hesthtuthiebc rachlhie

fijas iut ig eie-hesthtuthiebc rachlhie, wmae paipca stbrt blraahel

boiut tma wby he wmhfm tmhels smiucd oa diea.? Ma miwavar bdds

tmbt tma racbthie oatwaae tma twi hs dyebjhf bs eie-hesthtuthiebc

rachlhie axhsts shda oy shda whtm, bed fbe fija girtm ig hesthtuthiebc

rachlhie (Hohd026?-6). Tma cbttar saajs ti oa lihel ie he tma wastare

wircd bt tma jijaet, bed bffirdhel ti Tar Oirl tmhs hs oafbusa

safucbrhsbthie jbda rachlhie bppabr mbrjcass blbhe, wmhca bt tmasbja thja tma eaw sfhaethghf wircdvhaw oafbja uemhelad. Ti tmhs

fiucd bcsi oa bddad tma prifass ig lciobchsbthie bed tma aed ig tma

fcabr strufturas privhdad oy tma Ficd \br (Hohd0266-267). He hts

davacipjaet, tmasa eaw eie-hesthtuthiebc girjs ig oahel rachlhius

bra fmbrbftarhsthf ig fietajpirbry wastare fuctura, whtm hts axtraja

hedhvhdubchsj, jbss sifhaty, fijjarfhbchsbthie, bed tma eaad gir

fietheuius heeivbthie (Hohd026<). Bs sufm tma paipca hetarastad he

tmasa girjs ig rachlhie bra ciikhel ie b rachlhius jbrkat gir tma

sbfrbchsbthie ig tma sacg, he eaw, eie-trbdhthiebc, wbys bjielst tmajbssas hestabd ig thad ti b fijjuehty (Hohd0267-8). Bs sufm ht hs

–jistcy grbljaetbry bed bd mif, bed hs ie parjbeaet stbedoy gir

bey iffbshie wmae ieticilhfbc hesafurhty fijas uedar tmrabt ‚

(Hohd0267). Tar Oirl bdjhts tmbt sufm b jidac ig rachlhie hs bostrbft

bed puracy guefthiebc, partbhehel jaracy ti rachlhie‘s usa bs b

survhvbc jafmbehsj, bed tmus dihel ei ùsthfa ti bey axhsthel

? Eita tmbt dua ti Tar Oirl‘s dhsthefthie oatwaae eie-hesthtuthiebc bed hjpchfht

rachlhie, tmhs dias eit oy daghehthie aetbhc tmbt tma rachlhius pmaeijaeie hequasthie wiucd bcsi oafija axpchfht rachlhie, bs sufm be hesthtuthiebchsbthie fiucd

oa aggaftad whtmiut fiesfhius itmarwircdcy ùsthghfbthies.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ24

rachlhies. Ma miwavar bcsi jbhetbhes tmbt sufm be bppribfm hs

ùsthghad oafbusa ig wmbt ht fbe axpcbhe (Hohd0262). ^riocajbthfbccy

mhs bppribfm saajs ti oa obsad ie tma bffaptbefa ig tma bftubc

axhstaefa ig sijatmhel fbccad rachlhie, wmhfm fbe tmae tbka vbrhius

girjs, bed Tar Oirl fiucd tmaragira oa bffusad ig oahel rbtmar

assaethbchst. He gicciwhel @iebtmbe P. Vjhtm, ht jhlmt tmaragira oa

wirtmwmhca ti pihet iut tmbt tma fiefapt ig rachlhie hs ghrst bed

girajist davacipad oy rachlhius studhas sfmicbrs gir rachlhius

studhas sfmicbrs (Vjhtm ?>>402<8-87). Tmus, tma quasthie hg rachlhie

rabccy axhsts, hs hedaad ig b jufm cassar racavbefa tmbe tma quasthie

hg sijatmhel fbe usaguccy oa studhad whtm tmhs pbrthfucbr jidac ig

rachlhie, b pihet vary shjhcbr ti tma iea jbda oy Obhcay.

Lihel obfk ti tma racbthie oatwaae ieticilhfbc hesafurhty bed

tma eaad gir rachlhie, ht hs hetarasthel ti saa tmbt Fbtmarhea Oacc he

mar sajhebc wirk ie rhtubc studhas, aethtcad ”_htubc0 ârspafthvas

bed Dhjaeshies‘ stbtas tmbt rhtubc-chka oambvhiur –saajs ti

rabssura paipca tmbt tmay fbe racabsa tmahr lrhag he b sbga bed

irdarad fietaxt tmbt whcc eit bcciw tmaj driwe (shf) he mirrir bed

macpcasseass ‚ (Oacc 288<0?4>). Vufm b stbtajaet jhlmt cabd iea ti

wiedar wmatmar sufm oambvhiur fiucd oa beitmar wby ig lbhehel

fradhohchty, bs Tar Oirl fbccs ht. Oacc marsacg saajs ti tmhek si, bs

sma stbtas tmbt tma jira rhtubc sufm oambvhiur oafijas, tma jira

ebturbc ht whcc saaj, oafbusa tmae paipca taed ti saa tmajsacvas bs

raspiedhel, eit frabthel (Hohd027<-=). Tmhs hs pbrthbccy dua ti tmausa ig trbdhthiebchsj6 he sufm satthels (Hohd027=), out beitmar

hjpirtbet rabsie tmbt paipca cifbta tma girfas girjhel sufm

iffbshies iutshda ig tmahr iwe hegcuaefa (Hohd0278), hs oafbusa tmasa

typas ig bfthvhthas –di eit pbrthfucbrcy aefiurbla b lrabt dabc ig

hjjadhbta bed ivart axpcbhehel ‚ (Hohd027<). Tmara hs be ”aggafthva

bjohluhty‘ (Hohd0?6?), tmbt grbjas tma bfthie he sufm b wby tmbt ht

fievays be ”axtrb shlehghfbefa‘ (Hohd0277). Qedarchehel tma sbja

sifhatbc prifassas bs Obhcay bed Tar Oirl, bed fijhel ti tma sbja

fiefcushie ralbrdhel rachlhie (Hohd0288-?>?), Oacc axpcbhes tmbt tmaaggaft tmasa prifassas mbva ie prasaet wbys ig tmhekhel boiut wmbt

fbe oa diea whtm rhtubc, mbva aggafthvacy frabtad b eaw jidac gir ht4

(Hohd 2<2-?). He tmhs jidac, rhtubc hs cass oiued oy bey spafhghf

trbdhthie out hs hestabd b jadhuj gir psyfmisifhbc fmbela, ht hs

dhraftad hewbrd hestabd ig iutwbrd bed dagheas tma fijjuehty he

racbthie ti tma sacg, hestabd ig tma itmar wby briued. Bs b rasuct,

6 Jira ie tmhs suoàft fbe oa giued he tma eaxt safthie.

4 Mara Oacc brluas tmbt b fmbela he tma bfbdajhf uedarstbedhel ig tma fiefapt fbe oa saae bs tma giuedbthie gir tmhs fmbela he miw wastare sifhaty saas rhtubc (Oacc

288<0 27?-6; 271).




rhtubc just oa `udlad ti oa aggafthva, ir bt cabst bggafthva, bs tmara hs

ei cielar bey trbdhthie ti rahgy ht (Hohd0?4>-2). He itmar wirds,

hestabd ig tma hdab tmbt safucbrhsbthie bed hedhvhdubchsj wiucd

jabe tma aed ig trbdhthiebc rhtubc chga, tmara eiw hs b ”fmbjphiehel

ig rhtubc‘, wmara rhtubc whcc sbva mujbehty grij tma damujbehshel

aggaft ig tmasa sbja prifassas (Hohd0?1=). Fiesaquaethbccy, hestabd

ig obshel tmahr butmirhty ie trbdhthie, tmasa eaw rhtubc girjs, bt

cabst hjpchfhtcy, obsa sufm butmirhty ie tma parfahvad uehvarsbc

hjpirtbefa ig rhtubc htsacg (Hohd0?76-4). _htubc, oafbusa ig hts

aggafthva bjohluhty, tmus saajs ti oa, ir mbva oafija, b frufhbc wby

he wmhfm hjblhebthie fbe oa oafija jira fradhoca, si bs ti

fiegriet ieticilhfbc safurhty.

2.? _htubc Dyebjhfs

\htm tma pishthie ig rhtubc he racbthie ti hjpchfht rachlhie bcrabdy

mbvhel oaae strassad boiva, ht wiucd oa wirtmwmhca ti dacva

sijawmbt daapar heti tmbt tiphf. Ht wiucd miwavar eit oa ig jufm

usa hg ht wiucd eit jhjhf sija ig tma gcuaefy hemaraet he tma

fiefapt ig hjpchfht rachlhie. B strbhlmt girwbrd, b prhirh, daghehthie

tmbt wiucd fcabrcy dajbrfbta rhtubc grij itmar oambvhiur wiucd

tmaragira eit di. Cufkhcy, ht hs prafhsacy tmhs vhaw tmbt hs put girwbrd

oy Oacc wmae sma brluas tmbt rhtubc hs oast saae bs b qubchty igbfthel, wmhfm hs prasaet ti b cassar ir lrabtar dalraa he bey hestbefa

(Oacc 288<026=,274). Fiesaquaethbccy, sma syetmashsad b chst ig shx

fmbrbftarhsthfs ig rhtubc-chka bfthvhthas0 girjbchsj, trbdhthiebchsj,

hevbrhbefa, ruca-livarebefa, sbfrbc syjoichsj bed pargirjbefa

(Hohd026=-274). Tmhs chst whcc sarva mara bs hesphrbthie gir tma

dhsfusshie ig giur bspafts ig rhtubc bfthies1. Marati tma ghrst giur

fbtalirhas bra fietrbftad heti iea, rafurshvhty, wmhca b giurtm

bspaft, rhtubc bs fijjuehfbthva, hs bddad ie tma obshs ig tma wirk

ig _iy _bppbpirt (_bppbpirt 2888). Ti stby bwby grij bey fcbhjsig rhtubc‘s assaefa, tma tarjs bra prhjbrhcy usad he

bd`afthva/bdvarohbc girj0 si eit rhtubc bs oahel pargirjbefa, out

rhtubc bs pargirjbthva. Bddhthiebccy, tmhs ipaes up tma pisshohchty ti

qubchgy tma dalraa ti wmhfm b spafhghf bft hs jira ir cass

pargirjbthva. Ghebccy, he bddhthie ti oahel dasfrhoad bs bspafts ig

rhtubc, tmay fbe bcsi oa usad bs belcas, h.a. bs jabes ig ciikhel bt

rhtubc grij giur dhggaraet parspafthvas.

Tma ghrst, bed bcsi tma jist blraad upie, ig tmasa belcas hs

rafurshvhty, ir tma hdab tmbt wmbt hs oahel diea hs saae bs racbthel

1 Gir b caeltmhar dhsfusshie ig tmasa giur bspafts, saa Brgjbe ?>>=.




obfk ti shjhcbr pbst bfts. Bctmiulm racbtad ti tma fiefapt ig

rapaththie, tmara hs be hjpirtbet dhggaraefa oatwaae ht bed

rafurshie, oafbusa wmarabs rapaththie jabes tmbt b pbst bft hs

shjpcy rapabtad blbhe bed blbhe, rafurshie jaracy hedhfbtas tmbt

tma furraet bft hs racbtad obfk ti iea ir jira pbst bfts, wmhfm jby

ir jby eit cabd ti rapaththie he tma strhft saesa. He itmar wirds,

rafurshie jabes tmbt wmbt hs diea he rhtubc hs eavar saae bs b

fijpcatacy eaw bed iea-thja bft. Ht hs sijatmhel tmbt hs vhawad bs

axtaedhel tma pbst heti tma prasaet. Mara ht hs hjpirtbet ti strass

tma wird ”vhawad‘. B rhta dias eit bftubccy mbva ti mbva b ciel pbst,

ht just iecy oa hetarpratad bs sufm. Tmus, b rhta just bt cabst saaj

ti oa b rapaththie ig sijatmhel vary jufm chka ht ti oa bffaptad. Ht

just oa saae bs tma ebturbc wby ig dihel tmhels, eit sija strbela

eaw hevaethie. Bs bcrabdy jaethiead he tma pravhius safthie, ht hs

grij tmhs gaachel ig lrabt thja-daptm tmbt b ohl pbrt ig b rhta‘s

fradhohchty ir aggafthvaeass stajs, ht jbkas ht saaj icdar, bed tmus

jira butmaethf bed aedurhel, tmbe tma hjjadhbta shtubthie, wmhfm

bcsi jbkas ht cass fietastboca. Tma giur fmbrbftarhsthfs chstad oy Oacc

fiucd shjpcy oa saae bs wbys ti ahtmar aegirfa rafurshvhty, tmriulm

ruca-livarebefa ir itmarwhsa jbhetbhehel hevbrhbefa, ir hevika ht,

tmriulm bfthel jira girjbccy ir trbdhthiebccy. Bctmiulm ht wbs

pishtad boiva tmbt eaw girjs ig rhtubc oambvhiur bra jufm cass

igtae rahghad tmriulm sufm rafurshva jafmbehfs, Oacc bcsi pihets iut

tmbt rhtubc-chka bfthvhthas fbe oa saae bs jhjhfkhel be icdar jidacwhtmhe b vary smirt thja spbe. Oafbusa whtm tma jara bddhthie ig

sufm stbtajaets bs ”ig iur befastirs‘ ir oy smiwhel miw ti di

tmhels ”chka icdar paipca di ht‘ tma bssujpthie tmbt tmhs wbs bcwbys

diea he sufm b wby abshcy schps he (Hohd021>; ?1?).

Tma safied hjpirtbet bspaft ig rhtubc oambvhiur hs tmbt ht hs

syjoichf, oitm ie b fucturbc bed ie be hedhvhdubc cavac. Tma fucturbc

syjoichsj ig rhtubc bfthie stajs grij tma gbft tmbt rhtas bra jistcy

eit parsiebc ie tma spit hevaethies, bs bcrabdy dhsfussad boiva,

bed tmaragira mbva syjoichfbccy aefidad whtmhe tmaj b fuctura‘sfbtalirhas. Oafbusa ig tmhs syjoichf bspaft, rhtubc oambvhiur fbe

jbka tmhels tmbt bra gbhrcy uesuostbethbc sufm bs sphrhtubc,

suparebturbc ir mhlmar oahels heti sijatmhel fiefratacy prasaet,

bed tmaragira jufm abshar ti uedarstbed. Oashdas tmasa fucturbc

jabehels, rhtubc fbe bcsi oa syjoichf ie be hedhvhdubc cavac. Dua ti

dhggaraefa he a.l. uporhelhel, parsiebc axparhaefa bed parsiebc

hetarast, dhggaraet hedhvhdubcs whcc igtae suosfrhoa dhggaraet ir avae

fietrbdhftiry parsiebc jabehels ti b rhtubc bft. He tmhs wby ht fbe

oafija b pbchjpsast ig vbrhius bed pisshocy fietrbdhfthel fucturbcbed hedhvhdubc jabehels. Tmhs jistcy, miwavar, whcc eit tmrabtae hts



WHVHTHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ 2<

guefthie, oafbusa avae tmiulm dhggaraet pbrthfhpbets jby fija heti

b rhtubc satthel whtm dhggaraet axpaftbthies, ht fbe avika tmasa

parsiebc bed ficcafthva gaachels he b eie-axpchfht wby, whtmiut

bftubccy lihel heti bey uedarcyhel fiegchfts (Hohd021=).

B tmhrd bspaft ig rhtubc bfts hs hts pargirjbthva ebtura. He avary

bffiuet ig avary rhtubc grij bcc ivar tma wircd tmara hs iea tmhel

tmbt whcc fartbhecy ohed tmaj0 sijatmhel hs diea. _htubc bfts bra eit

jaracy hdabs ir fiefapts, tmay hevicva bftubc bfthvhty. Bs sufm, tmay

mbva b jucth-saesiry qubchty ti tmaj, si tmbt, hestabd ig sijatmhel

jaracy oahel ticd, ht hs hestabd axparhaefad whtm tma aethra oidy

(Hohd027>). Gir b lrabt pbrt tmhs hs tma fiesaquaefa ig tma wby he

wmhfm rhtubc bfthie hs grbjad he sufm b wby tmbt b spafhghf satthel hs

frabtad, b tajpirbry rhtubc wircd, tmbt dhstheluhsmas tmhs bfthie

grij itmar bfthies. \mhca tma pbrthfhpbets jistcy gaac tmbt tmay bra

iecy raspiedhel ti tmhs grbjad satthel, he bftubchty ht hs tmahr iwe

ajoidhad bfthies tmbt fiesthtuta ht bed lhva smbpa ti ht (Hohd0=2-?;

268; 217-<; 27=). Ht hs cbrlacy oafbusa ig tma hjpchfhteass ig tmhs

”axparhaefhel wmhca fiesthtuthel‘, tmbt tma jassblas fijjuehfbtad

he tmhs rhtubc satthel lbhe sufm fradhohchty bs tmay di.

Fijhel tmus ti tma giurtm bed cabst dhsfussad bspaft, rhtubc bs

fijjuehfbthva, be hjpirtbet quasthie wiucd oa0 \mbt kheds ig

jassblas bra oahel fijjuehfbtad he tmasa rhtubc satthels9 Be

hetarasthel vhaw ralbrdhel tmbt quasthie fijas grij _iy _bppbpirt

wmi brluas tmbt tmara bra riulmcy twi typas ig jassblas oaheltrbesjhttad0 fbeiehfbc bed sacg-ragaraethbc (_bppbpirt 2888012).

Fbeiehfbc jassblas hegirj us boiut avar-cbsthel trutms tmbt

trbesfaed tma mara bed eiw, wmhca sacg-ragaraethbc jassblas hegirj

us ie tma furraet pmyshfbc, psyfmhf ir sifhbc stbta ig b lriup ir be

hedhvhdubc (Hohd012-1). Ig fiursa tmasa twi strabjs ig jassblas bra

he prbfthfa gbr grij jutubccy axfcushva. Vpafhghfbccy, ht hs tmriulm

tma typa ig grbjhel dhsfussad boiva tmbt tmay bra oriulmt tilatmar

he b syjoichf bed rafurshva satthel. He tmbt wby eit iecy fradhohchty

hs lbhead, out hs fcisacy thad he whtm tma furraet stbta ig bggbhrs igtmisa pbrthfhpbthel.

\mae lihel oayied tma fmbrbftarhsthf bspafts ig rhtubc heti tma

tiphf ig rhtubc dyebjhfs, wa bra prasaetad whtm b priocaj wmae ht

fijas ti tma hjpchfhteass tmbt mbs oaae strassad savarbc thjas si

gbr. Oafbusa hg rhtubc iwas hts fradhohchty ir aggafthvaeass ti hts

bjohluhty tmbe ht fbe bt oast oa lrbdubccy cbyarad bed ra-cbyarad,

eit axpchfhtcy bed fiesfhiuscy fmbelad, cat bciea oa hevaetad (Oacc

288<0?2>-2). Vufm b fiefcushie wiucd miwavar li blbhest bftubc

prbfthfa, wmara rhtubchsts bra fiestbetcy fbraguccy pcbeehel,iosarvhel bed frhthfbccy bebcyshel rhtubc bfthies (Hohd0??6; ??1) Ti



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ2=

lat b fcabrar saesa ig sufm prbfthfas, _iebcd Lrhjas, iea ig tma

giuedars ig rhtubc studhas, bttajptad ti fcabe up tma tarjheicily

usad ti daeita rhtubc oambvhiur (Lrhjas ?>>>0?=). Ti di si ma

jbda b dhsthefthie oatwaae rhtubc, oahel tma oribd fbtaliry, rhtas,

oahel spafhghf fucturbccy rafilehsad rhtubc bfts, bed rhtubchsbthies,

oahel bfts tmbt bra eit si daghead out fiucd oa hetarpratad bs

sijamiw racbtad, bkhe ti wmbt Oacc fbccs rhtubc-chka oambvhiur.

_htubchsbthies fbe oafija rhtas wmae tmahr rhtubc qubchthas hefrabsa

he sufm b wby tmbt tmay oafija fucturbccy rafilehsad (Hohd). \mae

tmhs hefrabshel hs diea he b dachoarbta jbeear, Lrhjas spabks ig

rhtubchshel (Hohd0?8). Qshel tma giur bspafts dhsfussad boiva ht fiucd

tmus oa sbhd tmbt tma jira pargirjbthva, fijjuehfbthva, rafurshva

ir syjoichf oambvhiur oafijas, tma jira ht hs rhtubchsad bed tma

jira iea dachoarbtacy jbkas oambvhiur pargirjbthva,

fijjuehfbthva, rafurshva ir syjoichfbc, tma jira iea hs rhtubchshel

ht. Ht hs tmhs cbttar bfthvhty tmae tmbt hs igtae saae bs fiuetar ti tma

hjpchfht ebtura ig rhtas, oafbusa ht dabcs tii axpchfhtcy whtm

hjblhebthie bed hevaethie (Hohd). Ig tmasa twi, Lrhjas fieshdars

hevaethie ti oa tma jira hjpirtbet iea wmae rhtubchshel, oafbusa hg

hjblhebthie hs eit lhvae smbpa tmriulm hevaethie, tmae ht hs ig ei

aggaft (Hohd04). Ht fiucd oa sbhd miwavar tmbt dhggaraet wbys ig

hjblhehel cha bt tma obshs ig tma twi jidacs tmbt Lrhjas

dhstheluhsmas gir tma hevaethie ig eaw wbys ig rhtubchshel, ebjacy

tma sijawmbt heacalbetcy thtcad pcujoar‘s jidac bed tma dhvhear‘sjidac (Hohd02?-26). Oafbusa wmarabs tma pcujoar aefiuetars be

hssua bed hjblheas frabthva wbys ig sicvhel ht, tma dhvhear wbhts

uethc tma hjblhebthie orhels up eaw hdabs ig hts iwe bffird. He

itmar wirds, wmarabs tma girjar hs jira ig b mbeds-ie, prbfthfbc

wby ig oahel hevaethva, tma cbttar hs b jira fhrfujspaft bed brthsthf

wby ig oahel frabthva. Jistcy, dhggaraet lriups ig paipca whcc gicciw

dhggaraet jidacs, bctmiulm whtmiut –oitm jbhetaebefa bed jystary,

tma facaorbthie fbeeit li ie ‚ (Hohd026). Lhvae tma fiestbet

hevicvajaet ig tmasa paipca ht smiucd oa fcabr tmbt –[rZhtas bra eitlhvaes ‚ (Hohd02?), tmay di eit –sprhel heti oahel gucc-ociwe bed

mabctmy. Vija dha he tmahr hegbefy, sija he bdicasfaefa. B gaw jbka

ht ti icd bla bed oafija vaearboca. Itmars, ralrattbocy, mbel ie wacc

oayied tmahr yabrs ‚ (Hohd012). \mae studyhel tma davacipjaet ig b

rhtubchsbthie ir rhta, ht jhlmt oa wirtmwmhca ti axtaed tma boiva

bebcily oy spabkhel ig hts ohilrbpmy. He sufm b ohilrbpmy bttaethie

fiucd oa pbhd ti tma vbrhius gabturas tmbt wara ahtmar tbkae grij b

rhta bed bddad ti itmar rhtas, bs wacc bs tmisa tmbt wara tbkae grij

itmar rhtas bed bddad ti tmhs rhta, si tmbt ht wiucd oa pcbfad he beatwirk ig racbthies. Tmhs hdab ig trbesgar mbs oaae jist tmiriulmcy




acboirbtad oy tma _htubc Dyebjhfs rasabrfm lriup ig tma Qehvarshty

ig Mahdacoarl (Cbelar a.b. ?>>70 2-2>). Ie tma obshs ig tmahr studhas

ig tma trbesgar ig wmica rhtubc systajs bs wacc bs shelcas rhtas, tmay

frabtad b tiic ti bebcysa tmhs girj ig rhtubc dyebjhfs tmbt fieshsts

ig b jbtrhx whtm b chst ig b rhta‘s fietaxtubc bspafts ie iea shda bed

b chst ig hts hetarebc bspafts ie tma itmar. Tma tmairy oahel, tmbt hg b

rhta hs trbesgarrad, h.a. iea ig hts fietaxtubc bspafts hs fmbelad, tmae

iea ir jira ig hts hetarebc dhjaeshie whcc bcsi fmbela (Hohd02-?). Bs

bcrabdy jaethiead boiva, ht hs eit iecy rhtas tmajsacvas tmbt fbe oa

trbesgarrad, out bcsi spafhghf gabturas ig tmaj, sufm bs fartbhe

bfthies, uttarbefas ir ioàfts. He tmbt fbsa, tma eaw rhta htsacg hs tma

fietaxtubc bspaft tmbt mbs fmbelad (Hohd06). Qshel tma giur bspafts

dhsfussad boiva, tmhs jabes tmbt wmae sufm tmhels bs b rhta‘s

cifbthie, mhstiry ir surriuedhel fuctura fmbela, ht whcc bcsi oafija

pargirjbthva, fijjuehfbthva, syjoichf bed rafurshva he b dhggaraet

wby. Tmaragira rhtubchshel fbe eit iecy rasuct grij hefrabshel tmasa

hetarebc bspafts, out bcsi grij paipca dachoarbtacy fmbelhel hts

fietaxtubc bspafts he wby tmbt mbs sufm be hefrabsa bs b

fiesaquaefa. Tmhs hjpirtbefa ig tma paipca hevicvad he rhtas, mbs

oaae strassad gir tma boiva-dasfrhoad jbtrhx bs wacc, oy brluhel

tmbt ht hs tmisa paipca tmbt jbka up tma hetargbfa oatwaae hts twi

mbcvas (Hohd06; <).

2.6 Jbtarhbc Fuctura

Ig fiursa, rhtas di eit iecy hevicva paipca, tmay bcsi hevicva

tmhels. _belhel grij be icd fmurfm ouhcdhel aembefhel rafurshvhty

ti b wiidae friss oahel usad bs b syjoichf gifus, bed grij

obpthsjbc wbtar aembefhel pargirjbthvhty ti b jhfripmiea aebochel

fijjuehfbthie, ioàfts bra be hetalrbc pbrt ig bey rhtubc bfthvhty.

Out wmbt prafhsacy hs tmbt pbrt, bed jira hjpirtbetcy, miw fbe ht oa

bebcysad9 Iea ig tma jist guedbjaetbc hdabs tmbt mbs oaae putgirwbrd hs tmbt ig ioàft ohilrbpmy, bs dhsfussad oy Hlir Kipytigg he

mhs mhlmcy hegcuaethbc brthfca ”Tma fucturbc ohilrbpmy ig tmhels0

fijjidhthzbthie bs prifass‘ (Kipytigg 28=7). Fbcchel tma jidare

\astare picbrhty oatwaae tmiulmt bed tmhel oitm rafaet bed

axfapthiebc, ma brluas tmbt ht hs wirtmwmhca ti bsk tma sbja

quasthies ig tmhels bs wa bsk ig paipca (Hohd0 74; 77). Tmbt wby b

wmica rbela ig ohilrbpmhas fbe oa studhad, rbelhel grij tma

pmyshfbc ti tma afieijhf bed grij tma tafmehfbc ti tma sifhbc. Hg iea

wiucd wbet ti jbka tmasa ohilrbpmhas fucturbc miwavar, spafhbcbttaethie smiucd oa lhvae ti tma ioàft bs b fucturbccy fiestruftad



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ?>

aethty, whtm fucturbccy spafhghf jabehels bed fcbsshghfbthies (Hohd0

7=). Tmhs fbe oa diea gir axbjpca oy studyhel miw bftubc ioàfts

bfmhava tma ohilrbpmhfbc pisshohchthas iggarad oy b sifhaty bed miw

tmhs racbtas ti b fuctura‘s hdabchsad ioàft ohilrbpmhas (Hohd0 77).

He gicciwhel tmhs eithie ig ioàft ohilrbpmy, tma hdab tmbt ioàfts

mbva chvas, mbs oafija iea ig tma guedbjaetbc fiefapts ig jbtarhbc

fuctura studhas (\iidwbrd ?>><062). Bed shefa tmasa chvas

uequasthiebocy hevicva mujbe oahels dihel tmhels whtm ioàfts bs

wacc bs dihel tmhels oafbusa ig ioàfts, tmara fiucd oa sbhd ti oa b

fartbhe typa ig hetarsuoàfthvhty, tma study ig wmhfm fiucd priva

wirtmwmhca (Hohd02<?). Oafbusa ig tmhs hetarsuoàfthvhty, ioàfts

oafija pbrt ig fuctura, bed he dihel si ioàfts fbe fbrry vbcuas

bed ajithies. Miwavar, shefa tmay bra eit jara raprasaetbthies out

bcsi mbva b pmyshfbc prasaefa, tmay fbe bcsi stbed he gir mujbe

oahels. Bs b fiesaquaefa ig tma cbttar, ioàfts fbe lbhe sifhbc

racbthiesmhps whtm tmasa mujbe oahels (Dbet 288802-?; Dbet

?>>104). Out miw bra tmasa racbthiesmhps fiesthtutad9 Ghrst ig bcc,

oafbusa ig tmahr pmyshfbchty, ioàfts mbva b pargirjbthva dhjaeshie0

paipca di tmhels whtm bed oafbusa ig ioàfts, bed tma tmhels tmay

di bra ig lrabt fiesaquaefa ti tmahr hdaethty. Vafiedcy, ioàfts bra

tbckad boiut oy tmisa paipca, bed tmriulm sufm ebrrbthvas tmay

bfquhra sifhbc pishthies (\iidwbrd0212-?). He itmar wirds, tma

rabsie tmbt wa fbe spabk ig tma chga ig ioàfts hs oafbusa tmay bra

–bra he b saesa behjbtad oy tmahr pbssbla tmriulm tma chvas ig paipca ‚ (Lrbvas-Oriwe ?>>>01). Ig fiursa vbrhius typas ig racbthies

axhst, bs sija ioàfts rajbhe aevhriejaet bed bra iecy hetarbftad

he, sufm bs riijs ir pbrks, itmars bra dhraftcy hetarbftad whtm, sufm

bs diirs bed oiiks, bed yat itmars bra hetarbftad tmriulm, sufm bs

sfhssirs ir jiohca pmieas (Dbet ?>>107). Tmasa tmraa typas ig

racbthiesmhps mbva hefrabshel ippirtuehthas ig oafijhel sifhbc,

rbelhel grij jaracy oahel ig pbsshva hegcuaefa he sifhbc jbttars ti

tma dalraa tmbt tma ioàft htsacg fbe oafija saae bs be bftbet, b

tmhel whtm tma pisshohchty ti sifhbccy bft (\iidwbrd ?>><021).Miwavar, tma typas ig racbthiesmhp tmbt bey ioàft fiucd bfquhra

durhel hts chga, hs eahtmar hemaraet he hts dashle, eir stbthf

tmriulmiut thja out fbe fmbela dapaedhel ie hts fietaxt bed

fmbelas tmaraig (Dbet 28880262; Dbet ?>>10?; 4).

Lhvae tmbt jufm jira thja hs dbhcy spaet hetarbfthel whtm

ioàfts tmbe whtm itmar paipca (Dbet 2888021) bed tmbt tmasa

racbthies fbe oa ig sifhbc hegcuaefa bs dhsfussad boiva, ht gicciws

tmbt ioàfts bra eit iecy smbpad oy, out bra bcsi smbphel, sifhbc

girjs sufm bs hesthtuthies, jidas ig hetarbfthie, oachags bed rhtubcs(Hohd02?). He tmhs wby fuctura hs oitm frabtad bed chvad tmriulm



WHVHTHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ ?2

jbtarhbc ioàfts, bed studyhel tma wby he wmhfm tmasa tmhels fbrry

iut sifhbc guefthies, ralucbta sifhbc racbthies bed lhva jabehel

tmriulm tma wby tmay bft upie paipca, bs wacc bs bra bftad upie oy

tmaj, fbe hegirj us ig sufm sifhbc girjs (\iidwbrd ?>><06-4). He

studyhel tma wbys he wmhfm tma jbtarhbc wircd tmus smbpas oitm

hedhvhdubcs bs wacc bs fucturas, fbra mbs ti oa tbkae tmbt b shjpca

fbusbc ir datarjhehst vhawpihet hs eit bdiptad oy cishel shlmt ig tma

hetrhfbta jutubchty oatwaae tma wby he wmhfm jbtarhbc fuctura

smbpas paipca bed tma wby he wmhfm paipca smbpa jbtarhbc fuctura

(Lrbvas-Oriwe ?>>>02-?). Fievarsacy, ivaraxtaedhel tma gifus ie

tma cbttar prifass, oy wmhfm ioàfts oafija eitmhel jira tmbe

jbtarhbchsbthies ig pra-axhsthel fucturbc tmiulmts, hs be aqubccy

ivar-shjpchsthf rahtarbthie ig tma jhed-jbttar dhfmitijy. He be

bttajpt ti orhdla prafhsacy tmbt Fbrtashbe dhvhda, tma brfmbaicilhst

Fiche _aegraw hetridufad tma hdab ig ”jbtarhbc aelblajaet‘ bs b

uehgyhel racbthiesmhp oatwaae tma tmhekhel parsie bed tma jbtarhbc

ioàft (_aegraw ?>>10?6). He acboirbthie ig tmhs hdab ig jbtarhbc

aelblajaet, Cbjoris Jbcbgiurhs, b studaet ig _aegraw, pripisad b

eaw axtaedad fiefapt ig filehthie wmaraoy jbtarhbc aelblajaet hs

tma –syearlhsthf prifass oy wmhfm, iut ig orbhes, oidhas bed tmhels,

jhed ajarlas‚ (Jbcbgiurhs ?>>101=). Tmhs eit he irdar ti daey tma

axhstaefa ig jaetbc prifassas, out ti brlua tmbt tmasa bra eit

prhjbry ti ioàft-hevicvhel bfthie out tma dyebjhf bed tajpirbry

iutfijas ig sufm aefiuetars (Hohd07>). Ti fijpcajaet tmhsrabsiehel, Fbrc Kebppatt, beitmar studaet ig _aegraw, pihetad iut

be hetarasthel fieeafthie ti @bjas @. Lhosie‘s fiefapt ig

”bggirdbefas‘, oahel be ioàft‘s pitaethbchthas gir fartbhe bfthies

(Kebppatt ?>>1046-4). Lhosie mhjsacg, he mhs hegcuaethbc wirk ”Tma

Aficilhfbc Bppribfm ti Whsubc ârfapthie‘, axpcbhead tmbt tma

dhggaraefa oatwaae tma aevhriejaet‘s jabsurboca qubchthas bed hts

bggirdbefas chas he tma gbft tmbt tma girjar partbhe sicacy ti tma

aevhriejaet htsacg, wmhca tma cbttar bra racbthva ti tma behjbc7

uedartbkhel b spafhghf bfthie (Lhosie 28<802?=). \btar, giraxbjpca, hs stbed-ie-boca gir fartbhe hesafts, out eit gir acapmbets.

Bggirdbefas tmus dabc whtm tma fijpcajaetbrhty ig tma aevhriejaet

bed behjbcs (Hohd02?<). Bffirdhel ti Lhosie, wmbt be behjbc

parfahvas wmae ht ciiks bt sijatmhel, bra eit hts qubchthas, out tma

wmica ig hts bggirdbefas. Bed ht dias si dhraftcy, whtmiut mbvhel ti

fcbsshgy ir cboac ht ie tma obshs ig pra-axhsthel vbcuas ir jabehels

(Hohd0264; 24>). Ht hs oafbusa ig tmhs cbst pihet, wmara Lhosie stbrts

7 Eita tmbt Lhosie usas tma wird behjbc he b oribd saesa tmbt hefcudas mujbe oahels, wmhca ushel tma tarj aevhriejaet ti daeita avarytmhel axtarebc ti tma

behjbc.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ??

jivhel tiwbrds b jbtarhbchst datarjhehsj, tmbt Kebppatt brluas gir

b jira jidarbta pist-Lhosiehbe vhawpihet, oy hetridufhel tma hdab

ig be bggirdbefa‘s trbespbraefy. \mbt tmhs jabes hs tmbt he bey

pbrthfucbr fbsa ht whcc oa jira ir cass trbespbraet wmbt be ioàft‘s

bggirdbefas bra si tmbt sija whcc hcchfht hjjadhbta bed uejadhbtad

rabfthies, wmhca itmars whcc ghrst oa avbcubtad oagira oahel bftad

upie (Kebppatt ?>>1047-=). Kebppatt uedarcheas twi itmar

hjpirtbet bspafts ig bggirdbefas, ebjacy tmbt tmay bra racbthiebc

priparthas tmbt jby fmbela bffirdhel ti tma shtubthie bed tmbt tmay

whcc bcwbys fietbhe b sifhbc fijpieaet (Hohd047-<). Tmus fijhel gucc

fhrfca, iea jhlmt wiedar wmbt typas ig bggirdbefas wiucd oa

racavbet gir tma uedarstbedhel ig rhtubc ioàfts. Bctmiulm gifusad

strielcy ie Eirtm Bjarhfbe Fmrhsthbehty, Ficcaae JfDbeeacc‘s wirk

”Jbtarhbc Fmrhsthbehty‘ wbs iea ig tma ghrst, bed ralrattbocy sthcc iea

ig tma iecy, tmairathfbc wirks tmbt acboirbtad ie tma hetarsafthie ig

rachlhie bed jbtarhbc fuctura. Qshel tma betmripicilhst _ioart

Brjstriel‘s fiefapt ig ”bggafthel prasaefa‘, sma trhad ti astbochsm

wbys he wmhfm rachlhius ioàfts wara aechvaead< he sufm b wby tmbt

tmay oafbja hegcuaethbc (JfDbeeacc 288102=). Vma giued giur0 oy

pbrthfhpbthie he tma butmirhty ig hesthtuthiebc trbdhthies, oy frabthel

bed jbhetbhehel racbthiesmhps whtm suparebturbc oahels, oy

ajoidyhel jajiry bed oy ohedhel paipca ti abfm itmar (Hohd02=;

?1; 68; 41). Hetarasthelcy ht fiucd oa brluad tmbt tma ghrst bed tmhrd

wby fiucd oa fbccad rafurshva, wmhca tma safied partbhes tifbeiehfbc fijjuehfbthie bed tma giurtm ti fijjuebc syjoichsj,

wmhfm wiucd hedhfbta tma pisshohchty ig ushel tma giur bspafts ig

rhtubc bs typas ig bggirdbefas.

2.4 Tmairathfbc Tiics

Fijhel obfk ti tma quasthie bskad bt tma oalheehel ig tma

hetridufthie, tma Bccarzhacae Bcij facaorbthies bs dasfrhoad tmarafiucd oa fbccad b girj ig hjpchfht rachlhie, be hetalrbthel gifus

wmara hjblhebthie lbhead sufm fradhohchty tmbt ht fiucd, bt cabst

jijaetbrhcy, macp stbva ig tma ieticilhfbc hesafurhty oriulmt ie oy

paipca‘s aefiuetars whtm tma ghehtuda ig chga. Ht fiucd bcsi oa

mypitmashsad tmbt tma rhtubc-chka ebtura ig tma tmhels lihel ie bra

hjpirtbet, bs tma aggafthva bjohluhty ig sufm bfthvhthas macp tma

< Eita tmbt oy dhsfusshel tma wby he wmhfm ioàfts bttbhe sufm bggafthel prasaefas,

JfDbeeacc hs bftubccy jivhel bwby grij tma wby tma fiefapt hs usad oyBrjstriel mhjsacg, wmara iecy fartbhe ioàfts mbva bggafthel prasaefas, tmbt bra

hetrheshf rasucts ig dashle bed jbeugbftura (a.l. Brjstriel 28<20 ?4-1; 62-6).




facaorbthie he lbhehel fradhohchty, aspafhbccy he chau ig bey ciel

stbedhel trbdhthie. Ht fbe oa axpaftad tmaragira tmbt hg tmisa

hevicvad whtm Bccarzhacae Bcij wiucd wbet ti aembefa tmhs aggaft,

tmbt iea wby tmay wiucd di si hs oy jira strielcy rhtubchshel ht.

Tmhs fiucd oa diea ahtmar oy dhraftcy jbkhel bspafts ig tma

facaorbthies jira pargirjbthva, fijjuehfbthva, rafurshva bed

syjoichf, ir oy dachoarbtacy fmbelhel hts fietaxt he wbys tmbt mbva

sufm be hefrabsa bs b fiesaquaefa. He oitm fbsas tma dafhshies ig

tma paipca hevicvad wiucd oa tma frhthfbc hetargbfa oatwaae fmbela

bed aggaft. Miwavar, oafbusa tmasa dafhshies hevicva eit iecy tmasa

paipca out bcsi tmahr jbtarhbc aelblajaet whtm ioàfts, bed

oafbusa ig tma hetrhfbta jutubchty oatwaae tma wby he wmhfm

jbtarhbc fuctura bed paipca smbpa abfm itmar he sufm be

aelblajaet, ht fiucd oa axpaftad tmbt tma ioàfts hegcuaefa tma

iutfija ig tmasa dafhshies.

Bs ht hs tmhs pisshocy hegcuaefhel rica tmbt hs tma suoàft ig tmhs

tmashs, tmairathfbc tiics bra eaadad ti bebcysa ht. Vpafhghfbccy,

tarjheicily hs eaadad tmbt macps ti beswar tma quasthie he b lrbdad

bed dhsfrhjhebthel jbeear. Tma jbhe fiefapt bdiptad mara gir tmbt

purpisa hs tmbt ig bggirdbefas. Oafbusa, oy ciikhel bt tma prbfthfbc,

sifhbc bed rhtubc racbthies bggirdad oy jbtarhbc fuctura, he

fieùefthie whtm tma wby he wmhfm tma paipca hevicvad dabc whtm

tmasa bggirdbefas, tma vbrhius jbeears he wmhfm ioàfts jbttar fbe

oa jira fcabrcy acufhdbtad. Tmhs aetbhcs ciikhel bt tma vbrhius wbyshe wmhfm ioàfts bra hetarbftad he, whtm ir tmriulm durhel tmahr

usachga, bs wacc bs tma pargirjbthva, fijjuehfbthva, rafurshva bed

syjoichf ricas ht fbe bed/ir dias bggird. Out ghrst tma Bccarzhacae

Bcij fbsa whcc mbva ti oa jira tmiriulmcy hetridufad, dhsfussad

bed bebcysad.



Fmbptar Twi0

Hetridufhel Bccarzhacae Bcij

He mhs oiik –Daapcy heti tma Oiea‚, _iebcd Lrhjas dasfrhoas tma

wby he wmhfm tma dabd he tma \astare wircd bra rajivad grij

avarydby bfthvhty, bed tii jufm spabkhel boiut ir whtm tmaj hs

griwead upie, bs b sifhatbc priocaj tmbt hs ti oa bddrassad oyhjblhebthva rhtubc hevaethel ig eaw dabtm rhtas (Lrhjas ?>>>0?7=).

Tmhs fiefapt ig dabtm rhtas, bs ma usas ht, hs oribdar tmbe tmbt ig tma

guearbc, bs ht bcsi hefcudas sufm tmhels bs prapbrbthie ig tma oidy,

bethfhpbthel dabtm bed fijjajirbthie ig tma dabd. (Hohd0???) Tma

cbttar fbe oa fietheuad ciel bgtar tma bftubc dabtm, bed sijathjas

whcc eit avae oa racbtad ti b spafhghf dabtm, gir axbjpca durhel

fbcaedrhfbc ir sabsiebc fijjajirbthies ig tma dabd he laearbc.

Vufm laearbc fijjajirbthies fbe bt tma sbja thja bcsi guefthie

ti macp bethfhpbta dabtm bs fietbft whtm tma dabd uebvihdbocyavikas tmiulmts ralbrdhel iea‘s iwe jirtbchty (Hohd0?14). Ti

rahetridufa sufm hdabs partbhehel ti iur dabchels whtm tma dabd he

tma \ast ma avae tbcks ig be –urlaefy gir us ti cby mbeds upie tmaj ‚

(Hohd0?=2). Bctmiulm prhjbrhcy jabet he b chtarbc saesa, tma hdab hs

cbtar acboirbtad upie he jira syjoichf tarjs, sbyhel tmbt gir sufm

b facaorbtiry dwacchel whtm tma dabd eit iecy b spafhghf spbfa bed

thja hs eaadad out bcsi –jytms bed hjblas tmbt suppirt

fijjuehfbthie whtm tma dabd ‚ (Hohd.) Gir tmhs typa ig rhtubc

fijjuehfbthie ht wiucd bcrabdy oa aeiulm ti aelbla he tbfthca rhtas

ig tbckhel bed abthel whtm tma dabd bs hg tmay wara prasaet, ir iecy

si he jajiry, hjblhebthie ir bs b vhsubc hfie, shefa oachag dias eit

bftubccy saaj ti oa b raquhrajaet. (Hohd0?=>-?). Ht hs prafhsacy tmhs

typa ig rhtubc frabthvhty tmbt saajs ti oa prasaetcy davaciphel he tma

Eatmarcbeds, wmara dabtm hs b suo`aft tmbt hs vary jufm bchva, bs

tma jajoars ig tma ”_aghlurhel Dabtm _htas‘ rasabrfm lriup ig tma

_bdoiud Qehvarshty ig Eh`jalae put ht (Oict, Maasacs & Waeorux

?>>=08). He tmahr ielihel rasabrfm tmay mbva bcrabdy fija bfriss

vbrhius eaw girjs gir dabtm rhtas, wmhfm, he rabfthie ti

dhssbthsgbfthie whtm tma trbdhthiebc rachlhius rhtubc rapartihra, bra

cass fcabrcy oiued, jira gcuhd bed jucthgirj. Tma rasucthel rhtubc



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ?7

orhficblas, wmhfm bra hesphrad oy fietbft whtm eie-wastare rachlhies

bs wacc bs tma acboirbta guearbcs ig gbjius Dutfmjae bed wijae,

jira igtae tmbe eit mbva b striel gifus ie tma ohilrbpmy ig tma

dafabsad (Hohd02>-2). He tmhs fmbptar, tmbt hetridufas Bccarzhacae

Bcij oy dhsfusshel hts hehthbc davacipjaet, ht whcc oafija fcabr tmbt

tmhs pmaeijaeie fbe oa saae bs b rabfthie ti tma hssua dasfrhoad

oy Lrhjas bs wacc bs oahel pbrt ig tma cbrlar traed dasfrhoad oy tma

”_aghlurhel Dabtm _htas‘ rasabrfm lriup.

?.2 Bccarzhacae Bcchfmt bed Marheearhel Warchfmt

Avae oagira sma stbrtad mar Bcc Viucs‘ Dby priàfts, rhtubcs ig

dapbrtura mbd bcrabdy oaae b pbrt ig Hdb vbe dar Caa‘s brthsthf

rapartihra tmriulm vbrhius wirks tmbt dabct whtm tma dajichsmjaet

ig icd miushel astbtas (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=0?2-?). \mae b gajbca

grhaed ticd mar boiut axparhaefas whtm Bcc Viucs‘ Dby he _ija,

wmara piatry bed jushf wara oahel pargirjad bt b fajatary, sma

lit hesphrad bed kapt saahel tma hjbla ig b chvacy bed hccujhebtad

lrbvaybrd he mar jhed‘s aya (Hohd0??). Gurtmar hesphrbthie wbs giued

he be iechea taxt oy Faas vbe dar ^cuh`j tmbt dasfrhoad b vhshie ig b

Dutfm Bcc Viucs‘ Dby facaorbthie tmbt wbs shjhcbr ti tmisa he

Jaxhfi. Bs whtm tmasa Dêbs da cis Juartis, tma vhshie dasfrhoad tma

lrbvaybrd bs ousy bed ìyguc whtm paipca fcabrhel tma lrbvas,dafirbthel tmaj whtm gciwars, bed stbyhel bt tma lrbvashda whtm tma

wmica gbjhcy, tmriulmiut tma ehlmt. Bctmiulm Wbe dar Caa dhd eit

fieshdar avarytmhel aqubccy bppchfboca ti tma Dutfm fietaxt,

aspafhbccy sufm tmhels bs tma bouedbet usa ig skacatbc hjblary, ht

wbs tma hdab ig dabtm bs oahel pbrt ig chga hestabd ig hesthcchel gabr,

wmhfm jbda tma taxt be bppriprhbta sfrhpt gir tma facaorbthies sma

mbd he jhed (Hohd). Oashdas tmisa ig Jaxhfi bed Htbcy, tma Bcc Viucs‘

Dby facaorbthies ig îcbed bed Vpbhe mbva bcsi oaae jaethiead bs

hesphrbthies bs tmasa bcsi fieshst ig jira tmbe ùst –b vhsht ti tmalrbva whtm gciwars bed b fbedca =‚ (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0\bt-

Ladbfmtaliad-Trbdhthas). He bddhthie Wbe dar Caa mbs pihetad iut

tmbt tma trbdhthie ig Bcc Viucs‘ lias obfk he thja wby oagira tma

Fbtmichf facaorbthies, ti tma thja ig tma Facts wmi usad ht ti bdùra

tma gbcchel ig ehlmt bed tmus dabtm (Hohd).

\htm tmasa vbrhius hesphrbthies he tma obfk ig mar jhed Wbe dar

Caa stbrtad irlbehshel Bccarzhacae Bcchfmt8 he ?>>1. Tmhs ghrst yabr

= Bcc trbescbthies bra oy tma butmir.8 Chtarbccy jabehel ”Bcc Viucs‘ Ig Fiursa‘ out fbe bcsi oa tbkae ti jabe ”Bcc

Viucs‘ Bcc Chlmt‘.



WHVHTHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ ?<

wbse‘t absy, ghrst ig bcc oafbusa ig tma dhgghfucty he ghedhel gueds tmbt

wara eit put ig oy tma tboiis surriuedhel dabtm, bed safiedcy

oafbusa ig tma dhgghfucty he ghedhel brthsts tmbt wiucd caed

tmajsacvas gir tma fiefapt (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0??). Miwavar, bgtar

savarbc jietms ig axparhjaethel he b aspafhbccy dashlebtad pbrt ig

Da Ehauwa Iistar jajirhbc pbrk2>, wmhfm mbd bcsi oaae giued

whcchel ti mist tma avaet, bed tmriulm vary mbrd wirk ig oitm tma

brthst bed tma pbrk‘s parsieeac, tma ghrst facaorbthies wara quhta b

suffass whtm boiut 21>> vhshtirs, sprabd iut ivar twi ehlmts (Wbe

dar Caa ?>><0 \bt-Ietwhkkachelae ?>>1-?>>8). Tmhs ghrst

facaorbthie wbs prhjbrhcy jabet bs be ”trhbc bed arrir‘ typa

axparhjaet ti saa wmatmar tma fiefapt wiucd wirk bed wmatmar

tmara wiucd oa bey puochf hetarast, bctmiulm tma cbttar wbs fcabrcy

fieghrjad, ralbrdhel tma girjar savarbc cassies wara cabret. Tma

iea-ti-iea ficcboirbthie oatwaae brthsts bed oarabvad, gir axbjpca,

turead iut ti oa tii axfcushva, bed tma rasucthel brt girjs wara ti

prigasshiebc ti sarva bs tma axbjpcas tmay wara jabet ti oa (Wbe

dar Caa ?>>=0??). Miwavar, tma brt girjs bhjad bt ficcafthva

fijjajirbthie ig tma dabd, wmatmar ourhad bt Da Ehauwa Iistar ir

eit, turead iut ti oa quhta aggafthva bs tmay privhdad tma vhshtirs tma

ippirtuehty ti pargirj sjbcc rhtubc bfts. Bt tma pbrk‘s ure-pied, gir

axbjpca, paipca fiucd racabsa b sjbcc farbjhf oiwc fietbhehel

chlmts bed tma ebja ig tma dafabsad heti tma wbtar (saa ghlura 2),

wmhfm, oashdas jbkhel b oabuthguc dhspcby, jbda tma syjoichf bft igcatthel li pisshoca. (Hohd0?1)

Tma eaxt yabr, avae tmiulm tma hehthbc hdab mbd oaae tii mbva

Wbe dar Caa irlbehsa b fiupca ig facaorbthies bgtar wmhfm Da Ehauwa

Iistar wiucd fietheua ie b jufm jira jidast sfbca, Da Ehauwa

Iistar dafhdad ti irlbehsa tma facaorbthie ie tmahr iwe uedar b

eaw ebja0 Marheearhel Warchfmt22. Tma spcht wbs tma rasuct ig b

dhggaraefa ig iphehie ie twi pihets2?, tma ghrst oahel tmbt wmarabs

brt wbs parfahvad bs oahel prhjbry gir Wbe dar Caa, Da Ehauwa

Iistar wbetad ti prhjbrhcy gifus ie tma oarabvad tmay bs bfijpbey wara hevicvad whtm. Vafiedcy tmara wbs tma pihet ig brt vs.

prbfthfbchty, whtm Da Ehauwa Iistar wbethel jira fietric ivar

dafhshies si bs ti sijawmbt chjht tma bjiuet ig thja hevastad bed

jira strhftcy struftura pcbeehel ti pravaet cbst jheuta fmbelas. Ie

2> Irhlhebccy tma Ehauwa Iistar Fajatary, out eiwbdbys fbccad b jajirhbc pbrk

dua ti tma bddhthie ig b frajbtirhuj, sfbttarhel ghacds, ure-wbccs, be ure-pied, b

obr bed guearbc jusauj ”Tit Pivar‘ ir ”Tmhs Gbr‘.22 \mhfm fiucd oa trbescbtad bs ”_ajajorbefa Aechlmtaes‘, ”_ajajorbefa

Hccujhebtad‘ bs wacc bs ”_ajajorbefa Jbda Chlmtar‘.2? Tma oaciw hs grij parsiebc fijjuehfbthie whtm Fbrcb vbe Acst ie tma 6> tm ig

@uea, ?>>8.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ?=

Ghl. 20 Gcibthel Chlmts bt Da Ehauwa Iistar. ^mitilrbpm oy Lborhaccb

Maelavacd.

Ghl. ?0 Gcbl Traa bt Da Ehauwa Iistar ^mitilrbpm oy Jburhfa vbe

dar Jicae.




b jbtarhbc cavac tmhs jabet dhsfusshies ralbrdhel sufm tmhels bs

wbethel stirj chlmts, hestabd ig tma sacg jbda chlmts tmbt Wbe dar

Caa fieshdarad ti oa jira butmaethf ghra, out wmhfm tma paipca ig

tma jajirhbc pbrk fieshdarad ti oa tii priea ti oahel ociwe iut oy

tma whed. Ht wbs tmasa ”obshf tmhels‘ chka hccujhebthie bed riutas

tmbt Da Ehauwa Iistar wbetad ti oa oitm shjpcar bed jira safura,

rbtmar tmbe brthsthf. Gir tma Gcibthel Chlmts dasfrhoad boiva, tmhs

jabet ushel riued pcbsthf fups hestabd ig tma squbra ieas dashlead

oy iea ig tma brthsts wirkhel whtm Wbe dar Caa, bed gir tma riuthel

tmhs jabet chjhthel ht ti iecy iea riuta hestabd ig Hdb‘s jucthpca

ieas. Beitmar eaw davacipjaet wara tma parsiebc hevhtbthies lihel

iut ti bcc wmi mbd sijaiea ourhad ir frajbtad bt Da Ehauwa

Iistar, out wmhfm bcsi fbrrhad tma ebja ig savarbc fiiparbthel

fijpbehas si tmbt tmay wiucd wirk fmabpar. Hetarasthelcy, oafbusa

ig tmahr gifus ie tma fijpbey‘s iwe fijjuehty ig oarabvad bs wacc

bs ie prbfthfbchty, tmasa hevhtbthies fiucd oa saae bs tma jbtarhbc

axprasshie ig tma rabsies oamhed Da Ehauwa Iistar‘s dafhshie ti

fietheua ie tmahr iwe tarjs. He bddhthie ti tmasa fmbelas, eaw

girjs gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie wara bcsi davacipad, sufm bs

wrhthel jassblas ie tma pbpar surgbfa ig Tmbh Vky Cbetares, wmhfm

wara suosaquaetcy racabsad, tmus ficiurguccy hccujhebthel tma

ehlmt‘s sky. Bed he ficcboirbthie whtm tma brthst @be vbe Vfmbhfk,

tma hdab ig b gcbl-traa wbs davacipad, wmara paipca fiucd wrhta b

ebja ie b rhooie bed tmriw ht heti tma traa wmhca b fmihr wbsshelhel tmbt sbja ebja (saa ghlura ?). Bctmiulm wacc vhshtad, whtm

iea tmiusbed vhshtirs ie iea avaehel, ht wbs eit bs wacc vhshtad bs

tma gicciwhel yabr wmae jbey paipca, gucc ig ajithies, fbccad itmars

ti fievhefa tmaj ti fija bs wacc, bed he tma aed giur tmiusbed

vhshtirs wara fiuetad. Tmbt yabr tmay bcsi mbedad iut sjbcc fbedcas

whtm pbpar micdars si tmbt paipca fiucd wbck briued whtm tmaj.

Tma hdab mbd fija grij Oart Mhcmirst, b sbfrhstbe wirkhel he

fie`uefthie whtm Da Ehauwa Iistar, bed wbs hesphrad oy tma

fbedcas usad he prifasshies he Ciurdas, bctmiulm mara tma ebja igtma facaorbthie bed tma cili ig tma pbrk wara put ie tma pbpar

micdar hestabd.

?.? Bccarzhacae Bcij

\mara tma ?>>< facaorbthie irlbehsad oy Wbe dar Caa wbs be

axparhjaet ti saa wmatmar tma fiefapt wiucd wirk bed lbrear

hetarast, tma ?>>= facaorbthies, eiw uedar tma ebja BccarzhacaeBcij, wara b tast ti saa miw tma fiefapt wiucd wirk he dhggaraet




fietaxts bed cifbthies (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bt-Ietwhkkachelae

?>>1-?>>8). Oafbusa ig tma gbft tmbt jira pbrthas wara giued

whcchel ti fietrhouta, he pbrt dua ti tma abrchar suffass, ht wbs

pisshoca ti irlbehsa facaorbthies bt ghva dhggaraet cifbthies he tma

privhefa ig Eiird-Miccbed. Tma cifbthies wara fmisae he

fieùefthie whtm iea ig tma gueds ”Kuest ae Fuctuur Eiird-Miccbed‘

si bs ti lbhe b oribd spaftruj ig dhggaraet cifbthies, whtm tma

fajatary ig Ocbrhfuj oahel pcbfad he b wiid bed mabtm

aevhriejaet, tmbt ig Fbstrhfuj eaxt ti tma dueas, tma Pirlvchad

fajatary he urobe Bjstardbj bed tmbt ig ûrjaraed ei cielar

oahel he bfthva usa. Ghebccy Vfmblae wbs daajad hetarasthel

oafbusa ht wiucd oa tma iecy iea he tma eirtmare pbrt ig tma

privhefa, bed oafbusa ht fiefaread b frajbtirhuj hestabd ig b

fajatary (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=0?1). Tilatmar whtm mar furbtir @bbp

Wacstaroiar, Wbe dar Caa‘s jbhe tbsk wbs ti luhda tma vbrhius

brthsts bed lubrd tma ivarbcc tiea bed hjbla. He mar iwe wirds tmhs

jabet b fiestbet ebvhlbthie –oatwaae fietrbdhfthies sufm bs0

tmabtra bed rabchty, chlmt bed dbrkeass, atmhfs bed bastmathfs,

hethjbfy bed puochfhty, oahel sarvhaet bed oahel sacg-whccad ‚ (Hohd). Bt

abfm ig tma cifbthies tmhs ebvhlbthie mbd b dhggaraet tmajbthf gifus0

Bs tma Pirlvchad fajatary hs bcsi b fhty pbrk, whtm b gciwhel

pbttare he hts pbtms, hts jbhe tmaja oafbja tma hdab ig b pabrc

eafkcbfa, whtm be hccujhebtad pbtm cabdhel grij pabrc ti pabrc, abfm

ig tmasa oahel b fhrfucbr fcabrhel wmara sijatmhel spafhbc mbppaeadir fiucd oa diea (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bbr-?>>1-?>><-Bjstardbj

Pirlvchad). Be brt girj hesphrad oy tmhs cifbthie wbs tma ghra fhrfca

dashlead oy _ahehar Kurparsmiak, wmara tma oarabvad fiucd wrhta

tma ebja ig tmahr dabrcy dapbrtad bed mbed ht ivar ti twi vifbchsts

wmi wiucd shel tmhs ebja, bgtar wmhfm tma ebja fiucd oa ouread he

tma ghra fhrfca bed li up tmriulm be hccujhebtad ficuje ig sjika.

Beitmar, cass hetarbfthva, axbjpca wara tma pbrbgghe stbtuas

dashlead oy Bcpmies tar Bvast (saa ghlura 6) bed bt tma obfk ig tma

fajatary Mat Mharebjbbcs26 wbs put up (saa ghlura 4). He tmhsficcboirbthie ig vbrhius brthsts, tma hccushie ig 61 riijs wbs frabtad

whtm mby obcas bed frbtas bed he abfm b shle wbs put up dasfrhohel

tma riij ir hts hetaedad hembohtbets he piathf tarjs sufm bs ”riij

gir jhcdcy tajparad‘ ir riij ig belar, wmara paipca sjika‘. Whshtirs

wara tmae ti fbraguccy fmiisa b riij ti pcbfa b fbedca he gir tmahr

dabrcy dapbrtad (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=0=?). Bt tma axht ig tma fajatary b

jira mijacy spit wbs cbhd iut whtm giid, chlmt priàfthies bed

^bsshapist24 wmara paipca fiucd frbgt bed saed b uehqua pist fbrd

26 Dutfm gir Tma Bgtarchga.24 Dutfm gir ^bsshie îst.




Ghl. 60 ^brbgghea Vtbtuas he Fbstrhfuj. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy Jbx Chesae

(?>><).

Ghl. 40 Mharebjbbcs he Fbstrhfuj. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy Jbx Chesae

(?>><).




si bs ti smbra tmahr axparhaefas whtm gacciw oarabvad tmbt wara eit

prasaet (Hohd).

Vhefa Ocbrhfuj hs be brthst-vhccbla, whtm b eithfaboca bjiuet ig

parsiebchsad lrbva jieujaets, tma fmisae tmaja tmara wbs

pirtrbhts, wmhfm jabet b spafhbc gifus ie lhvhel wirksmips si tmbt

paipca wiucd oa sthjucbtad ti frabta spafhbc bjohaefas briued

tmasa jieujaets, wmhca ghcjad pirtrbhts wiucd oa priàftad

oatwaae tma traas (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bbr-?>>1-?>><-Ocbrhfuj).

He bddhthie ti tmasa jira parsiebchsad brt girjs, tmara wara bcsi

savarbc spbfas gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie, sufm bs Mat

Mharebjbbcs, tmbt wbs put up ùst iutshda tma fajatary htsacg (Hohd).

He Fbstrhfuj, jabewmhca, tma jbhe fmbrbftarhsthf wbs be

axfurshie heti tma dbrk dueas. Chlmts bed luhdas cad paipca oy

pirtrbhts priàftad ie tmhes scbtas ig hfa ti Mat Mharebjbbcs, wmhca b

gurtmar trhp up tma ^bpaeoarl luhdad oy siuedsfbpas wbs ipthiebc

(Hohd0 \bbr-?>>1-?>><-Fbstrhfuj). Bt tma lrbvaybrd htsacg tmara

wara savarbc tmhels ti oa saae bed diea, ahtmar irlbehsad oy paipca

tmajsacvas ir brthsts. Iea axbjpca ig tma cbttar wara tma

Marheeardhelae21, b priàft oy Jbbhka _iizaeourl. Tma irhlhebc

hetaethie wbs tmbt b wbcc wiucd oa girjad ig sjbcc frbtas, ipae ti

iea aed, abfm ig wmhfm wiucd mbva oaae dafirbtad oagirambed oy

tma oarabvad whtm ioàfts ig b dafabsad civad iea27. Miwavar, shefa

tmara wbs b cbfk ig hetarast he dhspcbyhel trabsurad ioàfts he sufm b

wby, tma dafhshie wbs jbda ti ouy vbrhius safied-mbed ioàftstmbt fiucd oa fmisae oy vhshtirs ie tma obshs ig bssifhbtad

jajirhas bed tmae pcbfad, tilatmar whtm b ebja ir sjbcc jassbla,

he tma wbcc, jbkhel tma aed-rasuct oitm jira hetarbfthva bed jira

ficcafthva tmbe hehthbccy hetaedad (saa ghlura 1).

Vhefa tma fajatary he ûrjaraed mbd eit oaae usad gir 61

yabrs, tma gifus tmara fiucd oa pcbfad cass ie tma hedhvhdubc dabtms

bed tma bssifhbtad oarabvad bed jira ie b jira uehvarsbc girj ig

fijjajirbthel. Bs b rasuct tma hdaethty ig tma tiwe oafbja b gifbc

pihet, whtm bs hts jist fmbrbftarhsthf gabtura b ficcafthva prifasshieti tma fajatary, ti pcbfa tma icd fbttca jbrkat ti rast (Hohd0 \bbr-

?>>1-?>><-ûrjaraed).

Gir Vfmblae tma spafhbc fmbccaela wbs ti dashle sijatmhel tmbt

wiucd fijpaesbta gir tma cbfk ig lrbvas, si tmbt jira parsiebchsad

fijjajirbthie fiucd sthcc oa jbda pisshoca. Marati _ahehar

Kurparsmiak dashlead sjbcc smads tmbt paipca fiucd usa bs b sirt

ig parsiebc rachf fboheats (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=0=7). Beitmar brt girj,

21 B pue fietrbfthel tma wirds marheearhelae (rajajorbefas) bed tma wird dhelae(tmhels).27 Grij parsiebc fijjuehfbthie whtm Hdb vbe dar Caa ie tma 27 tm ig @ucy, ?>>8.




Ghl. 10 Marheeardhelae. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy Jbx Chesae (?>><).

Ghl. 70 ^cbetad gciwar oucos he Vfmblae. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy

Jbx Chesae (?>><).




dashlead gir tma vary whedy Vfmblae wbs b chea ig wmhta cbuedry ie

wmhfm racbthiesmhps wara prhetad he ocbfk sufm bs gbtmar, ficcablua ir

civar. Tmasa wara tmae ti hesphra paipca ti tmhek ig itmar paipca ti

fijjajirbta bs wacc (Hohd0=4).

Tasthel tma vbrhius brt girjs he dhggaraet cifbthies tbulmt Wbe

dar Caa sija vbcuboca cassies sufm bs tmbt tma fajatary fiucd oa

saae bs ragcafthie ig tma cifbc fijjuehty bed tmbt wmhca abfm

cifbthie‘s cby-iut sarvad bs hesphrbthie gir dhggaraet brt girjs, tmasa

brt girjs fiucd, whtm b chttca rapishthiehel, oa usad bt itmar

cifbthies bs wacc (Hohd0?7). Tma cbuedry grij Vfmblae, gir axbjpca,

wbs usad bt tma itmar cifbthies bs wacc, bed he gbft ie tma avaehel

he quasthie tma whed wbs fijpcatacy fbcj he Vfmblae htsacg 2<. Tmbt

oahel sbhd, tma raspiesa ti tmasa vbrhius girjs wara vary dhggaraet

gir tma ghva cifbthies. Tma Marheeardhelae gir axbjpca wirkad quhta

wacc he oitm Fbstrhfuj bed Vfmblae, wmhca tma piatry usad he Mat

Mharebjbbcs wbs jufm cass pipucbr he tma cbttar tmbe bt Pirlvchad

bed he Ocbrhfuj wmara paipca wara aedcasscy sabrfmhel gir ùst tma

rhlmt riij ti pcbfa tmahr fbedca he. Bctmiulm pcbfhel fiucd mbva

oaae b gbftir tmara bs wacc, shefa Mat Mharebjbbcs jhlmt mbva oaae

pcbfad ti jufm iut ig tma phftura he Vfmblae. Bed wmhca tma paipca

he Ocbrhfuj turead iut ti oa jufm cass whcchel ti smbra tmahr iwe

parsiebc fijjajirbthies whtm tma whdar fijjuehty tmbe

axpaftad, ht wbs prafhsacy tmhs typa ig ”bt tma lrbvashda‘

fijjajirbthie tmbt turead iut ti oa pipucbr he Fbstrhfuj. Bcc hebcc miwavar tma facaorbthies wara wacc vhshtad, whtm b titbc ig giur

tmiusbed vhshtirs (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=06?).

?.6 B \aoshta bed b Oiikcat

He ?>>= Wbe dar Caa puochsmad b oiikcat aethtcad Bccarzhacae

Bcij, Kuest tit Mardaekae‘ 2=, ragcafthel ie tma suffass ig tma ?>><

facaorbthies bed dhsfusshel tma obfklriued ig tma priàft, bs waccbs hts libcs bed uedarcyhel pmhcisipmy (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=). He

bddhthie tma priàft mbs hts iwe waoshta, wmara shjhcbr tiphfs bra

prasaetad bs wacc. Tmara, gir axbjpca, ht hs axpcbhead tmbt Bccarzhacae

Bcij hs b jucthdhsfhpchebry brt priàft tmbt bhjs ti jbka tma

jystary ig dabtm jbeblaboca oy lhvhel ht hts iwe pcbfa he avarydby

chga. Marati brthsts macp tma oarabvad he turehel ajithies bed

jajirhas heti hjbla, taxt ir siued. He tmhs wby be icd trbdhthie hs

2< Tmhs bed tma gicciwhel hs grij parsiebc fijjuehfbthie whtm Hdb vbe dar Caa ietma 27tm ig @ucy, ?>>8.2= Jabehel ”Brt ti _ajajoar‘.




rafbpturad ti frabta b eaw fietajpirbry rhtubc he wmhfm tma dabd

bra eit kapt shcaet boiut, out facaorbtad gir wmi tmay wara bed

wmbt tmay fbe sthcc tacc us (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bt-Ladbfmtaliad).

Ie tmhs pihet Wbe dar Caa wrhtas he tma oiikcat tmbt wmhca sufm b

facaorbtiry dhspishthie tiwbrds tma dabd saajad b tboii, tmara

turead iut ti oa b eaad gir ht (Wbe dar Caa ?>>=0?2). Tmus, lhvae tma

suffass ig tma ?>>1 bed ?>>< facaorbthies bed tma rafurrhel

raquast gir rapaththie Wbe dar Caa daajad ht hjpirtbet ti trbesgirj

Bccarzhacae Bcij avae jira heti b rhta tmbt fiucd oa pbssad ie, si

tmbt avary yabr, abfm bed avary juehfhpbchty ir guearbc fijpbey

fbe rafieghlura tmahr fajatarhas heti misphtboca jaathel pcbfas gir

tma chvhel wmara brt fbe trhllar tmahr hjblhebthie heti

fijjajirbthel tmahr dabd he tmahr iwe wby (Hohd0?2).

Marati tma oiikcat dias eit iecy dhsfuss tma facaorbthie‘s

obfklriued out bcsi privhdas be acboirbta ivarvhaw ig bcc tma

facaorbthie‘s saljaets, brt girjs bed dafirbthva acajaets. ^aipca

fbe cat tmajsacvas oa hesphrad oy tmasa axbjpcas bed tma jbey

ficiur pmitilrbpms bffijpbeyhel tmaj, bed he jist fbsas usa

tmaj whtmiut gabr ig fipy bed/ir hjbla rhlmts. Bctarebthvacy, tmisa

hetarastad fbe jbka b fmihfa ig tma bvbhcboca saljaets bed hevhta b

taedar gir Wbe dar Caa bed mar giuedbthie ti irlbehsa tma

facaorbthie gir tmaj (Hohd0<7). _iulmcy spabkhel Wbe dar Caa

dhstheluhsmas tmraa dhggaraet cavacs gir trbesgirjhel tma cifbthie,

ebjacy dafirbthel tma lrbvaybrd bs b wmica, frabthel pcbfas girbfthva ficcafthva fijjajirbthie bed tma dafirbthel ig hedhvhdubc

lrbvas oy tma oarabvad (Hohd0?7-=). Tma purpisa ig dafirbthel tma

lrbvaybrd bs b wmica hs ti jbka vhshtirs gaac wacfija wmhca smiwhel

tmaj tmbt tmhs avaehel hs uechka itmars. Tmhs jabes pcitthel b riuta

whtm ghra-obskats, cbetares, stirj fbedcas ir avae acaftrhf chlmthel,

mbvhel luhdas prasaet ti smiw paipca tma wby bed itmarwhsa stbed

oy paipca wmae eaadad, ushel ir dashlehel jabes ig chlmthel gir tma

spafhghf cifbthies wmara paipca fbe di ir saa tmhels, dashlehel

dafirbthva chlmt girjs ti frabta b spafhbc btjispmara, mbedhel iutchttca obls whtm b sjbcc acaftrhf chlmt ti luhda tma wby bs wacc bs

fbedcas bed sjbcc cbetares tmbt fbe oa usad oy paipca ti dafirbta

lrbvas whtm, mbvhel dhggaraet typas ig bppriprhbta chva hestrujaets

oahel pcbyad tmriulmiut tma fajatary, bed ghebccy mbvhel b pcbfa ti

jbka bed abt sija siup, siuc orabd ir ti drhek sija mit drheks

tilatmar (Hohd0?7; <7-=>). Ti gurtmar aembefa tma spafhbc

btjispmara brthsts fbe fbraguccy fietajpcbta, dashle bed pcbfa brt

girjs tmbt axprass heear jiids he b wby tmbt tiufmas paipca, sufm

bs tma ebjad cbuedry, tma pbrbgghe stbtuas bed tma pri`afthies ighjblas ie hfa, bcrabdy jaethiead boiva (Hohd0=4-7). Vafiedcy, gir




tma cifbthies wmara bfthva bed ficcafthva fijjajirbthie bra jbda

pisshoca, vbrhius brt girjs bra dasfrhoad sufm bs tma

Marheeardhelae, Mat Mharebjbbcs, ^bsshapist bed tma Ghra Fhrfca

bed Gcibthel Chlmts bccudad ti boiva bs wacc bs b \aesaekboheat 28

wmara paipca fiucd pcbfa tmahr whsmas he micciw objoii sthfks bed

b pcbfa ti oury gciwar oucos (saa ghlura 7), chka tma iea dasfrhoad bt

tma oalheehel ig tma hetridufthie (Hohd0=>-=?). Wbe dar Caa fbccs tma

tmhels jbda pisshoca bt tmasa cifbthies ”sjbcc uegirfad rhtubc bfts‘

wmaraoy tma dabd bra siuedad, cat li ig ir lhvae b pcbfa bed tmus

tajpirbrhcy oriulmt ti tma mara bed eiw (Hohd0?=). Ghebccy tma

dafirbthie ig hedhvhdubc lrbvas bed tma irlbehsbthie ig sjbcc

bfthvhthas bt tma lrbvashdas bra daajad hjpirtbet bs tmay macp tma

fajatary fija bchva. Marati hetriduftiry jaathels fbe oa

sfmaducad ti axpcbhe ti vhshtirs wmbt tma hdab oamhed Bccarzhacae

Bcij hs, pisshocy whtm tma bddhthies ig wirksmips lhvae oy brthsts ti

tabfm paipca prbfthfbc out bccurhel wbys ig dafirbthel tma lrbva,

bed b chst hs lhvae whtm thps ti oarabvad sufm bs brrbelhel wmbt hs

eaadad gir b fijgirtboca, wbrj bed dry stby bt tma lrbvashda, ushel

pmitilrbpms, taxt ir fcitmhel, ir sarvhel tma dafabsad‘s gbviurhta

jabc ir drheks, chstae ti mhs ir mar gbviurhta jushf ir pcby tma lbja

ma ir sma si chkad (Hohd0=7-=). Bctmiulm bcc ig tmasa hdabs bed tmhels

fbe oa usad oy wmijavar hs hesphrad, Wbe dar Caa mbs girjucbtad

iea rastrhfthie ie tma waoshta, ebjacy tmbt he irdar ti usa tma

pritaftad Bccarzhacae Bcij ebja, fartbhe raquhrajaets mbva ti oajat sufm bs tmbt tma facaorbthie mbs ti tbka pcbfa bgtar dbrk he

Iftioar ir Eivajoar, tma cifbthie mbs ti oa hccujhebtad bed

brrbelad he b misphtboca jbeear, luhdas ir mists smiucd oa prasaet

bs smiucd oa giid bed drheks, oitm tma dafirbthie ig hedhvhdubc

lrbvas bed tma fijjajirbthie ig paipca eit ourhad ir frajbtad bt

tma cifbthie smiucd oa jbda pisshoca, tmasa pisshohchthas smiucd oa

fcabrcy fijjuehfbtad oagirambed, be hegirjbthva hetriduftiry

jaathel mbs ti oa sfmaducad oagirambed bs wacc bed bcc hehthbthvas

bra ti oa jbda keiwe ti Wbe dar Caa wmi mbs tma ghebc `udlajaetralbrdhel tmasa rastrhfthies (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bt-Ladbfmtaliad-

Ebbj Bccarzhacae).

?.4 Tma Vurvay

Oashdas tma hegirjbthie privhdad oy Wbe dar Caa marsacg, tma

oiikcat bcsi fietbhes twi bfbdajhf brthfcas wrhttae oy tma jajoars

ig tma ”_aghlurhel Dabtm _htas‘ rasabrfm lriup0 iea ig b jira laearbc

28 \hsmhel Fboheat.




atmeilrbpmhf ebtura, tma itmar bebcyshel tma rasucts ig b survay

macd oy tma rasabrfm lriup. He tma girjar (Da Jbbkar, Waeorux bed

\astrhk ?>>=018-<>), tma gifus hs jistcy ie hjprasshies ralbrdhel

tma wby Bccarzhacae Bcij jbda ht pisshoca ti axparhaefa tma

tajpirbry prasaefa ig, bed fijjuehfbthie whtm, tma dabd he b

parsiebc jbeear out he fie`uefthie whtm itmars. Tma fietrbst

oatwaae chlmt bed dbrk ir siued bed shcaefa, bs wacc bs tma cby-iut

ig tma cifbthies gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie bed tma smbrhel ig

giid bed drhek bra jaethiead bs jbtarhbc gbftirs he privhdhel tmhs

pisshohchty (Hohd0 7>; 71-<; 7=). Beitmar hetarasthel fijjaet hs ie

tma Fmrhsthbe irhlhe ig jbey ig tma jbtarhbc syjoics usad, sufm bs

ghra, fbedcas, frissas, fcbsshfbc shelhel bed jushf (Hohd07=). Vija ig

tma ghedhels dhsfussad he tma atmeilrbpmhf brthfca, sufm bs tma rica

ig tma ficcafthva he chlmt ig tma hedhvhdubchsbthie ig sifhaty bed tma

rica ig paipca‘s rachlhius he chlmt ig tma safucbrhsbthie, bra studhad he

jira qubethghad tarjs he tma itmar brthfca wmara b vhshtir prighca hs

skatfmad bs wacc. Tma brthfca hs tma rasuct ig bcjist 4>> survays

ghccad he oy vhshtirs bgtar mbvhel oaae ti Bccarzhacae Bcij he ?>><

(Rubrthar a.b. ?>>=06<-=), wmhca b jira acboirbta prasaetbthie ig

tmahr ghedhels mbs oaae puochsmad he beitmar brthfca (Da Jbbkar a.b.

?>>=). Ie tma obshs ig tma survay tma gicciwhel prighca wbs frabtad ig

tma vhshtirs (Da Jbbkar a.b. ?>>=027>-1; Rubrthar a.b. ?>>=06=-41)0

76.4% dhd eit oaciel ti bey rachlhius lriup, ?<.<% wara Fbtmichf,

<.4% wara ^ritastbet bed 2.1% oacielad ti beitmar rachlhius lriup._albrdhel tmahr blas 26.6% wbs uedar 4> yabrs icd, 1>% oatwaae

4> bed 7>, wmhca 67.<% wbs boiva 7>. Ig tma vhshtirs 2<.6% fbja

bciea, ?4.6% whtm b pbrtear, 27.=% whtm iea ir jira gbjhcy

jajoars, 2>.= % whtm b grhaed bed 6>% whtm savarbc paipca. Tma

purpisa ig tma vhsht gir 44% ig tma vhshtirs wbs tma fijjajirbthie

ig savarbc paipca, ig b gbjhcy jajoar gir ?4.7%, ig tma dabd he

laearbc gir 2>.8%, wmhca iecy 7.4% fbja gir eie-fijjajirbthva

rabsies. Tma racbthiesmhp ti tma dafabsad wbs dasfrhoad oy 4>.8%

bs vary hetaeshva, ?1.2% bs hetaeshva, 27.8% bs bvarblacy hetaeshva,7.2% bs suparghfhbc bed 6.1% bs vary suparghfhbc. Tmhs jabes tmbt

bjiel tma vhshtirs tmara wbs be boiva bvarbla bjiuet ig

safucbrhsad paipca, tma bla-dhggaraethbthie wbs cass gifusad ie tma

acdarcy tmbe wiucd oa axpaftad grij tma safucbrhsbthie tmashs bed

tma facaorbthies‘ tiphf, jbey jira paipca fbja ae lriupa tmbe tma

hedhvhdubchsbthie tmashs wiucd pradhft bed fijjajirbthie wbs tma

prhjbry purpisa ig vhshthel, eit tma brt ir furhishty wmhca tma

racbthiesmhp ti tmasa dafabsad wbs ie tma wmica hetaeshva ti vary

hetaeshva.




girj ig hjpchfht rachlhie he tmbt tma facaorbthies mbva privae ti oa

mhlmcy suffassguc hetalrbthel gifh gir dabchel whtm mujbe ghehtaeass.

Hetarasthelcy, tma wby tmhs hetalrbthel hs dasfrhoad oy Rubrthar bs tma

saakhel ig b obcbefa oatwaae fietheuhty bed dhsfietheuhty,

hedhvhdubchty bed ficcafthvhty bed hjjbeaefa bed trbesfaedaefa

siueds fijpbrboca ti tma giur rhtubc bspafts dasfrhoad he fmbptar iea.

\htm tma orhdlhel ig tma ghrst fietrbdhfthie oahel racbtad ti tma hdab

ig rafurshvhty, tma safied ti tma wby rhtas fbe oa syjoichf he oitm be

hedhvhdubc bed b fijjuebc saesa bed tma tmhrd ti tma rhta

fijjuehfbthel jassblas ragarrhel oitm ti tma furraet shtubthie bs

wacc bs fbeiehfbc trutms. Ghebccy, tma hdab ig pargirjbthvhty hs

ragcaftad he tma gbft tmbt ”dihel sijatmhel‘ hs jaethiead bs tma jbhe

rabsie wmy b rhta hs fbpboca ig tmhs obcbefhel bft he tma ghrst pcbfa.

Tmhs, miwavar, dias eit beswar tma quasthie wmatmar tma rica ig

jbtarhbc fuctura bed hts bggirdbefas hs racavbet ti tmhs fietheuius prifass. Ig fiursa savarbc fcuas fbe oa giued he tma dasfrhpthies

lhvae si gbr, out lhvae tmbt tma bggirdbefas ig jbtarhbc fuctura wara

dasfrhoad bs racbthiebc bed ajarlaet, b jira fietaxtubc ciik bt tma

jbtarhbc fuctura hs eaadad ti fija ti be bftubc beswar.



Fmbptar Tmraa0

Whshthel Bccarzhacae Bcij

He ?>>= eit iecy Da Ehauwa Iistar rapabtad hts Marheearhel

Warchfmt, out tmara wara ehea Bccarzhacae Bcij facaorbthies bs wacc,

ebjacy he Vfmblae, Lriehelae, Fbstrhfuj, Bcpmae bbe dae _hè,Bjstardbj H@ourl, Bpacdiire, Caauwbrdae, Iistzbbe bed

\hesfmitae. Tma ghrst ig tmasa twi wara irlbehsad oy Wbe dar Caa

bed mar priàft lriup, tma tmhrd wbs irlbehsad oy cifbc vicuetaars

wmi dhd eit wbet tma ?>>< facaorbthie ti oa b iea thja avaet, wmhca

tma rast wara eaw cifbc hehthbthvas ie tma obshs ig Wbe dar Caa‘s

oiikcat bed irlbehsad uedar mar luhdbefa (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0 \bt-

Wharhelae ?>>1 ‖ ?>>=). Ig tmasa facaorbthies ghva wara vhshtad gir

sjbcc-sfbca atmeilrbpmhf ghacdwirk, he irdar ti lbhe b oattar saesa

ig tma vbrhius fietaxts he wmhfm jbtarhbc fuctura wbs pcbfad bedput ti usa?>. He fmiishel tma facaorbthies tmbt wara vhshtad, be

bttajpt wbs jbda ti fivar tma vbrhius stblas ig davacipjaet bs

wacc bs tma ralhiebc dhstrhouthie, bctmiulm tma shjuctbeahty ig

savarbc ig tma facaorbthies savaracy chjhtad fmihfa. Lriehelae wbs

fmisae oitm oafbusa ht wbs irlbehsad oy Wbe dar Caa marsacg bed

oafbusa ht wbs cifbtad he tma eirtm, Fbstrhfuj oafbusa ht wbs tma

safied thja Bccarzhacae Bcij wiucd oa facaorbtad bt tma cifbthie, Da

Ehauwa Iistar oafbusa ht fiefaread tmahr giurtm facaorbthie bed

oafbusa ig hts hedapaedaet davacipjaet bed ghebccy Bcpmae bbe dae_hè bed Bpacdiire wara fmisae ti raprasaet tma eaw hehthbthvas,

oafbusa tmay wara macd he itmarwhsa uevhshtad privhefas. Bt abfm ig

tma cifbthies tma prhjbry gifus wbs ti whteass bed tbck boiut tma

wbys vhshtirs racbtad ti tma jbtarhbc fuctura tmbt wbs hevicvad. He

Bjstardbj bed Fbstrhfuj tma safiedbry libc wbs saahel miw

paipca dabct whtm tma gbft tmbt tmhs wbs eit tma ghrst thja tma

?> Lhvae tmbt bey pbrthfhpbthel-iosarvar fbeeit out oafija pbrt ig tma fietaxt igtmasa shtubthies uedar study, tmhs eafashtbtas tma jira parsiebc bed ragcaxhva vihfa

usad mara gir dasfrhohel tmaj.




facaorbthie wbs irlbehsad. Tma rasucts ig tma ghva ghacdtrhps whcc oa

prasaetad oaciw he b fmrieicilhfbc irdar.

6.2 Marheearhel Warchfmt he Bjstardbj

Bs H brrhvad?2 bt Da Ehauwa Iistar oagira tma facaorbthie wiucd

stbrt H fiucd jbka b quhfk stricc tmriulm tma typhfbc 28tm faetury

jajirhbc pbrk, wmara H sbw be icd jbe thdyhel up b lrbva wmhca

ajpciyaas bed vicuetaars, rafilehsboca tmriulm tma yacciw ir rad

chlmt obeds ie tmahr brjs, wara ousy whtm sufm cbst jijaet tmhels

bs chlmthel tma stirj cbetares, ghra obskats bed ghra oiwcs ir putthel

up tma oaefmas gir tma phbei pcbyars.

Iefa obfk bt tma lbta H sbw paipca brrhvhel ig bcc blas bed

vbrhius atmehfhthas, sija fijhel whtm tmahr gbjhcy, itmars wara

avhdaetcy grhaeds, wmhca savarbc wara wbhthel gir itmars ti brrhva. Tma

twi ghra obskats prasaet mara wara privhdhel eit iecy chlmt bed

sjacc, out bcsi sija jufm eaadad wbrjtm ie tmhs rbtmar ficd

avaehel. Bs sufm tmay rbphdcy oafbja gifbc pihets gir tma paipca

prasaet, wmi tiik tma ippirtuehty ti jbka phfturas ig tmaj, bs wacc

bs ig tma aetrbefa bed abfm itmar. He griet ig tma gciwar stbcc bfriss

tma straat b riw wbs girjhel, bed jist paipca lihel tmriulm tma

lbta mbd ahtmar gciwars ir b pcbet whtm tmaj. Iefa he, paipca tiik b

jijaet ti study tma jbp tmbt wbs mbedad iut ti tmaj (saa ghlura<), wmhfm axpcbhead tmbt tmhs yabr tmara wiucd oa ei ghxad riuta,

bctmiulm tmraa dhggaraetcy ficiurad cbsar chlmts wiucd smhea ivar tma

jbhe pbtms gir luhdbefa. Itmar paipca, jabewmhca, wara jbkhel

pmitilrbpms ig tma gcbja smbpad ghra fiestrufthies put up ie tma

lrbss he griet ig tma bucb, ir tma wirds Marheearhel Warchfmt

priàftad ieti tmbt sbja ouhcdhel. Eaxt, jist paipca wbckad

tmriulm tma bucb, wmara iea fiucd drhek figgaa bed tab, ti tma itmar

shda wmara tma fbedcas dasfrhoad he fmbptar twi wara chlmtad bed

mbedad iut (saa ghlura =). Tma ghrst tmhel lrboohel iea‘s bttaethiemara wbs tma ocua cbsar smhehel tiwbrds tma bucb, bed jist paipca

sciwcy wbckad tiwbrds hts irhlhe. Vciwcy, oafbusa tma fbedca tmbt

wbs ùst mbedad iut ti tmaj wbs sthcc strullchel ti kaap ourehel,

out bcsi oafbusa ig tma saraea, sijawmbt itmarwircdcy btjispmara,

frabtad oy tma ocua cbsar chlmt, tma bcjist wbhst-mhlm wmhta chlmt

obccs pcbfad ie hetarvbcs bfriss tma pbtm bed tma wmhta, chlmt-

ajhtthel, ujoraccbs ig tma \htta Dhfmtars?? tmbt wara bvbhcboca ti

rabd b piaj ti yiu, ahtmar tmara, ir bt tma lrbva shda. Itmar paipca

?2 Tma vhsht wbs jbda ie \adeasdby tma ?8tm ig Ifioar, ?>>=.?? \mhta îats.




Gh . <0 Jb mbedad iut bt Marheearhe Warchfmt ?>>=.

frissad tma pbtm, ciikhel gir b pbrthfucbr lrbva, bed wmae tmay mbd

giued ht, tmay fbraguccy pcbfad sija gciwars ir pcbets bed sija tab

chlmts, lrbva fbedcas ir tma fbedca mbedad iut ti tmaj ie tma lrbva,

igtae stbyhel gir b wmhca, he jbey fbsas jbkhel phfturas ig tma eiw

hccujhebtad lrbva. Bt tma aed ig tmhs cbea, jist paipca jbda b smirt

stip bt beitmar phafa ig ghra-brt, `ust ti tma cagt ig tma cbea, tmae

lihel ti tma rhlmt wmara b wijbe wbs tacchel b stiry boiut mipa,

bed bskad paipca ti pcbfa b lrbva fbedca ie tma wmhta cheas cbhd iut

ie tma gciirs si tmbt lrbdubccy b shx-pihetad stbr wiucd ajarla (saa

ghlura 8). Lihel ie he tma dhrafthie ig tma yacciw cbsar oabj, iea

fiucd bcrabdy mabr tma trbdhthiebc Vurhebj guearbc obed pcby he tma

dhstbefa, out ghrst iea brrhvad bt tma ure pied, wmara, whtm tma macp

ig savarbc vicuetaars, Gcibthel Chlmts fiucd oa jbda. Bgtar mbvhel

put tma chlmt ti wbtar, jist paipca stbrad bt ht gir b wmhca,

fijjaethel ie tma oabuty ig bcc tmisa chlmts tilatmar, bed blbhe,

tmay jbda phfturas. Lihel oy tma tmraa stirytaccars, wmi wara

sijawmbt smhacdad ig grij tmahr surriuedhels tmriulm tma usa ig

wmhta smaats, bed wara cifbtad b oht ig tma jbhe tmraa hccujhebtad

cbeas, H jivad ti tma aed ig tma lraae oabj wmara paipca wara

shtthel ie b tajpirbry stbed, chstaehel ti twi phbei pcbyars. Fcisa

oy, paipca fiucd sht bt b tboca ti wrhta jassblas ie ficiurad Tmbh

Vky Cbetares, tma ghra ig wmhfm wbs tmae chlmtad wmhca tma vbrhiuspaipca wmi mbd fietrhoutad ti ht wbtfmad ht li up, stbyhel uethc ht




Ghl. =0 \bckhel whtm fbedcas bt Da Ehauwa Iistar. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy

@imbe Juccaedars.

Ghl. 80 Frabthel b stbr bt Da Ehauwa Iistar. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy

Lborhaccb Maelavacd.




wbs iut ig shlmt. Vhefa tma ehlmt wbs b oht jihst tma pbpar cbetares

wara eit aethracy stabdy, wmhfm frabtad b oht ig taeshie he tma

ieciikars, gicciwad oy rachag wmae bcc waet wacc, bed sija

dhsbppihetjaet tma iea thja H sbw ht ourst heti gcbjas bed fija

diwe. H mabrd paipca fijjaethel ti abfm itmar tmbt tmhs wbs ùst

bs oabuthguc tma yabr oagira. Fijhel ghebccy ti tma faetrbc pihet ig

tma pbrk, wmara paipca fiucd sht ie oaefmas briued ghra obskats

wmhca drhekhel mit whea ir abthel siup ir ciikhel bt b sfraae ie

wmhfm tma ?6>> ebjas ig bcc tmisa ourhad bed frajbtad bt Da

Ehauwa Iistar he tma cbst yabr wara priàftad, tma jiid wbs jira

iutlihel tmbe bt itmar, jira trbequhc, pbrts ig tma fajatary. Oy tma

oaefmas twi bcjist jbe-mhlm wiidae trhpids wara sat-up, whtm

fbedcas bed hefaesa he tma jhddca, bed sjbcc micas he hts oabjs.

\htmiut bey luhdbefa, paipca chlmtad sija hefaesa bed pcbfad ht he

b mica bed H avae mabrd twi paipca bskhel abfm itmar wmbt tmay mbd

whsmad gir. Tma ciel chst ig ebjas saajad ti jbka quhta be

hjprasshie, bed blbhe paipca jbda phfturas wmae b keiwe ebja

fbja oy. \mae b ebja wbs bosaet tmhs cad ti sija fiestarebthie,

bed b eitbthie ig ht wbs jbda he tma luastoiik. Tmhs sbja oiik

wbs bcsi usad oy paipca ti ahtmar axprass lrbthtuda gir tma jblhfbc

btjispmara, ti stbta miw jbey thjas tmay mbd bcrabdy oaae bt tma

facaorbthie oagira ir, he tma jbìrhty ig fbsas, ti eita diwe tma

ebjas ig tmisa tmbt mbd oaae fijjajirbtad, igtae dhrafthel tmahr

jassbla bt tmisa vary dafabsad. \mhca stbedhel oy tma luastoiik Htbckad whtm savarbc paipca, sufm bs b wijbe wmi mbd bcrabdy liea

ti tma lrbva ig mar twhe oritmar he tma bgtareiie si tmbt sma wiucd

eit brrhva bt b dbrk lrbva bed b jhddca-blad jbe axprasshel tmbt

ma dhde‘t fbra wmbt acsa wiucd fmbela he tma wircd, bs ciel bs tmhs

wiucd rajbhe, hg eaad oa, paipca smiucd ùst jbka sija diebthies!

Jbey ig tma vhshtirs H tbckad ti bcsi mbd tmhels ti sby ie wmbt mbd

oaae oabuthguc blbhe, chka tma Gcibthel Chlmts, bed wmbt mbd oaae

jhsshel tmhs yabr, sufm bs tma gcbl-traa. \mae cabvhel bt tma aed ig

tma facaorbthie H mabrd be ajpciyaa tacc Fbrcb tmbt ghva tmiusbedfbedcas mbd oaae mbedad iut, bed fcisa ti tma lbta H sbw tmbt jbey

ig tmaj mbd oaae pcbfad, sthcc ourehel, he tma cbrla gciwar tuos bs

wacc bs he tma gciwar oads.

6.? Bccarzhacae Bcij he Bcpmae bbe dae _hè

\mae H brrhvad bt tma lbta ig tma Iistaroalrbbgpcbbts he Bcpmae

bbe dae _hè, ht wbs sthcc fcisad bed b vicuetaar axpcbhead tmbt ht

wiucd oa ipaead cbtar si tmbt avaryoidy fiucd aetar tilatmar. Beaxfapthie wbs jbda gir ja, miwavar, si H fiucd jaat Madh




Malajbe, tma rhtubc luhda wmisa hehthbthva tmhs facaorbthie wbs.

Grij mar H rafahvad sija jbtfmas ti chlmt bey eit-yat ourehel

chlmts bed b sjbcc sfiip tmbt H mbd ti dachvar bt tma jajirhbc fhrfca

bt tma aed ig tma jbhe cbea, wmara tma gciwar oucos wiucd oa

pcbetad. Bt tma cagt ig tmhs cbea, lrbva fbedcas wara pcbfad avary gaw

jatars, wmhca b strhel ig acaftrhf chlmthel, rbtmar strielcy,

hccujhebtad tma rhlmt shda. \mara tma oribdar pbtms orbefmad ig,

lrbva fbedcas wara pcbfad bs wacc, wmhca tmasa sbja fbedcas,

tilatmar whtm ghra obskats bed bt tma jaathel pihet be hedustrhbc

cbjp, hccujhebtad tma pcbfas gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie. Ie

jbey ig tma lrbvas chlmts wara bcrabdy ourehel bs wacc bed

vicuetaars wara ousy whtm tma cbst prapbrbthies.

_aturehel iutshda H eithfad tmara wbs be btjispmara ig

bethfhpbthie, priobocy dua ti mbvhel ti wbht iutshda. Tma vhshtirs, bs

gbr bs H fiucd saa, wara bcc Fbufbshbe, out, blbhe ig vbrhius

laearbthies, bed wmhca jbey saajad ti oa gbjhcy, itmars wara

fcabrcy grhaeds. Bs he Bjstardbj tmay fbrrhad gciwars bed pcbets, bs

wacc bs fbedcas bed cbetares, sija ig tma cbttar bcrabdy ourehel.

Jbey paipca bcsi mbd ujoraccbs whtm tmaj bs ht mbd bcrabdy rbhead,

bed jira rbhe wbs pradhftad. Qechka he Bjstardbj, eioidy wbs

tbkhel phfturas, b traed tmbt fietheuad tmriulm iut tma avaehel bs

gbr bs H fiucd tacc. Avae oagira tma vicuetaar wbs diea ipaehel tma

lbta, paipca wara bcrabdy gcifkhel tilatmar, miwavar, iefa heshda

iecy iea wijbe wbs mbedhel iut prilrbjs/jbps (saa ghlura 2>),tmaraoy pravaethel b rusmad aetry. ^aipca wara tmae ticd ti li ti

tma jaathel pihet, b trhbelucbr ghacd ig lrbss, eaxt ti wmhfm

fmificbta jhck wbs oahel mbedad iut. Iefa paipca rafahvad tmahr

drhek bed mbd tbkae pcbfa bt iea ig tma tmraa shdas ig tma trhbelca,

whtm tma iea fcisast ti tma fmificbta jhck oahel tma jist pipucbr,

Madh ipaead tma facaorbthie whtm b piaj boiut chlmt. Eaxt, sma

axpcbhead tma libc ig tma avaehel, wmhfm, bctmiulm oahel fbccad bgtar

b Fbtmichf gabst dby, wbs hetaedad gir avaryoidy bed dasfrhoad tma

bfthvhthas pisshoca bt abfm cifbthie gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie. Hetma figgaa riij paipca fiucd mbva tmahr jushf pcbyad, rafahva lciw

sthfks bed bsk gir dhrafthies ti b lrbva, eaxt ti tma jaathel pihet

paipca fiucd pcbfa b whsm he micciw sthfks ir b sjbcc traa, ouy risas

gir tma lrbvas ir pcbfa fbedcas ir fijjajirbthva io`afts bt tma

trhbelca ig lrbss, ie tma Fbtmichf saljaet ig tma fajatary yiuel

paipca fiucd tbka pcbfa he dhsfusshies ie phcciws briued b ghra

obskat, bt tma si-fbccad Khedarvchedar?6 fmhcdrae fiucd pcby whtm

fcby ir pbhet ir cat up sija obcciies bed ghebccy, bt tma jajirhbc

?6 Jabehel Fmhcdrae‘s Outtargcy, oahel tma outtargcy smbpad safthie ig tma fajatary

wmara tma fmhcdrae‘s lrbvas bra cifbtad.




Ghl. 2>0 Jbp mbedad iut he Bcpmae bbe dae _h`e ?>>=.

Ghl. 220 B Tmbh Vky Cbetare.

^mitilrbpm oy Madh Malajbe.




tmisa he Bcpmae bbe dae _h`e, iecy whtm jufm cass yiuel fmhcdrae.

Dasphta sija lriups ig tirfmas stbedhel he griet ig tma lbta, bcc ig

tmasa vhshtirs dhraftcy jivad heshda, wmara b fbrpat ig dabd cabvas ti

stricc tmriulm wbs cbhe iut bed graa fbedcas wara lhvae iut he tma

”chlmt smip‘ ie tma rhlmt. Jist paipca waet dhraftcy ti tma stbed ti

fmiisa ahtmar b lrbva fbedca, b sjbcc fbedca he b dafirbtad lcbss ir

sija acaftrhf ir rabc tab chlmts. Grij mara tma riuta tiik tma vhshtirs

heti tma wiids ie tma rhlmt, bed ti jbka sura tmbt paipca waet tmhs

wby bed eit tiwbrds tma hccujhebtad pied he griet ig tmaj, b gaefa

wbs pcbfad, tmbt wbs miwavar eit hccujhebtad, fbushel bt cabst iea

ficchshie. He bddhthie twi paipca wara stbedhel bt tma adla ig tma

girast ti mbed iut pbpar obls hccujhebtad oy be acaftrhf tab chlmt

(saa griethsphafa). Tma rast ig tma wby tma riuta wbs jbda fcabr oy

tirfmas bed, gurtmar ie, cbetares ie trhpids stbedhel oashda ht.

Hetarasthelcy, tma pbpar obls dhd eit jbka tma vhshtirs wbck bey

sciwar, bctmiulm tma prasaefa ig cbrla wiidae cattars jbkhel up

wirds chka Marheearhel?4 oashdas tma pbtm dhd. Tma whedhel ebtura

ig tma pbtm bed tma surrabccy hccujhebtad pied bed ousmas bs wacc

bs tma phfturas tbkae tmaraig, bcsi bddad ti tma fbcj ig tma pcbfa,

dasphta tma prasaefa ig b eihsy mhlmwby eabroy. Ie b gaw ig tma

jajirhbcs cifbtad he tmasa wiids tma fbedcas mbedad iut bt tma

aetrbefa fiucd bcrabdy oa saae ourehel. Hjjadhbtacy upie cabvhel

tma wiids b wijbe wbs shtthel oamhed b tboca ie wmhfm ebjas

fiucd oa wrhttae ie pbpar schps tmbt wara tmae ti oa suel bedouread bs dasfrhoad he fmbptar twi. Mara paipca‘s striel ajithies

wara bcrabdy avhdaet durhel tma wrhthel ig tma ebja, bed oy tma

thja ht wbs oahel suel, jbey tabrs fiucd oa saae. \mhca sija

paipca rajbhead stbedhel, itmars sbt ie tma sjbcc wiidae stuos

stbedhel he b fhrfca briued tma ghra tmbt wbs fietheuiuscy oahel gad

oy tma brthst tmbt dashlead ht. Grij Dbpmea Ruastri, iea ig tma twi

shelars wmi bcsi dashlead tma rapaththva bed hjprivhsad jida ig

shelhel usad mara, H cbtar cabread tmbt irhlhebccy tma shelars ouread

tma pbpar out tmbt vbe dar Caa fmbelad tmhs ti hefrabsahetarbfthvhty. Jabewmhca, he b firear ig tmhs sfbttar ghacd, sija

vhshtirs wara ousy dafirbthel b spit gir tmahr dabrcy dapbrtad, tma

hccujhebthie ig tmahr fbedcas wbs si orhlmt miwavar, tmbt savarbc

paipca jhstiik ht gir tma chlmt hedhfbthel tma riuta, wmhfm bftubccy

waet tma itmar wby tiwbrd tma gciwar ouco pcbethel. Tmara, iea ig

tma ajpciyaas ig tma frajbtirhuj mbd bcrabdy chlmtad tma fbedcas

tmbt wara ti oa pcbfad, tilatmar whtm b chttca taxt-gcbl, bs be

hedhfbthie ig tma pcbetad ouco. Vma ticd ja tmbt ht wbs ousy aeiulm

gir mar eit ti mbva ti tacc paipca wmbt ti di, bs tmay fiucd shjpcy

?4 \mhfm fiucd oa trbescbtad bs oitm jajiry bed rajajorbefa.




hjhtbta itmars. Ajithies wara sthcc mhlm mara, bctmiulm sma ticd ja

ig paipca cbulmhel bs wacc, gir axbjpca oafbusa iea ig tma

dafabsad‘s gbjius quitas wbs put ie tma gcbl. ^bsshel sija

oaefmas wmara paipca fiucd drhek sija mit fmificbta paipca eaxt

brrhvad bt tma tboca wmara tma Gcibthel Chlmts fiucd oa jbda. \mae

tmasa Gcibthel Chlmts wara tmae pcbfad he tma wbtar tmay gcibtad

bwby jufm gbrtmar tmbe he Bjstardbj, dua ti tma shza ig tma pied

bed b chlmt oraaza. Tmhs aggaft spietbeaiuscy frabtad b saesa ig

fijpaththvaeass he paipca wmi stbrtad fijjaethel ie tma spaad ig

vbrhius chlmts. Iea yiuel wijbe, wmi wbs tryhel ti jbka b phftura

ig mar chlmt tilatmar whtm bcc tma itmars, avae axfcbhjad –Ma hs oahel

sciw blbhe!‚ Tma vicuetaar wirkhel mara cbtar ticd ja ig shjhcbr

parsiebc wbys ig ragarrhel ti tma chlmts, sufm bs b wijbe wmi,

wmae mar chlmt rajbhead bt tma pied‘s adla, stbtad tmbt –Vma fbeeit

cat li‚. Ie tma itmar shda ig tma pied beitmar chlmt smip, tmhs iea

whtm sjbcc tirfmas bs wacc, wbs cifbtad ùst oagira ie aetarad tma

ure-lrbva safthie ig tma frajbtirhuj‘s pbrk. Jbey ig tmasa lrbvas

wara oy tmae bcrabdy dafirbtad whtm oitm fbedcas bed tirfmas

mbedad iut mara bs wacc bs tmisa oriulmt oy paipca. Bt jbey ig tma

lrbvas, tma fbedcas mbd oaae fbraguccy pcbfad ti jbka up b chea,

fhrfca ir itmar smbpa. Bt iea lrbva paipca wara sthcc ousy whtm

dafirbthel ht gir tma pargaft phftura, bed avae iea ig tma hedustrhbc

chlmts hccujhebthel b eabroy traa wbs tajpirbrhcy put ti b dhggaraet

usa ti bfquhra ht. \mae tma trujpatar pcbyhel mara mbd b smirtorabk, ma ticd ja tmbt ht wbs vary dhggaraet ti pcby he tmhs safcudad

safthie, wmara ma fiucd hethjbtacy bddrass hedhvhdubc paipca, tmbe

tma dby oagira ie b ghacd he tma rbhe he Vfmblae wmara ma fiucd li

bcc iut. Bgtar pbsshel beitmar pied, wmara paipca stippad ti stbra

bt beitmar wiidae wird gcibthel he tma wbtar, tma vhshtirs tmae

aetarad tma ficujobrhuj wmara tma Marheeardhelae wara dhspcbyad.

H hjjadhbtacy eithfad miw chttca axpcbebthie wbs eaadad gir paipca

ti oalhe jbkhel cheks oatwaae b figgaa fup bed gbtmar‘s giedeass ig

figgaa ir b diir mbedca bed tmbt iea stiry boiut sijaoidy rhppheliea ig. Itmars sbw b phca ig eujoars ie sjbcc jatbc pcbtas bed

stbrt ciikhel gir eujoar 24, wmhfm wbs ”mhs cufky eujoar‘. Bgtar

oahel fmisae, tma ioàfts, bffijpbehad oy tma sbja ficiurguccy

hccujhebtad pcbsthf obskats usad gir tma Gcibthel Chlmts, wara pcbfad

he tma ajpty fijpbrtjaets ig tma ure-wbccs, tmaraoy hccujhebthel

tmaj. Qechka whtm tma taxts wrhttae ie tma pbpars usad gir tma

Gcibthel Chlmts, tma jassblas mara wara jira ir cass put ie dhspcby,

tilatmar whtm tma ioàft. Vija axpcbhead tma fmihfa ig tma ioàft,

itmars mbd sjbcc piajs, wmhca yat itmar wara dhraftad bt tmadafabsad, sufm bs b wijbe axpcbhehel ti mar uefca wmy sma mbde‘t




oaae prasaet bt mhs shfkoad bed guearbc. Jist vhshtirs eit iecy

pcbfad be ioàft he iea ig tma fijpbrtjaets, out spaed quhta sija

thja ciikhel bt itmars bs wacc. @ust iutshda ig tma ficujobrhuj b

jajoar ig Wbe dar Caa‘s priàft lriup, wbs ousy piurhel he mit

whea bed fmificbta jhck grij be aeirjius pbe, wmhca paipca sbt ie

mby obcas drhekhel ht. Mara, tma ^bsshapist wbs bcsi cifbtad bed

wmhca H sbt bt tma tboca whtm itmar paipca dafirbthel tmahr fbrd iea

wijbe ticd ja sma mbd fija dasphta eit mbvhel beyoidy mara,

hestabd sma wbetad ti fijjajirbta tma dabd he laearbc, bs he tma

mabtmae dbys.

6.4 Bccarzhacae Bcij he Bpacdiire

Qpie jy brrhvbc bt tma Viaraesawal fajatary he Bpacdiire ht

wbs bcrabdy dbrk bed H fiucd saa tma twi hccujhebtad ouhcdhels

gcbekhel tma lbta ciij up tmriulm tma jhst he tma dhstbefa. ?1 Ie

tma itmar shda H orhagcy tbckad ti Bcheda Wrich`k, iea ig tma tmraa

irlbehsars ig tma facaorbthie, wmi wbs mbvhel b quhfk dheear whtm

tma vicuetaars oagira tma ghrst vhshtirs wiucd brrhva. \mae tmasa dhd

H sbw tma sbja typas ig vhshtirs bs he Bcpmae bbe dae _hè, out mara

tma lbta wbs ipae, si jist wbckad dhraftcy ivar ti tma chlmt stbed ti

phfk up b lrbva fbedca, sija tab chlmts ir b tirfm. Mara tmay wara

bcsi lhvae b jbp (saa ghlura 2?) whtm dasfrhpthies bed iea ig tmapbpar obls tmbt wara pcbfad he furvy cheas eaxt ti ht. He ht, tmara

wara twi acaftrhf tab chlmts, iea ig wmhfm fiucd oa usad ti rabd tma

jbp, wmhfm jist hjjadhbtacy stbrtad dihel. Grij mara tma riuta,

hedhfbtad oy ourehel tirfmas, gicciwad tma whedhel pbtms ig tma

fajatary he sufm b wby tmbt jist ig tma thjas itmar tirfmas fiucd

oa saae, tmriulm tma jhst, he tma dhstbefa. \mae tma pbtm brrhvad

bt b frissribds, b sajhfhrfucbr chea ig acaftrhf tab chlmts wbs cbhe iut

ti hedhfbta tma riuta. Bt rbedij hetarvbcs sjbcc fcustars ig sajh-

trbespbraet obls, whtm acaftrhf tab chlmts he tmaj, wara pcbfadoashdas tma pbtms gir dafirbthie. Jucthficiurad hedustrhbc chlmts

hccujhebtad fartbhe traas bs wacc bs tma pbrty-taets tmbt fivarad tma

cifbthies gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie. Bt tmasa pcbfas ghra obskats,

fbedcas bed tirfmas bcsi privhdad axtrb chlmt bed wbrjtm. Dua ti

tma icd traas, tma whedhel pbtms, tma befhaehty ig tma fajatary htsacg,

bed ig fiursa tma jhst, tma btjispmara wbs quhta trbequhc bed avae

sijawmbt jystarhius. Tma gbft tmbt tma riuta ghrst cad pbst b

wijbe pcbyhel b mbrp bed tmae ti wiidae cattars spacchel tma wird

Marheearhel, ie wmhfm savarbc paipca mbd pcbfad sjbcc fbedcas,

?1 Tma vhsht wbs jbda ie Tuasdby tma 4tm ig Eivajoar, ?>>=.




Ghl. 2?0 Jbp mbedad iut bt Bccarzhacae Bcij he Bpacdiire ?>>=.

Ghl. 260 Mbelhel up _hooies he Bpacdiire. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oyHdb vbe dar Caa (?>>=).




iecy bddad ti tmhs jiid. Grij tmhs pihet ti tma pcbfa wmara tma

gciwar oucos fiucd oa pcbetad b smirt fut wbs pisshoca, bed

bctmiulm b gaefa wbs put up ti hedhfbta tmbt tma riuta waet pbst ht,

ht wbs eit hccujhebtad bed cbrlacy hleirad. \mhca H stiid ciikhel oy,

b jhddca-blad fiupca pcbetad b gciwar ouco bed gcbl oy tma furvy

firds cbhe iut tmara ti hedhfbta tma pripar cifbthie. Ti mhj, sma

stbtad tmbt ht wiucd oa hjpisshoca ti axpcbhe ti beyoidy wmbt tma

avaehel wbs chka bed ma blraad tmbt iea wiucd mbva ti mbva saae ht,

bctmiulm eaxt yabr paipca fiucd saa tma gciwars. Vma tmae wiedarad

hg tma parsie tmay mbd cist fiucd saa tmaj, ti wmhfm ma rapchad tmbt

ma daghehtacy tmiulmt si. Fijhel oy b jbe pcbyhel b Thoatbe siued

oiwc, jist paipca stippad ti chstae gir b jijaet, oagira lihel ie

tiwbrds tma Muhs vbe Oazheehel?7, b stbed dafirbtad oy tma piat

_ioart Cb Oirasb, wmi wbs rafhthel smirt piajs boiut wbhthel bed

boiut mbvhel ti ciik gir wirds. Durhel tmasa rafhtbthies ma jbda

usa ig vbrhius prips sufm bs b tboca whtm rad whea bed wmhta orabd

ir wirds ie sjbcc pcbsthf dhsks tmbt ma fiucd mbed iut. Jabewmhca

b gbjhcy fbja oy, fbrryhel savarbc obls bed avae b wmhta oufkat, he

sabrfm ig pbrthfucbr lrbvas. \mae H wbckad ti tma Vthctapcak?< b

wmhca cbtar, H sbw tmay mbd giued tmaj bed wara ousy pcbfhel chlmts

ie tmaj he b jbeear tmbt wbs acboirbtacy dhsfussad. Bt tma

Vthctapcak htsacg, tma vicuetaar wirkhel tmara wbs dhsfusshel tma

avaehel whtm iea ig tma vhshtirs, wmhca bdvhshel itmars ti chlmt up b

tab chlmt bed pcbfa ht ie iea ig tma wiidae stuos. Oashdas tmawiidae stuos, tma fmbhrs mbd bcsi oaae fcbhjad oy tmasa chlmts

bcrabdy, si tmbt eioidy fiucd bftubccy sht ie tmaj. _aturehel obfk

ti tma riuta grij tma Vthctapcak, tma eaxt cifbthie gir ficcafthva

fijjajirbthie wbs cifbtad sijawmbt ig tma jbhe pbtm, bctmiulm

tma ebjas oahel suel tmara, curad paipca ti ht beywby. Mara, tma

fhrfca ig chlmt mbd oaae suosthtutad oy b ghra obskat bed tma ourehel

ig tma ebja wbs jaethiead iecy bs be ipthie. Cbtar, Bcheda Wrich`k,

wmi wbs iea ig tmasa shelars, ticd ja tmbt graquaetcy tmay jbda up

b ebja ti shel wmae tmay sbw hccujhebtad obls fija oy he tmadhstbefa, si tmbt paipca wiucd keiw tmay wara tmara. Gurtmar diwe

tma riuta b chea wbs muel oatwaae twi traas bed paipca fiucd

fmiisa b ficiurad rhooie ti wrhta b ebja ir jassbla ie, wmhfm

tmay tmae mbd ti mbel ie tma chea ti lhva ht ti tma whed, bs tma

wijbe stbedhel oy ht fbccad ht (saa ghlura 26). Marabgtar tma riuta

cad ti tma Licg vbe Marheearhel?=, wmhfm fieshstad ig b ciel obeds

ig ocua gborhf, cbhe iut he sufm b wby bs ti sullast wbvas. Mara

?7 Jabehel Miusa ig Fietajpcbthie.?< Jabehel ^cbfa ig Vhcaefa.?= Jabehel \bva ig _ajajorbefa.




paipca fiucd fmiisa be io`aft, bs whtm tma Marheeardhelae, bed

pcbfa ht, tilatmar whtm b sjbcc jassbla ie tma gborhf (saa ghlura 24).

Hetarasthelcy, avae tmiulm tma obed wbs jbey jatars ciel, iecy tma

ghrst gaw jatars wara oahel usad oy paipca. Fcisa oy savarbc gbjhchas

wara dafirbthel lrbvas whtm fbedcas bed gciwars, tma fmhcdrae tmbt

wara prasaet oahel bfthvacy hevicvad. Ghebccy, fijhel obfk ti tma

aetrbefa, jbey ig tma vhshtirs wara stbedhel briued drhekhel sija

figgaa ir tab, bs tma fmificbta jhck mbd bcrabdy oaae ghehsmad, bed

dhsfusshel tma avaehel.

6.1 Bccarzhacae Bcij he Fbstrhfuj

Bgtar mbvhel hetridufad jysacg ti Jbrheb vbe dar \bc ae _bcdh

Oaaet`as?8, tmhs yabr‘s irlbehsars, H wbs hjjadhbtacy lhvae tma tbsk

ti macp chlmt tma tirfmas tmbt wara bcrabdy pcbfad bciel bcc ig tma

pbtms ig tma Iedarcbels fajatary. \bckhel briued, H sbw tmbt he

bddhthie ti tmasa tirfmas, hedustrhbc chlmts mbd oaae put up ti

hccujhebta tma traas bs wacc bs tma vbrhius cifbthies gir ficcafthva

fijjajirbthie. Vija ig tma tirfmas wara dhgghfuct ti chlmt up, bs

tma avaehel wbs vary jihst, whtm b oht ig b drhzzca. Jbey ig tma

lrbvas bcrabdy mbd ourehel fbedcas ie tmaj bed iea avae mbd shx

ourehel tirfmas. Iea gbjhcy, fieshsthel ig b lrbedjitmar, mar

dbulmtar bed musobed bed tmahr yiuel sie bed dbulmtar, wbsousy chlmthel tirfmas ie abfm shda ig tma stiea, rabrrbelhel b chlmt

strhel ie tma sjbcc madla skhrthel tma lrbva bed chlmthel fbedcas he

tma lcbss `brs mbelhel grij b eabroy traa. \mae H tbckad ti tmaj

tmay ticd ja tma lrbva wbs ig tma wijbe‘s yiuelar oritmar bed tmbt

tmay mbd bcrabdy put avarytmhel he hts pcbfa he tma bgtareiie bed

wara eiw chlmthel ht bcc up. Tma sjbcc lcbss `brs ie tma lrbva htsacg

mbd oaae dafirbtad oy tma fmhcdrae oy lcuhel ficiurad sehppats ig

pbpar ie tmaj., tma cbrlast iea avae sbhd uefca ie ht. Vma ticd ja

tmbt jira paipca mbd dafirbtad tma lrbvas tmbe tma yabr oagira, outtmay mbd diea si bs wacc cbst yabr, bctmiulm he b dhggaraet jbeear.

Vhtthel oy tma aetrbefa, bgtar bcc tirfmas mbd oaae chlmtad, H eithfad

tmbt tma btjispmara wbs vary dhggaraet. Twi yiuel cbdhas drassad he

wmhta smaats wara putthel jucthficiurad lciw sthfks briued paipca‘s

brjs, wmhca b jbe pcbyad tma trujpat bffijpbehad oy twi fmhcdrae

whtm parfusshie hestrujaets. Bs tma twi yiuel wijae wara

bppbraetcy wacc keiwe bed tma putthel ie ig tma lciw sthfks waet

eiea ti quhfk, tmara wara quhta be bjiuet ig paipca wbhthel,

aetmushbsthfbccy fievarshel whtm grhaeds bed gbjhcy. Bjiel tmaj

?8 Tma vhsht wbs jbda ie \adeasdby tma 1 tm ig Eivajoar, ?>>=.




Ghl. 240 Licg vbe Marheearhel he Bpacdiire. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy Hdb vbe

dar Caa (?>>=).

Ghl. 210 Marheeardhelae he Fbstrhfuj. ^mitilrbpm tbkae oy Hdb vbe dar

Caa (?>>=)




wara jufm jira yiuel paipca bed fmhcdrae tmbe bt tma itmar

cifbthies, obrrhel parmbps Bjstardbj. Iefa he, paipca fiucd bed

dhd li ti oitm tma cagt bed tma rhlmt, bs tmara wbs ei ghxad riuta bed

tma cifbthies gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie wara sprabd iut ivar tma

fajatary. Vavarbc ig tmasa mbva ig fiursa bcrabdy oaae jaethiead he

tma hetridufthie sufm bs tma jassblas tmbt fiucd oa muel he iea ig

twi yiuel pittad traas bed tma pcbethel ig gciwar oucos gir wmhfm b

wmica sthcc vbfbet cit ig tma fajatary‘s eaw safthie wbs bvbhcboca,

bctmiulm jist taedad ti pcbet tmahr ouco bed gcbl ie tma adlas

beywby. Cbtar ie he tma avaehel tma twi wmhtacy fcbd vicuetaars

stbedhel oy tmhs pist ticd ja tmay mbd tma gaachel jist paipca dhd

eit keiw tmay wara tmara, axfapt wmae tma fmihr fbja oy ti shel bt

tma ficujobrhuj. Bt tma pied, wmhfm wbs fcisa oy, b wijbe wbs

shelhel ti b Thoatbe siued oiwc, wmhca be acdarcy cbdy wbs mbedhel

iut sjbcc wiidae dhsks bed riuedad stieas ie wmhfm paipca fiucd

wrhta b jassbla ir drbw sijatmhel. Vma ticd ja tmbt sma mbde‘t

oaae ti tma facaorbthies cbst yabr out mbd mabrd ehfa stirhas si

wmae tma bdvarthsajaet fbja up gir tmhs yabr sma vicuetaarad ti

macp. Vma bcsi axpcbhead ti ja tmbt mar hdab mbd oaae hesphrad oy

tma gbft tmbt tma hek ig drbwhels pcbfad ie lrbvas igtae rues out

tmbt sma ticd paipca ti whtm tma dhsks bs tmay pcabsad. Vija ig tmaj

mbd bcrabdy oaae pcbfad bt b cbrla stiea stbedhel oy tma pied,

wmhca itmars mbd dafhdad ti oure tma dhsk hestabd. B varshie ig tma

Marheeardhelae wbs bcsi prasaet, whtm tma io`afts pcbfad ie bfbrrhar fyfca bed b eabroy tboca (saa ghlura 21). Tma io`afts fiucd

eit oa put ie dhspcby miwavar, eir fiucd jassblas oa wrhttae, bed

bctmiulm stirhas sthcc fbja up, paipca taedad ti stby gir b jufm

smirtar thja, priobocy oafbusa tmay mbd eitmhel ti wrhta ir rabd.

Fcisa oy tmara wbs bcsi b stbed wmara b jbe wbs lhvhel b wirksmip

he pbhethel bed jbkhel piatry, wmhfm wbs aspafhbccy pipucbr whtm

yiuel fmhcdrae. Bt tma piatry-diirs dasfrhoad he tma hetridufthie, b

jbe wbs pcbyhel b luhtbr wmhca paipca wbckad he oatwaae tma diirs

ti rabd tma piaj ir stiid oy iea ig tma ghra obskats ti tbck tigrhaeds ir gbjhcy. Ghebccy, bt tma faetra ig tma lrbvaybrd, riij wbs

jbda ti drhek mit whea ir fmificbta bed sht ie mby obcas. Mara, b

chlmt stbed wbs bcsi cifbtad.

Tma ohllast dhsthefthie whtm tma itmar facaorbthies wbs tma

bjiuet ig wirk tmbt mbd liea heti tma dafirbthie ig tma lrbvas.

Tmhs rbelad grij acboirbtacy chlmthel tma lrbva whtm fbedcas,

tirfmas bed tab chlmts brrbelad heti smbpas sufm bs b mabrt ti

fieghsfbthel eabroy oaefmas ti smbra giid bed drhek whtm itmars

fijhel oy bed grij mbelhel ebjas ir phfturas he sjbcc traas putie tma lrbva ti b jbe jbhetbhehel tmraa ghras eabr tma sjbcc




ficujobrhuj he wmhfm mhs whga mbd oaae pcbfad. ^aipca bcsi vhshtad

tma lrbvas ig itmars ahtmar ti tbck whtm tma oarabvad ir ti dhsfuss

tma wby ht mbd oaae dafirbtad. Vija lrbvas wara avae jira

bouedbetcy dafirbtad, sufm bs tmbt ig b taaebla lhrc tmbt mbd

rafaetcy dhad he be bffhdaet. Mar jitmar mbd frabtad tma hccushie ig

b giur-pistar-oad whtm tma usa ig sija phek fcitm, wmhca mar phftura

he b phek grbja wbs pcbfad ie b sjbcc dbhs tilatmar whtm sija

fbedcas dafirbtad whtm outtargchas bed sija licdae eafkcbfas. Bt

tma aed ig tma avaehel H spika ti tma wijbe bs sma wbs `ust

fcabehel up tma fiikhas tmbt mbd oaae pcbfad ie b sjbcc tboca

eabroy bed sma ticd ja tmbt tma avaehel mbd diea mar liid bed

tmbt sma wiucd cabva tma fbedcas ourehel bs sma fiucd eit oabr tma

hdab ig cabvhel mar oamhed he tma dbrk. Beitmar lrbva mbd oaae

trbesgirjad heti b whetar cbedsfbpa oy twi shstars ti fijjajirbta

tmahr pbraets wmi mbd jat ie be hfa skbthel trbfk. Marati tmay mbd

usad b wmhta phafa ig fcitm ti jbka tma trbfk bed mbd muel wmhta

pbpar hfa stbrs, fittie oiwcs bed smiwar puggs grij tma

surriuedhel traas. Tmay sarvad tmahr pbraets‘ gbviurhta drheks bed

tma jushf tmay usad ti skbtad ti pcbyad he tma obfklriued. Tma

spaftbfca trhllarad jbey paipca ti bsk tmaj gir be axpcbebthie bed

tmay wara he fievarsbthie tmriulmiut tma avaehel. \mae H tbckad ti

tmaj, sija gbjhcy jajoars fbja oy ti orhel tmaj be

bppriprhbtacy wmhta fbedca bed tacc tmaj ig tma rast ig tma fajatary

bs tmay dhde‘t mbva tma ippirtuehty ti saa gir tmajsacvas yat. Iea igtma lrbvas tmay jaethiead wbs tmbt ig b gbtmar wmi mbd rafaetcy

dhad, bed he bosaefa ig b tijostiea, mhs yiuel sie mbd spaccad mhs

ebja he tab chlmts. Cbtar H cabread grij Jbrheb tmbt tma oiy mbd

ragusad ti cabva tma lrbva uethc bcc tma fbedcas mbd ouread iut. Bt

tma eawast lrbva ig tma fajatary, tmraa grhaeds ig tma dafabsad

wijbe wara tryhel ti cat up b Tmbh Vky Cbetare. \mae H fbja oy ti

macp tmaj, ht oafbja bppbraet tmbt tmay mbde‘t rabccy saae tma rast

ig tma fajatary ahtmar, bs iea ig tmaj fijpcbhead tmbt cbst yabr wbs

jira syjoichf bed brthsthf bed mbd hevicvad sufm tmhels bs tmaMarheeardhelae bed tma pcbethel ig gciwar oucos. He b shjhcbr vahe H

ivarmabrd jbey paipca fijjaet ie tma bosaefa ig fartbhe gabturas,

sufm bs tma Gcibthel Chlmts, bffass ti tma dueas bed tma prasaefa

ig hccujhebtad pbpar obls.

6.7 Dhsfusshie bed Bebcyshs

\mae wbethel ti bebcysa tma dasfrhpthies ig tma ghvafacaorbthies lhvae boiva, iea aetars heti b jurky bed fiegushel




wao ig hetarracbtad gbftirs tmbt bra bcc ig hegcuaefa ie tma smbpa bed

jiid ig tma facaorbthies. Tmasa rbela grij tma avaehel‘s wabtmar ti

tma smbpa ig tma cifbthie bed wmhfm pbrts ig ht wara usad bed he

wmbt jbeear, bed grij tma typa ig bfthvhthas tmbt wara jbda

pisshoca ti tma bjiuet bed typas ig paipca hevicvad oitm ie tma

irlbehshel bs ie tma vhshthel shda. Miwavar, oy ciikhel bt tma

vbrhius bggirdbefas ig tma ioàfts hevicvad, b wby jhlmt oa giued

tmriulm tmbt fijpchfbtad wao si tmbt bt tma vary cabst tmahr pishthie

he ht fbe oa jbda sijawmbt fcabrar. Marati, sija axbjpcas whcc oa

tbkae grij tma boiva, ti ciik bt tma syjoichf, rafurshva,

fijjuehfbthva bed pargirjbthva bggirdbefas ig tmasa ioàfts6>.

Iea axbjpca fiucd oa tma hccujhebtad pbpar obls tmbt wara

mbedad iut bt tma aetrbefa he Lriehelae bed Bpacdiire. Iea tmhel

tmasa pbpar obls bggirdad wbs vhshohchty, bctmiulm eit si jufm ig b

parsie‘s surriuedhels, tma chlmt wbs tii sigt gir tmbt, out ig tma

parsie htsacg, chka whtm tma shelars he Bpacdiire wmi stbrtad shelhel

bs siie bs tmay sbw obls he tma dhstbefa. Tmriulm bftubccy fbrryhel

tma obls, hedhvhdubcs fijjuehfbtad oitm tmahr pbrthfhpbthie he tma

avaehel bed tmahr syjoichf chek ti uekeiwe itmars tmbt chka tmaj

fbrrhad sufm b obl, oafbusa tma bft ig wbckhel wbs eiw grbjad heti

tma bft ig wbckhel bgtar itmars bed he griet ig yat itmars. Tmhs

prifasshie ig chlmts mbs ig fiursa b rafurshvacy Fmrhsthbe bspaft ti

ht, wmhfm hs avae fcabrar gir tma fbedcas mbedad iut he Bjstardbj.

Tma cbttar, bctmiulm racbtad ti tma hccujhebtad obls, bcsi mbva itmarrhtubc bggirdbefas bs tmay fiucd eit iecy oa fbrrhad, out bcsi bggird

tma pargirjbthva bft ig pcbfhel. \mae tmhs hs diea ie b lrbva, tmhs

pargirjbefa fijjuehfbtas b chek oatwaae tma oarabvad bed tma

dafabsad bed he dihel si jbhetbhe tmhs oied whtmiut lihel mbvhel

ti axpchfhtcy ùsthgy ht. Out wmae tma fbedcas bra pcbfad he gciwar

tuos bt tma axht tmay blbhe fijjuehfbta tma fijhel tilatmar ig

hedhvhdubcs rafurshvacy syjoichsad oy tma hedhvhdubc fbedcas. Tmbt

tma fbrryhel ig pbpar obls fbe vary quhfkcy oafija rafurshva bs

wacc miwavar hs avhdaet grij tma stbtajaets he Fbstrhfuj boiuttmahr bosaefa.

He bddhthie ti fbrryhel chlmts, paipca wara bcsi gicciwhel tma

tirfmas bed cbetares hedhfbthel b riuta tmriulm tma dbrk. Bctmiulm

tmhs jhlmt saaj ig chttca fiesaquaefa he tarjs ig rhtubc bggirdbefas,

ht hs tmriulm tmahr hccujhebthie tmbt paipca bra luhdad grij iea spit

gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie ti tma itmar. Tmay tmaraoy macp

bfthvbta tma bggirdbefas ig tma ioàfts he tmasa cifbthies, wmhfm

6> Grij tma boiva dasfrhpthies eujarius itmar axbjpcas fiucd oa bebcysad tifija ti riulmcy tma sbja fiefcushies, out gir tma sbka ig oravhty tmasa mbva eit

oaae hefcudad.




wiucd itmarwhsa lat hleirad. Tmbt tmhs hs b jbttar ig fietrbst wbs

fcabr he Fbstrhfuj wmara tma pcbethel ig tma gciwar oucos lit cass

bttaethie bs paipca wara eit cad ti tmaj. Tmriulm tma frabthie ig

fietrbst, tma chlmts bcsi fijjuehfbta wmhfm brabs bra fijjuebc

bed wmhfm bra prhvbta. Ti li ti tma cbttar, iea chtarbccy mbs ti orhel

chlmt heti tma dbrkeass, tmaraoy bddhel b mhlmcy rafurshva chlmt-dbrk

syjoichsj ti tma boiva bccudad ti pargirjbthva bft ig pcbfhel

fbedcas ie b lrbva.

Tma Gcibthel Chlmts hs be hetarasthel axbjpca bs wacc oafbusa ht

dajiestrbtas miw rhtubc bspafts bra bftubccy eit tma rasuct ig

hedhvhdubc bggirdbefas, out ig be hetarpcby ig bggirdbefas. Mara wa

mbva wbtar tmbt bggirds gcibthel ti b pcbsthf fup wmhfm bggirds

fbrryhel ti b fbedca wmhfm bggirds vhshohchty ti ficiurad pbpar tmbt

bggirds rafilehthie oy b vhshtir. Vhefa tma pbpar bcsi bggirdad wrhthel

bed tmus fijjuehfbthie whtm tma dafabsad, tmhs racbthie hs abshcy

trbesgirjad heti b syjoichf hdaethghfbthie oatwaae tma dafabsad

bed tma Gcibthel Chlmt. Fiesaquaethbccy tma bfthie ig pcbfhel ht he

tma wbtar hs grbjad bs tma syjoichf bft ig catthel sijaoidy li,

bctmiulm tma suosaquaet ìhehel up whtm itmar sufm chlmts hjpchfhtcy

fijjuehfbtas b eaw fijhel tilatmar. Bt tma obshs ig tma

syjoichsj fijjuehfbtad mara bra tma bggirdbefas ig vbrhius

ioàfts, ir ti put ht jira prafhsacy, he pargirjhel tmhs syjoichf bft,

tmasa bggirdbefas bra bftad upie. He irdar gir tmaj ti oa bftad

upie, miwavar, tmay just ghrst oa parfahvad. Tmhs fbe oa bs shjpcabs saahel itmars di sijatmhel, chka whtm tma pcbethel ig gciwar oucos

he Lriehelae bed he Bcpmae bbe dae _hè, ir ùst saahel tma aggafts

ig tmasa abrchar bfthies bs whtm tma Marheeardhelae he Bpacdiire

bed Lriehelae, out cass si he Fbstrhfuj. Gir itmar bggirdbefas

jira luhdbefa wbs eaadad, chka whtm tma shelhel ig tma ebjas ir

pisshocy whtm sija ig tma ficcafthva fijjajirbthies he Bcpmae bbe

dae _hè. ârfapthie hs ig fiursa strielcy racbtad ti tma dalraa he

wmhfm bfthies, ir jbyoa jira priparcy tma ioàfts hevicvad he tmaj,

bra rafurshva. Tma gbft tmbt fbedcas bggird chlmthel ir tmbt gciwaroucos bggird pcbethel hs rabdhcy parfahvad oafbusa tmasa bfts mbva

oaae diea oagira. He itmar fbsas, sufm bs tma Gcibthel Chlmts,

miwavar, ht hs tma gbft tmbt tma bfthel upie sija bggirdbefas cabvas

rafilehsboca trbfas wmhfm trhllar parfapthie bed pisshocy hjhtbthie.

He sujjbry tmae ht fiucd oa sbhd tmbt tma rafurshva bggirdbefas

ig jbtarhbc fuctura usad he tmasa axbjpcas gbfhchtbtad tma parfapthie

ig fartbhe pargirjbthva bggirdbefas, tmbt wmae bftad upie cad ti

syjoichf hetarpratbthies ig jassblas oahel fijjuehfbtad. Vavarbc

fijjaets bra fbccad gir ralbrdhel abfm ig tmasa pihets miwavar.Ghrst ht mbs ti oa pihetad iut tmbt wmae tma rafurshva bggirdbefas ig




be io`aft bra eit, ir eit yat, sugghfhaetcy bvbhcboca, tma rasucthel cbfk

ig parfapthie ig hts racavbet bggirdbefas fbe oa fijpaesbtad gir oy

aembefhel parfapthie he itmar wbys, sufm bs whtm tma fietrbst

oatwaae chlmt bed dbrk dhsfussad boiva, ir ig fiursa tma prasaefa

ig paipca pihethel tmasa bggirdbefas iut. Bddhthiebccy, ht hs

hjpirtbet ti eita tmbt iecy fartbhe bggirdbefas ig bcc tmisa tmbt fbe

oa bftad upie, smiucd bcsi oa bftad upie he b rhtubc satthel, bed ht

hs tmriulm tmhs sacafthie ig rhtubccy racavbet bggirdbefas tmbt bfthie

fbe oafija grbjad pargirjbefa. Miwavar, parfahvhel bed bfthel

upie tma racavbet pargirjbthva bggirdbefas dias eit dhftbta tma

syjoichf hetarpratbthies tmbt paipca jbka, b pihet jbda oagira

wmae tbckhel boiut parsiebc syjoichsj bed tma racbthiebchty ig

bggirdbefas. Bs sufm tma chlmthel ig axbftcy tma sbja typa ig tab

chlmts mbd tma syjoichf bggirdbefa ig eit cabvhel iea‘s dbulmtar

oamhed he tma dbrk ti iea parsie, wmhca tmay mbd tma bggirdbefa ig

saahel tma ebja ig iea‘s gbtmar sciwcy oure iut, ti beitmar. Oashdas

bggirdbefas oahel racbthiebc bed tmus dapaedaet ie tma parsie

hevicvad, tmara bra bcsi axtarebc gbftirs ig hegcuaefa, sufm bs tma

whed tajpirbrhcy eit ociwhel Gcibthel Chlmts tiwbrds tma itmars.

Tma ajarlhel aggafts ig tmasa racbthiebc bed fietaxtubc hegcuaefas

ie tma typas ig jassblas tmbt bra oahel parfahvad hs avhdaet grij

tmbt sbja axbjpca, whtm tma fijhel tilatmar ig tma Gcibthel Chlmts

hjpchfhtcy orhelhel girtm tma fbeiehfbc hjbla ig tma fijhel tilatmar

ig tma siucs, bed tma cbfk ig tmhs tbkhel pcbfa oahel hetarpratad bs bjira sacg ragaraethbc jassbla boiut tmbt pbrthfucbr hedhvhdubc.

Bctmiulm ht whcc oy eiw oa fcabr tmbt tma bggirdbefas ig io`afts

bra ig hegcuaefa ie tma rhtubc aggafts ig tma Bccarzhacae Bcij

facaorbthies, tmhs dias eit beswar tma prhjbry quasthie ig wmbt

pbrt tmasa bggirdbefas pcby he tma ielihel davacipjaet ig

Bccarzhacae Bcij, tmhs hssua whcc tmaragira oa jira fcisacy

hevasthlbtad he tma eaxt fmbptar.



Fmbptar Giur0

Davaciphel Bccarzhacae Bcij

Bs jaethiead he tma hetridufthie, shxtaae Bccarzhacae Bcij

avaehels, ir mhstirhfbccy racbtad facaorbthies, bra pcbeead gir ?>>8.Giur bra eaw facaorbthies irlbehsad oy Wbe dar Caa bed mar

Bccarzhacae Bcij giuedbthie, ebjacy tmisa he Lrbgt-Da _h`p, Adbj,

Wacsae bed \astzbbe, twi eaw facaorbthies bra irlbehsad oy

Vfmbttae vbe Orbobet62 he \bbcwh`k ae Oarlae ip Piij, twi bra

eaw hehthbthvas, ebjacy tmisa he Dirdrafmt bed Wcbbrdhelae, wmhca

tma itmar ahlmt bra rafurrhel facaorbthies, ahtmar uedar tma

Bccarzhacae Bcij ebja ir beitmar, oahel Bjstardbj H@ourl, Bcpmae

bbe dae _hè, Bpacdiire, Fbstrhfuj, Caauwbrdae, Vfmblae,

\hesfmitae bed ig fiursa Da Ehauwa Iistar (Wbe dar Caa ?>><0\bt-Ietwhkkachelae ?>>1-?>>8). Ti ghed iut miw tma irlbehsars ig

tmasa facaorbthies racbta ti tma ioàfts tmay usa, hetarvhaws wara

fieduftad whtm tmisa ig tma facaorbthies vhshtad he ?>>=. Bs tmasa

hetarvhaws wara macd he tma sujjar ig ?>>8, bed tmus he oatwaae

facaorbthies, tmhs wbs tbkae bs be ippirtuehty ti ragcaft obfk upie

tma jbtarhbc fuctura usad he ?>>=, ti hequhra boiut tma pcbes gir

?>>8. Tmhs bcsi privhdad tma fcabr gifus tmbt hs eaadad he tmhs typa

ig sajh-strufturad hetarvhaws. Grij abfm ig tma hetarvhaws, iea

tmaja tmbt ajarlad grij tma fievarsbthies boiut ioàfts bed

davacipjaet, mbs oaae fmisae bed hs prasaetad oaciw.

4.2 Bcpmae bbe dae _hè0 Jbhetbhehel tma Hehthbthva6?

\mae Madh Malajbe, wmi studhad oitm brt mhstiry bed

tmaicily, ghrst aefiuetarad Wbe dar Caa‘s oiikcat, sma tmiulmt tmbt

Bccarzhacae Bcij jhlmt oa b liid wby ig fbcchel eaw bttaethie ti mar

62 Jabehel0 Trabsuras ig Orbobet, b giuedbthie ig tma ^rivhefa ig Eiird-Orbobet.6? Tma gicciwhel hs obsad ie be hetarvhaw whtm Madh Malajbe ie >2-><->8.




iwe prhvbta fijpbey gir rhtubc luhdbefa ebjad Kbhris _htuacae

bgtar mbvhel oaae iut ig tma rueehel dua ti b orbhe hegbrft. Tma hdab

wbs eit, miwavar, ti mbva tma facaorbthie oa b iea thja tmhel, bed

sma wbs tmaragira vary mbppy tmbt cbst yabr‘s rafapthie wbs liid

aeiulm tmbt tmhs yabr sma fbe eit fiuet `ust ie tma guearbry

fijpbey tmbt suppirtad mar cbst yabr, out bcsi ie tma itmar ieas

tmbt wirk he tma tiwe. Dasphta tmhs pishthva rafapthie he cifbc

eawspbpars bs wacc bs tma survays tmbt wara mbedad iut, Madh hs

fievhefad tmbt tmara hs sthcc b cit ti oa cabread grij cbst yabr‘s

facaorbthie bed tma survay jaethiead he fmbptar tmraa wbs b liid

luhdachea gir tmbt. Iea ig tma tmhels fijhel iut ig tmbt survay wbs

tmbt tma ficcafthva axpcbebthie bt tma oalheehel wbs eit raquhrad,

bed tma gifus eaxt yabr whcc tmaragira oa jira ie `ust privhdhel

ippirtuehthas gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie. Bs mar jbhe libc hs

privhdhel ipthies, sma dias eit wbet tii strhft b struftura,

bctmiulm sma dias wbet ti lhva jira spbfa, bed pby jira bttaethie

ti tma pcbfhel ig abfm pisshohchty gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie si

tmbt tmay whcc jira fcabrcy vhshoca. Tmara bra ei eaw ipthies gir

ficcafthva fijjajirbthies oahel pcbeead, bctmiulm dua ti pipucbr

dajbed he tma survays tmara hs lihel ti oa jira ippirtuehty gir

chstaehel ti jushf tilatmar bs wacc bs gir smbrhel drheks bed gir

tbckhel whtm abfm itmar. Vma dias eit tmhek ht‘s b liid hdab ti pcbfa

jira oaefmas ir mby obcas ti sht ie, bs wbs bcsi raquastad, bs tmbt

wiucd priobocy jbka tma btjispmara cass hegirjbc. Tma cbearueehel grij tma figgaa ouhcdhel ti tma jajirhbc fhrfca, whcc bcsi oa

tma jbhe bxhs blbhe, bctmiulm savarbc eaw safthies sufm bs tma ure

lbrdae whcc bcsi oa hccujhebtad. Tma bvbhcbohchty ig tma figgaa

ouhcdhel hs bcsi hjpirtbet bs b sbga mbvae gir wmae ht wiucd rbhe

bed tma eirjbc pcbes fiucd eit li tmriulm. Bctmiulm sma wiucd

try, he sufm b fbsa, ti sthjucbta tma vhshtirs ti bt cabst vhsht tma

lrbvas bed jbyoa put up b pbrty taet iutshda. Dasphta sija

rabfthie, tma lbta hs lihel ti oa fcisad blbhe, ti aembefa tma gaachel

ig tilatmareass, bctmiulm sma hs fieshdarhel ipthies ti hefcuda tmabrab iutshda ig tma lbta heti tma facaorbthie, jbyoa oy mbvhel b

fmihr shel tmara ir bskhel b cifbc brthst ti dashle chlmts tmbt fbe

gcibt he tma pied eaxt ti tma aetrbefa, eitmhel hetarbfthva tmiulm,

bs tmbt oaciels heshda. Tma pcbe, he bey fbsa, hs ti hevicva cifbc

brthst irlbehsbthies jira tmbe tma twi stbtuas tmbt wara dhspcbyad

cbst yabr. Tmasa wara bcsi eit vary vhshoca oafbusa tma brthst mbd eit

wbetad Madh ti hccujhebta tmaj tii strielcy. _albrdhel sufm

dhggaraefas he iphehie Madh strassas tmbt sma bs b rhtubc luhda eaads

ti jbhetbhe fietric ivar tmhels bs sma mbs tma eaadad axparthsa tiorhel paipca tilatmar ti smbra tmahr axparhaefas. Tmhs sbja pihet



DAWACI^HEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ 76

bcsi fijas up ralbrdhel tma guearbc fijpbehas. Jieutb, tma

fijpbey suppirthel mar cbst yabr mbd macpad mar whtm bfquhrhel

chfaesas bed iotbhehel tma 4>> lrbva fbedcas usad ti hccujhebta tma

pbtms. \htm jira fijpbehas oahel hevicvad tmhs yabr, miwavar, sma

hs bgrbhd tmbt chjhthel tmahr hegcuaefa ti sufm prbfthfbc jbttars

jhlmt oafija jira dhgghfuct. Iea ig tma hssuas tmbt sma bcsi wbets

ti lubrd hs tma rachlhius eautrbchty ig tma cifbthie, bed sma wbs

tmaragira eiea ti mbppy tmbt tma juehfhpbchty mbs lhvae b rafurrhel

chfaesa gir tma bftubc Bcc Viucs‘ Dby hestabd ig tma raquastad ghrst

Vbturdby ig Eivajoar. \bethel ti pritaft tma fietheuhty ig mar

hehthbthva dias eit miwavar jabe tmbt Madh hs eit sthcc ciikhel gir

oattar wbys ig dihel bed ushel tmhels, bs whcc oa fcabr grij tma

boiva, bed avae jira hjpirtbetcy, sma pihets iut tmbt eit avary

yabr fbe ir avae smiucd oa tma sbja.

4.? Bpacdiire0 Cifbc Bdbptbthie66

Chka Madh, Bcheda Wrich`k tiik tma hehthbthva ti irlbehsa be

Bccarzhacae Bcij facaorbthie bgtar aefiuetarhel Wbe dar Caa‘s

oiikcat. Oahel b rhtubc luhda bed b shelhel padblilua marsacg, sma

dafhdad ti irlbehsa tma avaet tilatmar whtm Jbrhb da Lraag, b

jiurehel fiuesaccir wmi tmae sthcc rbe b guearbc fijpbey, bed

Jhr`bj @besae, iwear ig b sphrhtubc smip. Tma fiiparbthie mbd oaaesjiitm bed oaeaghfhbc bs abfm mbd tmahr iwe cheas ig hegcuaefa,

bctmiulm tmhs yabr b giurtm wijbe, Lrhatà Warjaar, b jiurehel

fiuesaccir bed sifhbc wirkar, whcc ìhe tmaj bs tma wirk mbd oaae b

oht tii jufm cbst yabr, aspafhbccy bs tma libc hs ti sat b traed tmbt

fbe oa mbedad ivar ti itmars he b fiupca ig yabrs. Tma Viaraesawal

fajatary mbd oaae fmisae oafbusa ht‘s b juehfhpbc jieujaet whtm

liid bffasshohchty. Tma juehfhpbchty bcsi suppirtad tma priàft

ghebefhbccy bs wacc bs tmriulm sija jbepiwar. Tma fajatary htsacg

hs bcsi tma jbhe siurfa ig hesphrbthie gir tma girj ig tma facaorbthiebed ùst twi dbys oagira tma hetarvhaw, Bcheda bed tma itmars mbd

oaae wbckhel ivar ht ti lat hdabs gir tmhs yabr. Bs tmay mbd bcrabdy

dafhdad ti caeltmae tma facaorbthie whtm be miur, tma riuta mbd ti

oa jbda cielar bs wacc. Miwavar, tma iea eiw frabtad hs eit tma

daghehta iea yat, bs tmay whcc fija obfk ti tma fajatary he

Vaptajoar tilatmar whtm tma fijpbey tmbt mbd privhdad tma acaftrhf

chlmthel cbst yabr, bs tmasa jae mbva beitmar wby ig ciikhel bt

tmhels, aspafhbccy eiw tmay keiw wmbt ti axpaft. \bckhel briued

tmay mbd bcsi dafhdad tmbt uechka cbst yabr bcc tma tirfmas whcc oa

66 Tma gicciwhel hs obsad ie be hetarvhaw whtm Bcheda Wrich`k ie >6-><->8.




put ie tma cagt shda ig tma riuta tmhs yabr, ti aembefa fcbrhty. Tma

Vthctapcak whcc eit oa fietheuad tmhs yabr, oitm oafbusa tma whed

kapt ociwhel iut tma fbedcas bed oafbusa tma fiefapt mbde‘t rabccy

wirkad. Hestabd sija oaefmas whcc priobocy oa put up eabr tma eaw

fmhcdrae‘s jieujaet, jbyoa he fijohebthie whtm sijatmhel chka b

mbrp oahel pcbyad. Beitmar fmbela ti tma riuta wbs eaadad ti jbka

tma cifbthie gir tma shelhel ig tma ebjas jira vhshoca, aspafhbccy

shefa tmhs mbd privhdad be hjpirtbet ajithiebc axparhaefa ti tma

vhshtirs. Bcheda mbs tma susphfhie tmbt tma gciwhel cheas tmbt wara

prasaet he tma fird hedhfbthel tma pcbfa gir tma pcbethel ig tma gciwar

oucos bs wacc bs tma rhooies tmbt fiucd oa muel ie b chea bed tma

Licg vbe Marheearhel, bra ragcafthies ig tma gciwhel cheas ig tma

fajatary htsacg, bs tmay mbd oaae tmiulmt up whtm tmhs fajatary he

jhed. Hetarasthelcy tma prhjbry rabsie oamhed tma smbpa fmisae gir

tma Licg vbe Marheearhel wbs tmbt ht dhd eit eafasshtbta b fbrpaetar

chka tma irhlhebc Marheeardhelae wiucd.

Bs tma facaorbthie hs sthcc he hts abrcy stbla, tmay bra iecy lihel ti

hetridufa twi eaw tmhels tmhs yabr, iea oahel tma oaefmas eabr tma

fmhcdrae‘s jieujaet, wmhca tma itmar, bctmiulm eit fijpcatacy

davacipad yat, whcc hevicva tma befhaet lrbvas eabr tma aetrbefa ti

strass tma hjpirtbefa ig tmisa tmbt fbja oagira us. Vijatmhel tmbt

Bcheda wiucd mbva chkad ti oa boca ti di wara tma Gcibthel Chlmts bs

ht wiucd eit mbva oaae tii axtraja bed wiucd mbva ghttad tma

satthel, tma fajatary dias eit mbva b pied miwavar. Vhjhcbrcy tma Tmbh Vky Cbetares wiucd mbva oaae bppriprhbta out tmay bra jbda

hjpisshoca oy tma bouedbefa ig traas ie tma fajatary. Itmar girjs

prasaetad he tma oiikcat, chka tma pbrbgghe stbtuas ir valatboca

pbtfmas ie lrbvas bra gbr tii axtraja ir, chka tma ebjad cbuedry,

wiucd raquhra tii jufm axpcbebthie. Mara Bcheda strassas tmbt he bcc

ig tmasa fbsas ht hs hjpirtbet ti rabchsa tmbt tmara hs b dhggaraefa he

fuctura oatwaae Bjstardbj bed Bpacdiire, wmhfm hs cifbtad he b

jufm jira strhftcy Fmrhsthbe pbrt ig tma fiuetry. Dua ti tmhs gbft

sijatmhel chka tma Mharebjbbcs jhlmt pisshocy oa usad, out wiucdtmae mbva ti oa bdbptad oy bctarhel tma ebja heti sijatmhel chka

”Fmbrbftars‘. Tma Licg vbe Marheearhel wirkad pratty wacc ie tmbt

bffiuet, bs ht dhd eit avika bey pbrthfucbr rachlhius hjblary. He tma

gutura Bcheda bed tma itmars di wbet ti sthjucbta paipca ti di jira

bt tma lrbvas tmbe `ust pcbfhel sija fbedcas bs tmhs fbe trhllar

hetarasthel fievarsbthies oatwaae vhshtirs.

Ie b racbtad pihet Bcheda strassas tmbt tmay wbet ti wirk whtm

cifbc brthsts, avae jira si oafbusa tmay mbva ti oa vicuetaars ir

acsa ht hs eit bggirdboca. Ghedhel gueds mbs bcsi privae ti oa dhgghfuctbed tmay bra eiw ciikhel gir cifbc gueds, wmhfm blbhe jbkas ht




hjpirtbet tmbt tma girjs usad ght he whtm cifbc axpaftbthies bed

ticarbefas. Tma juehfhpbchty dhd raeaw tmahr suppirt, wmhfm hs bcsi

ti oa usad gir b waoshta ie wmhfm tmay wbet ti pcbfa tmahr iwe,

cifbccy bppriprhbta, phfturas bs wacc bs quitas grij tma Licg vbe

Marheearhel bed tma firraspiedaefa fbrds tmbt fiucd oa ghccad he bt

tma figgaa tbocas.

4.6 Fbstrhfuj0 Fijjuehty Facaorbthie64

Bgtar tma suffass ig tma facaorbthie he ?>><, savarbc paipca he

Fbstrhfuj wbetad ht ti oa fietheuad he tma gicciwhel yabr.

Avaetubccy Jbrheb vbe dar \bc, b jiurehel fiuefhccir, oafbja tma

eaw irlbehsar tilatmar whtm _bcdh Oaaetàs, b studaet ig sifhbc wirk

studhas. Bs whcc oa fcabr grij tma dasfrhpthie lhvae he fmbptar tmraa,

tmahr varshie ig Bccarzhacae Bcij wbs dhggaraet ti tmisa irlbehsad oy

Wbe dar Caa ie savarbc pihets. Iea ig tmasa, tma dafhshie ti

hccujhebta tma aethra fajatary hestabd ig hccujhebthel iecy b sat

riuta wbs pihetad iut oy oitm ig tmaj bs b fiesfhius aggirt ti

hefcuda avaryoidy heti tma facaorbthies, eit ùst tmisa tmbt

mbppaead ti cha oy iea ig tma jbhe pbtms. Gir tma fijhel

facaorbthie tma dashrbohchty ig b fcabrar riuta hs miwavar sthcc b pihet

ig dhsfusshie oatwaae tma twi ig tmaj. He ahtmar fbsa ht hs tma gifus

ie hefcudhel tma wmica cifbc fijjuehty tmbt ti tmaj hs jirahjpirtbet tmbe b gifus ie brt, wmhfm tmay fieshdar safiedbry ti tma

hjpirtbefa ig orhelhel tma fijjuehty tilatmar bed jbka ht

sijatmhel gir tma paipca ig Fbstrhfuj, oy tma paipca ig Fbstrhfuj.

Tma libc tmae hs ti frabta b pcbfa gir yabrcy fijjajirbthie,

eitmhel jira. Tmahr tbsk tmae hs ti frabta tma grbjawirk oy

hccujhebthel tma fajatary, brrbelhel giid, drhek bed sija jushf

bed tma rast hs ti oa ghccad he oy cifbc paipca wmi irlbehsa

sijatmhel, ahtmar bt tma lrbva ir acsawmara, wmae eaadad whtm tmahr

luhdbefa ir prbfthfbc suppirt. Tmay axpaft tmbt tmhs wby ht whcc bcsioa abshar ti mbed tma irlbehsbthie ivar ti itmars he b yabr ig ghva, si

tmbt tma facaorbthie whcc rajbhe b rafurrhel tmhel.

Oy kaaphel ht sjbcc bed gifushel ie tma fijjuehty, tma

ghebefhbc shda ig tma facaorbthie hs eiw bcsi oafijhel jira sacg-

sustbhehel. Bs tmahr fijohead eatwirks fivar jist ig Fbstrhfuj ht

wbs racbthvacy absy gir tmaj ti ghed cifbc fijpbehas whcchel ti macp

gir tma sbka ig tma fijjuehty, ir he rature gir sija jidast

bdvarthsajaet. Cbst yabr tmhs bppribfm jbda ht pisshoca ti irlbehsa

64 Tma gicciwhel hs obsad ie be hetarvhaw whtm Jbrheb vbe dar \bc ae _bcdh

Oaaetàs >7-><->8.




tma facaorbthie whtmiut bey guedhel bed gir tma fijhel facaorbthie

tmay mbd eit avae eaadad ti bsk briued bs jufm beyjira bs iea

fijpbey iggarad ?1> eaw tirfmas bgtar mbvhel ivarmabrd b

fievarsbthie bed tma jbe wmi mbd put up tma acaftrhfhty cbst yabr

mbde‘t oaae mbppy boiut tma acaftrhf chlmthel bed mbd tmus jbda

sija brrbelajaets gir tma fijhel facaorbthie. Vhjhcbrcy tma twi

pittad traas tmbt mbd oaae fietrhoutad oy b cifbc mirthfucturbchst

dhd eit mbva ti oa raturead, wmhca tma jbe wmi jbhetbhead tma

tmraa ghra obskats bt tma ure wbcc mbd oaae beeiyad oy tma jass

rasucthel grij tma pbpar jassblas bed mbd tmus jbda twi ti tmraa

muedrad sjbcc wiidae pcbeks tmbt fbe oa muel he tmaj durhel tma

fijhel facaorbthie hestabd. Tma tabfmar wmi mbd frabtad tma diirs

whtm piatry bed tma wijbe mbedhel iut tma wiidae dhsks mbd oaae

sufm hedhvhdubc hehthbthvas bs wacc.

Ig fiursa, tma jb`irhty ig hedhvhdubc hehthbthvas fiefare tma

tmhels irlbehsad oy tma lrbvas. Bs sbhd he fmbptar twi, tmara mbd

bcrabdy oaae jbey sufm lrbva dafirbthies bed lrbvashda bfthvhthas

he ?>><, out wmae Jbrheb ae _bcdh tiik ivar tmay giued tmhs tma

jist hjpirtbet tmhel ti strass, tma rast oahel tma safiedbry

grbjawirk. Tmhs strasshel hs pbrthbccy diea he tma prapbrbtiry

jaathels wmara sija mbedcas bra lhvae, out he jist fbsas paipca

eiw fija up whtm tmahr iwe hdabs bed ahtmar davacip ht prhvbtacy ir

bsk quasthies boiut hts gabshohchty tmriulm a-jbhc ir oy bppribfmhel

tmaj he tma straat. \mae eaadad, paipca bra tmae lhvae sija jiraluhdbefa ti jbka sura tmbt tmahr hdabs ghed be bppriprhbta girj.

Bctmiulm tma rasucts fiucd oa vhawad bs b jiva ti tma hedhvhdubc

cavac, _bcdh bed Jbrheb strass tmbt tma fievarsbthies tmbt fija iut

ig tma dafirbthies bed bfthvhthas bt tma lrbva jbka ht b vary

fijjuebc mbppaehel, whtm paipca cabrehel boiut tma stirhas

oamhed tma lrbvas.

Dasphta tmahr gifus ie tma fijjuehty, miwavar, oitm _bcdh bed

Jbrheb bra bcsi wirkhel ie sija fietrhouthies ti tma facaorbthie

tmajsacvas, bctmiulm blbhe whtm tma fijjuehty he jhed. _bcdh giraxbjpca mbs fija up whtm tma hdab ig pcbfhel ritbthel dryhel rbfks

ie tma lrbvaybrd, priobocy whtm piajs wrhttae oy cifbc safiedbry

sfmiic studaets mbelhel grij tmaj, bed Jbrheb hs wirkhel whtm

sijaoidy grij Wcufmtachelae \ark Eadarcbed61 ie b pri`aft

hevicvhel suhtfbsas ghccad whtm parsiebc jajirhas tmbt bra lihel ti

oa pcbfad tmriulmiut tma fajatary oy oitm gulhthvas bed cifbcs.

61 Wcufmtachelae \ark Eadarcbed hs b Dutfm eie-pright irlbehsbthie tmbt suppirts

gulhthvas rashdhel he tma Eatmarcbeds.



DAWACI^HEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ 7<

4.4 Da Ehauwa Iistar0 Dabchel whtm Vuffass67

Tma yabrcy Marheearhel Warchfmt facaorbthie bt Da Ehauwa Iistar

hs prhjbrhcy irlbehsad oy Fbrcb vbe dar Acst, tma pbrk‘s

fijjuehfbthies bdvhsir, tilatmar whtm tma mabds ig tma hediir bed

ig tma iutdiir dapbrtjaets ig tma fijpbey. \htm tmaj sma

dhsfussas tma brthsts tmbt sma mbs fija bfriss ir tmbt prasaetad

tmahr sarvhfas, bs wacc bs sufm tmhels bs riuthels. Grij tmara

lrbdubccy jira paipca lat hevicvad, bed gir tmasa ajpciyaas tma

facaorbthie mbs liea b ciel wby grij be hehthbc dhschka gir brthsts

bed tmahr strbela prbfthfas ie tmahr fajatary, ti b yabrcy avaet tmbt

orhels eit iecy tma ajpciyaas tilatmar, out bcsi orhels tmaj heti

fcisar fietbft whtm tma pbrk‘s fijjuehty ig oarabvad. Tma

avbcubthie bgtarwbrds hs bcsi be hjpirtbet pihet ig ragaraefa gir

pisshoca hjprivajaets bs wacc bs eaw hdabs. Jbey cassies mbva

bcsi oaae cabread grij tma pravhius yabrs. He tma ghrst yabr ht wbs

axpaftad tmbt tmara wiucd oa jbey fijpcbhets, hestabd tmara wbs

iecy iea ig b jbe wmi mbd bcrabdy oaae he tma pbrk durhel tma

prapbrbthies bed ma mbd b gaachel ig dasbfrbchsbthie. Grij tmhs tmay

cabread tmbt ht hs hjpirtbet ti mbva tma obshfs safurad wacc

oagirambed, whtm avarytmhel oahel tastad, bed bctarebthva pcbes gir

wabtmar dapaedaet fiefapts mbvhel oaae wirkad iut. Tmasa obshfs,

sufm bs tma chlmt bed ghra pcbe, be aedpihet whtm mit drheks bed tma

sjbcc rhtubc bfts, mbva oy eiw jira ir cass giued tmahr girj, whtmbcc tma jbtarhbcs eaadad gir tmaj oahel he stifk bed racavbet

brthsthf fietbfts oahel chstad bed tmahr rica oahel fcabrcy daghead.

Fbrcb tmaragira bcsi spabks ig tma trbdhthie tmbt mbs oaae lhvae

smbpa, bctmiulm tmhs hs bcsi b pihet gir fiefare, oafbusa ht fbe

eavar oa fcabr wmatmar sufm fiedhthies bs ghebefhbc jabes rajbhe

bvbhcboca he tma gutura. Tmay mbva bcsi oaae wirkhel, tmaragira, ie b

pcbe tmbt wiucd oa gabshoca whtm cass jabes.

Eit iecy ghebefas bra rabsies gir fmbela, miwavar, oafbusa tma

prafhsa fmihfas ig wmbt hs usad he bey lhvae yabr hs eit ghxad bedtmus, wmhca tma rhtubc bft ig wrhthel jassblas whcc gir axbjpca oa

rafurraet, tma bftubc smbpa ig sufm b cifbthie gir ficcafthva

fijjajirbthie hs eit. Fbrcb strassas tmbt ht hs priobocy avae b

eafasshty ti oa fietheuiuscy sabrfmhel, itmarwhsa ht oafijas tma

jara rapaththie ig tma sbja icd siel. He tmhs sabrfm ht hs hjpirtbet

ti kaap chstaehel ti tma vhshtirs. Iea jbe, gir axbjpca, ticd mar he

?>>= tmbt ht mbd oaae b gbetbsthf avaehel out tmbt tmara mbd oaae

si jufm ti di tmbt ma spaet chttca thja bt tma lrbva ig mhs dbulmtar.

Tmhs thas he ti wmbt Fbrcb hdaethghas bs tma jb`ir fmbccaela bt tma

67 Tma gicciwhel hs obsad ie be hetarvhaw whtm Fbrcb vbe dar Acst ie 6>->7->8.




jijaet, ebjacy tma facaorbthie‘s pipucbrhty. \htm 1>>> vhshtirs he

?>>=, Fbrcb hs wirryhel hg ht hs eit oafijhel tii ohl, bed tma libc gir

tma ?>>8 facaorbthie tmaragira hs ti orhel tmasa eujoars obfk ti

61>> ti 4>>> oy putthel tma gifus jira ie tma paipca wmi bftubccy

mbva sijaoidy ti fijjajirbta tmbe fijjajirbthie he laearbc.

Ie b jbtarhbc cavac tmhs jabes tiehel diwe sufm tmhels bs cbsars,

eit putthel b obeear ie tma gaefa bed jbyoa pihethel iut he

fijjuehfbthies tmbt paipca smiucd fija ti fijjajirbta, eit gir

yat beitmar eaw spaftbfca. Tmay bra bcsi pcbeehel ti lhva paipca

jira mbedcas gir dihel tmhels bt tma lrbvas tmajsacvas, bed tmay

bra tmaragira dashlehel sijatmhel ti mbed iut, wmhfm fbe oa usad

gir sufm lrbvashda bfthvhthas. Tma riuthel whcc bcsi priobocy oa

fmbelad, gir axbjpca oy smirtaehel ht ir oy futthel ht he twi mbcvas.

Fartbhe pipucbr cifbthies gir ficcafthva fijjajirbthie, chka tma

Gcibthel Chlmts, bcsi eaad ti oa rafieshdarad bs tmay mbva oafija

tii ousy. Tmhs fiucd gir axbjpca oa diea tmriulm rapcbfhel tma

pcbsthf fups whtm sijatmhel tmbt mbs ti oa pbhd gir, bctmiulm tmbt

dias eit rabccy ght tma pichfy si gbr, ir oy strabjchehel tma prifass ig

tma putthel tilatmar ig tma Gcibthel Chlmts, bctmiulm tmbt wiucd

jabe tbkhel bwby tma ippirtuehty ti guzz briued whtm yiur iwe

chlmt. Beitmar ipthie wiucd oa ti skhp tma Gcibthel Chlmts gir iea

yabr, bs tmay mbd diea whtm tma Gcbl Traa. He sija fbsas dabchel

whtm tma pipucbrhty ig tma facaorbthie, fbe avae oa bs shjpca bs

gbfhchtbthel tma spietbeaius bfts tmbt ajarla grij tma jbssas, giraxbjpca oy tbkae tma pcbets iut ig tma gciwar tuos si tmbt tma

fbedcas fbe oa pcbfad jira sbgacy he tmaj bt tma aed ig tma avaehel.

4.1 Hdb vbe dar Caa0 Ajoaddhel tma Fiefapt6<

Bs Hdb vbe dar Caa mbs irlbehsad jbey jira facaorbthies tmbe

`ust tma iea he Lriehelae, bed hs lihel ti oa irlbehshel he itmar

pcbfas tmbe Lriehelae tmhs yabr, mar oiikcat bed tma waoshta warafmisae bs tma gifbc pihets gir tma hetarvhaw hestabd. Hdb marsacg hs

vary mbppy whtm tma oiikcat bed hts aggaft, tma gbft tmbt ht fietbhead

si jbey hjblas bed luhdacheas mbs hesphrad jira paipca tmbe sma

mbd hespaftad. Tma upfijhel facaorbthie he Wcbbrdhelae mbd oaae

hesphrad oy tma waoshta hestabd, bctmiulm tmay mbd bcsi wbetad ti

irdar 1> fiphas ig tma oiikcat. _alrattbocy Hdb mbd ti dafchea bs tma

puochsmar mbd sicd iut, bed tma cbst fiphas sma marsacg iwes bra

eaadad gir eaw hehthbthvas bed ti fievhefa gueds ir juehfhpbchthas.

Irhlhebccy Hdb mbd pcbeead tmhs yabr‘s facaorbthies ti oa tma cbst,

6< Tma gicciwhel hs obsad ie be hetarvhaw whtm Hdb vbe dar Caa ie 27-><->8.




out eiw tmbt tma pmaeijaeie hs sprabdhel bed sma gaacs

raspieshoca gir ht, sma hs eit si sura beyjira. He bey fbsa, tma

io`aft gir tmhs yabr‘s facaorbthies hs eit ti brrhva, uepbfk bed ouhcd

up chka b fhrfus fijpbey bs tmay dhd he ?>><, out ghed b wby ti

hevicva tma fijjuehty ti b lrabtar axtaet. Marati b wmica rbela ig

wirksmips bra lihel ti oa irlbehsad tmhs yabr. He bddhthie tmara bra

bcsi twi twi-dby jbstar fcbssas gir brthsts tmbt wbet ti pbrthfhpbta

he Bccarzhacae Bcij, wmara tmay bra lhvae tma racavbet hegirjbthie,

di sija axarfhsas chka tma Marheeardhelae bed bra prasaetad whtm

fiefrata pisshohchthas wmhfm Hdb tiik grij mar jaathels whtm tma

cifbthie jbeblars. He iea cifbthie, gir axbjpca, tmay mbd tma pcbe

ti usa tma ebjad cbuedry, out bs tmhs mbd oaae usad savarbc thjas

bcrabdy, Hdb hs lihel ti mbed ht ivar ti iea ig tma brthsts ti tmhek ig b

eaw girj gir tmbt fiefapt. Vhjhcbrcy Hdb whcc try ti ghed b lrbpmhf

dashlear ti wirk whtm b cbdy grij \astzbbe, wmi mbd tma hdab ti

pcbfa cheas ig piatry ie b pbtm. Gir jist brthsts, miwavar, tmasa

typas ig ficcboirbthies di eit fija ebturbccy, bed tma jbstar

fcbssas bra bcsi jabet ti sacaft tmisa tmbt bra fbpboca ig dabchel

whtm tmhs ciss ig butieijy.

Oashdas tmasa jbstar fcbssas tmbt bra jabet ti orhdla tma lbp

oatwaae brthsts bed tma fijjuehty, tmara whcc bcsi oa wirksmips

gir bjbtaur brthsts grij tma fijjuehty tmbt mbva be hdab tmbt tmay

wbet ti wirk iut, paipca hetarastad he ghra bed chlmt dashle wmi bra

smiwe tma hjpirtbefa ig fijohehel tma prbfthfbc bspaft whtm tmajira brthsthf bspaft ig girj, jabehel bed aggaft bs wacc bs b

wirksmip gir paipca wmi wbet ti oa luhdas ir mists. He iea

wirksmip whtm Dbpmea Ruastri be bttajpt whcc oa jbda ti tabfm

tma jatmids usad he tma shelhel ig tma ebjas bed he beitmar b

orbhestirj whcc oa macd whtm fmihrs ti saa miw tmay fbe bdbpt tmahr

prasaetbthie ti Bccarzhacae Bcij. Gir tma vhshtirs wmi wbet ti di

sijatmhel oy tma lrbvas, wirksmips whcc oa macd gir dafirbthel tma

lrbvas gir wmhfm twi lrbvas he Lrbgt-Da _h`p whcc sarva bs axbjpcas,

he bddhthie ti phfturas jbda oy iea brthst whtm tma usa ig be icddiir bed be hdab chst. Bs b jira bffasshoca ipthie, b wirksmip whcc

oa lhvae he wmhfm pmitilrbpms bra jbda heti tmhels chka shjpca

cbetares whtm tma usa ig sajh-trbespbraet pbpar.

Ghebccy b wirksmip boiut pcbeehel bed tma jbkhel ig be bfthie

pcbe whcc oa lhvae ti tma irlbehsars ig tma vbrhius facaorbthies,

bctmiulm Hdb dias eit keiw miw jbey whcc bftubccy fija bs tma

irlbehsars ig tma rafurrhel facaorbthies abfm mbva tmahr iwe hdabs.

Mara sma eithfas b fartbhe gabr ig brt bed brthsts he sija ig tma

irlbehsars sufm bs tmisa he \hesfmitae, wmi wbetad ti kaap tmhelsshjpcar bed bra eiw fietheuhel uedar tmahr iwe ebja. Tma brt



DAWACI^HEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ <2

privhdad oy brthsts. Ei jbttar wmbt hssuas surgbfad, miwavar, ht

fbja up he racbthie ti miw tma irlbehsar‘s wara dabchel whtm

jbtarhbc fuctura. Jira hjpirtbetcy, tma sicuthie gir tmasa hssuas bra

bcsi siulmt bgtar he racbthie ti tmisa io`afts. Bs sufm, io`afts fbe

oa saae bs be hjpirtbet hetargbfa oatwaae tma fiefapts, libcs,

axparhaefas, paipca bed itmar gbftirs hevicvad. Out bs bey jadhuj,

jbtarhbc fuctura, whtm hts jyrhbd bggirdbefas, hs gbr grij eautrbc.

Bed bs tmasa bggirdbefas bra ajarlaet, racbthiebc bed eit guccy

trbespbraet tmara whcc bcwbys oa dhggaraefas oatwaae hetaet bed

iutfija. Tmhs, fijohead whtm tma dashra gir rhtas ti oa aggafthva,

jhlmt oa oamhed tma eaad gir fietheuius sabrfm gir oattar girjs

bed smbpas tmbt wbs axprassad he abfm ig tma hetarvhaws.



Fiefcushie

Lihel obfk ti tma jbhe quasthie pisad he tma hetridufthie, tma

beswar wiucd oa tmbt jbtarhbc fuctura hs hedaad ig hegcuaefa, eit

iecy ie tma rhtubc aggafts ig tma Bccarzhacae Bcij facaorbthies, out

bcsi ie tma wby tma irlbehsars bra davaciphel tmaj. Bed tmay di si

oy oahel be hetargbfa oatwaae tma vbrhius libcs sat girwbrd oy tma

irlbehsars, bed tma axparhaefas ig tma vhshtirs. Tma rabsie tmay fbe

guefthie bs sufm be hetargbfa hs oafbusa irlbehsars fbe prasaet tmaioàfts he sufm b wby tmbt tmahr rafurshva bggirdbefas gbfhchtbta tma

parfapthie ig fartbhe pargirjbthva bggirdbefas, tmbt wmae bftad

upie bggird syjoichf hetarpratbthies ig jassblas oahel

fijjuehfbtad. Tryhel ti hegcuaefhel be ioàft‘s bggirdbefas he

sufm b wby hs, miwavar, gbr grij strbhlmtgirwbrd bs tmay bra

ajarlaet, racbthiebc bed eit guccy trbespbraet, bed bs sufm tmara

whcc bcwbys oa dhggaraefas oatwaae hetaet bed iutfija,

eafasshtbthel fiestbet bdbptbthie.

Oy dihel si, miwavar, tma bfthies uedartbkae oy tma vhshtirsfbe fija ti gaac ebturbc, bs hg tmay bra rabfthel wmhca tmay bra

bftubccy frabthel, wmhfm jbkas tma bfthies jira aggafthva. He chau ig

diljbthf trbdhthies ir jytms suppirthel Bccarzhacae Bcij, tmhs gifus

ie b rhtubc bfthie mbvhel ti oa aggafthva wbs jaethiead he fmbptar

iea bs fmbrbftarhsthf ig prasaet-dby rhtubchshel. Ciikhel fcisar bt

tma rhtubc bggirdbefas ig jbtarhbc fuctura, ht tures iut ti oa iecy

cilhfbc tmbt jbtarhbc fuctura hs tmaragira hjpirtbet he hjpchfhtcy

rachlhius bfthies. Oafbusa, whtmiut mbvhel ti li heti axpchfht bed

diljbthf ùsthghfbthies ig bppbraet fietrbdhfthies, jbtarhbc fuctura

fbe lrabtcy aembefa tma aggafthva bjohluhty tmbt wbs sbhd ti oa si

hjpirtbet he stbvhel ig ieticilhfbc hesafurhty. Tmriulm tmahr

rafurshva bed pargirjbthva bggirdbefas, bfthies fbe oa jbda ti

saaj tma ebturbc wby ig dihel tmhels oy grbjhel tmaj si tmbt b

tajpirbry rhtubc wircd fbe fija ti pbss, whtmiut bftubccy mbvhel ti

cabva tma rabc wircd. Bed tmriulm tmahr syjoichf bed

fijjuehfbthva bggirdbefas b chek fbe oa jbda oatwaae parsiebc

bed fijjuebc hetarpratbthies wmhca shjuctbeaiuscy fieeafthel tma

hjjbeaet jabehel ig tma furraet shtubthie ti fbeiehfbc ir

trbesfaedaet jabehels. Tmhs wby, tmriulm tma hetargbfa ig jbtarhbc

fuctura, rachlhius hdabs, fijjuehty bed trbdhthie fbe ghed b pcbfa he



_agaraefas

Brgjbe, \hcchbj _.

?>>= Whshthel tma Fbcvbrhie bt Jhtcb, Ibxbfb, b frhthfbc ciik bt tma

fietheuhty ig b rachlhius prbfthfa . Vhdastiea ̂ rass, Cahdae.

Brjstriel, _ioart ^cbet

28<2 Tma Bggafthel ^rasaefa0 Be Assby he Mujbehsthf

Betmripicily . Qehvarshty ig Hccheihs ̂ rass, Qrobeb.

Obhcay, Adwbrd H.

288< Hjpchfht _achlhie he Fietajpirbry Vifhaty . Kik ^mbris

ûochsmhel Miusa, Kbjpae.

Oacc, Fbtmarhea

288< _htubc, ârspafthvas bed Dhjaeshies . Ixgird Qehvarshty ^rass,

Ixgird.

Oict, Vipmha, Jahka Maasacs bed Arhf Waeorux

?>>= _htuaca frabthvhtaht riedij da diid. He0 _htuaca Frabthvhtaht,

Bftuaca varbedarhelae he da uhtvbbrt ae riuwfuctuur he

Eadarcbed . Ads. Arhf Waeorux, Jahka Maasacs bed Vipmha

Oict. Jaheajb, Piatarjaar.

Dbet, Thj

2888 Jbtarhbc Fuctura he tma Vifhbc \ircd . Ipae Qehvarshty ^rass,

Oufkhelmbj.

?>>1 Jbtarhbchty bed Vifhaty . Ipae Qehvarshty ̂ rass, Jbhdaemabd.

Da Jbbkar, Arhk, Arhf Waeorux bed Vthè \astrhk

?>>= Aae ehauw oastbbe viir da didae. He0 Bccarzhacae Bcij, Kuest

tit Mardaekae . Jaheajb, Piatarjaar, pp 18-<>.

Da Jbbkar, A., T. Rubrthar, @. \i`tkiwhbk bed A. Waeorux

?>>= Krabthvas Titaeladaekae0 _htuacca Arheearuelsräuja he

aheaj ehadarcäedhsfmae Kuestpriàkt. He0 @bbroiak viir

chturlhaiedarziak ?4, 211-2<7.

Lhosie, @bjas @.

28<8 Tma Aficilhfbc Bppribfm ti Whsubc ârfapthie . Miulmtie

Jhgche Fijpbey, Oistie.



BEBCXVHEL BCCA_PHACAE BCIJ<7

Lrbvas-Oriwe, ̂ buc J.

?>>> Hetridufthie. He0 Jbttar, Jbtarhbchty bed Jidare Fuctura . Ad.

^buc J. Lrbvas-Oriwe. _iutcadla, Ciedie.

Lrhjas, _iebcd, C.

?>>> Daapcy heti tma Oiea0 ra-hevaethel rhtas ig pbssbla . Qehvarshty

ig Fbchgirehb ̂ rass, Ciedie.

Miusajbe, Jhfmbac

?>>= _acbthiebchty. He0 Tmairhzhel _htubcs. Fcbsshfbc Tiphfs,

Tmairathfbc Bppribfmas, Bebcythfbc Fiefapts . Ads. @aes

Krahebtm, @be Veiak bed Jhfmbac Vtbusoarl. Orhcc, Cahdae.

426-4?=.

Kebppatt, Fbrc

?>>1 Tma Bggirdbefas ig Tmhels0 b îst-Lhosiehbe ârspafthva ie

tma _acbthiebchty ig Jhed bed Jbttar. He0 _atmhekhel

Jbtarhbchty0 Tma Aelblajaet ig Jhed whtm tma Jbtarhbc \ircd.

Ads0 A.DaJbrrbhs, F.Lisdae & F._aegraw. JfDiebcd

Hesthtuta gir Brfmbaicilhfbc _asabrfm, Fbjorhdla, p.p.46-1?.

Kipytigg, Hlir

28=7 Tma fucturbc ohilrbpmy ig tmhels0 fijjidhthzbthie bs prifass .

He0 Tma Vifhbc Chga ig Tmhels0 Fijjidhthas he fucturbc parspafthva , 74-82. Fbjorhdla Qehvarshty ̂ rass, Fbjorhdla.

Cbelar, _., D. Códdafkaes, K. _bdda bed @. Veiak

?>>7 Trbesgar ig _htubc. He0 @iurebc ig _htubc Vtudhas ?> (2), pp.2-

2>.

Jbbkar, Arhk da, Vthè \astrhk bed Arhf Waeorux

?>>= Aae ehauw oastbbe viir da didae. He0 Bccarzhacae Bcij, Kuest

tit Mardaekae . Jaheajb, Piatarjaar, pp 18-<>.

Jbcbgiurhs, Cbjoris

?>>1 Tma Filehthva Obshs ig Jbtarhbc Aelblajaet0 \mara Orbhe,

Oidy bed Fuctura Fiegcbta. He0 _atmhekhel Jbtarhbchty0 Tma

Aelblajaet ig Jhed whtm tma Jbtarhbc \ircd. Ads0

A.DaJbrrbhs, F.Lisdae & F._aegraw. JfDiebcd Hesthtuta gir

Brfmbaicilhfbc _asabrfm, Fbjorhdla, p.p.16-7?.

JfDbeeacc, Ficcaae2881 Jbtarhbc Fmrhsthbehty . Xbca Qehvarshty ^rass, Ciedie.



_AGA_AEFAV <<

Rubrthar, Tmijbs

?>>8 _iuwrhtuacae0 aae rhtuaca schelar. Cazhel th`daes mat

syjpishuj ”Warbedaraeda rhtuacae ried da diid‘ vbe da

_bdoiud Qehvarshtaht \aodifujaet0

mttp0//www.ru.ec/siataroaafkprilrbjjb/tarulochk

ratrhavad ie 2>-><->8.

Rubrthar, T., A. Waeorux, V. \astrhk bed @. \i`kiwhbk

?>>= ^righac, arvbrhelae ae rachlhausa daekoaacdae vbe oaziakars.

He0 Bccarzhacae Bcij, Kuest tit Mardaekae . Jaheajb,

Piatarjaar, pp 6<-4=.

_bppbpirt, _iy

2888 _htubc bed _achlhie he tma jbkhel ig mujbehty . Fbjorhdla

Qehvarshty ^rass, Fbjorhdla.

_aegraw, Fiche

?>>1 Tiwbrds b Tmairy ig _htubc Aelblajaet. He0 _atmhekhel

Jbtarhbchty0 Tma Aelblajaet ig Jhed whtm tma Jbtarhbc \ircd.

Ads0 A.DaJbrrbhs, F.Lisdae & F._aegraw. JfDiebcd

Hesthtuta gir Brfmbaicilhfbc _asabrfm, Fbjorhdla, p.p.?6-6?.

Vjhtm, @iebtmbe P.

?>>4 _achlhie, _achlhies, _achlhius. He0 _acbthel _achlhie. Assbys hetma Vtudy ig _achlhie, Fmhfbli, ?21-??8.

Tar Oirl, Jaartae

?>>= Eie-hesthtuthiebc _achlhie he Jidare Vifhaty. He0 Hjpchfht

_achlhie . Wic. 22(?), 2?<-268.

Wbe dar Caa, Hdb

?>>< Bccarzhacae Bcij . \aodifujaet0

mttp0//www.bccarzhacaebcij.ec/hedax?.mtjc. _atrhavad 2?-><-?>>8.

?>>= Da didae ehat varzwh`lae jbbr vharae ij wha za wbrae ae

wbt za ta vartaccae maooae. He0 Bccarzhacae Bcij, Kuest tit

Mardaekae . Jaheajb, Piatarjaar.

\iidwbrd, Hbe

?>>< Qedarstbedhel Jbtarhbc Fuctura . Vbla ^uochfbthies, Ciedie.

analysing allerzielen alom. material culture in an emerging rite

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