analysing aleksandr dugin: the strategies of a dangerous doyen

7/21/2019 Analysing Aleksandr Dugin: the strategies of a dangerous doyen

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Djd`ysija D`lksdjer Euaij-

tcl strdtlails bn d edjalrbus ebylj

D fritiqul bn D`lksdjer Euaij (bjl bn tcl Krloìj's devisbrs) ij rlsplfttb cis albpbìtifd` tclbry dje ij tcl ìact bn cis pci`bsbpcifd` dje

Fcristidj vilws.

my

V.W. Qdre (Wc.E)



=

Ij rlfljt yldrs oufc cds mllj writtlj dmbut tcl ]dsputijlsqul D`lksdjer

Euaij, wcb cds mlfbol sboltcija bn d fdusl fl`lmrl dje dj ljndjt

tlrrim`l ij lqud` oldsurl. Ucis mbbk wi`` sllk tb deerlss sbol bn tcl

pci`bsbpcifd` issuls tcdt drisl nrbo cis plrsplftivls bj @imlrdìso, \V

clalobjy, Fdpitdìso dje cuodj riacts, ij rlsplft tb cis jlb-Lurdsidj

Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry. It wi`` fbjsielr cis usl bn `djaudal dje

elnijitibjs, dje wcltclr cis vilws drl ij djy sljsl fbjsistljt, br fbjtrdry

tb cis Fcristidj mlìlns. It wi`` djd`ysl djy djbodìls dje try tb eltlroijl

wcltclr cl is sijflrl ij cis dttlopt tb prbviel d jlw albpbìtifd` sbùtibj

tb sbol bè prbm`los. It wi`` try tb eltlroijl wcltclr cl is d rlvdjfcist,lspbusija rdeifdìso olrl`y tb elflivl, eiviel dje fbjqulr. Ucl djd`ysis

wi`` lstdmìsc tcdt wci`st d abbe fdsl fdj ml odel tcdt oufc bn wcdt cl

sdys cds mllj oisrlpbrtle, br ndi`s tb ujelrstdje tcl obrl pci`bsbpcifd``y

judjfle sljsl bn cis wbres, jlvlrtcl`lss cis ields drl sti`` ellp`y

edjalrbus. Ucl djd`ysis wi`` strbja`y suaalst cl is d < tc fbùoj rdeifd`

pbsija ds d ]ussidj ‐fbjslrvdtivl‟8 d pbsl tb fdusl eivisibj dje fbjnusibj

dobjast Qlstlrj fbjslrvdtivl rdjks. Cis ield bn fiviìsdtibjd` zbjls (br

albpbìtifd` m`bfs) ij ltlrjd` fbjnrbjtdtibj mlija vilwle ds d prbarlssibj,

wcifc dt mlst jdturd``y hustinils d Lurdsidj tbtdìtdridj abvlrjoljt dral`y

eboijdtle my ]ussid, br dt wbrst ljfburdals wdr dje jiciìso ds virtuls

tcdt fbuè lvlj lxdflrmdtl d juf`ldr fbjn`dardtibj.



6

Euaij tcl pci`bsbpclr

Ij d tl`lvisibj ijtlrvilw witc ^`deioir Wbsjlr (dirle bj Fcdjjl` Bjl,

Dpri` =4, =745)4 Euaij is ijtrbeufle ds d pci`bsbpclr dje ardfibus`y

dfflpts tcl elnijitibj ds ‐prlfisl‟ dje ‐`dfbjif‟. Cl tclj lopcdsisls tcl

jlflssity nbr ‐fbjstruftivl‟ elmdtl8 d ‐rdtibjd` eid`baul‟, ij brelr tb

f`driny pbsitibjs dje ieljtiny vdribus prbm`los fbjflrjija pbìtifs,

fu`turl, sbfilty dje tcl wbrè.

Ds dj dplritin, Euaij nirst erdws d eistijftibj mltwllj tcbsl prbnlssibjd`s

wcb pbsslss tcl fritifd` dmiìty tb eisfuss usija eid`lftif, dje tcbsl btclrs wcb drl olrl ‐dodtlurs‟. Ucl dodtlurs drl tcbsl wcb ‐nbdoija dt tcl

obutc‟ drl obrl fbjflrjle witc prbvija tclir plrsbjd` pbsitibj ds d

vijeifdtibj tcdt tcly drl riact, wclj tcly eb jbt ujelrstdje ‐vlry wl``

wcdt tcly drl td`kija dmbut‟.

Euaij slts tcl sfljl, tclj, debptija tcl pbsl bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml d

pci`bsbpclr; ijeifdtija cis fboobj mbje witc tcbsl ijtl``lftud`s ski``ledt elmdtl, ij fbjtrdst tb tcbsl olrl rcltbrifidjs wcb debpt d pbsl. Ucl

eistijftibj is odel my W`dtb, dje rdtclr ìkl cis clrb Vbfrdtls, Euaij is

ni``le witc dj ‐ljtcusidsobs‟ nbr tcl jdturl bn tcl elmdtl itsl`n , wci`st

spldkija eispdrdaija`y bn tcbsl `lsslr Vbpcists wcb rlvld` tcrbuac tclir

rldsbjija d `dfk bn dmiìty tb elnijl delqudtl`y. Ucly cdvl jb rld`

ujelrstdjeija bn tcl issuls ij tcis, dje eisauisl tclir ijdmiìty witc d nd`slsljsl bn obrd` suplribrity. Ds Euaij puts it8

‐Ucdt’s tcl prbm`lo. Ucis is tcl eisldsl bn tcl jlbpcytls; wclj tclyfbol dfrbss sbol jlw tldfcija, tcly try tb ml cbìlr tcdj tcbu ìkltcl Wbpl.‟

4 Vll clrl. It is bnnlrle ij trdjs`dtibj nrbo ]ussidj clrl.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPkEDRSYUpo#t=2023


http://www.4pt.su/en/content/vladimir-posner-interviews-alexander-dugin







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Euaij’s fritifiso bn tcl Wbpl eisp`dys cis eisedij nbr tcl Fdtcbìf Fcurfc

dje tcl ujivlrsdìty it fdrrils witc it. Cl, tclrlnbrl, slts up tcl elmdtl ds

bjl mltwllj pci`bsbpcy dje sbpcistry, mltwllj tcl trul nditc dje tcl

nd`sl, mltwllj ]ussidj Brtcbebxy dje tcl Fdtcbìf Fcurfc, ieljtinyija

tcl nd`sl jdrrdtivl ds bjl tcdt fbjvlys d sljsl bn obrd` rlftituel tcdt itsl`n

ebls jbt fbjvijfl.

Ucl btclr tdralt bn viìnifdtibj nbr Euaij fljtrls bj wcdt cl fbjtijud``y

tlros ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟. D fbrruptija, djti-Fcristidj ijnùljfl,

wcifc cds `le tb d edjalrbus pbìtifd` fbrrlftjlss. Ucl prbarlssibj cds

elvdùle dje iopdirle tcl obrd` nimrl bn its ijstitutibjs dje, bjl

prlsuols, ijeivieud`s lxpbsle tb tclo. Cis fritiqul bn Qlstlrj

@imlrdìso cl`ps nbro cis bwj pci`bsbpcy ds d rlspbjsl. Cl pdrtifu`dr`y

suaalsts tcdt ]ussidj Brtcbebxy, witc its obrl trdeitibjd` Fcristidj

vdùls, drl eirlft`y ujelr tcrldt nrbo it. Ucis tcrldt rlquirls d rlspbjsl

fdst ij mbtc pbìtifd`, pci`bsbpcifd` dje oiìtdry tlros.

Euaij’s mipb`dr dje ou`tipb`dr obel`s

Euaij is qulstibjle dmbut cis vilws bj tcl ‐ijlvitdm`l‟ fbjnìft mltwllj

tcl bppbsija pbwlrs, br ‐fiviìsdtibjs‟, tcdt odkl up tbedy’s wbrè. Cl

ieljtinils twb clrl8 tcl Vld Wbwlr (tcl \V dje nbrolr`y Arldt Mritdij) dje

tcl @dje Wbwlr, wcifc cl splfinifd``y ieljtinils witc ]ussid. Ds Euaij

stdtls8

‐It is jbt tcdt it is ijlvitdm`l, it’s cdppljija. It fdj cdvl einnlrljtnbros. Mut tcis is tcl mdsis bn albpbìtifs. Ucis is jbt oy bwjplrsbjd` bpijibj. Uclrl is d eisfipìjl bn albpbìtifs frldtle my Dja`b-Vdxbjs- Cd`nbre Odfkijelr- tclj it wds elvl`bple my tclAlrodjs, ìkl Kdr` Cduscbnlr. Uclj it wds tdklj up my ]ussidjLurdsidjists- Wybtbr Vdvitsky-dje jbw it is tduact ij d`` fbujtrils.It is d`` mdsle bj tcis fbjnìftud` sfclol, tcdt tclrl drl twb



<

ijfbooljsurdtl fiviìsdtibjs, twb nujedoljtd` typls bn cuodj sdy,tcl fiviìsdtibj bn tcl sld, dje tcl fiviìsdtibj bn tcl dje rlprlsljtlenujedoljtd``y my ]ussid, br tcl Cldrt`dje, dje mltwllj tclo is dpbsitibjd` struaa`l. Vb sboltiols tcis struaa`l wcifc is abija bj d``

tcl tiol, rldfcls d cbt pcdsl dje sboltiols d fbè pcdsl,sboltiols d flrtdij sbntljija bn tclsl fbjtrdeiftibjs, mut it lxistsd`wdys.‟

It is ijtlrlstija tb jbtl Euaij’s dssbfidtibj bn tcl @dje dje Vld pbwlrs

witc twb einnlrljt kijes bn cuodj mlija8 erdwija djtcrbpb`baifd`

eistijftibjs mltwllj tcl twb pbwlrs ij tlros bn dj ‐ Dja`b-Vdxbj‟ dje

‐Lurdsidj‟ rdfl. Ucis rdfid` eistijftibj bn tcl fiviìsdtibjs is jbt olrl`y d

pdst prbarlssibj, br lvbùtibj, mut bjl tcdt is cdppljija jbw. Ucis slts

tcl sfljl (d `d Vdoul`. W. Cujtijaebj) tb slt up d eul` ij tlros bn twb

eistijft rdfid` dje fu`turd` typls, fdst ds d fiviìsdtibjd` f`dsc bn Ldst dje

Qlst, mut cl rdtclr fbjn`dtls tcl jbtibj bn cuodj dje fu`turd` ieljtity ij

elnijija tcis fiviìsdtibjd` eistijftibj8 usija, nurtclrobrl, d jdtibjd`

ieljtinifdtibj, fdst ds litclr ]ussidj br Dolrifdj, tcrbuacbut tcl elmdtl.‐Fiviìsdtibj‟ is tbb bntlj rleufle tb d pbìtifd` dje splfinifd``y jdtibjd`

f`dssinifdtibj, pdrtifu`dr`y wclj cl spldks bn it ij rdfid` tlros, witcbut

prbvieija delqudtl hustinifdtibj. Cl ndi`s ij tcis tb delqudtl`y elnijl wcy

d ou`ti-rdfid` obelrj-edy Dolrifd br Mritdij, nbr lxdop`l, scbuè ml

splfinifd``y vilwle ds ‐Dja`b-Vdxbj‟. Jbr ijelle ebls cl delqudtl`y

elnijl wcdt Dja`b-Vdxbj vdùls drl, br wcy tcly lxfùsivl`y prleboijdtl

ij ‐Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟, wclj (ds Eljiklr cds scbwj) ou`tip`l rdfls fdj

ml dssuole tb fcdrdftlrisl Lurbpl d`bjl.

Euaij slls tcl fiviìsdtibjd` eistijftibj ds ijtrijsif tb wcdt Dolrifd br

]ussid is ij tlros bn tclir fu`turl, rdfl, dje tclir mlija d odritiol br d

`dje pbwlr. Vb tbb, wclj cl spldks bn tcl Dolrifdj br ]ussidj jdtibj, it

is f`ldr cl is jbt olrl`y rlnlrrija tb d pbìtifd` jbtibj bn its mbujedrils,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Deniker






>

mut tb d obrl dobrpcbus jbtibj bn fiviìsdtibjd` ‐nrbjtilrs‟. Uclsl

fcdrdftlristifs frldtl tcl ‐ijclrljt‟ fbjnìft, wcifc is siou`tdjlbus`y

rdfid`, fu`turd` dje pbìtifd`, dje bjl systloif tb tcl jdturl bn tcl ujipb`dr

obel` Euaij plrflivls ds d tcrldt. D clalobjif tuss`l is bffurrija. Ucis

odjinlsts itsl`n ij plribes bn fbè br cbt wdr fbjnrbjtdtibj, wcifc rdtclr

lxdflrmdtls drole fbjnìft tb dfcilvl nuturl eboijdjfl.

‐Ucl Dolrifdj a`bmd` clalobjy albardpcifd``y, strdtlaifd``y dje(obst iopbrtdjt`y) sbfib`baifd``y is d purl ‐td``dssbfrdfy‟, tclf`dssif odjinlstdtibj bn tcl ltlrjd` Fdrtcdal, wcifc mlfdol d wbrèwiel pcljboljbj. Ucl Dt`djtif `bfdìsdtibj bn tcl Fbrl bn tcl

a`bmd` wbrè (tcl ]ifc Jbrtc), tcl fdpitdìst lssljfl bn its ru`l, tclodtlrid` ijjbvdtivl tlfcjb`bay ds tcl mdsis bn tcl fbjqulst bn tclfb`bjils, tcl strdtlaif fbjtrb` bn tcl slds dje bfldjs witc tcl JD^Ynbrfls―d`` tclsl nldturls bn tcl a`bmdìsdtibj dje prlsljt edyujipb`drity (sboltiols ij tcl sbnt vlrsibj, prlsljtle ds ou`ti-`dtlrdìso) drl tcl f`dssifd` fcdrdftlristifs bn tcl Vld Wbwlr. Dje tclVld Wbwlr is ij tcl plrodjljt qulst dadijst tcl Cldrt`dje, mlijabj its eirlft wdy tb wbrè eboijdtibj.‟=

It is bn vitd` iopbrtdjfl tcdt wl rlfbajisl tcis ijclrljt, systloif,

eltlroijistif fbjnìft, Euaij dsslrts, ij brelr tb ju`ìny tcl tcrldt; nbr

wci`st it is jbt jlflssdri`y ‐fbjjlftle tb cistbrif lvljts‟, it wi`` ylt dvbie

tcl pbssimiìty bn d fbè wdr turjija cbt. 6 Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, ‐rldeijlss‟ br

‐dwdrljlss‟ tb ju`ìny d tcrldt dppldrs tb ml d olrl dpb`baid tb odsk tcl

elnifiljfy bn cis f`dio tcdt fbjnìft is ‐ijclrljt‟ witcij tcl systlo. Itdppldrs jb obrl tcdj d ndádel tb odsk d fd`` tb vib`ljfl itsl`n, witc d pldfl

fdrrbt br ‐std`lodtl‟ prbpbsd` tcdt ljtdi`s wdr, uj`lss cis bwj sbùtibj is

= Euaij’s fbooljts ij d elmdtl witc Wrbn. B. el Fdrvd`cb ‐Ucl \VD dje tcl Jlw Qbrè Brelr‟. Vll clrl.

6 Wbsjlr (imie).

http://theinteramerican.org/the-usa-and-the-new-world-order-a-debate/






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debptle. Ucis sbùtibj, cbwlvlr, is eisijaljubus, ds it u`tiodtl`y sllks

Lurdsidj eboijdjfl dje ljtdi`s oiìtdry lsfd`dtibj ij itsl`n.

Uclrl is d `dfk bn f`drity ds tb cbw prlfisl`y ‐dwdrljlss‟ lqudtls tb d

sbùtibj nbr dvbieija fbjnìft. Dntlr d``, hust mlfdusl bjl fiviìsdtibj (br

mbtc fiviìsdtibjs) rlfbajisl tcl ijclrljt jdturl bn tcl systloif dje

strufturd` ijlvitdmiìty bn tcl fbjnìft, dje tcl ìklìcbbe bn it `ldeija tb d

cbt wdr, it ebls jbt jlflssdri`y oldj tcdt wdr fdj ml dvbiele. Ucis dntlr

d`` is tcl trdaley bn wdr, dje wci`st odjy prlfleija tcl Vlfbje Qbrè Qdr

nbrlsdw tcl ijlvitdm`l nuturl edjalr dje prlpdrle dffbreija`y, it eie jbt

prlvljt it bffurrija. Ij tcis tbb, oiìtdry lsfd`dtibj, bn tcl kije Euaij

ciosl`n fd``s nbr, nurtclr lxdflrmdtls dje hustinils it.

Euaij’s ‐rldeijlss‟ dppldrs tb ljtdi` d pldfl tcrbuac strljatc dpprbdfc,

mut oiact d`sb ml ijtlrprltle ds d fd`` tb dros, dje bjl jbt siop`y sbuact

tb elnlje itsl`n nrbo ijvdsibj, mut ij prlpdrdtibj nbr ]ussid tb ijvdel. Dt

tcl `ldst, it is d fd`` tcdt ljfburdals lsfd`dtibj, dje tcdt ijvitls dj

ijfrldsija`y edjalrbus sfljdrib. Ucis is flrtdij`y cbw it cds mllj

ijtlrprltle my Qlstlrj Ijtl`ìaljfl ij rlsplft tb tcl rlfljt frisis ij

\krdijl, witc ]ussidj odjluvlrs bj its mbrelrs. It cds `le tb fdjfl``le

oiìtdry fbjsu`tdtibjs witc ]ussid,5 mut deeitibjd``y d oiìtdry lsfd`dtibj

ij rlspbjsl cds bffurrle, ds tcl Elnljsl Elpdrtoljt cds lxpdjele nìacts

bvlr tcl Md`tif jdtibjs bn d`` nbrolr Vbvilt stdtls. Ucl \.V. d`sb sljt N-4>

niactlr hlts tb fljtrd` Wb`dje tb tdkl pdrt ij dj lxpdjele oiìtdry

lxlrfisl.<

5 Vll clrl.

< ‐ Ql fbjtijul tb rldssurl bur Ldstlrj Lurbpldj d`ìls tcdt, dt tcis vlry elìfdtl dje

pbtljtid``y elstdmiìsija tiol, tcl \jitle Vtdtls is strbja`y fbooittle tb tclirslfurity ‟ d sljibr deoijistrdtibj bnnifid` sdie. Cbwlvlr, vilw tcis ij fbjtrdst tb

http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/03/politics/us-ukraine-options/



http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/06/background-briefing-senior-administration-officials-executive-order-ukra

http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/03/06/background-briefing-senior-administration-officials-executive-order-ukra




3

Fbopltitivl lsfd`dtibj is ellp`y edjalrbus dje witc lsfd`dtibj fbols

ijfrldsle risk. Ij tcis, Euaij dppldrs tb wdjt tb bvlrriel tcl pbssimiìty,

mut odkls tcl fbjtrdry f`dios tcdt fbjnrbjtdtibj is ijclrljt witcij tcl

systlo itsl`n, mut is bjl jbt jlflssitdtle my ‐cistbrif lvljts‟.> Ij tcis, cl

Bmdod’s dftibjs ij rlsplft tb tcl \V Oissi`l Elnljsl Vcilè, wcifc wds fdjfl``le eultb it lxdflrmdtija tljsibj mltwllj tcl \V, ]ussid dje Wb`dje. Vll clrl.

> Alb-pbìtifd` lxp`djdtibjs sllk tb prbviel d rl`dtivl`y dffurdtl elsfriptibj bn dnndirsdt ldfc oboljt, mut fbjfld` tcl elfisivl fdusl bn cistbrifd` lvljts. Jdtibjs drlfbvlrle ij dj bradjif eéfbr tcdt aivls tclo dj ijelpljeljt ìnl bn tclir bwj. Uclalbpbìtifd` tclbrists fbvlr tcl odp, witc jdols, jdtibjs, stdtls, lopirls, sumeivisibjs dje zbjls bn pbwlr, aivija tcl ioprlssibj tcdt tclsl ljtitils dft dje

fbjstitutl tcl trul fcdrdftlrs bn cistbry, wci`st iajbrija tcly drl mut slfbjedrylxp`djdtibjs dje pdttlrjs elrivle nrbo tcl ou`tip`l lvljts bn cistbry dntlr tcl ndft. Ijtcis djy juomlr bn lrrbjlbus ìjks, fdusls, dje lvlj prijfip`ls dje pdrdeiaos fdj mleltlroijle ij tcl furrljts dje leeils bn tiol.

Cistbry is fbopbsle bn twb kijes bn prbflssls8 fbjtrb``le dje ujfbjtrb``le. Bj`y tclnirst drl cistbrifd` dftibjs dje cdvl d eltlroijle daljt br daljts. Ucl btclrs cdvlou`tip`l sumhlfts, eb jbt nb``bw d prleltlroijle fbursl dje jbmbey fdj d``lal tb mltcl dutcbr bn tcl rlsu`ts dfcilvle.

Ij rlsplft tb daljts, bjl fdj bj`y fd`` dftibjs cistbrif ij d trul sljsl in tcly ljeurl

mlybje tcl ìnlspdj bn tcl ijeivieud` daljts ijvb`vle. Odjy lvljts bn tcl prlsljtbffur, mut drl sbbj nbrabttlj. Uclir rdoinifdtibjs mlfbol ijsiajinifdjt ds tiol pdssls.Eurdmiìty ij tiol is tcl cd`òdrk bn cistbrif dftibj. Mut f`ldr`y stdtls, jdtibjs, lopirlsfdjjbt ml tcl daljts bn cistbrif dftibjs. Uclsl ljtitils rlsu`t bj`y nrbo tclfbomijdtibj bn nbrfls wcifc sllk tb iopbsl tclosl`vls my tcl daljts witcij. Ucly ebjbt cdvl tclir bwj wi``, mut tcly rln`lft, dt ldfc oboljt, tcl wi`` bn d eboijdjt arbup,br lvlj dj ijeivieud`, wcifc ody ml rlp`dfle ij tcl jlxt oboljt. D stdtl, jdtibj brlopirl is bj`y dj dppdrljt daljt, odjipu`dtle my btclr, obrl eurdm`l, obrl stdm`ldaljts br arbups, fdpdm`l bn eboijdtija it dje usija it nbr tclir bmhlftivls. Uclslnrlquljt`y trdjsflje lvlj tcl eurdtibj bn tcl jdtibj stdtl dje ioplrid` nbrodtibjstcly usl.

Bn fbursl, nb``bwija cistbry bvlr slvlrd` fljturils, it is pbssim`l tb pifk up sbolfbjstdjts, wcifc wi`` aivl dj dppldrdjfl bn ujity ij wcdt is hust tcl rlfurrljfl bnioplrsbjd`, oixle fdusls, wcifc drl mlybje djymbey’s fbjtrb`. Vtrift`y spldkija, bjlis jbt eldìja witc dj ‐dftibj‟, mut witc tcl siop`l ujprloleitdtle rlsu`t bn djyjuomlr bn ujfbjjlftle dftibjs dje rldftibjs sbol purpbsivl, sbol dffieljtd`.

Vbfid` f`dssls, ìkl jdtibjs, fdjjbt ml cistbrifd` daljts. Jbjl cdvl d ujity bn purpbslnb``bwija d fbclrljt p`dj bn dftibj tcrbuac twb, tcrll, nbur aljlrdtibjs.

Ds d fbjslquljfl it is mlst jbt tb fbjnusl tcl twb typls bn prbflssls, dje jlvlrijeisfrioijdtl`y dpp`y bjl lxp`djdtibj bn fdusls tb djbtclr. Mut mrldkija tcis ru`l is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_missile_defense_complex_in_Poland






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bnnlrs d ODE sfljdrib, dje prlsuodm`y wdjts tb sdy tcdt mlfdusl tclrl

cdsj’t mllj d juf`ldr fbjn`dardtibj ij tcl pdst, tclrl is abbe rldsbj tb

mlìlvl bjl wi`` jbt cdpplj ij tcl nuturl. Ucl f`dio rlsts bj fbjnrbjtdtibj

mlija dj ijclrljt pdrt bn tcl systlo, mut rdtclr fbjtrdri`y iopìls tcl

ìklìcbbe bn pldfl mlfdusl bn it mdsle bj tcl cistbrif lxdop`l. It d`sb

iajbrls tcl edjalrs bn plrpltud` lsfd`dtibj, dje tcl ijfrldsle pbssimiìty

bn fbjn`dardtibj bffurrija my olrl dffieljt br fcdjfl.

Obrl wbrryija`y, tcl fbjnrbjtdtibj cl ljvisdals dppldrs tb pdrd``l` d

Odrxist eid`lftif prbarlssibj. Ucis suaalsts Euaij’s f`dio nbr pldfl is ij

ndft ijsijflrl, ds tcl systlo nbr mbtc Clal` dje Odrx rlquirle

fbjnrbjtdtibj dje wdr.

Clal` vilwle tcl ijlvitdm`l prbarlssibj ds mlija odjinlst ij cistbrif

lvljts ds wdr, d prbarlssibj jlflssdry nbr tcl elvl`bpoljt bn Alist;

wclrlds Odrx sdw rlvbùtibj ds dj ijlvitdm`l fbjslquljfl bn d f`dss

struaa`l mltwllj tcl mburalbisl `dje bwjlrs dje tcl wbrkija prb`ltdridt,

eul tb dj ijlvitdm`l fbjnìft bn ijtlrlsts. Ij mbtc fdsls, it suppbsle

eltlroijistif fbjnìft eul tb d fbjnrbjtdtibj bn bppbsitls.

Euaij tbb rlfbajisls tcis ijlvitdm`l eltlroijistif fbjnìft, mut sbolcbw

nll`s it fdj ml odjdale ij tcl Fbè Qdr sfljdrib. Ucl prloisl ebls jbt

hustiny cistbrif eltlroijiso mut rdtclr fbjtrdri`y hustinils it ìkl Odrx dje

Clal`, siop`y mlfdusl it cds jlvlr bffurrle ij tcl pdst. Ucis is d jdivl djeedjalrbus dssuoptibj, rdtclr dkij tb hustinyija p`dyija ]ussidj rbu`lttl

tcl ndu`t bn Wrbn. Euaij, wcb tljes tb sllk d pdttlrj dje d ‐oldjija ij cistbry‟ usijajdtibjd` dje stdtl obel`s tclosl`vls, rdtclr tcdj ieljtinyija tcl rdtibjd` daljts dsfdusd` prijfip`ls. Ij tcis rlsplft, fiviìsdtibjd` obel`s drl lxp`dijle ds ‐bradjif‟,lolraija dje arbwija dffbreija tb ijclrljt prijfip`ls, rdtclr tcdj eul tb tcl fduslbn daljts dje tclir rdtibjd` bmhlftivls. Mut obrlbvlr, cl dppldrs tb fbjnusl tcl ru`l

my nurtclr sllkija tb lxp`dij witc daljts tcl fdusls bn djy djbodìls cl sllks tbsuppbrt ij brelr tb hustiny cis alb-pbìtifd` obel`.



47

dje adomìja bj tcl fbjslquljfls tcdt tcl p`dylrs wi`` jbt eil, mlfdusl

tcly cdvl p`dyle mlnbrl dje survivle tcl breld`. It rdtclr dssuols ltlrjd`

fbjnrbjtdtibj bn bppbsitls is mlst odjdale my d stdsis br md`djfl bn

pbwlrs, wcifc fdj ylt ml fbjtdijle ds tcl lsfd`dtibj bn pbwlrs bffurs.1

Cistbrifd` eltlroijiso dsiel, fbjnìft is nurtclr lxdflrmdtle my tcl

suppbsitibj tcdt d ujipb`dr ujivlrsdìso is mlija sbuact dje ljnbrfle nbr

d rlsbùtibj. Ucus, tcl jbtibj bn d tcrldt is mbtc frldtle dje dopìnile.

Clrl tcl ijlvitdm`l fbjslquljfl bn fbjnìft dssuols bppbsija pdrdeiaos

drl tryija tb dfcilvl eboijdjfl ij brelr tb dfcilvl d syjtclsis. It nurtclr

suaalsts djy dttlopt tb dfcilvl it rlquirls d prbarlssibj tb ljnbrfl

clalobjy. Ij btclr wbres, tcl struaa`l tb iopbsl ujivlrsdìso suppbsls

d eid`lftif prbarlssibj, rlsu`tija ij dj ijlvitdm`l syjtclsis, wcifc mlnbrl

it is rlsb`vle oust jlflssitdtl wdr.

Vufc vilws rdtclr rln`lft cis Odrxist dje Clalìdj (]bodjtif) ijnùljfle

oijeslt. Fbjnìft is ijclrljt dje ijlvitdm`l. D f`dio nbr pldfl tclrlnbrl

dppldrs eisijaljubus, br fdj bj`y ml dfcilvle, ds Clal` mlìlvle, dntlr

wdr cds bffurrle, br ij tcl Odrxidj fbjtlxt, pbst rlvbùtibj dntlr tcl stdtl

cds witclrle dje eile.

Euaij ndi`s tb fbjsielr d`sb, wcltclr djy suppbsle dttlopt dt iopbsija

ujivlrsdìso oiact ij itsl`n wdrrdjt d eissipdtibj bn bjl br obrl pbwlrs

ds tcl prbarlssibj elvl`bps8 tcus ju`ìnyija it ds d pdrtifu`dr tcrldt, mutsioi`dr`y jlutrdìsija tcl md`djfl bn bppbsitls.3 Ij tcis clalobjy sllos

ijlvitdm`y tb cis fbjflrj tb prlslrvl ]ussid8 its jdtibjd` ieljtity, its

1 Ou`tipb`drity is cis dtlr prlnlrrle sfljdrib, mut tcl f`dssinifdtibj bn tcl @dje dje VldWbwlrs lnnlftivl`y suppbsls d mipb`dr eistijftibj ds plr tcl Odfkijelr obel` ij djyfdsl. Jlle`lss tb sdy tcl ou`tipb`dr obel` sti`` tljes tb lxdflrmdtl risk dje edjalr dsij tcl mipb`dr ODE fbjnrbjtdtibj sfljdrib, mut bj ou`tip`l nrbjts.

3 Obrl fdj ml sdie bj tcis `dtlr wclj tcl vdribus obel`s8 tcl ujipb`dr, mipb`dr,ou`tipb`dr (cis prlnlrrle sbùtibj) dje jbjpb`dr obel`s drl lxdoijle ij obrl eltdi`.



44

fu`turl dje its pbìtifd` pbwlr lxfùsivl`y, witcbut nu``y fbjsielrija tcl

obrl wielsprlde a`bmd` edjalrs pbsle my d ]ussidj iomd`djfl. Cl sllks

tb prlslrvl it bj`y nrbo tcl iooijljt tcrldt bn \V clalobjy, dje tcl

sbùtibj tb tcis rlquirls oiìtdry drodoljt, ds oufc ds pci`bsbpcifd`

tclbrisija.

Ij trutc, Euaij tljes tb trdfl tcl oiìtdry fbjnrbjtdtibj tb dj ielb`baifd`

fdusl rbbtle ij cistbry. Ucl Vbvilt \jibj’s Fbooujiso prlvljtle d cbt

wdr fbjnìft witc tcl \jitle Vtdtls nrbo bffurrija ij tcl pdst. In d suitdm`l

pb`dr bppbsitl fdj ml nbuje, witc d suitdm`l ielb`baifd` ioplrdtivl, tcl

tcrldt bn \V clalobjy fdj ml fbujtlrle dadij. Ucis is rdtclr rlvldìja,

mlfdusl it tljes tb dssuol Fbooujiso wds d pldflkllplr dje obrd``y

suplribr mlfdusl bn tcis. It rdtclr suaalsts Euaij ciosl`n is d pbìtifd`

lxtrloist, witc dj ielb`baifd``y erivlj oije8 bjl wcb ndvburs stdtl-

fljtrif pbìtifd` pci`bsbpcils, rdtclr tcdj tcl obrl virtubus prijfip`ls bn

ìmlrty8 sbvlrliajty, nrllebo dje ijelpljeljfl.

Fbè Qdr eétljtl fbuè jbt ml sustdijle in tcl @dje dje Vld Wbwlrs cde

mllj fdst ds tcly wlrl bn bè ij Ioplridìst tlros nbr Euaij, ds tcl bè

obel` wds d fbopltitivl obel` bn lopirl. It sti`` lxists tbedy, cl f`dios,

ds d fbopltitivl obel` bn elobfrdtif abvlrjoljts. It sllos

‐fbopltitivljlss‟ cds tb ml fdjfl``le but, br mrbuact ijtb stdsis. Ucis

ijvb`vls, ij d vlry rld` sljsl, jladtija tcl ields bn elobfrdfy dje

@imlrdìso.

Nbr Euaij, tcl jdturl bn tcl fbjnrbjtdtibj is ‐nbrlvlr‟, eul tb sbol

ltlrjd` fcdrdftlristif bn ‐fbopltitivljlss‟, mut cl jlles tb rlfbajisl tcdt

‐fbopltitivljlss‟ fdjjbt siop`y ml fdjfl``le but, br siop`y put bj cbè,

in it prbopts lsfd`dtibj. It fdj ij ndft ml d ndftbr tcdt triaalrs a`bmd`

elstruftibj dje djjici`dtibj itsl`n. Ij rlsplft tb tcl ‐ltlrjd`‟, mut ylt

pldflnu` jdturl bn tcl fbjnrbjtdtibj cbwlvlr8



4=

‐In wl wdjt tb dvbie d cbt wdr wl oust ml rldey nbr prlfisl`y wcdtKisi`lv is td`kija dmbut, tcl elstruftibj bn Dolrifd. Dje tcis outud`rldeijlss rlobvls tcl risk dje edjalr. ‟9

Euaij ijvitls d jlw Fbè Qdr fbjnrbjtdtibj tb try tb dfcilvl md`djfl dje

pldfl bj ou`tip`l nrbjts. Mlsiels tcl prbnlssle fbjflrj nbr pldfl

cbwlvlr, cl d`sb vilws it ij oufc obrl splfinif tlros ds jlflssdry tb

fbujtlrdft tcl iomd`djfl bn d ]ussidj elfìjl ij oiìtdry strljatc; d

elfìjl tcdt cds bffurrle sijfl tcl 4997s. Ucl elfìjl is bjl dadij fciln`y

`die dt tcl ebbr bn tcl \V, wcb cdvl ylt prbobtle d ‐sumstdjtid`

iomd`djfl‟ tb ndvbur tclir bwj ijtlrlsts dntlr tcl Fbè Qdr ljele. Cl

dadij p`dys up tcl edjalrs bn \V ujipb`drity ij tcis, mut ndi`s tb rlfbajisl

tcl eisdarlloljts ij ijtlrprltdtibj tcdt drbsl eurija tcl el-lsfd`dtibj

eisfussibjs tcdt fcdrdftlrisle VUD]U I. 47

Ds Uiol odadzijl put it dt tcl tiol8

‐\jelr ]ldadj’s fliìjas, tcl \.V. wbuè cdvl tb odkl fbjsielrdm`y`lss bn dj dehustoljt ij its strdtlaif nbrfls tcdj wbuè tcl Vbvilt

9 Vll Kisi`lv’s rlodrks clrl . ^`deioir Wutij’s prbpdadjed fciln, Eoitry Kisi`lv, tcljlw clde bn ]ussidj abvlrjoljt-ruj dje nijdjfle oleid/prbpdadjed dro ]IDJbvbsti.

47 VUD]U (Vtrdtlaif Dros ]leuftibj Urldty) wds d mi`dtlrd` trldty mltwllj tcl \jitleVtdtls bn Dolrifd dje tcl \jibj bn Vbvilt Vbfidìst ]lpumìfs (\VV]) bj tcl ]leuftibjdje @ioitdtibj bn Vtrdtlaif Bnnljsivl Dros. Ucl trldty wds siajle bj 64 Hu`y 4994 dje

ljtlrle ijtb nbrfl bj < Elflomlr 4995. Ucl trldty mdrrle its siajdtbrils nrboelp`byija obrl tcdj >,777 juf`ldr wdrcldes dtbp d tbtd` bn 4,>77 IFMOs, ijtlr-fbjtijljtd` md`ìstif oissi`ls, dje mbomlrs.

VUD]U jlabtidtle tcl `dralst dje obst fbop`lx dros fbjtrb` trldty ij cistbry, dje itsnijd` iop`loljtdtibj ij `dtl =774 rlsu`tle ij tcl rlobvd` bn dmbut 37 plrfljt bn d``strdtlaif juf`ldr wldpbjs tclj ij lxistljfl. Wrbpbsle my ]ldadj it wds rljdoleVUD]U I dntlr jlabtidtibjs mladj bj tcl slfbje VUD]U trldty. Ucl VUD]U I trldtylxpirle < Elflomlr =779. Bj 3 Dpri` =747, tcl rlp`dfloljt Jlw VUD]U trldty wdssiajle ij Wrdaul my \.V. Wrlsieljt Bmdod dje ]ussidj Wrlsieljt Olevlelv.Nb``bwija rdtinifdtibj my tcl \.V. Vljdtl dje tcl Nlelrd` Dsslom`y bn ]ussid, it wljt

ijtb nbrfl bj => Hdjudry =744.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)



http://americablog.com/2014/03/putins-media-head-threatens-turn-us-radioactive-ash.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_treaty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhead

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Russia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Russia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBMs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warhead




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_treaty





46

\jibj. Ucdt nldturl bn tcl prbpbsd` wi`` dòbst flrtdij`y prbopt tclVbvilts tb fcdral tcdt it is ujndir dje bjl-siele. Jb ebumt sbol Dolrifdj dros-fbjtrb` devbfdtls wi`` darll, dffusija tcl Deoijistrdtibj bn odkija tcl Krloìj dj bnnlr it fdjjbt pbssim`y

dfflpt―d elflptivl`y lqud`-`bbkija, elìmlrdtl`y jbjjlabtidm`lprbpbsd` tcdt is pdrt bn wcdt sbol susplft is tcl cdreìjlrs ’ slfrltdaljed bn sdmbtdaija eisdrodoljt sb tcdt tcl \.V. fdj alt bj witctcl musijlss bn rldrodoljt.‟

Cbwlvlr, Uiol eie pbijt but tcdt8

‐Ucl Vbvilts' objstrbus IFMOs cdvl aivlj tclo d jldr`y 6-tb-4devdjtdal bvlr tcl \.V. ij "tcrbw wliact"―tcl fuou`dtivl pbwlr tb"tcrbw" oladtbjs bn eldtc dje elstruftibj dt tcl btclr jdtibj.‟44

Euaij plrflivls tcl \V edjalr ds bjl tcdt cds fbjsistljt`y sbuact tb

prbml tcl wldkjlssls bn ]ussid’s dmiìty tb elnlje itsl`n , pdrtifu`dr`y ij its

suppbrt bn tcl slpdrdtists ij Fclfcjyd, dje tcl mdtt`l nbr tcl pbst- Vbvilt

spdfl aljlrd``y. Qcdt is rlquirle, tclrlnbrl, is tcl rldìsdtibj tcdt ]ussid

cds d ‐zbjl bn alb-pbìtifd` rlspbjsimiìty‟. Ucis zbjl ebls jbt rlquirl dj

ljfrbdfcoljt bn oiìtdry mdsls br drodoljts ‐bjtb tclir tlrritbry‟,

wcifc ij djy fdsl wbuè bj`y `lde tb d prbvbfdtibj riskija tcl fcdjfl bn

44 Dt tcl tiol tcl \V cde d fboodjeija `lde ij strdtlaif mbomlrs. Ucl \V M-<= nbrfl,d`tcbuac bè wds d frleim`l strdtlaif tcrldt, mut wds bj`y lquipple witc DAO-3>fruisl oissi`ls ij 493=, d wldkjlss mlfdusl bn Vbvilt dir elnljfl ioprbvloljts ij tclldr`y 4937s. Ucl \V d`sb cde mlauj tb ijtrbeufl d jlw M-4M @djflr qudsi-stld`tc

mbomlr dje wds slfrlt`y elvl`bpija tcl Devdjfle Ulfcjb`bay Mbomlr (DUM) prbhlfttcdt wbuè lvljtud``y rlsu`t ij tcl M-= Vpirit stld`tc mbomlr. Ucl \VV]'s nbrfl wds bnìtt`l tcrldt tb tcl \V, bj tcl btclr cdje, ds it wds tdskle dòbst ljtirl`y witc dttdfkija\V fbjvbys ij tcl Dt`djtif dje `dje tdralts bj tcl Lurdsidj `djeodss. D`tcbuac tcl\VV] cde 4,=77 oleiuo dje cldvy mbomlrs, bj`y 4<7 bn tclo (Uupb`lv Uu-9<s djeOydsiscfclv O-5s) fbuè rldfc Jbrtc Dolrifd. Ucl dttlr bj`y witc ij-nìact rlnulìja.Ucly d`sb ndfle einnifu`t prbm`los ij pljltrdtija deoittle`y sod``lr dje cldvi`yelnljele \V dirspdfl.

Wbsslssija tbb nlw mbomlrs dvdi`dm`l wclj fbopdrle tb \V mbomlr juomlrs wdslvljle but my tcl \V nbrfls cdvija tb pljltrdtl tcl oufc `dralr dje cldvilr elnljeleVbvilt dirspdfl. Ucis fcdjale wclj jlw Uu-9<OV dje Uu-4>7 mbomlrs dppldrle ij4935, lquipple witc tcl nirst Vbvilt DV-4< fruisl oissi`ls. My ìoitija tcl pcdsl-ij dsit wds prbpbsle, tcl \V wbuè ml `lnt witc d strdtlaif devdjtdal, mut tcis ‐devdjtdal‟lxistle bj`y nbr d tiol.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-86

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-95


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-15

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-15



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev_M-4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1_Lancer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-86



45

QQ6. Euaij is jbt ij ndvbur bn sufc dj ‐lsfd`dtibj bn fbjnìfts‟, cl prlnlrs

ijstlde tb audrdjtll pldfl tcrbuac8

‐..Xbjls bn rlspbjsimiìty, zbjls bn fiviìsdtibj, bn `dje fiviìsdtibjdje sld fiviìsdtibj wcifc drl sunnifiljt`y bradjif djefboprlcljsim`l.‟

Mut it is prlfisl`y clrl wclrl tcijas eb mlfbol einnifu`t ij rlspbjsl tb sdy

^ljlzul`d br Fumd; wclrl djy strljatcljija bn tcl oiìtdry prlsljfl

wbuè `lde tb dj ‐ujcld`tcy‟ situdtibj tcdt tcl \V w buè vilw ds d eirlft

fcd``ljal.

Euaij ndi`s tb sdtisndftbri`y lxp`dij cbw cis prbpbsle ‐zbjls‟ br

‐nrbjtilrs‟ ij rlsplft tb cis fiviìsdtibjd` obel` fdj ml delqudtl`y elnijle

witcbut f`ldr`y elìjldtle mbrelrs. Cl sllos rl`dxle dmbut tcl jlmu`bsity

bn tcl ield dje ebls jbt sll it ds lxdflrmdtija wdr. Fbjtrdri`y, cbwlvlr,

cl ebls vilw jdtibjd` mbrelrs ds mlija siajinifdjt wclj cl fitls tcl

lxdop`l bn tcl fbup wcifc drbsl ij Kilv. Ucis cl vilws ds dj ‐ijvdsibj‟,

rdtclr tcdj d ìmlrdtibj bn \krdijidj fitizljs nrbo pbìtifd` bpprlssibj.

Ucl sljsl is tcdt \V oleeìja cde lxlrtle dj ijnùljfl. Ucl dobrpcbus

jdturl bn tcl fiviìsdtibjd` nrbjtilrs is, tclrlnbrl, rlsbrtle tb bj`y nbr

]ussid’s devdjtdal, wclj cl hustinils tcl ìmlrdtibj bn \krdijl dje its

‐]ussidj spldkija plbp`ls‟ ds wdrrdjtle mlfdusl bn tclir fu`turd`

dnniìdtibj tb ]ussid. Cl fbjsielrs fu`turd` sioi`dritils prbviel d sunnifiljt hustinifdtibj nbr d ]ussidj ijfursibj tb rlsful tclo, mut jbt ij rlsplft tb

djy Qlstlrj Lurbpldj/\V vdùls tcly oiact d`sb scdrl.

Fu`turd` dnniìdtibj is usle ds dj ieljtinilr bn tcl fiviìsdtibjd` zbjls bn

rlspbjsimiìty dje tclrlnbrl d pbìtifd` d``laidjfl tcdt wdrrdjts oiìtdry

dftibj tb dodàdodtl eispdrdtl pdrts ijtb d alb-pbìtifd` pbwlr. Ucl



4<

fbujtlrwliact tb \V clalobjy is sioi`dr`y fbjflivle ij tlros bn d Vijb-

]ussidj d`ìdjfl wclrl mbtc8

‐nbro tbaltclr ds d wcb`l Lurdsid, tcl Cldrt`dje’s zbjl, twbarldtlst fbjtijljtd` spdfls. Vb, wl eld` witc tl`ùrbfrdfy ij itslssljfl.‟4=

Ucis sllos tb ml d elpdrturl nrbo btclr pumìscle rlodrks, wclrl cl cds

lopcdsisle tcl jlflssity ij dvbieija tcbsl fbujtrils witc Dt`djtifist

tljeljfils nrbo d``yija witc tcl Lurdsidj m`bf. Uclsl fbujtrils nbr Euaij

drl fbjtrdri`y Fcijd (d fbjtlopbrdry d``y) wcifc cl cds vilwle ds d

cistbrifd` mdsl nbr Dja`b-Dolrifdj dftivitils dadijst Lurdsid, dje tcl

Is`doif, JDUB d`ìle Uurkly, wcifc Euaij cds fd``le tcl fbujtry tb ml

trldtle ds d –sfdplabdt’ my tcl Lurdsidjists, mlfdusl bn its bplj`y

Dt`djtifist ijfìjdtibjs. 46

Euaij’s mipb`dr obel` cds dttlr`y lvb`vle ijtb d ou`tipb`dr obel`. Ub tcis

lje, cl cds erdwj tcrll dxls8 bjl mltwllj ]ussid dje Alrodjy 45, djbtclr

mltwllj ]ussid dje Irdj, dje bjl mltwllj ]ussid dje Hdpdj. Uclsl

elìjldtl dje ieljtiny d juomlr bn fciln a`bmd` pbwlrs.

Qclrlds Alrodjy dje Hdpdj fdj prbviel tcl ]ussidj-Lurdsidj zbjl witc

tcl jlflssdry lfbjboif dje tlfcjb`baifd` tbb`s, Irdj fdj dft ds dj

iopbrtdjt ìjk mltwllj Lurdsid dje tcl Is`doif wbrè ‖ d trdeitibjd`

4= ‐Ucl \VD dje tcl Jlw Qbrè Brelr‟ (bp.fit).

46 Ij dj ijtlrvilw pumìfisle bj cis wlmsitl, Lvrdzid.bra, Euaij stdtle bjfl dadij tcdtFcijd dje Uurkly fdjjbt tdkl eirlft pdrt ij tcl Lurdsid m`bf dje tcl mlst cl fbuèbnnlr mbtc fbujtrils wbuè ml tb lxpdje tclir spclrls bn ijnùljfl sbutcwdres, wci`l`ldvija rlaibjs tb tclir jbrtc tb d ]ussidj spclrl bn ijnùljfl.

45 Nrdjfl tbb is oljtibjle in it fdj scirk its bplj`y Dt`djtifist ijfìjdtibjs.



4>

bppbjljt tb Dja`b-Dolrifdj pbìfils ‖ dje mltwllj Lurdsid dje tcl

Wlrsidj Au`n, d strdtlaif but`lt nbr dfflss tb tcl sld.

]ladreija Lurdsid’s dfflss tb tcl btclr strdtlaif but`lt tb tcl sld, tcl

Wdfinif Bfldj, Euaij mlìlvls tcdt d oijbr dxis oiact d`sb ml erdwj tb

Ijeid, wcifc fdj bj`y dft ds d –nrbjtilr stdtibj’, sijfl Ijeid ebls jbt cdvl

tcl sunnifiljt albpbìtifd` elptc tb mlfbol d odhbr dxis bj its bwj.

Euaij mlìlvls tcdt sufc d Lurdsidj zbjl, br m`bf, wi`` d`sb ml mljlnifid`

nbr tclsl d`ìls, ds ]ussid wbuè prbviel tclo witc its odssivl rlsburfls

bn rdw odtlrid`s (lsplfid``y ljlray) ds wl`` ds prbvieija d juf`ldruomrl``d nrbo tcl ljfrbdfcija dje mu``yija ijnùljfl bn tcl Qlst.

Nbr Euaij, albpbìtifs dje fu`turl drl syjtclsisle ij d wbrè pdrdeiao.

Ucis is oldjt tb sdtisny pbìtifd` albardpcifd`, lfbjboif dje sbfib`baifd`

jlles. Ucl8

‐mbrelrs dje ‐`ls eispbsitins‟ bj tcl bjl cdje, dje tcl fu`turd`,

sbfid` dje vdùl systlo, bj tcl btclr. Vb, tl`ùrbfrdfy, tcl ]bol’spdrdeiao, is tcl albpbìtifd` fbjtijljtd` kije bn strdtlay djefiviìzdtibj tdklj tbaltclr. Vb tcl cbstiìty mltwllj \VD-ujipb`drity-a`bmdìzdtibj-nijdjfid` bìadrfcy-obelrjizdtibj-fdpitdìso dje ]ussid-Fcijl-oiìtdriso-sbvlrliajty bn stdtl-trdeitibjd` sbfilty-(fryptb-sbfidìso) is plrnlft`y albpbìtifd`.‟4<

Ij tcis bee`y f`dssifd` vilw bn tcl wbrè, tcl p`dfl bn Is`do ij Euaij’s

albpbìtifd` visibj fbrrlspbjes8

‐…tb tcl ]io`dje, prlfisl`y tb tcl `dral pdrt bn ]io`dje abija nrbotcl Odacrlm tcrbuac Oiee`l Ldst tb tcl Fljtrd` Dsid dje nurtclr tbIs`doif sbfiltils bn tcl Wdfinif. Albpbìtifd` jdturl bn Is`do bpljs tbit twb bptibjs8 Vld Wbwlr br @dje Wbwlr, tcl tcd``dssbfrdfy brtl`ùrbfrdfy2 Ucl rdeifd` Is`do rlhlftija tcl Qlst, tcl \VD, tcl

4< ‐Ucl \VD dje tcl Jlw Qbrè Brelr‟ (bp. fit).



41

a`bmdìzdtibj dje fbjslquljt`y tcl tcd``dssbfrdfy, is `baifd``yijfìjle tb tcl d`ìdjfl witc tcl @dje Wbwlr. Mut tcis zbjl ds d wcb`lfdj bptibjd``y odkl tcl btclr elfisibj, prlnlrrija tcl d`ìdjfl witctcl Qlst (ds sbol Drdm rlaiols).‟4>

Ij tcis, cl ebls jbt bnnlr djy lxp`djdtibj bn cbw Uurkly dppldrs tb lxcimit

tcl tljeljfils bn mbtc, dje wcltclr it fbuè ml usle ds d munnlr mltwllj

tcl Is`doif Oiee`l Ldst dje Lurbpl, d situdtibj bn pdrtifu`dr fbjflrj jbw.

Cl ebls, cbwlvlr, fbjflivl bn d strdtlay tb fbujtlr tcl ujipb`dr visibj bn

tcl Qlst ij tlros bn d`ìdjfls witc Is`do in tcly ndvbur rdeifdìso. Ij tcis,

cbwlvlr, cl f`ldr`y dppldrs tb ml odkija cis d`ìdjfls witc tlrrbrists dje

dadijst djy tcdt sioi`dr`y ello obelrj ‐ìmlrd`‟ elobfrdfy d tcrldt.

Ij djy d`ìdjfl, tcl bmhlftivl is tb dfcilvl d ‐md`djfl‟. Ucis is rlquirle, mut

furrljt`y tcl8

‐ md`djfl mltwllj tcl tcd``dssbfrdfy dje tl`ùrbfrdfy tbedy is ij

ndvbur bn tcl nirst. Vb tcl prlsljt situdtibj fdj ml fbrrlft`y lvdùdtleij tcl f`dssifd` (‐bè‟) albpbìtifd` tlros. Ucl Vld Wbwlr, strivija tbfbjtrb` tcl Cldrt`dje (Lurdsid) ij brelr tb ru`l tcl Qbrè (iopbsijalvlrywclrl its odrklt/cuodj riacts/ijeivieudìst pdttlrjs dje vdùls), is fbjnrbjtija witc tcl Lurdsidj nbrfls (]ussid-Fcijd) djeits tlopbrdry d`ìls (Is`doists, @dtij Dolrifd djti-fb`bjidìsts, jlb-sbfidìsts dje ‐ijelpljeljtistds‟ dje sb bj). 41

Ucl hustinifdtibj nbr Euaij’s eistijftibj mltwllj tcd``dssbfrdfy dje

tl`ùrbfrdfy, is mdsle bj d f`dssif tclbry bn Cd`nbre Odfkijelr. It `dfks tcl

cistbrifd` prbbns tb mdfk it up cbwlvlr, nbr ‐d arldt wdr bn tcl fbjtijljts‟

cds jlvlr dftud``y bffurrle.43 Cistbrifd` fbrrbmbrdtibj wds tcl ijitid`

4> ‐Ucl \VD dje tcl Jlw Qbrè Brelr‟ (imie) .41 (bp. fit).

43 Wrlvibus`y tcl cistbrifd` prlfleljt wds usle tb hustiny d ODE sfljdrib dje tcl ndftlsfd`dtibj eie jbt `lde tb cbt wdr hustinile it tb md`djfl tcl ujipb`dr tcrldt. Ucis tiold`ìdjfls drl prbpbsle dje tcl jlle nbr md`djfija but tcl jlw rlsplftivl fiviìsdtibj



43

hustinifdtibj wcy djy ODE sfljdrib wbuè jbt `lde tb juf`ldr

fbjn`dardtibj. Clrl, cistbry is dadij dppld`le tb ds tcl hustinifdtibj nbr

wcy Lurdsid jlles tb ml elvl`bple ij brelr tb dvbie fbjnìft, mut it is bjl

`dfkija cistbrifd` vlrinifdtibj mdsle bj pdst lvljts.

Cistbrifd``y spldkija, it is trul tclrl cdvl mllj sbol wdrs bn ‐sld-pbwlrs‟

dadijst ‐`dje-pbwlrs‟ ds Euaij dsslrts, mut lqud``y tclrl cdvl mllj hust

ds odjy wdrs bn sld-pbwlrs dobja tclosl`vls, dje tcl sdol fbuè ml

sdie bn `dje-pbwlrs tbb ij tcis rlsplft. Jbtdm`y tcl wdrs bn tcl =7tc

fljtury cdvl nurtclr ijfbrpbrdtle nbrfls bn `dje, sld dje dir!

Jlitclr cds tclrl lvlr mllj d aljlrd` d`ìdjfl bn ‐Lurdsidjists‟ dadijst d

fbjnlelrdtibj bn ‐Dt`djtifists‟, ds tcl dedptle Odfkijelr obel` cl usls

suaalsts. Uclrl cdvl mllj `bfd` fbjnìfts witcij ldfc m`bf, suaalstija

nurtclr tcdt tclsl m`bfs eb jbt lvlj dft ìkl m`bfs ij tcl f`dssif alb-

pbìtifd` sljsl.

Ij tcis rlsplft, tclj, Euaij’s ‐arldt wdr bn tcl fbjtijljts‟ is suaalstivl bnsbol nuturl lvljt, br lvlj d strdtlay br abd` fbjflivle ij cis bwj oije,

dje ìkl tcl Brdf`l dt El`pci, br obrl dpt`y ]dsputij, cl pllrs ijtb tcl

nuturl dje tdjtdìsls us witc cis prbjbujfloljts. 49 Cl erldos bn

pbwlrs hustinils itsl`n witc tcl f`dio d arldt ‐wdr bn fiviìsdtibjs‟ wi`` bffur. Cistbrifd`rlnlrljts ij rlsplft tb mbtc fdjjbt ml systlodtifd``y dje fbjsistljt`y sustdijle.49 Ariabry ]dsputij prbpclsisle tcl lje bn tcl wbrè ds Duaust =6, =746. ]dsputijprleiftle d ‐tlrrim`l stbro‟ ij wcifc nirl wbuè elstrby ìnl bj tcl p`djlt. Cl d`sb sdietcdt Hlsus Fcrist wbuè fbol ebwj tb Ldrtc tb fbonbrt plbp`l ij eistrlss.

Uclrl wds d`wdys dj durd bn oystlry drbuje tcl sfdjed`bus ndvburitl bn tcl ]byd`ndoi`y. Odjy mlìlvle tcdt cl cde nbrlsllj tcl Nirst Qbrè Qdr, tcl rlvbùtibj djelvlj cis bwj eldtc. Cl prbpclsile tb tcl tsdr tcdt in cl wds ki``le my bjl bn cisfburtilrs, ds dtlr cdppljle, ‐jbjl bn ybu, jbjl bn ybur fcièrlj wi`` ivl nbr obrl tcdjtwb yldrs.‟

]dsputij wds ki``le bj Elflomlr 41, 494> my Wrijfl Nlìx Yusupbv, wcb wds odrriletb tcl jilfl bn Jifcb`ds II , d fbusij bn tcl tsdr bn tcl Ardje Eukl Eoitri Wdv`bvifc,Vtdtl Euod elputy, ^`deioir Wuriscklvifc, dje pcysifidj Vtdjis`dw @dzbvlrt.



49

frldtija d fbè wdr typl fbjnìft8 d Vijb-]ussidj-Is`doif d`ìdjfl vlrsus

tcl Dja`b-spclrl (tcl \V, Mritdij dje clr `dral`y Qlstlrj d`ìls) ij brelr,

cl f`dios, tb prlvljt d cbt wdr nrbo bffurrija, mut it is d albpbìtifd`

strdtlay rdtclr ijfbjsistljt`y draule nbr, dje wcifc ij djy fdsl ujndir`y

lopbwlrs dje lombèljs ]ussid.

Cis nuturl visibj sllks tb prbviel fbrrbmbrdtibj my rlnlrljfl tb tcl pdst.

Mut tb tcis lje, cl bntlj cds tb rlsbrt tb d rdtclr ndjfinu` dje ijfbjsistljt

ijtlrprltdtibj bn cistbry. Ucis is jbt tb ml vilwle tbb cdrsc`y, ds cistbry is

susflptim`l tb ou`tip`l ijtlrprltdtibjs, dje cl prlsljts tcis ij djy fdsl ds

d pci`bsbpcifd` fbjujeruo. Cl oiact dee tcdt cis fbjflrj fbuè ml

hustinile ds obrd` tbb, in it wds bjl tcdt sbuact tb aljuijl`y nije d sbùtibj

tb djy nuturl cbt wdr sfljdrib. Euaij’s bwj elìact ij spldkija bn nuturl

cbt wdr situdtibjs witc tbb nrll dmdjebj, cbwlvlr, rdtclr ujelroijls

tcdt obrd` fbjflrj. Cis tljeljfy tb wdr objalrija prbpclfils tljes jbt

tb prbviel bjl witc nditc tcdt cl fdj prbviel rlìdm`l sbùtibjs litclr,

wclj squdrl plas drl rdtclr squdscle ijtb rbuje cb`ls. Ij tcis, tbb, cl

rdtclr fìjas tb tcl Odrxist ndiìja tcdt eid`lftif ijeumitdm`y prbvls tb ml

tcl fbrrlft ijtlrprltdtibj bn cistbry dje tclrlnbrl oust ml dppìle ij d``

firfuostdjfls. Ucis mlija dppìfdm`l, lvlj wclj tcl suppbsle

ijlvitdmiìty bn rlvbùtibj tbb bntlj ndi`le tb sumstdjtidtl tcl tclbry vid tcl

lvljts bn cistbry.

Wsyfcb`baist Yury @lvfcljkb tbè Wrdved.]u8‐Jbjl bn tcl prleiftibjs bn Ariabry ]dsputij cds lvlr fbol trul tb ìnl. Cis

wbres dmbut edrk tiols ij ]ussid dntlr cis eldtc wlrl jbtcija mut ijtioiedtibj. D`` tclsl nbrlfdstlrs spldk lopty pcrdsls, wcifc wl tclj ni`` dssbfidtivl`y.Jbstrdedous wds d mde trdelr, dje dntlr 57, cl mladj tb writl vlrsls tcdt fbuè

ml ijtlrprltle einnlrljt`y. Lvlrybjl cds tclir bwj dssbfidtibjs. ]dsputij fbuèjbt lvlj prleift tcdt cis pdtrbj Jifcb`ds II wds d wldk tsdr. Cl wds bj`yijtioiedtija plbp`l.‟

https://4threvolutionarywar.wordpress.com/2017/01/05/principles-and-strategy-of-coming-war-alexander-dugin/





=7

Nbr lxdop`l, einnifu`tils drisl nbr Euaij wclj ielb`baifd` f`dscls bffur

mltwllj rlsplftivl `dje pbwlrs tcdt bjl wbuè jdturd``y suppbsl drl

d`ìls8 tcl Fbooujist fbjtrd Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst f`dsc, nbr lxdop`l, tcdt

odrkle tcl lje bn tcl Ob`btbv-]immljtrbp Wdft. Ucis is lxp`dijle dwdy

my dppldìja tb tcl dftibj bn ‐ijni`trdtle Mritisc daljts‟=7 wcb elflivle

dje odjipu`dtle Cit`lr dje Vtdìj ijtb d fbjnìft, wcifc jdturd``y ds

rlsplftivl ‐`dje‟ pbwlrs scbuè cdvl ndfiìtdtle dj d`ìdjfl dadijst tcl

‐sld‟ pbwlrs bn tcl \V dje Mritdij. Bjl oiact dee, dt tcl risk bn stdtija d

truiso clrl, tcdt tcl ‐Dja`b-Vdxbj‟ d`ìdjfl ijvb`vle Mritdij’s Vfbttisc

nbrfls8 nbr it wds tcl ‐Mdtt`l bn Mritdij‟, dje ijfùele d odhbrity bn `djepbwlr droils ij rlsplft tb Vfbt`dje, mut tcl mdtt`l wds ij djy fdsl `dral`y

nbuact ij tcl dir dje dt sld, dt `ldst ujti` tcl p`djjle E‖Edy `djeijas.=4

Nbr tcl cypbtclsis bn d ‐wdr bn tcl fbjtijljts‟ tb wbrk, it wbuè ml

jlflssdry tb prbvl tcdt tcl wdrs dobja `dje dje sld pbwlrs wlrl obrl

nrlquljt, br obrl iopbrtdjt tcdj btclr wdrs, bvlr dje dmbvl d`` tcl bjls

nbuact dobja `dje pbwlrs, br dobja sld pbwlrs tclosl`vls. Cistbrifd`

lvljts cbwlvlr siop`y ndi` tb mdfk tcis up. It dppldrs Wrbn. Euaij,

tclrlnbrl, is siop`y spldkija nrbo d purl`y dfdeloif elsirl tb suppbrt d

pci`bsbpcifd` tclsis tcdt ebls jbt odtfc tcl lvljts bn cistbry. Ucl

ijvdsibj, nbr lxdop`l, bn ]ussid my Nrdjfl dje Alrodjy (twb `dje

pbwlrs, dffbreija tb Cduscbnlr dje Euaij) eblsj’t nit tcl tclsis. Ucl wdr

=7 Ds B. el Fdrvd`cb jbtls (imie)8‐ Dobja tcl Mritisc daljts ij tcl Alrodj Ciac Fboodje, cl sija`ls but

Deoird` Fdjdris8 ‐mltrdylr bn tcl ]lifc‟, ds bjl bn tcbsl rlspbjsim`l nbr turjijaAlrodjy dadijst ]ussid ijstlde bn ujitija tclo dadijst Lja`dje. Nbr elfdels,Cit`lr cde prboisle tb ‐frusc Mb`sclviso‟, odkija tcis bjl bn tcl dvbwleabd`s bn tcl Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst rlaiol. Bjfl ij pbwlr, cl uj`ldscle nlrbfibusplrslfutibj dadijst tcl fbooujists, wci`l dt tcl sdol tiol cl prlpdrle djdttdfk dadijst tcl \VV] wl`` ij devdjfl. Mut tb Wrbn. Euaij d`` tcis ebls jbtoldj djytcija. It wds d`` tcl ndu`t bn sbol ‐Mritisc daljt .‟

=4 D`lxdjerl Ebuauijl, ‐@d Ardjel Aulrrl els Fbjtijljts‟, =>.



=4

mltwllj ]ussid dje Hdpdj, 3 Nlmrudry 4975 ‖ < Vlptlomlr 497<,== (d sld

pbwlr) ebls, mut Cduscbnlr `dtlr fd``le bj Hdpdj tb ml d`ìle witc ]ussid

dje Alrodjy ij djy pbwlr fbjnrbjtdtibj. =6

In d ‐wdr bn tcl fbjtijljts‟ (d tclbry nirst n`bdtle my Odfkijelr ij tcl

4977s) is d cypbtclsis `dfkija frleimiìty (dje bjl mbrj bn dj lrd witcbut

djy dir nbrfls) tryija tb draul nbr slfrlt daljts tb suppbrt tcl f`dssinifdtibj

dje lxp`dij dwdy djbodìls ìkl odhbr wdrs tcdt f`dsc witc tcl tclbry is

nrdjk`y pci`bsbpcifd``y ijfrleu`bus. Bjl tclbry tb lxp`dij cistbrifd`

djbodìls oiact ml dfflptdm`l, mut d sustdijle tclbry bvlr odjy elfdels,

suaalstivl bn dj ‐Dt`djtifist‟ vlrsus d ‐Lurdsidj‟ brelr, tcdt obmiìsle

daljts dffbreija tb sbol slfrlt strdtlay, br `bja tlro dio, `dfks prbbn. It

dt `ldst rlquirls sbol sustdijle fitdtibj bn cistbrifd` lvljts tb mdfk it up.

== Cduscbnlr devbfdtle d fbdìtibj bn ]ussid, Hdpdj dje Alrodjy (`dje pbwlrs). Clprdisle tcl 4969 Vbvilt-Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst pdft. Nrbo cis ‐Cldrt`dje‟ plrsplftivlbnnljsivl dftibj prbfllele butwdres nrbo tcl fljtrl, sb Alrodjy cde tb dìaj witctcl Vbvilt \jibj. Hdpdj f`ldr`y wds priodri`y d sld pbwlr dt tcis tiol. Ucl Ioplrid`Hdpdjlsl Jdvy (IHJ) br "Jdvy bn tcl Arldtlr Hdpdjlsl Lopirl" wds tcl jdvy bn tclLopirl bn Hdpdj nrbo 43>3 ujti` 495<, wclj it wds eissb`vle nb``bwija Hdpdj's elnldt

dje surrljelr ij Qbrè Qdr II. It wds tcl tcire `dralst jdvy ij tcl wbrè my 49=7, mlcije tcl ]byd` Jdvy dje tcl \jitle Vtdtls Jdvy. It wds suppbrtle my tcl Ioplrid`Hdpdjlsl Jdvy Dir Vlrvifl nbr dirfrdnt dje dirstrikl bplrdtibj nrbo tcl n`llt. It wds tclpriodry bppbjljt bn tcl Qlstlrj D`ìls ij tcl Wdfinif Qdr.

=6 Djbtclr cistbrifd` lxdop`l tcdt bvlrriels tcl Dt`djtdfist- Lurdsidj tclsis is aivlj my B. el Fdrvd`cb (bp. fit.) ij rlsplft tb tcl Nirst Qbrè Qdr, wclj ]ussid siele witc‐Dt`djtist pbwlrs‟ dadijst its ‐jdturd` d`ìls‟ Alrodjy dje Dustrid-Cujadry. Ucisdadij is lxp`dijle ds mlija tcl ndu`t bn Dt`djtifist daljts wcb ijni`trdtle V`dvbpci`lpdtribts, fbjvijfija tcl tsdr tcdt ]ussidj rdfid` ieljtity wds obrl strdtlaifd``yiopbrtdjt tcdj tcl tlrritbrid` ujity dobja einnlrljt ltcjifitils; d cypbtclsis tcdt

Euaij iodaijls wbuè cdvl `le tb dj d`ìdjfl witc Alrodjy.



==

Dj dsiel8 d nlw qulstibjs fbjflrjija Euaij’s fiviìsdtibjdòbel`

Ucl einnifu`tils bn Euaij’s albpbìtifd` fu`turd` obel` rlsts ij tcl

elsfriptibjs bn tcl m`bfs tclosl`vls, dje fciln`y tcdt ]ussid, Fcijd, djetcl Is`doif fbujtrils drl tb hbij ij sbol kije bn dj d`ìdjfl dadijst tcl

Qlst.=5

Ucl prbm`los bn Euaij’s tclsis fdj ml suoodrisle witc tcl nb``bwija

obrl fbjfrltl qulstibjs, sbol bn wcifc cl dttlopts tb eld` witc clrl8

• Ij tcl ou`tipb`dr obel`, cbw is bjl tb fbjvijfl tcl Is`doif

Fiviìsdtibj tb rlsfije its nditc-mdsle jbtibjs tcdt sllk d a`bmd`

clalobjy itsl`n, iop`loljtle ds dj Is`doif Fdìpcdtl2 Ijelle,

obrl aljlrd``y, cbw is bjl tb bvlrriel tcl ijclrljt jisus br

tljeljfy bn lvlry fiviìsdtibj tb clalobjy2

Euaij dppldrs tb ml suaalstija wl nirst jlle tb iodaijl d Fbè Qdrsfljdrib, wclrl twb fiviìsdtibjs (br lvlj ou`tip`l fiviìsdtibjs) lnnlftivl`y

fdjfl` ldfc btclr but. Ucis prlvljts bjl pbwlr nrbo dfcilvija a`bmd`

eboijdjfl. Ucis rlquirls d`ìdjfls tbb, mut ij tcl Wbst-obelrj wbrè ij

splfinif rlnlrljfl tb Is`do cl sdys8

‐nbr Is`doif nbrfls tb dfcilvl d rld` dje fbjtlstdm`l viftbry tclyscbuè ljtlr ijtb dj d`ìdjfl tb nije d`ìls tcdt fbuè jbt scdrl tclirujivlrsdìso‟. =<

=5 Cl cds mllj ijfbjsistljt fbjflrjija cis fcbslj d`ìls ij cis albpbìtifd` tclbry. Qcltclr dj d`ìdjfl witc Fcijd scbuè ml nbrole dje br wcltclr tcl Is`doif wbrèbr pdrtifu`dr Is`doif jdtibjs aljlrd``y scbuè ml sllj ds d`ìls br jbt. Cl dfflpts mbtcds `ldjija tb Qlstlrj ijfìjdtibjs bj bffdsibj, mut dppldrs bplj tb tcl pbssimiìty bntclo d``yija witc ]ussid eul tb tclir fbop`loljtdry fu`turd` dje pbìtifd` dnniìdtibjs.

=< Vll D. Euaij bj ‐Lurdsidj visibj dje ou`ti-pb`dr albpbìtifs‟ clrl.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73Ns1ufuVkQ









=6

Cl prbpbsls d`ìls sufc ds ]ussid dje Fcijd, dje tcl jlle tb dfflpt tcl

‐ìquiedtibj bn ujipb`drity‟ my ‐ijtl``lftud`s‟ witc ‐d`ìdjfls‟=> dje

‐ijfbopdtim`l ujivlrsdìsos‟, mlnbrl ou`tipb`drity fdj ml dfcilvle. Cl

odkls d eistijftibj mltwllj d ‐tclbrltifd`‟ ou`tipb`drity bn ujivlrsdìsos

nbrole my ‐d`ìdjfls‟, dje wcdt cl tlros ‐tcl rldìty‟ (tcl furrljt

situdtibj)8 d sijau`dr ujivlrsdìso. Cis eistijftibj, cbwlvlr, rdtclr

lvdels tcl issul8 cbw prlfisl`y drl djy juomlr bn eispdrdtl fiviìsdtibjs

witc rld` einnlrljfls ij vdùls lxplftle tb sufflssnu``y jlabtidtl tb nbro

sufc d`ìdjfls2

Qcy, nbr lxdop`l, scbuè tcl Is`doif wbrè rlsfije its bwj tljeljfy tb

ujipb`drity, wclj sufc dj d`ìdjfl bvlrriels its bwj nujedoljtd`

rlìaibus prijfip`ls bn hicde dje its ioplrdtivl bn a`bmd` eboijdjfl2 Qcy

scbuè it dfflpt d`ìdjfls dt d``, br fbbplrdtl witc btclr fiviìsdtibjs

bppbsle tb its nujedoljtd` bmhlftivls2 Ucly oiact, in tcly ellole sbol

nuturl fbjqulst ds mlija nurtclrle my d tlopbrdry d`ìdjfl bn fbursl

(cuejd), mut tclj cbw wbuè tcis cl`p ]ussid ij tcl `bja tlro2 Qbuè it

jbt rdtclr pbsl dj lvlj arldtlr tcrldt2 Ucis is pdrtifu`dr`y sb in tcl

d`ìdjfls witc Is`doists ijvb`vle wl`fboija tclo ijtb tclir oiest, bj`y tb

nije tcl tlopbrdry d`ìdjfl cde itsl`n `le tb ijtlrjd` sumvlrsibj.

Ulopbrdry d`ìdjfls clrl eb jbt dppldr tb d``lvidtl tcl pbssimiìty bn

nuturl fbjnìft mltwllj tclsl d`ìls8 ijelle tcly dppldr tb ndfiìtdtl it.

Euaij dssuols tcdt tcl lxistljfl bn d fiviìsdtibj fdj bj`y bffur ij tcl

dfflptdjfl bn tcl d`ìdjfl witc btclr jbj-fbopdtim`l fiviìsdtibjs. Ucis cl

mlìlvls wi`` audrdjtll tcl ju`ìnifdtibj bn tcl Qlstlrj pbwlr. It is, dadij

d Fbè Qdr obel` bn ODE ij sbol sljsl, mut dppìle jbt ds d mipb`dr, mut

d ou`tipb`dr obel`, witc d ou`tipìfity bn fiviìsdtibjs md`djfija ldfc

btclr but. Ucis, cbwlvlr, sti`` ndi`s tb prbviel d prbplr sbùtibj tb tcl

=> Vll D. Euaij bj ‐Lurdsidj visibj dje ou`ti-pb`dr albpbìtifs‟ clrl.







=5

qulstibj bn nuturl fbjnìfts, jbr ebls it deerlss cbw tcl d`ìdjfl wbuè jbt

ndfiìtdtl wldkjlss in tcly wlrl ij ndft nujedoljtd``y bn dj bppbsija vdùl

systlo. Jbr ebls it hustiny wcy dj d`ìdjfl fbuè jbt ml odel witc tcl

Dt`djtifist pbwlr itsl`n, wcifc nbr sbol rldsbj cl vilws lxfùsivl`y ds

mlija ij ‐ltlrjd`‟ bppbsitibj. Jlitclr fdj bjl siop`y dppld` tb d Wbst-

obelrj fbjtlxt ds ljtirl`y jlw, br siop`y dppld` tb it mlija d olrl

ijtl``lftud` fbjstruft wcifc is einnlrljt, tb cl`p cio djswlr tcis prbm`lo

sdtisndftbri`y; nbr cis obel` is mdsle bj tcl pdst. Ucl mlst cl fdj bnnlr is

tcdt ‐it fbuè ml odjdale‟, br ‐it fbuè ml rldrrdjale‟. Mut cbw is tcis

jlw brelr tb ml slfurle wclj a`bmd` eboijibj my bjl br btclr rlodijs dnujedoljtd` bmhlftivl2 Vioi`dr`y, cbw is it tb ml dfcilvle witcbut wdr

wclj tcl albpbìtifd` ‐rldìty‟ furrljt`y is ujipb`dr \V ru`l2

Euaij suaalsts ‐rieija tcl tialr‟, dj d`ùsibj tb Huìus Lvb`d.=1 Cl ndi`s tb

bnnlr eltdi`s dmbut wcdt tcis ljtdi`s cbwlvlr, dje cl siop`y stdtls wl oust

‐ru`l bvlr‟ tclo, br fbjtrb` tcl ujivlrsdìso br tljeljfy tb a`bmd`

clalobjy, my odkija it sumoit tb d ou`tipb`dr sfljdrib. Ucis is tcl bj`y

wdy tb kllp tclsl ‐ujivlrsdìsos ij tcl ìoits, ij tcl mbrelrs‟. Ucis

=1 Ij ]iel tcl Uialr, Lvb`d drauls tcdt tcl obelrj wbrè cds mlfbol tbtd``y fbrruptdje tcdt tcl ijstitutibjs dje trdeitibjs bn tcl djfiljt wbrè tcdt bjfl d``bwle d plrsbjtb nu``y rldìsl cis ‐ mlija‟ cdvl mllj `bst. Ucl wbrk lxpdjes upbj tcl ]deifdÙrdeitibjdìst ields wcifc Lvb`d elvl`bple ij ]lvb`t Dadijst tcl Obelrj Qbrè djebnnlrs d sbùtibj tb tcl prbm`lo bn ìvija ij tcl obelrj wbrè einnlrljt nrbo tclrldftibjdry rlvbùtibj cl draule nbr ij Olj Dobja tcl ]uijs.

Ucl prijfipd` oltdpcbr bn tcl mbbk is its tit`l. Lvb`d drauls tcdt ij brelr tb survivl ijtcl obelrj wbrè dj ljìactljle br ‐einnlrljtidtle odj‟ scbuè ‐riel tcl tialr‟ dje

my cbèija bjtb tcl tialr's mdfk d odj ody survivl tcl fbjnrbjtdtibj. Vb tbb cl oiact mlfbol d arldtlr odj, my `lttija tcl wbrè tdkl cio bj its ijlxbrdm`l pdtc. Cl oiacttclj ml dm`l tb turj tcl elstruftivl nbrfls drbuje cio ijtb d kije bn ijjlr ìmlrdtibj.

Qci`l tcl trdeitibjd` wbrè elsfrimle ij ]lvb`t Dadijst tcl Obelrj Qbrè wbuèd``bw d odj tb nu``y rldìsl cis mlija ij d ujitle sbfilty, tcl wbrè Lvb`d elsfrimls ij

]iel tcl Uialr is oufc `bjlìlr dje lvlj plssioistif. Elspitl its plssioiso, it is dtlstdoljt tb cis mlìln tcdt jb odttlr cbw `bst fiviìsdtibj ody ml, tclrl d`wdys lxiststcl dmiìty nbr tcl ijeivieud` plrsbj tb ìvl cis ìnl d`wdys `bbkija ‐dmbvl‟ ciosl`n djetcus dfcilvija ljìactljoljt.



=<

dppdrljt`y wi`` ml pbssim`l mlfdusl fiviìsdtibj itsl`n is ‐dj drtinifid` dje

jbt d jdturd` fbjflpt‟. =3 Cis dppld` tb tcl Lvbìdj vilw, cbwlvlr, is bjl

tcdt tljes tb fbjnusl tcl daljts ij djy aivlj fiviìsdtibj witc tcl

fiviìsdtibj itsl`n, wcifc cl tclj ebls vilw ds bradjif dje drisija `dral`y

ijelpljeljt`y bn daljts lxlrtija ijnùljfl witcij it.

• Cbw fbuè bjl nbstlr outud` fbbplrdtibj mltwllj jdtibjs in tcly

ebj’t dftud``y darll witc ldfc btclr2 Cbw wbuè bjl, nbr lxdop`l,

fbjvijfl Mrdzi` dje Draljtijd tb fbjstruft d fiviìsdtibjd` zbjl in

tcly ebj’t darll2 Cbw wbuè Isrdl` ml ijfbrpbrdtle ijtb d ‐ zbjl‟

`dral`y surrbujele my Is`doif vdùls2 Cbw wbuè tcl Vujji Vcid

fbjnìft itsl`n ml rlsb`vle tb nbro d fbclrljt Is`doif Fiviìsdtibj2

Cbw fbuè ‐ fiviìsdtibjd` ‟ vdùls lvlj ml fbjstruftle wclj sufc

eisdarlloljts lxist2 Cbw wbuè tcl zbjls ml fbjstruftle wclj

tcly drl sfdttlrle drbuje tcl wbrè2 Nbr lxdop`l, wclj d `dral

Ousìo pbpu`dtibj lxists ij @bjebj, br tclrl drl `dral Fcijlsl

pbpu`dtibjs ij Dnrifd2 Cbw fdj tclrl lvlj ml d fiviìsdtibjd`

darlloljt bn vdùls, br dj darlloljt dmbut wcdt fbjstitutls

ieljtity, ij tcis kije bn eisplrsl slt up2 Cbw fdj ijeivieud`s witc

einnlrljt fiviìsdtibjd` vdùls lvlj ìvl witc ldfc btclr2 Nbr

lxdop`l, tcl fbjnìft ij ielb`bay mltwllj Ousìos ij @bjebj dje

Ljaìsc Mritbjs dmbut tcl rb`l dje stdtus bn wbolj2 \jelr wcifc

`dw br fiviìsdtibjd` vdùl prlfisl`y drl tcly suppbsle tb ml ìvija2

=3 Ij ndirjlss tb Euaij cl is spldkija clrl tb stueljts ij tcl Ljaìsc `djaudal, wcifcf`ldr`y ioits cis judjfl dje sumt`lty bn lxprlssibj. D`tlrjdtivl`y, cis stueljt dueiljflody wl`` hustiny d fbjflrj nbr d obrl siopìstif jdrrdtivl. Mut it is cdre`y bjl `lsssdtisndftbri`y lxp`dijle ij cis writijas bn Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry, br nbr tcdt odttlr

wclj cl deerlssls dueiljfls bj tl`lvisibj ij cis jdtivl `djaudal. Ijelle, ij ]ussidjcl dppldrs ndr obrl bn d nujedoljtdìst. Vll Wbsjlr. Vb tbb, cis devifl tb ‐riel tcltialr‟ dppldrs tb ml dj dfflptdjfl bn tcl ijlvitdmiìty bn fbjnrbjtdtibj ds sboltcijajdturd`, dje tcl jlflssity bn it ij brelr tb dfcilvl turmu`ljfl dje spiritud` ìmlrdtibjdppld`s tb d vlry ujfcristidj ujelrstdjeija.



=>

Fiviìsdtibjd` ieljtity is jbt d fbjfrltl spdfl ìkl d jdtibj stdtl, sb

albardpcif `bfdtibj ebls jbt dppldr tb ml d prbm`lo nbr Euaij. D

‐Ousìo‟, Euaij dsslrts, wcb ìvls ij @bjebj fbuè ylt ml`bja butsiel bn

tcl ‐Is`doif Fiviìsdtibj‟ br ‐Xbjl‟ dje ylt scdrl ij its fu`turd` vdùls ij

d ‐kije bn darlloljt‟. Uclrl is jb pbìtifd` spdfl br eivisibj, Euaij

lopcdsisls, wclrl tcl Is`doif Fiviìsdtibj mlaijs br ljes dje tcl Qlst

ljfrbdfcls upbj it. It dppldrs tb ml d nùie fbjflpt. Mut ij tcis, it is sti``

jbt f`ldr wcdt eltlroijls tcl ieljtity bn dj ijeivieud` butsiel bn tcl

fiviìsdtibj, br wcdt tcl lnnlft bn ou`tifu`turdìso oiact ml ij scdpija tcis

ieljtity tb vdryija elarlls, br ijelle wclj dje wclrl bjl fiviìsdtibjd`

zbjl mlaijs br ljes, br lvlj cbw it fbuè ml sdtisndftbri`y eltlroijle br

sustdijle ds dj ieljtinidm`l ‐zbjl‟.

Euaij suaalsts wl oust fbjsielr d jbj-ìjldr sbùtibj tb tcl prbm`lo bn

ieljtity. Ijelle, wl oust dfflpt d ou`tipìfity bn ieljtitils ij djy aivlj

fiviìsdtibj.=9 Ucis ljvisdals d sioi`dr drrdjaloljt tb tcl prlsljt ou`ti-

fu`turd` slt up. But bn tcis, cbwlvlr, fiviìsdtibjd` zbjls wi`` ml

eltlroijle dje lvlj frldtle. Ucly wbuè ij ndft ml rdtclr drtinifid``y

=9 Euaij ljvisibjs cis ield` usija d W`btijidj oltdpcysif ij cis ‐Nburtc WbìtifdÙclbry.‟

‐Ucl iopbrtdjt fbjflpt bn jbus (ijtl``lft) elvl`bple my tcl Arllk pci`bsbpclrW`btijus fbrrlspbjes tb bur ield`. Ucl ijtl``lft is bjl dje ou`tip`l dt tcl sdoltiol, mlfdusl it cds ou`tip`l einnlrljfls ij itsl`n ― it is jbt ujinbro br djdodàdo, mut tdklj ds sufc witc odjy pdrts, dje witc d`` tclir eistijftpdrtifu`dritils. Ucl nuturl wbrè scbuè ml jbltif ij sbol wdy ― fcdrdftlrisle

my ou`tipìfity; eivlrsity scbuè ml tdklj ds its rifcjlss dje its trldsurl, djejbt ds d rldsbj nbr ijlvitdm`l fbjnìft8 odjy fiviìsdtibjs, odjy pb`ls, odjyfljtrls, odjy slts bn vdùls bj bjl p`djlt dje ij bjl cuodjity. Odjy wbrès.Mut tclrl drl sbol wcb tcijk btclrwisl. Qcb drl dìajle dadijst sufc dprbhlft2 Ucbsl wcb wdjt tb iopbsl ujinbroity, tcl bjl (Dolrifdj) wdy bn ìnl,Bjl Qbrè. Dje tclir oltcbes drl nbrfl, tloptdtibj, dje plrsudsibj. Ucly drldadijst ou`tipb`drity. Vb tcly drl dadijst us. ‟- Euaij, D`lxdjelr (=74=-71-=3).Ucl Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry (p. 491). Drktbs.



=1

‐fbjstruftle‟ tb dfcilvl d ‐ou`tipìfity bn ieljtitils‟. Mut tcis rdtclr ndi`s

tb sdtisndftbri`y deerlss cbw d fiviìsdtibjd` zbjl fdj itsl`n lvlj ml

eltlroijle, br fbjnìfts oitiadtle, in ou`tifu`turdìso is dfflptle dje

lvlj ljfburdale. Flrtdij`y, it is f`ldr tcdt d ‐ou`tipìfity bn ieljtitils‟

ìvija br lxistija tbaltclr ij bjl rlaibj wbuè jbt jlflssdri`y prlvljt

fu`turd` f`dscls nrbo bffurrija mltwllj ijeivieud`s witc einnlrljt

fu`turd` vdùls. Ucis ijvitls ijtlrjd` fbjnìft, hust ds tclrl drl albpbìtifd`

fbjnìfts mltwllj tcl odhbr fiviìsdtibjs tclosl`vls. Ij ou`tifu`turdìso

tclsl f`dscls siop`y mlfbol ijtlrjdìsle jdtibjd``y, dje bntlj lvlj dft tb

eissipdtl tcl ijtlarity bn d aivlj dje splfinif fu`turl br fiviìsdtibj.Ijelle, bjl rdtclr wbjelrs in tcis is tcl pbijt nbr Euaij, dje cl dftud``y

lvlj sllks it ds sbol kije bn sumvlrsibj tdftif tb fdusl fcdbs ij jdtibjs

cl bmhlfts tb. @ikl sbol fu`turd` Odrxist rlvbùtibjdry bn bè tclj, cl

wdjts tb triaalr tcl ijlvitdm`l fbjnìft cl dssuols is ijclrljt witcij tcl

systlo, tb nurtclr d obrl splfinif ielb`baifd` dje oiìtdry bmhlftivl.

Euaij f`dios cis obel` prbviels d jlw wbrè brelr nbr pldflnu` purpbsls,

mut tcl prbm`los it frldtls ijvitl nurtclr prbm`los. Ij tcis, cl dppldrs tb

wdjt ijeivieud`s witc einnlrljt vdùls tb rum up dadijst ldfc btclr, ds Vdu`

Dìjsky wdjtle, wci`st f`dioija it wi`` jbt ml d prbm`lo. Cl sllks tb

ob`ìny my f`dioija cl is dftija nbr tcl mlst pbssim`l nuturl sfljdrib, mut

cl dppldrs tb ml dftija ìkl d < tc fbùoj eissiou`dtbr clrl, my suaalstija

djy vib`ljt oldjs fdj ml hustinile tb dfcilvl obrl pldflnu` ielb`baifd`ljes. Cis f`dio tb ml ‐riact wija‟ fbjsielrija cis ìjks tb jlb-Mb`sclvik

obvloljts ij d`` bn tcis d`sb dppldrs eisijaljubus dje nurtclr suppbrts

d jbtibj bn elflit.

Ub oitiadtl fbjnìft, cl f`dios, jdtibjd` abvlrjoljts ru`le my sbol kije

bn fljtrd` suprdjdtibjd` pbwlr oust ml ljvisibjle. Ucis dttlopts tb

http://www.freedomwritings.com/political/2017/02/26/the-dangers-of-the-alt-right/






=3

rlstbrl sbol sbrt bn brelr but bn tcl fcdbs bn cis obel`.67 Cl ebls tcis

wclj cl pdrd``l`s cis lxdop`l witc tcl L\, dje cbw it fdj fb-lxist witc

jdtibjd` abvlrjoljts. Lurdsid tclj is sioi`dr`y fbjflivle, witc ]ussid

mlija tcl prleboijdjt pbwlr. Ucl L\ obel`, cbwlvlr, is purl`y d

pbìtifd` dje jbt d fu`turd` obel`. Ucis sbùtibj prlsljt`y ndi`s tb eld`

lnnlftivl`y witc tcl fu`turd` prbm`los ijclrljt witcij d ou`tifu`turd` slt

up sdtisndftbri`y, ds cl ciosl`n `dtlr rlfbajisls. It tcus dfts bj`y ds d

pbìtifd` bradjisdtibj, mut tljes tb dssuol (ds d ndiìja) d Lurbpldj elobs

dje d Lurbpldj fu`turl ij tcl ìact bn tcis. Ucis is fbjtrdri`y sb, ds Lurbpl

f`ldr`y fbjsists bn d vdrilty bn rdfls, jdtibjd` fu`turls dje einnlrljt vdùlsystlos tcdt wdrrdjt eistijftibj dje bntlj `lde tb eissljt.

Euaij, cbwlvlr, f`dios tcdt wl jlle jbt jlflssdri`y dssuol d ‐ìjldr‟ wdy

bn tcijkija dmbut ieljtity ij d`` bn tcis ou`tipìfity. Fitizljscip fdj ml

nbrale, mut ylt oust ijvb vl d ‐turmu`ljt ieljtity‟. Cl dppldrs tb suaalst

d trdjsnbrodtibj bn fu`turd` ieljtity is jlflssdry, wcifc trdjsfljes bur

pbìtifd` ieljtity ds fitizljs. Ub dfcilvl tcis rlquirls ‐turmu`ljfl‟. Cl

ndi`s, cbwlvlr, tb sdtisndftbri`y lxp`dij cbw tb`lrdjfl bn ou`tip`l ieljtitils

witcij tcis turmu`ljfl is suppbsle tb ml dfcilvle. Jbr in tcis is rlquirle,

cbw it is tb ml dfcilvle prdftifd``y, br ieljtinile sdtisndftbri`y witcij alb-

pbìtifd` ìoits. Ijelle, d`` bn tcis dppldrs tb ml siop`y lxdflrmdtija

fu`turd` fbjnusibj, fcdbs, djdrfcy dje wdr, pdrtifu`dr`y in tcl vdùls bn

@imlrdìso dje its tb`lrdjfl dje eivlrsity ltcbs oust ml bvlrrieelj.

Euaij f`dios ij d fbop`lx wbrè tcl fbop`lx sbùtibjs drl tcl mlst. Cl

ndi`s tb rlfbajisl tcl virtuls bn tcl `lx pdrsiobjidl ij tcis lqudtibj. Ij

djy ‐splfinif fdsl bn ieljtity it wi`` ml einnlrljt‟ cl f`dios, wci`l cl dsslrts

67 Euaij rlìscls Fcdbs mbtc ij tcl Arllk sljsl dje ds dj ijlvitdm`l elpdrturl nrbotcl `bab-fljtrif lrd Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj cds pursule sijfl tcl edwj bn its fbjflptibj

witc tcl Wrl-Vbfrdtifs. Vll oy `dtlr sumslftibj8 ‐Euaij’s Djti-Fcristidj fd`` nbr dOltdpcysifs bn Fcdbs‟ dje oy fritifisos.



=9

u`tiodtl`y dìlj fu`turls (sufc ds Ousìos) wi`` ml nbrfle tb nbro fbop`lx

d`ìdjfls witc tcbsl tcdt eb jbt scdrl tclir vdùl systlo. It wi`` ml d

‐fcd``ljal‟ cl fbjflels tb ljvisibj cbw tcl ou`tipìfity bn ieljtitils

witcij d aivlj fiviìsdtibj fbuè fb-lxist, dje lvlj cbw tcl `dws fbuè ml

sufflssnu``y eltlroijle. Cis suaalstle obel` ij d`` bn tcis ndi`s tb prbviel

prdaodtif sbùtibjs tb vlry rld` prbm`los.

Ucl prlsljt einnifu`tils bn tcl ou`tifu`turd` slt up ijlvitdm`y rlquirls d

nuturl fcbifl tb dfcilvl d obrl ujinbro dje ieljtinidm`l sljsl bn wcdt

fu`turd` ieljtity is. Ucis is rdtclr fbjtrdri`y bnnlrle ds dj lxp`djdtibj8

wci`st d Ousìo wbuè ml nrll tb fcbbsl wcifc fiviìsdtibj tcly wdjt tb

ìvl ij, cl dppldrs tb tcijk d prbm`lo bn fcbifl oust ml ndfle ij tcl

ou`tifu`turd` obel` lvljtud``y. Dt prlsljt, tcl fcbifl bj cbw tb ìvl cds

jbt mllj odel, mut u`tiodtl`y tcl Ousìo, ds dj lxdop`l, wi`` ml nbrfle

tb elfiel cbw tcly ìvl, dje wclrl tcly wi`` ìvl. \`tiodtl`y ij tcis tcly

wi`` cdvl jb fcbifl mut tb rlturj tb d Ousìo fbujtry. It is d fcbifl cl

sllks tb d``lvidtl ij cis fiviìsdtibjd` obel` cl f`dios, mut ij spldkija bn

sufc d nuturl fcbifl, it is f`ldr cl cds ndi`le tb prbviel djy rld` sbùtibj.

Jbr is it f`ldr prlfisl`y cbw tcl prlsljt ou`tifu`turd` obel` bnnlrle my

@imlrdìso is eistijft nrbo cis bwj ields bj wcdt fiviìsdtibjd` zbjls

ljtdi` ij djy rld` sljsl.

Ucl nuturl fcbifl tbb is sboltcija bn d fbp but. Cl ndi`s tb deerlss wcy

sbol Ousìos, tcl Is`doists cl prbpbsls dj d`ìdjfl witc, scbuè lvlj

dfquilsfl tb tcis ‐ijlvitdm`l‟ fcbifl, br cbw fblrfibj hustinils it ds sti``

mlija hustinile ds d prlnlrljfl. Uclir vdùl systlo tbb rlquirls d

sumoissibj tb Is`do8 fbjvlrt, br ml ki``le, br ljs`dvle. Ij tcis, d a`bmd`

fbjvlrsibj is rlquirle, dje jdtibj stdtls drl tb fdpitu`dtl tb it. Is`doists

ij tcis drl jbt fbjflrjle tb dfquilsfl dje eb jbt sllk fboprboisl, jbr

drl tcly ìkl`y tb siop`y sllk but d obrl fbopdtim`l fu`turd` rlaibj dntlr



67

djy d`ìdjfl cds nu`ni``le its dios. Euaij clrl ndi`s tb sll cis bwj

fiviìsdtibjd` obel`, witc its einnusl dje dobrpcbus ‐nrbjtilrs‟ tcdt

tb`lrdtl ou`tipìfity dje ou`tifu`turdìso, ij ndft pbsls d vlry rld` dje ndr

obrl edjalrbus tcrldt ij itsl`n. It dppldrs tb ml hust ds tcrldtljija ds tcl

furrljt brelr fcdopibjle my tcl \V br obrl aljlrd``y tcl Qlstlrj tcrldt

bn @imlrdìso itsl`n. Vuppbsle d`ìdjfls drl obrl ìkl`y witc tcbsl wi`ìja

tb dft tb`lrdjt`y, mut `lss ìkl`y wclj tcl d``y vdùls rlìaibus dje

ielb`baifd``y ndjdtifiso. Fblrfibj tbb ij d`` bn tcis ndfiìtdtls tcl risl bn

lxtrloiso.

Qci`st Wrbnlssbr Euaij bntlj spldks bn fiviìsdtibjs ljeurija bvlr

tcbusdjes bn yldrs, tcl fbjflpt bn ‐fiviìsdtibj‟ d`sb dppldrs tb scint br

fcdjal ij d Clrdfìtldj sljsl, ds d`` tcijas oust ij d stdtl bn n`bwija

(pdjtd rcli). It, tclrlnbrl, dppldrs tb ml mbtc d nixle dje d nùie fbjflpt.

It ljeurls, mut ylt d`tlrs, dffbreija tb elobardpcif fcdjals, hust ds tcl

strldo rlodijs d strldo, mut is fbjstdjt`y obvija. Its nùieity, cbwlvlr,

d`sb suaalsts d fiviìsdtibjd` br fu`turd` fcdjal bn jbros dje obrls bvlr

tiol, wci`st ylt plrsistija tcrbuac tiol. Nùieity odkls fboobj tclols

einnifu`t tb ieljtiny cbwlvlr, dje zbjls bn fbjnìft drl jbt ldsi`y oitiadtle

(ds V.W. Cujtijatbj ieljtinils) ij sufc dj ljeurija, mut siou`tdjlbus`y

nùie obel`. 64

Aljlrd``y, fiviìsdtibjs drl jbt nbr Euaij ‐stdtif, priobreid`, objbìtcif,cbobaljbus‟; tclir mbrelrs nbr Euaij drl ‐pbrbus‟, dje cl vilws tclo ij

bradjif tlros ds nùie dje fbjstdjt`y arbwija dje lvb`vija. Ucl

eistijftibj, cbwlvlr, dppldrs tb ndi` ij d rld` dje prdaodtif sljsl. It ndi`s

tb prbviel sbùtibjs, dje ijelle dppldrs jbt tb d``lvidtl fbjnrbjtdtibj, ij

spitl bn tclir nùie dje dobrpcbus qudìtils. Ijelle, Euaij’s `lss splfinif

64 ‐Ucl F`dsc bn Fiviìzdtibjs‟, Vdoul` W Cujtijatbj, Nbrliaj Dnndirs, Vuoolr 4996.



64

vilw bj`y dppldrs tb lxdflrmdtl tlrritbrid` squdmm`ls, my rlsbrtija d`` tcl

obrl tb dmstrdft fbjnusibjs dje vdadrils. Qci`st tcl zbjls `dfk elnijitl

mbujedrils dje drl tb ml vilwle obrl ds nùie ‐nrbjtilrs‟, tcl ‐drtinifid`

fbjstruft‟ bn tclsl fiviìsdtibjs d`sb sits ds d p`dij fbjtrdeiftibj witc tclir

lvb`vija dje ‐bradjif‟ fcdrdftlristifs. Cl dppldrs tb wdjt tclo tb lxcimit

d juomlr bn fbjtrdry fcdrdftlristifs jlvlrtcl`lss, mut it is tclbrisija tcdt

fdjjbt hustiny f`drity ij rlsplft tb eltlroijija wcb br wcdt splfinif

tlrritbry ml`bjas tb wcbo.

•

Cbw drl jdtibj stdtls tb rltdij tclir sbvlrliajty witcij tcl

fiviìsdtibjd` slt up2 Qi`` tcl jdtibj stdtls ml eissb`vle2 Qi`` tcl

fiviìsdtibj itsl`n lvb`vl d sbvlrliajty bn its bwj2

‐Ucl odij pbijt bn sbvlrliajty is fiviìsdtibj‟ Euaij f`dios. Ucis is

ijeifdtivl bn d fiviìsdtibjd` clalobjy bvlr jdtibjs, trimls, rdfls tcdt

cdpplj tb nd`` ujelr tcl rumrif bn cis elnijitibj. Bjl prlsuols tcis slt up

sbolcbw fb-lxists witc btclr kijes bn pbìtifd` sbvlrliajty. Cl fitls L\

nlelrdìso, br lvlj Vbvilt Fbooujiso. Ucl eltdi`s bn cbw mbtc ijtlrdft

dje fb-lxist drl jbt odpple but. Cbwlvlr, wcdt is f`ldr is tcdt, nbr Euaij,

tcl ield bn sbvlrliaj stdtls wi`` `dral`y ml eltlroijle my tcl fiviìsdtibj

itsl`n, dje tcl ujiqul nldturls bn wcdt fbjstitutls d jdtibj ij its fu`turd`

dje pbìtifd` ieljtity wi`` ml `dral`y prlelnijle ij rlnlrljfl tb it. Ucis

dppldrs tb ml dj dttlopt tb deerlss tcl elnifiljfils bn Vtdìjiso dje tcl

Aljlrd` @ijl, mut it rlsbrts tb pbìtifd` iopbsitibj tb eltlroijl fu`turls

jlvlrtcl`lss. Ucis nldturl is fcdrdftlristif bn ‐@imlrdìso‟, cl f`dios, dje

bjl cl jlvlrtcl`lss mut sbolwcdt fbjtrdri`y f`dios tb `bdtcl.

Euaij f`dios sbvlrliajty ij tcl obelrj sljsl is ìoitle, ds it ebls jbt

dfflpt trdjsfljeljt vdùls. Ucl vdùls drl ‐ìoitle my tcl stdtl‟ cl

f`dios. Nbr lxdop`l, tclrl is jb mlìln ij Abe, ltf dmbvl tcl stdtl. Mut cis

pbst-obelrj, ou`tipb`dr systlo fcd``ljals f`bsle systlos cl f`dios, ds



6=

it dfflpts trdjsfljeljt vdùls bn d vdrilty bn fbjflpts; nbr lxdop`l d

vdrilty bn mlìlns ij Abe, ltf.

Ij tcis f`dio, cbwlvlr, cis fiviìsdtibj obel` ebls jbt dppldr tb ml dj

ioprbvloljt bj tcl prllxistija obel` bn cbw nditc is trldtle ij d slfu`dr

stdtl prlsljt`y. Ij tcl slfu`dr stdtl obel`, nbr lxdop`l, bn tcl kije

prbviele ij tcl \jitle Vtdtls, nditc br btclr fu`turd` vdùls drl jbt lvlj

eltlroijle my tcl stdtl. Tuitl tcl fbjtrdry, nbr it is purl`y d odttlr bn

plrsbjd` nditc. Clrl, tcl \V ‐stdtl‟ ebls jbt iopbsl its eltlroijdjt bj

tcdt nditc ij djy sljsl, jbr ebls it sllk tb odkl btclr mlìlns ij Abe i``lad`,

in tcly scbuè einnlr nrbo sdy tcl brtcbebx jbtibj bn wcdt Fcristidjity is.

Ucl dmbvl fritifiso is d nujedoljtd`, mut it is bjl tcdt Euaij `dral`y ndi`s

tb ardsp ij cis ujelrstdjeija bn wcdt tcl \V Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl

rlprlsljts, dje wcdt it oldjs tb ml dj ijeivieud` witc cuodj riacts. Cis

vilw bn stdtl eltlroijija fu`turl ndi`s tb ujelrstdje tcl ielb`baifd`

einnlrljfls mltwllj tcl ]ussidj Vbfidìst obel` dje tcl \V

Fbjstitutibjd` obel` sunnifiljt`y. Obrl jlles tb ml sdie bj tcis scbrt`y,

mut aljlrd``y Euaij’s vilw, tcdt sbvlrliajty is ìoitle ij its fcbifl bn

trdjsfljeljt vdùls my tcl stdtl, is bjl tcdt bpljs up odjy issuls

fbjflrjija tcl pbìtifd` dje fu`turd` vdùl bn tcl ijeivieud` dje tcl

fb``lftivl. Vufc eistijftibjs drl frufid` tb Euaij’s ijtlrprltdtibj bn tcl

wbrè, dje obrl wbrryija`y cis mdsis nbr prbvieija d rlspbjsl ij tcl

pbìtifd` dje oiìtdry sljsl tb wcdt nrllebo dje slfurity rlquirls.



66

Euaij’s sumvlrsibj bn Fcristidjity ij rl`dtibj tb cis eid`lftif wdr objalrija

Qclj Euaij mlaijs cis eid`lftif elmdtl witc ^`deioir Wbsjlr cl mlaijs

witc tcl nlrvljt lxf`dodtibj ‐Fcrist is ]islj!‟8 d vilw jbt dfflptdm`l tb

tcl ìmlrd` cuodjist Wbsjlr, mut bjl dfflptdm`l tb tcl odhbrity bn

Fcristidjs ij tcl Qlst tcdt wbuè wl`fbol cis prbf`dodtibj. Cis bwj

vilw bn tcl vdùls bn tcl Qlst, cbwlvlr, drl flrtdij`y `lss fcdritdm`l dje

pldflnu`.

Euaij’s Fcristidj vilws drl sufc tcdt bjl wbuè ìkl tb tcijk cl is

jdturd``y d pdfinist, mut it is mlìle my cis rlpbrtle stdtloljt tcdt cl

dfkjbw`leals8

‐nbr fbujtry, nbr ]ussid , nbr trutc, nbr hustifl, nbr dj ield, nbr tclplbp`l, dje nbr fbrrlft pbìtifd` fbjviftibjs, bjl oust scbbt djeki``!‟

Ucl qulstibjs tclj drl8 ‐Vcbbt wcbo2 Ki`` wcbo2 Qcdt sbrt bn Fcristidj

ltcif is tcis2‟ Ucl djswlr mlfbols f`ldrlr ij d rlspbjsl tcdt ebls jbt

scirk tcl einnifu`tils bn tcl nuturl tdsk dt cdje8

‐Nirst Fcrist wds d plrnlft odj dje d plrnlft Abe. Vlfbje Fcristfcdsle tcl objly `ljelrs nrbo tcl Ulop`l dje cl sdie ‐I mrija jbtpldfl mut tcl swbre‟. Dje ‐tcl kijaebo bn Abe is wbj my pbwlr.‟

Bn fbursl Fcristidjity is d pldflnu` rlìaibj. Jlvlrtcl`lss, wl sllbvlr tcl twb tcbusdje yldr fbursl bn Fcristidjity, wl sll tcdtFcristidj fbujtrils, dòbst d`wdys ij tcl fbursl bn tclir cistbry wdale wdrs. Vb ij oy bpijibj tb rlprlsljt Fcristidjity ds bj`ypdfiniso dt djy prifl is jbt ljtirl`y dffurdtl.

Ucl slfbje pbijt, wcdt eb I oldj my rldeijlss tb ki``2 ]ldeijlss I wbuè sdy I oldj, dje my tcl wdy I wbuè sdy tb ki`` br tb eil, br tbeil dje tb ki``..[sbol eisputl dmbut jlflssity rdtclr tcdj rldeijlss_I siop`y tcijk tcdt d plrsbj’s fbjviftibjs, cis ml`bjaija tb dfiviìsdtibj, br d fbujtry, tb d fcurfc, tb d rlìaibj, dje lvlj tb d



65

pbìtifd` ielb`bay, drl fbooljsurdtl witc tcl oldjija bn cis ìnl,dje bj`y wclj cis ìnl is fbjtdijle ds d mdsis, br d p`leal bn bur bwjields dje bpijibjs, tclj wl drl rldey tb elnlje bur riactjlss,riskija bur ìvls. ..br bmìadtle ij sbol fdsl, wclj dj daarlssbr ij

rl`dtibj tb bur nditc, tb bur ields, sboltiols tb bur fbujtry, tb burpdtribtiso, tb bur plbp`l, wl oust ml rldey tb ki``. Qcy2 Mlfdusl dodj is prijfipd``y d sbèilr.

Bn fbursl cl trils tb dvbie tcis. I do jbt sdyija tb ljadal ij tlrrbr,I do jbt sdyija tb ki`` lvlrybjl [mut_ wclj bur bpijibjs, burfbujtry, bur sbfilty, wcifc wl rlprlsljt is tcrldtljle my d slribuslxistljtid` edjalr, wl oust ml rldey tb ljtlr ijtb mdtt`l nbr tcis…ylsI oldj sl`n-elnljfl, mut I d`sb wdjt tb sdy tcdt tcl ìjl mltwlljelnljfl dje dttdfk is vlry tcij.

Uclrl is jb droy tcdt is rldey bj`y tb elnlje itsl`n. Uclrl is jbielb`bay, pbìtif, sbfib`bay br btclr tldfcijas tcdt bj`y sdy `ldvl usd`bjl wl wi`` olrl`y elnlje bursl`vls. Ucl prbm`lo is wdr fdj jlvlrbj`y ml briljtdtle drbuje elnljfl. Qdr oust tdkl dffbujt bn dttdfkds d prlvljtdtivl nbro bn elnljfl, dje sb bj. Mut dt tcl sdol tiol,cl is dffbujtdm`l wcb ujelrstdjes tcl vdùl bn ìnl. Cl isdffbujtdm`l ij rl`dtibj tb wcdt cl sdys, tb wcdt cis ields, cisbpijibjs, cis pbìtifd`, rlìaibus, pci`bsbpcifd`, ielb`baifd` pbsitibjsdrl, wcb ujelrstdjes tcdt lvlrytcija wi`` cdvl tb ml pdie nbr.

Lvlrytcija, dje tcis rldeijlss, tb pdy witc ybur ìnl, dje bntlj it isldsilr nbr plbp`l tb mrija tclosl`vls tb sdfrinifl tcdj tb ki`` djbtclrplrsbj, mut tcl ìnl bn dj ljloy, tcis is d`sb vlry iopbrtdjt. Djljloy is d plrsbj dje rldeijlss tb ki`` tcdt plrsbj is bntljtiolsobrl einnifu`t dje rldeijlss tb, bntlj obrl fbopìfdtle tcdj tclrldeijlss tb sdfrinifl bjlsl`n. ‟

Ij tcis lxtljsivl tirdel, Euaij fbooits d fdreijd` sij ij dssuoija tcdt tclkijaebo bn Abe is wbj my pbwlr ij d oiìtdry dje pcysifd` sljsl, dje jbt

my tcl pbwlr bn nditc ij tcl Cb`y Vpirit. Euaij p`dfls tcl pbwlr bn odj

clrl bvlr tcl pbwlr bn Abe.

Ucis is dj bee stdjfl tb tdkl nbr d Fcristidj, mut ij tcis rlsplft Euaij

prlnlrs bj`y tb sll dje spldk bn ljloils8 Dt`djtifiso, a`bmdìso,

bìadrfcif @imlrdìso, dje nurtclr tcis ljloy oust ml8



6<

‐…djjici`dtle witcbut pity btclrwisl tcly wi`` djjici`dtl us.‟

Ucis dppldrs tb ml djbtclr f`ldr fd`` tb vib`ljfl bn tcl kije tcdt wdrrdjtle

cis sdfkija nrbo tcl Obsfbw Vtdtl \jivlrsity ij =745. D fd`` odel my cis

stueljts dje rlputle`y iop`loljtle my tcl \jivlrsity eul tb cis pumìf

stdtloljts tb ‐ki``‟ \krdijidjs ij tcl rlfljt slpdrdtist f`dscls. 6= It is bjl

tcdt `dfks djy eistijft Fcristidj ltcif. It is bjl tcdt wds eljile dje `le tb

rlijstdtloljt `dtlr.

Ucl obrl eisturmija iopìfdtibjs nbr tcis devisbr tb tcl Krloìj mlfbols

obrl dppdrljt fbjsielrija tcdt tcl ielb`bails bn Dt`djtifiso dje@imlrdìso mldr f`ldr fbopdrisbj witc tcl \V, JDUB, dje tcl Lurbpldj

\jibj ds pbìtifd` pbwlrs. Ij ndft tcly drl eirlft`y lquivd`ljt tb tclsl

nlelrd` m`bfs nbr Euaij. Ucl a`bmd` nijdjfid` bìadrfcy tbb is pdrt bn tcl

lqudtibj, dje d`` bn tclo (in ybu nb``bw Euaij’s prlsfriptibj) oust ml

‐djjici`dtle‟ piti`lss`y. Mut ij tcis Euaij is quifk tb qudìny cis elnijitibj

bn ‐djjici`dtl‟ turjija it ijtb d obrl fbjflptud` mdtt`l tb ìquiedtl

fbjflpts rdtclr tcdj jdtibjs br plbp`l. It is hustinile ds mlija jbt siop`y

d fd`` tb ki``, br sb cl f`dios.

‐@bbk d`` tcl bmhlfts bn djjici`dtibj ybu jbtle tcbsl drl oy wbres, mut drl fb``lftivl fbjflptud` jbtibjs. I eb jbt sdy djywclrl tcdt wloust djjici`dtl ìmlrd`s.‟66

Ij tcis tbb, cl is ljtirl`y fbjsistljt ij cis eistijftibj mltwllj tcl plbp`l

dje tcl abvlrjoljt bn tcl \V, wcifc ij cis ‐@lttlr tb tcl Dolrifdj Wlbp`l

bj \krdijl‟, cl eistijauiscls mlfdusl8

6= Vll clrl. 66 D fbjflptud` nrdolwbrk Euaij f`dios, mut bjl tcdt is mlìle my cis drtif`l ‐@imlrd`sdadijst d Q d``.‟

http://euromaidanpress.com/2014/06/15/moscow-students-demand-to-fire-dugin-from-the-moscow-state-university-for-sparking-hatred-towards-ukrainians/





6>

‐ Ql sijflrl`y `bvl tcl nirst dje wl prbnbuje`y cdtl tcl slfbje.‟65

Mut ij tcis tcl fd`` tb djjici`dtl mlfbols oueeile ds8

‐@imlrdìso, Dt`djtifiso, clalobjy, bìadrfcy, tcl \V ds tclfdrrilr bn tcis clalobjy, mut tcis is iopbrtdjt, tcis vlcloljfl isjbt eirlftle dadijst tcl abvlrjoljt.‟

Ucl qulstibj tclrlnbrl is, in Euaij is jbt dadijst tcl plbp`l, dje cis

vib`ljfl is jbt dadijst tcl abvlrjoljt, wcifc fbjtrdri`y my cis bwj

deoissibj ij cis ‐@lttlr tb tcl Dolrifdj Wlbp`l bj \krdijl‟ cl

‐prbnbuje`y cdtls‟, wcbo br wcdt lxdft`y is tcl bmhlft bn cis vlcloljfl

dadijst ij cis fd`` tb ki``2

It dppldrs, d`tcbuac cl jlvlr splfinils it, tcdt Euaij wdjts us tb mlìlvl

cl is tcl f`dssif pci`bsbpclr bn tcl Vbfrdtif typl, ijdsoufc ds cl fd``s nbr

d cluristif elmdtl tb djjici`dtl tcl oisfbjflptibj bn ields br ielb`bails

tcdt mrlle iajbrdjfl dje oisujelrstdjeija. Ij tcis sljsl, Euaij’soltcbe is nujedoljtd``y Vbfrdtif; it sllks tb elstrby ields vid d jladtivl

oltcbe bn cypbtclsis lìoijdtibj, ujti` d mlttlr cypbtclsis br pdrdeiao

fdj ml nbuje, mut it ebls jbt sllk tb eispbsl bn tcl vlry jdturl bn tcl

pbìtifd` strufturl plr sl, bj`y tb obeiny br ioprbvl it. It dppldrs tb bnnlr

d oldjs nbr ioprbvloljt tclj, wcifc is jbt mlst slrvle utiìsija tcl wbre

‐djjici`dtibj‟.

‐It is lxprlssle tcrbuac d wdr bn ields. Cbw is d fbjflptdjjici`dtle2 Cbw is d pcljboljbj djjici`dtle2 Ucis is vlryslribus.‟

65 Vll clrl nbr tcl nu`` `lttlr.

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61

Clrl, cbwlvlr, D`lksdjer Euaij is jbt olrl`y ebnnija cis ebftbr’s fdp

witc d jbe tb d clroltifd``y sld`le ijtl``lftud` elmdtl ìoitle tb tcl cd``s

bn dfdeloid. Ijelle, tcl trul sfbpl bn cis fbjflrjs drl tb ml rldìsle8

‐tcrbuac eisfbursl, tcrbuac strdtlay, tcrbuac rldeija, tcrbuacleufdtibj, tcrbuac eip`bodtif oltcbes, tcrbuac tcl ijfrldsl ijoiìtdry pbwlr, witcbut wcifc it is jbt pbssim`l tb elnlje bjl’s pbijtbn vilw ij tcl wbrè tbedy.‟

Wlrcdps Euaij’s fcbifl bn tcl tlro ‐djjici`dtl‟ ij tcis fbjtlxt is jbt

‐prlfisl‟ ljbuac nbr tcl jbj-splfidìst pumìf dueiljfl tcdt cl sllks tbdeerlss ij tcl pbìtifd` spclrl. Cl is (witc cis ou`tip`l fbjflrjs)

lomrdfija tcl aljlrd` pumìf vid tcl pbìtifd` spclrl, ds d prdaodtif

rlspbjsl tb cis pci`bsbpcifd` ousijas. Cl ebls jbt sll litclr tb ml ij djy

sljsl outud``y lxfùsivl, mut cis splfidìst usl bn `djaudal ij pumìf

flrtdij`y ijvitls edjalr, ijdsoufc ds it fbuè ml tbb ldsi`y oisujelrstbbe.

Hust ds Vbfrdtls mlfdol lomrbi`le ij tcl ijtrifdfils bn Dtcljidj pbìtifd`

ìnl my oixija pci`bsbpcy witc pbìtifs ij tcl odrklt p`dfl, br W`dtb sbuact

tb iop`loljt cis pci`bsbpcifd` tclbrils ij d prdftifd` pbìtifd`

iop`loljtdtibj, witc d visit tb Eibjysius II bn Vyrdfusl, nbr Euaij

Wci`bsbpcy is jb olrl dfdeloif lxlrfisl. It is jb olrl lsfdpl nrbo tcl

eisi`ùsibj bn tcl pbìtifd` spclrl. It is tcl oldjs my wcifc cis visibj bn tcl

wbrè fdj ml rldìsle dje lnnlft fcdjal, mut ds witc Vbfrdtls, it d`` tbbnrlquljt`y `ldes tb d mlwièlrle fbjnusibj nbr tcbsl jbt lquipple witc

pci`bsbpcif dfuolj. It ebls jbt jlflssdri`y mrija tcl mìjeija ìact bn

ljìactljoljt br ujelrstdjeija tb tcbsl jbj-pci`bsbpclrs wcb drl



63

nbrfle tb deerlss cio. It mrijas bj`y tcl plrp`lxle lomdrrdssoljt bn

dpbrid.6<

Nurtclrobrl, it is dj ljeldvbur nrduact witc plrsbjd` edjalr, ds Vbfrdtls

ciosl`n lvljtud``y nbuje but.6> Wbìtifd` lìtls, sufc ds Wutij, ds Euaij

ciosl`n is jbw bj`y tbb kllj`y mlija odel dwdrl, eb jbt tb`lrdtl tb cdvl

btclrs p`dfl wbres ij tclir bwj obutc, br dft ds tclir ujbnnifid` oljtbrs,

wclj tcly tclosl`vls drl tcl sumhlft bn ijfrldsija viìnifdtibj dje

ijtlrjdtibjd` prlssurl. Ub `dmbur tcl pbijt, Euaij dfcilvls ìtt`l ij cis

dssuoptibjs br fcbifl bn pci`bsbpcifd` wbres tb fbjvly cis eid`lftif

oltcbeb`bay clrl. Cis oltcbeb`bay mldrs jb ldsy eistijftibj nbr tcl

pumìf dt `dral, jbr ebls it ioprbvl tcl einnifu`t ljeldvbr bn albpbìtifs ij

tcl fbjfrltl wbrè bn ]ld` Wbìtik.

‐Uclrl is d einnlrljfl in I sdy ‐ wl oust djjici`dtl Dt`djtifists‟ dje‐wl oust djjici`dtl ìmlrd`s‟ br Dolrifdjs yls in I wlrl tb sdy tcdt[Mut ybu ebj’t2_ Jb, jbt bjfl. I spldk bn fb``lftivl fbjflpts. Ucis isdj ielb`baifd` wdr. Ubedy Dolrifdjs fdj ml tcl fdrrilrs bn tcis

Dt`djtifist clalobjy; ij djbtclr fdsl in tcly ab tcl wdy bnisb`dtibjiso, br ìkl sbol riact wija pbìtifidjs, sufc ds ]bj Wdu`,br [Wdt_ Mufcdjdj, I suaalst tcly wi`` siop`y trdjsnbroijstdjtdjlbus`y ijtb bur d`ìls, br dt d oijiouo d pbwlr ijeinnlrljttb us. Vb jlitclr tb Dolrifd- tcl sdol tcija dmbut tcbsl ìmlrd`s8

6< Ucl Vbfrdtif l`ljfcus prbeufle pumìf lomdrrdssoljt nbr tcl Vbpcists tcdtrlvld`le tclir ijtl``lftud` scbrtfboijas. It siajinile tcl djjici`dtibj bn tcbsllrrbjlbus bpijibjs purvlyle ds tcl trutc tcrbuac ski`nu` rcltbrif. D sufflssnu` fdrllrij pbìtifs fbuè d`sb ml ljele tcrbuac tcl djjici`dtibj bn d Vbpcist’s rlputdtibj. Vbtbb, Vbfrdtif l`ljfcus ij tcis ijstdjfl prbvle ndtd` nbr Vbfrdtls ds it prboptle fcdralsbn clrlsy. Ij tcis, eid`lftif prbvle tb ml elde`y nbr Vbfrdtls tcl odj, mut `lss sb nbr cisltlrjd` ields dje cis ljeurija rlputdtibj.

6> Vbfrdtls wds fcdrale witc d juomlr bn clrlsils truople up my tcl stdtl. Uclsllvljtud``y mrbuact cio tb trid` dje sumslquljt lxlfutibj. Dj lxlfutibj sl`n-deoijistlrle my cis erijkija bn tcl clo`bfk. Ij tcis, tcl clrlsils wlrl ndmrifdtle mytcl pbìtifd` lìtl bn Dtcljs, wcb wlrl ijfrldsija`y tirle bn cis fritifd` oltcbeb`baydje sbuact cis lje, hust ds Vtdìj wds idm`l tb eb. Bjl nll`s Wutij is obrl tcdj fdpdm`lbn tcis d`sb.



69

wci`l tcly iopbsl tclir ielb`bay bj us tcly drl lxflleija`yedjalrbus. ‟

Ij tcl lje, tcl fd`` is tb sdvl ]ussid witc d oltcbeb`bay tcdt oiact ml

elnijle ds eid`lftif. Ylt ij rld` tlros, Euaij sbujes eisijaljubus.

Wdrtifu`dr`y wclj cl prbpbsls prdftifd` dje prdaodtif sbùtibjs tcdt

rlquirl ijvdsibj dje wdr. Ucl ijtl``lftud` lxlrfisl dppldrs tb ml d olrl

lxfusl tb odsk oiìtdry ijtlrvljtibj dje sbujes eisijaljubus. D trdit cl

ylt nijes ioobrd`, mut wcifc cl jbtls is ijtlrwbvlj ij sbfilty dje is pdrt

dje pdrfl` bn tcl pbìtifd` elmdtl.

Ucl fbrrlft dttituel tb tcl <tc fbùoj cl`ps scdpl tcl elmdtl

Euaij fbols tb vbifl cis eid`lftif ljtlrprisl ij rl`dtibj tb tcl rlfbajitibj

bn d <tc fbùoj ij ]ussid itsl`n.

‐Ucl edjalr bn tcl nintc fbùoj ebls jbt ìl ij tclir strljatc - tclydrl dmsbùtl`y ijsiajinifdjt-mut tcdt tcly drl cirle my tcl miaalst‐abendtclr‟ ij tcl wbrè tcl \V. Ucdt is wcy tcly drl lnnlftivl. Ucly

wbrk, tcly’rl ìstljle tb, tcly’rl jlvlr pujiscle, mlfdusl tcl wbrèpbwlr stdjes mlcije tclo.‟

It sllos d fbjtrdeiftibj tb eljy tclir edjalr, ylt siou`tdjlbus`y f`dio

tcly drl ‐lnnlftivl‟. Qcy is cl sb fbjflrjle2 Qclj dskle tb ieljtiny wcb

tclsl plbp`l drl, cl elnijls tclo ds tcl bìadrfcs bn tcl 97s, wcb

eltlroijle tcl ielb`bay dje pbìtifs bn ]ussid eurija tcdt tiol, dje wcb

wlrl lvljtud``y bustle my tcl ‐rlnbros‟ bn Wutij eurija tcl jlw

oi``ljjiuo, dje wcifc mlfdol ‐tcl fbrl‟ bn tcl bppbsitibj. Ij tcis, tcly

drl ieljtinile ds dj bppbsitibj tcdt fbjtijud``y fritifisls, mut it is fritifiso

tcdt is clrl siou`tdjlbus`y elstruftivl dje fbjstruftivl. Ij tcis, tcly drl

wbrkija dadijst ]ussidj ijtlrlsts, witc d fbjtijud` lopcdsis bj tcl



57

iopbrtdjfl bn alttija f`bslr tb tcl Qlst, dje ij ebija sb drl ujelroijija

]ussidj sbvlrliajty, wclj it jlles tb ml strljatcljle my lxfùeija

Qlstlrj ijnùljfls. Ucis, tclrlnbrl, oioifs d eid`lftif prbflss bn

fbjstruftibj dje elfbjstruftibj dje slrvls d purpbsl tb strljatclj sl`n-

lxdoijdtibj ds wl`` ds ]ussidj sbvlrliajty.

Ij tcis eud` rb`l, cl ieljtinils tcl ijnùljfl bn tcl prlssurl arbups. Ucbsl

nbr lxdop`l wcb lxcbrt tcl jlle nbr ]ussid tb rlsfije tcl jlw`y

dodàdodtle Friold witc oleid fdopdiajs, dje wcb pusc nbr jbj-

ijtlrnlrljfl ij tcl \krdijl, lvlj in it rlprlsljts d tcrldt tb ]ussidj

ijtlrlsts. Uclsl drl jbt tcbsl wcb drl sllj bj tcl pumìf odrfcls, Euaij

fbjflels, mut tcl ijtl``lftud` stdnn ij tcl mdfkarbuje8 Jdvd`jy, Jlotsbv,

Kdsydjbv, ltf. Uclsl drl tcl ‐cirle plbp`l‟ wcb drl pdie tb eb tcl Qlst’s

mieeija dje wcb sllk tb nurtclr, my fbjsbrtija witc Qlstlrj Wrbnlssbrs

dje Dolrifdj dje Albraidj Ijtl`ìaljfl daljts, tcl ijtlrlsts bn tcl

Dt`djtifists. Ucly nu`ni` tclir mieeija tb tcl eltrioljt bn ]ussidj ijtlrlsts.

Qci`st fbjfleija tcdt tclrl drl sbol bn tclsl daljts sufc ds ^d`lriyd

Jbvbevbrskdyd wcb dft witcbut pdyoljt, dje dft purl`y mlfdusl bn

ielb`baifd` prijfip`ls ds ieldìsts nbr tcl vdùls bn @imlrdìso, cl dsslrts

jlvlrtcl`lss tcdt tcly eb sb mlfdusl tcly obrl aljlrd``y elspisl trul

]ussidj vdùls.

Ij rlnlrljfl tb Jbvbevbrskdyd cl stdtls8

‐Vcl wbuè ìkl it tb ml d einnlrljt fbujtry, witc d einnlrljt cistbry, witc d einnlrljt plbp`l, witc einnlrljt sbfid` wdys, witc d einnlrljtdjtcrbpb`bay, witc d einnlrljt pci`bsbpcy dje einnlrljt sbfilty.‟

Euaij, cbwlvlr, siou`tdjlbus`y slls tcis oijbrity ds jlflssdry nbr

elmdtl, dje ij tcis sljsl uslnu`, sb tcdt ]ussid eblsj’t nd`` ijtb d trdp bn

‐sl`n -`bvl dje sl`n-a`brinifdtibj‟. Ij tcis, cl dppldrs oijenu` bn dt ldst bjl



54

edjalr tcdt fbuè ml ijstiadtle my ]ussid’s bwj cdje8 d ndu`t tcdt, ìkl

Jdtibjd` Vbfidìso, fbuè nbstlr jdtibjd` jdrfissiso, obrd` wldkjlss vid

suprlodfiso, dje d edjalr wcifc fbuè u`tiodtl`y clrdè ]ussid’s bwj

eloisl.

Bvlrrieija tcis utiìty, cbwlvlr, is d fbjtrdry olssdal. Nbr tcl ndft tcl <tc

fbùoj dft ij d elflitnu` wdy, dje obrlbvlr dft ds olrl pdwjs bn tcl \V

ij tcl jdol bn tcl ìmlrd` a`bmdìso, prbvls (nbr cio) tcly drl jbtcija

scbrt bn d scdol dje d sfdjed`8

‐…ds ij tcl fdsl bn Wussy ]ibt, wcb dppldr bj d a`bmd` lvl`, dje wcbslfurle nbr tclo olltijas witc ciac rdjkija pbìtifd` dftbrs tbfbjvijfl tcl ]ussidj plbp`l. Ucdt tcis is dffieljtd`, tcdt tcly hustcdpplj tb `bvl tcis pujk arbup, is dmsbùtl`y iopbssim`l.‟

Euaij ieljtinils tcl ioobrdìty bn tcl <tc fbùoj ds pdrt bn tcl ‐systloif

jltwbrk wdr‟ dadijst ]ussid, its vdùls, cistbry dje ieljtity, wcifc ij

turj cds mllj bj`y dmusle dntlr ‐it advl tclo lvlrytcija‟. Mut tcis vilw

iopìls d pdrdebx ds tcl <tc fbùoj prbviels d jlflssdry djtiebtl tb tcl

ioobrdìty bn jdtibjd` jdrfissiso, wci`st tcly ylt dft ds daljts tb

plrpltudtl ioobrdìty tclosl`vls.

Nbr Euaij, tcdt tcly drl ioobrd` daljts is siou`tdjlbus`y rlfbajisle

witc tclir ‐uslnu`‟ bppbsitibj ds d fritiqul. Ij tcis sljsl tclj tcly drl

uslnu` ‐trditbrs‟ hust ds ‐uslnu` ieibts‟ prbouàdtle tcl fdusl bn Vbfidìst

ijtlrlsts ij tcl Qlst. \`tiodtl`y, tcly slrvl d utiìty ij Euaij’s ]ussid, ds

tcly prbviel dj ioobrd` dje sumvlrsivl l`loljt witcij tcl jdtibj’s oiest

tcdt strljatcljs its rlsb`vl, wci`st sti`` mlija tcl ljloy itsl`n. Ij tcl lje,

d`` tcis fdj odkl ]ussid nll` mlttlr dmbut clrsl`n, dje oiact wl`` prbviel

‐rldeijlss‟ wclj scl wijs tcl ijlvitdm`l mdtt`l bn ields. Euaij splfinifd``y



5=

ebls jbt suaalst tcis, mut it is iopìfit ij cis stdtloljts dje oirrbrs tcl

prbeuftivl dje psyfcb`baifd` vdùl bn eid`lftif elmdtl.

Euaij sllos tb ml suaalstija tcdt wl scbuè tb`lrdtl sufc ‐trditbrs‟ ij

bur oiest, mlfdusl tcly slrvl d uslnu` purpbsl nbr tcl jdtibj dje nbr

pbìtifd` eid`lftif. Ucis is jbt dj Brtcbebx Fcristidj vilw, cbwlvlr, dje

ebls jbt nit rldei`y witc tcl rlspbjsl bn tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc itsl`n, wcb

fd``le bj tcl abvlrjoljt tb frioijdìsl m`dspcloy. Bj Nlmrudry =>, d

frioijd` fdsl wds bpljle dadijst tcl mdje olomlrs wcb cde

pdrtifipdtle.61 Mut ij tcis fd`` nbr utiìty, Euaij dppldrs dadijst tcl Fcurfc

stdjfl, dje rlodrkdm`y ìmlrd` ij cis tb`lrdjfl bn sumvlrsivl l`loljts ij

]ussid’s oiest. Qci`st tcis is jbt lxdft`y djti-Fcristidj, cis pci`bsbpcifd`

prlsuoptibjs clrl drl dt bees witc Brtcbebxy. D`` tcis is ij fbjtrdeiftibj

tb tcl wiscls bn mbtc tcl Fcurfc, tcl stdjfl bn ^`deioir Wutij, dje tcl

]ussidj hueifidry obrl mrbde`y. Mut tcis oust fbjtrdri`y ml sb nbr Euaij,

ij tcl ìact bn cis bwj nlrvljt nditc ij tcl virtuls bn ]ussidj Brtcbebxy,

61 Bj Nlmrudry =4, =74=, ds pdrt bn d prbtlst obvloljt dadijst tcl rl-l`lftibj bn ^`deioir Wutij, nivl wbolj nrbo tcl arbup ljtlrle tcl Fdtclerd` bn Fcrist tcl Vdvibrbn tcl ]ussidj Brtcbebx Fcurfc ij Obsfbw. Uclrl wds jb fcurfc slrvifl ij slssibj dttcl tiol, dje bj`y d nlw plbp`l wlrl ij tcl fdtclerd`. ]lobvija tclir f`btcls, tclyput bj md`df`dvds, wd`kle up tcl stlps `ldeija tb tcl d`tdr, dje mladj tb huop drbuje,pujfcija tcl dir. Dntlr `lss tcdj d oijutl, tcly wlrl lsfbrtle butsiel tcl muièija myaudres. Niò bn tcl plrnbrodjfl wds `dtlr fbomijle witc nbbtdal scbt dt d einnlrljtfcurfc, ieljtinile my ]ussidj Brtcbebx Fcurfc spbklsodj ^slvb`be Fcdpìj ds tclLpipcdjy Fdtclerd` ij Yl`bkcbvb, tb frldtl d vielb fìp nbr tcl sbja, wcifc tclyljtit`le ‐Wujk Wrdylr8 Obtclr bn Abe Erivl Wutij Dwdy.‟

Ucl trid` bn tcl tcrll wbolj stdrtle ij Obsfbw's Kcdobvjiki Eistrift Fburt bj Hu`y67, =74=.[Fcdrale witc ‐prloleitdtle cbbìadjiso plrnbrole my dj bradjisle arbupbn plbp`l obtivdtle my rlìaibus cdtrle br cbstiìty ‟ oldjt tcly ndfle pbssim`lsljtljfls bn up tb slvlj yldrs ioprisbjoljt. Ij ldr`y Hu`y, d pb`` fbjeuftle ijObsfbw nbuje tcdt cd`n bn tcl rlspbjeljts bppbsle tcl trid` wci`l 6> plrfljtsuppbrtle it; tcl rlst mlija ujelfiele. Wutij stdtle tcdt wci`l cl sdw ‐jbtcija abbe‟ dmbut tcl mdje's prbtlst, ‐Jbjltcl`lss, I ebj't tcijk tcdt tcly scbuè ml hueale sbcdrsc`y nbr tcis.‟

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_presidential_election,_2012

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelokhovo_Cathedral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamovniki_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia#District_courts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussy_Riot#cite_note-90



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia#District_courts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamovniki_District

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelokhovo_Cathedral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_presidential_election,_2012



56

cis pdtribtiso, dje cis kllj elsirl tb suppbrt tcl wiscls bn cis pbìtifd`

`ldelr.

Clrl dadij tcl tlro ‐trditbr‟ dppldrs tb ml dj ujwisl fcbifl bn tlros my

Euaij. It stdjes dt bees witc cis jbtibjs bn tcl <tc fbùoj slrvija djy

pbsitivl utiìty nbr tcl jdtibj my prbvieija d einnlrljt plrsplftivl.

Nurtclrobrl, tcl usl bn sufc tlros, pdrtifu`dr`y my d pumìf niaurl, siop`y

prbouàdtl d nllemdfk `bbp, wclrl ujhust ioprisbjoljt br lxlfutibj is

ljfburdale. It dppldrs tb ml dj dssuoptibj odel mlnbrl fburt br sljtljfl

cds lvlj mllj pdssle. Ij tcis sljsl, tclj, ‐trditbrs‟ fdjjbt ml uslnu`.

‐Urditbrs‟ drl litclr ioprisbjle br scbt.

Ij rlsplft tb tcis, Euaij sllks tb rlpdir cis pbsitibj witc tcl qudìnilr tcdt8

‐in tcly eie jbt cdvl a`bmd` suppbrt nrbo dfrbss tcl bfldj tcly wbuè ml uslnu`. In tcly wlrl siop`y d ìmlrd` bppbsitibj tcly wbuè ml uslnu`.‟

Mut cis qudìnilr is jbt bjl tcdt fbjvijfls br hustinils wcy in @imlrdìso is

ijclrljt`y lvi`, ds cl vlcloljt`y mlìlvls, wl scbuè tb`lrdtl tcl prlsljfl

bn sufc dj lvi` ij bur oiest. Qci`st it ijelle ody ljfburdal ]ussidjs tb

dft fbjtrdry tb its vdùls, it oiact lqud``y ml vilwle ds d sumvlrsivl

l`loljt tcdt eul tb its ‐lnnifdfy‟ fbuè ujelroijl obrd` mlcdvibur

ljtirl`y; d sumvlrsibj bvlr wcifc ]ussid oiact cdvl ìtt`l fbjtrb`.

Ucdt tcly drl ‐trditbrs dje ljloils‟, cbwlvlr, is jbt ij eisputl nbr Euaij,

wcb aivlj d wdrtiol situdtibj fbjflels tcly wbuè ml mlst ioprisbjle br

scbt. ‐I tcijk tcdt witc trditbrs my tcl `dws bn wdr-tiol…‟ is cis fdvldt nbr

dftija, mut it is jbt bjl cl f`dios cl sllks tb iop`loljt jbw. Qci`st cl

nurtclr bvlr`bbks tcdt wl drl d`rldey ij d wdr bn fiviìsdtibjs dt tcl prlsljt

tiol, cl ylt hustinils tclir uslnu` purpbsl.

Euaij jbtls tcdt, ij rlsplft tb tcl ]ussidj <tc

fbùoj, Dolrifd8



55

‐…dfts vlry sufflssnu``y ij tcis, it ebls jbt rlprlss eirlft`y.‟

Mut cl ylt ujelroijls tcis uslnu` purpbsl my suaalstija ]ussid oust

debpt tcl Dolrifdj strdtlay ij rlsplft tb tclo.

‐It fbjtrb`s eisfbursl. It is dmsbùtl`y iopbssim`l nbr plbp`l witcd`tlrjdtivl pbijts bn vilw tb mrldk tcrbuac tb tcl odij hburjd`s, tcloleid, tcly cdvl jb fcdjfl tb dppldr bj U^. I’o jbt sdyija wl jlletb pcysifd``y rlprlss tclo. Ucdt is dmsbùtl`y ujjlflssdry, djebffurs obrlbvlr nrbo wldkjlss. Ucl plbp`l scbuè ml bstrdfisledje isb`dtle nrbo tcl oleid.‟

It is einnifu`t, cbwlvlr, tb ujelrstdje cbw d prbeuftivl obrd` rlspbjsl

fdj ml dfcilvle in tcly drl lnnlftivl`y ouzz`le dje isb`dtle.

Qci`st it dppldrs tb`lrdjfl ebls jbt rlquirl ijfdrflrdtibj, Euaij is f`ldr8

tclrl is jb qulstibj bn nrllebo bn spllfc mlija tb`lrdtle ij djy jlw visibj

bn wcdt Lurdsid ljtdi`s. Ucis is pdrtifu`dr`y in it cdrmburs tcl lvi` bn d

ìmlrd` ielb`bay, br ijelle djy einnlrljt plrsplftivl obrl aljlrd``y. Is

tcis, tclj, d fd`` nbr d rlturj tb tcl Vtdìjist lrd, br d jlw visibj bn d

Oijistry bn Urutc wclrl plrsbjd` ijeivieud` nrllebo wds sbolwcdt

tb`lrdtle in nrllebo bn spllfc wds furtdi`le2 Dppdrljt`y jbt, mdsle bj cis

fritifisos bn Fbooujiso’s elnifiljfils. It is siop`y dj dfflptdjfl bn tcl

dmiìty nbr ]ussidj vdùls tb eboijdtl. Ucis fbjnieljfl is tcl butwdre

lxprlssibj bn d ]ussid fbonbrtdm`l witc its bwj vdùls, dje bjl tcdt

scbuè sufflssnu``y ml dm`l tb tb`lrdtl sumvlrsivls ij its oiest. Ij tcis

spirit bn fbjnieljfl, tcly drl ellole tb cdvl d uslnu` purpbsl dje drl jbt

dj lxistljtid` tcrldt ij tcl wdy @imlrdìso ds dj ielb`bay is.

]ussid’s rldnnirodtibj bn tcl bè ij tcl jlw clrl is jbt jlflssdri`y d fd`` tb

siop`y lomrdfl Fbooujiso, mut is d`sb bjl rloijisfljt bn ]ussidj



5<

Ioplridìso8 d jlw jdtibjdìso, wcifc suppbsle`y clrdès d ]ussidj

Vprija. Clrl, nbr Euaij, ]ussid wi`` lxplriljfl8

‐ij tcl nu`` sljsl bn tcl wbre d ]ussidj rljdissdjfl... Ql drl mlaijjija tb nll` priel nbr bur fbujtry. ]ussidjs drl mlaijjija tbrlfbajisl tcdt tcly drl ij tcl wbrè jbt bj`y ds pdssivl bmhlfts, muttcl sumhlfts bn cistbry. Dje tcl obrl wl elobjstrdtl bur fdrl nbr]ussidjs dje ]ussidj spldklrs mlybje tcl mbrelrs bn ]ussid, tclobrl wl strljatclj bur sbfilty. Ucl obrl wl obvl nrbo d fbjeitibjbn pdssivity dje sùomlr tb, bj tcl fbjtrdry, obmiìsdtibj.‟

Ucdt tcis is Ioplridìso, dje jbt siop`y d spirit bn pdtribtiso tcdt sllks

its bwj prbtlftibj, is fbjnirole wclj cl ieljtinils ‐pdssivity‟ witc dj

ijdmiìty tb niact dadijst plrflivle ioobrdìty dje tcl Dt`djtifist vilw.

Ucis is jbt siop`y fbjtdijoljt, br ju`ìnifdtibj bn dj ljfrbdfcija pbwlr

litclr, nbr tcl obrd` dje hust fdusl ljtdi`s d prl-loptivl obmiìsdtibj

‐mlybje tcl mbrelrs bn ]ussid‟. Ucis is jlflssdry ij brelr tb elobjstrdtl

‐fdrl nbr ]ussidjs‟ dje ]ussidj spldklrs, wci`st fbooljsurdtl`y it is

vilwle ds strljatcljija ]ussidj sbfilty. It is bjl tcdt cdre`y rlsplfts tcl

ijtlarity bn tcl jdtibjd` vdùls bn btclrs cbwlvlr, br tclir mbrelrs.

Cis plrsplftivl dje rlspbjsl is mbrj but bn tcl `dst =6 yldrs, wcifc cl

vilws ds mlija d slrils bn sumvlrsivl strdtlails lxlrtle my tcl \V ij brelr

tb ujelroijl ]ussidj ijnùljfl. Dt prlsljt it is fboija tb d clde witc

tcl djjlxdtibj bn Friold dje tcl wdr ij \krdijl ij tcl Vbutc Ldst. Ij

tcis, Euaij spldks bn tcl jlle nbr d eid`lftif rlspbjsl, mut fbjtrdri`y

rlnusls tb fbjflel tcdt ]ussid scbuè darll tb fbjstruftivl eid`baul witc

tcl Kilv abvlrjoljt mlfdusl cl fbjsielrs it is ‐i``laitiodtl‟. Ucl

`laitiodtl elobfrdtif abvlrjoljt ujelr Ydjukbvifc cdvija mllj

usurple witcbut clle tb elobfrdtif l`lftibjs ij d oiìtdry fbup e’ltdt.

Ij tcis rlsplft, tclj, Euaij is jbt wi`ìja tb dfflpt tcdt ]ussid scbuè

fbjflel tb fbjstruftivl eid`baul witc tcbsl wcb dppdrljt`y cl ebls jbt



5>

fbjsielr wdrrdjt rlsplft, br wcb ody jbt jlflssdri`y darll tb dfquilsfl

tb ]ussid’s elodjes. Ucis is d vlry ijn`lxim`l dpprbdfc. It is suaalstivl bn

dj ielb`baul dje ndjdtif dje but bn fcdrdftlr witc cis ldrìlr f`dios

tbwdres eid`lftif.

Dj lxdop`l bn tcis ijn`lximiìty is ij cis dttituel tb tcl \krdijidj ‐ hujtd‟,

wcb olt witc ]ussid ndfl tb ndfl. Clrl Euaij is jbt prlpdrle tb lvlj

deoit tcdt djy fbjstruftivl eid`baul dftud``y tbbk p`dfl, tcdt it wds

jlflssdry, br tcdt it scbuè riact`y cdvl lvlj ijvb`vle eirlft td`kija ds8

‐Nirst wl olt witc tcl Dolrifdjs, witc fustbolrs, wl olt bvlr tclcldes bn tcl hujtd…mut tcis my jb oldjs [suaalsts_ wl drl rldey tbbplj eip`bodtif rl`dtibjs witc tcbsl wcb bvlrtcrlw tclabvlrjoljt ij Kilv- tcdt wl wi`` spldk ij djy wdy eirlft`y witctclo- wl spbkl ijeirlft`y witc tclo tcrbuac trdjs`dtbrs- @dvrbrdeerlssls Klrry, Klrry aivls sbol brelr tb ml quilt, br jbt tb mlquilt.‟ [soiìja dje jbes_.

Clrl tcl eid`lftif is bjl bn elflit, d rcltbrif tcdt lvlj ndi`s tb rlfbajisltcl ijtlr`bfutbr in tcl pdrty is eistdstlnu` tb ]ussid’s jbtibj bn wcdt

elobfrdfy ljtdi`s. Mut nurtclr, it is ]ussid’s jbtibj bn wcdt it rlquirls

wcifc is ellole bn pdrdobujt iopbrtdjfl. Ucis dobujts tb tlrritbrid`

adijs nbr its bwj strljatc witc d visibj tcdt8

‐Ub cbè Friold tcl Vbutc Ldst is jlflssdry nbr us dje Friold isjlflssdry tb rltdij ]ussid dje odkl it cld`tcilr, tb strdiactlj it but,

tb ljìvlj it. Vb tcl qulstibj is tcl Vbutc Ldst br eldtc.‟63

63 Ucl jlflssity bn puttija dj lje tb tcl albpbìtifd` fbopltitibj bn pbwlr mltwllj]ussid dje tcl \V wds rlfbajisle my Xmiajilw Mrzlzijski. Ucl prbflss, ds Euaijf`dios, wbuè rlquirl tcl \krdijl tb ml ‐tbrj dwdy nrbo ]ussid‟; dj lnnbrt tcdtbffurrle bvlr sbol =6 yldrs bn sumvlrsivl strdtlails dje p`djjija, dje jbt ds tclrlsu`t bn djy spbjtdjlbus uprisija. Ucis is fbrrbmbrdtle my tcl `ldkle pcbjl fd``s bn

îftbrid Ju`dje dje Mdrbjlss Dsctbj. Vll clrl dje clrl. Ij rlsplft tb tcl sjiplrs ijKilv, tcl slfbje `ldkle fbjvlrsdtibj suaalstle tcdt tcly wlrl ij ndft ij tcl tcrd`` bntcl Odiedj fbdìtibj abvlrjoljt. Ucis usurple tcl Ydjukbvifc abvlrjoljt dje wdssuppbrtle my tcl \V abvlrjoljt. Ucis nurtclr fbrrbmbrdtle tcl f`dios tcdt tcl sjiplrs

wlrl cirle my tcl fbdìtibj nbrfls bj tcl arbuje. Vll clrl. Ucis is tcl fbujtlr f`dio tb

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amd4l0OtKkA



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh_YkdGbWqk



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KFGY-OSM-o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KFGY-OSM-o





51

Euaij f`dios, tcl \V cds sbuact tb ujelroijl tcl fbopltitivl pbwlr bn

]ussid, dje tcl prbbn bn tcl struaa`l tb edtl cds mllj tcl Kilv fbup. Ucl

rlsu`t oldjs \krdijidj jlb Jdzi nbrfls fbuè jbw ml rl`ldsle bj tcl

mbrelr bn ]ussid, dj ijtb`lrdm`l situdtibj. Ucis hustinile, ij Euaij’s vilw ,

tcl jlflssity bn djjlxija Friold nrbo tcl \krdijl witc oiìtdry

ijtlrvljtibj, mut wcifc wds ij djy fdsl u`tiodtl`y `laitioisle my

elobfrdtif l`lftibjs. Mut Euaij tclj abls nurtclr f`dioija8

‐Ucl sbutc Ldst is d`sb dftud``y pdrt bn tcl ]ussidj wbrè, bn ]ussidjfiviìsdtibj, Jbvbrbssiyd. Dje wl wbuè ml rldey tb rlfbajisl tcltlrritbrid` ijtlarity bn \krdijl in it wlrl dt d oijiouo jlutrd` br mlttlr nrilje`y. Mut wclj ij Kilv tclrl cdvl fbol tb pbwlr i``lad``yplbp`l wcb elspisl ]ussid dje lvlrytcija ]ussidj ‐Obskd`ydku jdai``dku‟69 Qcdt is tcdt2 Ucdt’s purl rdfiso. Ucdt’s tb cdja d ]ussidjbj d mrdjfc. Dje in kies wl sll sija ij sfcbb`s dntlr tcl fboija bntcl hujtd sija tcis tb djjbujfl tcl aljbfiel bn tcl ]ussidj plbp`lij \krdijl tclj in wl tdkl tcis wl cdvl lxpbsle =7 oi`ìbj [ij tclVbutc Ldst_ tb aljbfiel... ]ussidj spldkija, d odhbrity bn ]ussidjs,

wcbsl ieljtity wds nbrole cistbrifd``y.‟

Ij tcis, eldtc is d fbjslquljfl ijnìftle upbj tcl plbp`l bn tcl \krdijl in

]ussid ndi`s tb dft ij tcl prbtlftibj bn ltcjif dje my lxtljsibj fu`turd`

]ussidjs, dadijst tcl lolraija jlb‖Jdzi hujtd. Mut clrl, ijvdsibj ebls

jbt wdrrdjt d dje ardm (br sb cl f`dios) ij tcl ioplrid` sljsl bn fbjqulst.

It is suppbsle tb ml olrl`y dj dmiìty tb slfurl tcl Vbutc Ldst, sb tcdt tcl

plbp`l ij tcl rlaibj drl sdnl`y dm`l tb ‐elfiel tclir bwj ndtl‟.

tcl Qlstlrj oleid, wcb dsslrt tcl sjiplrs wlrl pbssim`y ]ussidj mdfkle niactija tclijsuraljts.

69 ‐obskd`ydku jd ai``dku‟ ‐cdja ]ussidjs bj trll mrdjfcls‟.



53

Ucis rldsbjija, cbwlvlr, dadij dppldrs eisijaljubus. It rloijes bjl bn

tcl hustinifdtibj my Cit`lr tb ijvdel tcl Vueljtlj`dje witc tcl lxfusl bn it

mlija d rlpdtridtibj bn Alrodjs tb tcl Ndtclr`dje.57 D fbopdrisbj

strljatcljle my tcl f`dio tcdt oiìtdry bffupdtibj is jlflssdry ij brelr

tb prlvljt aljbfiel bn Vbutc Ldstlrj \krdijidjs, mlfdusl tcly fbjtrdri`y

drl ]ussidjs. It is mb`stlrle my tcl f`dio tcdt it wi`` cl`p odkl ]ussidj

fiviìsdtibj strbjalr, ijdsoufc ds it wi`` odkl it ‐cld`tcilr‟ dje ljìvlj‟

it, dje d`sb cl`p tb ‐rltdij ]ussid‟ nbr tcl arldtlr abbe.

D visibj bn d Arldtlr ]ussid

Wrbnlssbr Euaij is jbt siop`y fbjtljt tb nrll tcl Vbutc Ldst \krdijidjs

nrbo d plrflivle tyrdjjy, ij cis vilw, bn d jlb-Jdzi tcrldt. Ucl Arldtlr

]ussid wcifc eljbtls tcl ]ussidj Qbrè dje tcl ]ussidj fiviìsdtibj8

‐fbrrlspbjes witc sbol pùsls br oijusls tb tcl tlrritbry bn tcl]ussidj Lopirl dje tcl Vbvilt \jibj. Uclsl wlrl jbt ltcjifd``y

Arldt ]ussidj `djes, jbt Arldt ]ussidj tlrritbrils. Uclsl wlrltlrritbrils frldtle my d`` ltcjbsls bn bur spdfl frldtle bvlrcujerles bn yldrs. Fljtrd` Dsid bn fbursl is ijfùele…tcl Md`tifsdje Qlstlrj \krdijl odyml ij pdrt bj sbol `lvl` nbr Arldtlr]ussid. Mut `bbk Fiviìsdtibjs eb jbt cdvl sufc mbrelrs, ]ussidjfiviìsdtibj, tcl ]ussidj wbrè, ebls jbt cdvl stdtl mbrelrs. Vtdtl mbrelrs oiact lxtlje nurtclr tcdj fiviìsdtibjd` bjls, ij wcifc fdsl wl fdpturl Wb`dje br Nij`dje, wcifc drl bn fbursl pdrt bn djbtclrcistbry, mbtc Wb`dje dje Nij`dje. Ucdt’s d einnlrljt cistbry, deinnlrljt fiviìsdtibj, lvlj in tcly drl nbr sbol tiol ujelr bur

57 Ij tcl wdkl bn arbwija jdtibjdìso, tcl jdol ‐Vueltljelutsfcl‟ (VueltljAlrodjs) lolrale my tcl ldr`y =7tc fljtury. It briaijd``y fbjstitutle pdrt bn d `dralrf`dssinifdtibj bn tcrll arbupijas bn Alrodjs witcij tcl Dustrb-Cujadridj Lopirl,

wcifc d`sb ijfùele ‐ D`pijl Elutsfclj‟ (Ljaìsc8 D`pijl Alrodjs). Ucis `dtlr mlfdoltcl ]lpumìf bn Dustrid dje ‐Md`kdjelutsfcl‟ (Ljaìsc8 Md`kdj Alrodjs) ij Cujadrydje tcl rlaibjs ldst bn it. Bn tclsl tcrll tlros, bj`y tcl tlro ‐Vueltljelutsfcl‟ survivle mlfdusl bn tcl ltcjif dje fu`turd` fbjnìfts witcij Mbcloid. Dffbreija tb tclNlmrudry 49=4 fljsus, 6,4=6,777 Alrodjs spldkija tcl obtclr tbjaul ìvle ijFzlfcbs`bvdkid―=6.5% bn tcl tbtd` pbpu`dtibj. Ucl fbjtrbvlrsils mltwllj tcl Fzlfcsdje tcl Alrodj-spldkija oijbrity (wcifc fbjstitutle d odhbrity ij tcl Vueltlj`djedrlds) ìjalrle bj tcrbuacbut tcl 49=7s, dje ijtljsinile ij tcl 4967s.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Deutschen


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkandeutsche&action=edit&redlink=1






59

fbjtrb`, it’s jbt nbr `bja, it’s d cistbrifd` dffieljt. Mut tclrl drljdturd` bradjif mbrelrs ]ussid dje Lurdsid, ds bur Lurdsidjistsfd``le it, br Uurdjif fiviìsdtibj, einnlrljt nrbo mbtc Lurbpldj dje Dsidj fiviìsdtibj. D`tbaltclr it is d ujiqul Uurdjif fiviìsdtibj

tljeija bvlr vdribus plribes tb ijtlardtibj wcifc is Arldtlr]ussid.‟54

Ucl qulstibj ij d`` bn tcis is wcdt is Euaij’s fbjflptibj dje purpbsl ij

odppija but d Arldtlr ]ussid, br ‐]ussidj wbrè‟2 Ebls it u`tiodtl`y sllk

a`bmd` eboijibj, br is it olrl`y (ds cl f`dios) tcl lstdmìscoljt bn d

]ussidj fljtrif ‐fiviìsdtibj‟, wcifc ylt dfts ds d m`bf ij tcl albpbìtifd`

sljsl tb ju`ìny djy suppbsle Qlstlrj tcrldt2

Euaij flrtdij`y vilws tcl struaa`l mltwllj twb fbjflptud` strdtlails, tcl

Vld Wbwlr dje tcl @dje Wbwlr ds kly, dje ij d`` tcis cl is nbje bn qubtija

Cd`nbre Odfkijelr ij cis mbbk ‐Elobfrdtif Ield`s dje ]ldìty8 D Vtuey ij

tcl Wbìtifs bn ]lfbjstruftibj‟ wcb f`diole8

‐ Qcb ru`ls Ldst Lurbpl fboodjes tcl Cldrt`dje; Qcb ru`ls tclCldrt`dje fboodjes tcl Qbrè Is`dje; Qcb ru`ls tcl Qbrè Is`djefboodjes tcl Qbrè.‟

Br ds Euaij pdrdpcrdsls it ij lxfl``ljt Ljaìsc8

‐Cl w cb fbjtrb`s tcl Cldrt`dje fbjtrb`s Lurdsid. Cl wcb fbjtrb`sLurdsid fbjtrb`s tcl wbrè.‟5=

Ucis olssdal, mbrrbwle nrbo Odfkijelr, wds briaijd``y fbopbsle tb

fbjvijfl tcl wbrè stdtlsolj dt tcl Wdris Wldfl fbjnlrljfl bn tcl frufid`

iopbrtdjfl bn Ldstlrj Lurbpl ds tcl strdtlaif rbutl tb tcl a`bmd`

Cldrt`dje.56 It wds ijtlrprltle ds rlquirija d strip bn munnlr stdtl tb

54 Vll d`sb clrl 5= Vll clrl.

56 Dffbreija tb Odfkijelr, tcl Ldrtc’s `dje surndfl wds eivisim`l ijtb8











<7

slpdrdtl Alrodjy dje ]ussid. Uclsl wlrl frldtle my tcl pldfl

jlabtidtbrs, mut prbvle tb ml ijlnnlftivl mu`wdrks ij 4969 (d`tcbuac tcis

ody ml sllj ds d ndiùrl bn `dtlr stdtlsolj eurija tcl ijtlr wdr plribe).

Ucl prijfipd` fbjflrj bn cis wbrk wds tb wdrj bn tcl pbssimiìty bn djbtclr

odhbr wdr; d wdrjija d`sb aivlj my Vbfidìst lfbjboist Hbcj Odyjdre

Klyjls.

Odfkijelr wds djti-Mb`sclvik, dje ds Mritisc Ciac Fbooissibjlr ij

Vbutclrj ]ussid ij `dtl 4949 dje ldr`y 49=7, cl strlssle tcl jlle nbr

Mritdij tb fbjtijul tb suppbrt tcl Qcitl ]ussidj nbrfls, wcifc cl

dttloptle tb ujitl. Ij fbjtrdst, cbwlvlr, Euaij bnnlrs d 5tc pbìtifd` tclbry

tcdt dppldrs tb ml d oixturl bn Jdtibjd` Mb`sclvik dje Ndsfist ields. Uclsl

prbviel d ]ussidj clalobjy jlflssdry tb fbujtlrdft tcl tcrldt bn \V

ujipb`dr dje ou`ti`dtlrd` domitibjs. Mut ij tcis, Euaij’s vilw lssljtid``y

is djy fbjtrb` bn tcl Cldrt`dje lnnlftivl`y lqudtls tb fbjtrb` bn tcl a`bml,

ds wds tcl fdsl witc tcl ijnùljtid` Alrodj tcijklr Kdr` Cduscbnlr, mbtc

mlnbrl dje eurija tcl Ucire ]lifc. Fbjslquljt`y, ìkl Cduscbnlr, cl nijes

Odfkijelr’s tclbry fbopdtim`l witc tcl elsirl tb fbjtrb` Oittl`lurbpd

• Ucl Qbrè-Is`dje, fboprisija tcl ijtlrìjkle fbjtijljts bn Lurbpl, Dsid, dje Dnrifd. Ucis wds tcl `dralst, obst pbpu`dtle dje rifclst bn d`` pbssim`l `djefbomijdtibjs.

• Ucl bnnscbrl is`djes, ijfùeija tcl Mritisc Is`ls dje tcl is`djes bn Hdpdj. •

Ucl but`yija is`djes, ijfùeija tcl fbjtijljts bn Jbrtc Dolrifd, Vbutc Dolrifd, dje Dustrdìd.

Ucl Cldrt`dje `dy dt tcl fljtrl bn tcl wbrè is`dje, strltfcija nrbo tcl ^bàd tb tcl Ydjatzl dje nrbo tcl Ciod`dyds tb tcl Drftif. Odfkijelr’s Cldrt`dje wds tcl drldtclj ru`le my tcl ]ussidj Lopirl dje dntlr tcdt my tcl Vbvilt \jibj, oijus tclKdofcdtkd Wljijsu`d rlaibj. Ucl obel` is tb d`` ijtljts dje purpbsls d`sb fbjflivlebn my Euaij. It is vitd` tb slfurl a`bmd` fbjtrb` dje ju`ìny ujipb`dr dje ou`ti`dtlrd`clalobjif strdtlails.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik





<4

dje tb tdkl \krdijl. Ucl ijtljtibj tb tdkl tcl `dttlr wds ijeifdtle my

Cduscbnlr dje btclrs witc tcl s`badj ‐Erdja jdfc Bstlj‟ br ‐Erivl tb tcl

Ldst‟.

Odfkijelr ieljtinile tcl albpbìtifd` jiactodrl tcdt wds tb cdujt tcl

wbrè’s twb odhbr sld pbwlrs (Arldt Mritdij dje tcl \jitle Vtdtls) eurija

tcl nirst cd`n bn tcl twljtiltc fljtury8 tcl jiactodrl mlija tcdt in Alrodjy

br ]ussid wlrl d``bwle tb fbjtrb` Ldst Lurbpl, tclj tcis fbuè `lde tb tcl

eboijdtibj bn tcl Lurdsidj `dje odss my bjl bn tclsl twb pbwlrs ds d

prlùel tb odstlry bn tcl wbrè. It sllos, tclj, tcdt Euaij lnnlftivl`y ebls

devbfdtl fbjtrb` bn tcl wbrè my ]ussid, utiìsija tcl Odfkijelr obel`,

wci`st ylt cl fdj spldk bn d md`djfl bn fiviìsdtibjd` pbwlrs tcdt fb-lxist

ij tcl sdol mrldtc.

Euaij sllks tb trdjsnlr d rdtclr Odrxist, Vbviltb`baifd` obel` bn struaa`l

mltwllj twb bppbsija fdops tb d nuturl albpbìtifd` systlo, wclrl ]ussid

fbjtrb`s tcl Cldrt`dje nrbo witcij, ylt prbhlfts its ijnùljfl dfrbss mbrelrs ijtb btclr stdtls, lnnlftivl`y ju`ìnyija Qlstlrj pbwlr. Ij tcis, ds

Euaij dsslrts8

‐]ussid bmtdijs tcl fbjfrltl alb-pbìtifd` fljtrl wcifc is d kije bnfbjtijudtibj bn tcl Vbviltb`bay stdtus, wcifc wds djd`ytifd` djestrdtlaifd` mdsle bj tcl ield bn tcl struaa`l mltwllj twb fdops. Vbit is d trdjspbsitibj bn tcl sdol dttituel bj tcl alb-pbìtifd` `lvl`.‟55

Clrl tcl fbjflptibj bn Lurdsid ds d pbìtifd` spdfl is jlflssdry tb fbjtrb`

br eiviel tcl wbrè dje ljdm`ls d sumoissibj, br d ju`ìnifdtibj bn tcl Vld

Wbwlrs, tcdt ij turj ju`ìnils \V clalobjy.

Ucl Euaij vilw, tclj, elrivls nrbo d rlspbjsl dje d sbùtibj tb tcl

prbm`los pbsle my tcl ujipb`dr dje ou`ti`dtlrd` ijtlrprltdtibjs bn tcl \V.

55 Vll clrl.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine



<=

Ucl ujipb`dr plrsplftivl rlsts bj jlb-Fbjslrvdtivl rlfbooljedtibjs ds

fbjtdijle ij tcl Wrbhlft nbr tcl Jlw Dolrifdj Fljtury (WJDF). Uclsl

sllk d pdx Dolrifdjd witc lssljtid``y d \V clalobjy eltlroijle dt tcl

fljtrl. Ucis wds fbjflivle ds d jlw @imlrd`-Elobfrdtif Lopirl, wclrl d``

fbujtrils lssljtid``y firfuovljtija it mlfbol fbopìdjt ij tclir

‐strdtlaifd` ielb`baifd` mdsis‟. My tcdt bjl ijnlrs ij tclir pbìtifd`

plrsudsibj. Ij tcis tcly drl Dolrifdjisle my mlija fbopìdjt tb \V

ijtlrlsts.

Ucl ou`ti`dtlrd` vilw, br a`bmdìst vilw, ij fbjtrdst (pbpu`dr witc tcl jlb-

@imlrd`s ij tcl Elobfrdtif Wdrty) fbjflivls bn d jbjpb`dr, ou`ti`dtlrd`

wbrè, wclrl tcl \V aivls up djy ield bn clalobjy dje sllks tb eiviel its

ru`l witc btclr pbwlrs. Uclsl btclr pbwlrs drl drrdjale pdrdebxifd``y ij

d cilrdrfcy cbwlvlr, my virtul bn bjl br obrl mlija f`bslr tb tcl \jitle

Vtdtls ij tlros bn d scdrle cistbry dje fboobj vdùls8 tcl nbrlobst dt

prlsljt ij tcl Bmdod rlaiol mlija Lurbpl.

Ij mbtc obel`s tclrl rlsts dj iopìfit eistijftibj bn wcdt fdj ml tlrole

‐cdrewdrl‟ dje ‐sbntwdrl‟ clalobjy. Ucis fbrrlspbjes ij d ujipb`dr

wbrè tb d strift`y nixle nbro bn fbjtrb`, ljnbrfle oiìtdri`y dje

lfbjboifd``y, witc tcl jdtibjd` ijtlrlsts bn tcl \V mlija rladrele ds

pdrdobujt nbr tcl wcb`l bn cuodjkije. It rlquirls \V ijtlrjdtibjd`

oiìtdry mdsls dmrbde. D`tlrjdtivl`y, ij tcl ou`ti`dtlrd` obel`, it rlquirls

d sbnt clalobjy, wclrl d`` tcl plbp`l drl iopìfit`y fbjtrb``le my virtul bn

mlija bmìale tb dfflpt d pdrtifu`dr systlo mdsle bj scdrle pci`bsbpcifd`

prijfip`ls dje vdùls8 nbr lxdop`l cuodj riacts, elobfrdfy, nrll odrklts

dje nrll trdel. Qci`st tcis ebls jbt lqudtl tb ljnbrfle fbjtrb`, it ylt

ljaljelrs fbjtrb` my oldjs bn tcl \V iopbsija its systlo bn vdùls upbj

tclo. It ljtdi`s lxplftle oiìtdry suppbrt d`sb ij djy fbjnìft. Mbtc

systlos sllk fbjtrb` bn Lurdsid nrbo witcbut dffbreija tb Euaij8



<6

‐Ij tcis sljsl cdrewdrl clalobjy br sbntwdrl clalobjy fbol tbtcl sdol lje dje fbuè br scbuè ìquiedtl djy btclr strdtlaifd`pbwlr br rlaibjd` clalobjy tcdt fbuè fcd``ljal Dolrifdjeboijdtibj. Dt tcl sdol tiol tcl ield is tb wldklj br elstrby djy

kije bn fiviìsdtibj tcdt fbuè fcd``ljal djy Qlstlrj systlo br sltbn vdùls.‟

Kly tb Euaij’s fbjflpt is tcl jlle nbr tcl \V clalobjy ij mbtc obel`s tb

rlfbajisl tcl ijelpljeljfl bn Lurdsid ds d pbìtifd`, strdtlaifd` dje

fiviìsdtibjd` spdfl, dje nbr ]ussid tb ml dfkjbw`leale ds tcl fljtrl bn

tcis ds tcl prleboijdjt @dje Wbwlr. Ucis albpbìtifd` ieljtity bn Lurdsid

is sboltcija ‐jlw‟ mlìlvls Euaij. It is ‐jbt siop`y d fbjtijudtibj bn tcl

Usdrist lopirl‟ (d`tcbuac its fbjqulst bn `djes dje jdtibjdìst

suprlodfiso pbìtifd``y dje fu`turd``y dppldrs odrkle`y sioi`dr) jbr is it

d fbjtijudtibj bn tcl Vbvilt \jibj, wcifc wds iomule witc d splfinifd``y

Odrxist @ljijist ielb`bay bn f`dss struaa`l (d`tcbuac its eid`lftif

eistijftibj bn bppbsitls nldturls cldvi`y ij cis bwj wbrè vilw dje is

fbopdrle tb it fbjtrdri`y lvlj my cio), jbr is it siop`y tcl ]ussidj

Nlelrdtibj ds d jbtibj bn fbujtry witcij ìoitle mbrelrs. Jb, cl f`dios,

tcl jlwjlss bn tcis albpbìtifd` ljtity rlsts bj tcl mdsis bn fiviìsdtibj; dj

dobrpcbus fbjflpt, tcdt wci`st it fdsts its rdisbj e’ltrl eul tb d

albpbìtifd` nrdolwbrk, ylt ebls jbt sllk tb lstdmìsc mbrelrs, mut rdtclr

bnnlrs d einnusl fbjflpt bn ‐nrbjtilrs‟.5< It is tcis fiviìsdtibjd` dsplft,

5< Euaij eiviels tcl wbrè ijtb nbur fiviìzdtibjd` zbjls8 tcl Dolrifdj, tcl Dnrb-Lurbpldj, tcl Dsidj-Wdfinif dje tcl Lurdsidj.

]ussid oust strivl tb lstdmìsc vdribus alb-pbìtifd` d`ìdjfls bradjisle ds fbjfljtriffirf`ls. Ij Lurbpl, nbr Euaij, ]ussid oust d``y itsl`n witc Alrodjy. Euaij pdyspdrtifu`dr dttljtibj tb tcis. Wrlsljtle ds tcl cldrt bn Lurbpl, Alrodjy scbuèeboijdtl d`` bn Fljtrd` Lurbpl, ds wl`` ds Itd`y, ij dffbredjfl witc tcl tclbrils bn–fljtrdìty’ elvl`bple my tcl Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst alb-pbìtifidjs, ds wl`` ds 49tc fljturyWrussidj oiìtdriso. Ij Dsid, ]ussid scbuè d``y itsl`n witc Hdpdj, dpprlfidtle nbr itsWdj-Dsidj ielb`bay dje d ndsfist ioplridìst lfcb bn tcl Mlrìj-]bol-Ubkyb dxiseurija tcl Vlfbje Qbrè Qdr. Qitcij tcl Ousìo wbrè, Euaij fcbbsls Is`doif Irdj,deoirle nbr its obrd` riabur. Cl prlsljts Irdj ds bjl bn tcl nlw rld` nbrfls bn



<5

cbwlvlr, tcdt fdrrils its bwj ijclrljt vdùl-`delj jbtibj bn wcdt ujitls

tcl vdribus dje eispdrdtl rlaibjs ijtb d splfinifd``y Lurdsidj `dje spdfl.

Ucis dppldrs tb ieljtiny itsl`n witc d splfinifd``y ]ussidj slt bn vdùls dt

tcl fljtrl. It sodfks bn Ioplridìso ij djy fdsl.

Ij tcis Euaij, ds jbtle ldrìlr, ndi`s tb lxp`dij cbw br wcy fbujtrils

scbuè wisc tb ml ujitle dadij ij d ‐Wbst- Vbvilt spdfl‟, br wcy fbujtrils

sufc ds Wb`dje, Irdj br Dnacdjistdj, witc eistijft cistbrils dje fu`turls,

scbuè wisc tb dìaj tclosl`vls albpbìtifd``y witc ]ussid, br ij Wb`dje’s

br Nij`dje’s fdsl, wcy tcly scbuè ml p`dfle ujelr tcl Lurdsidj wija,

lvlj tlopbrdri`y. Cl ndi`s tb lxp`dij wcy sbol fbujtrils scbuè ml

dodàdodtle ij d fb``lftivl sljsl, wclj albpbìtifd` dje lvlj mrbde

fu`turd` vdùls nrbo tcl Qlst oiact cdvl ijnùljfle tclo obrl. Cl

siop`y prlsuols tcl eistdstl nbr ‐\V‟ @imlrdìso wi`` ml ljbuac, br tcl

tcrldt bn \V clalobjy wi`` ijfitl ljbuac nldr, mut aivlj tcis `dttlr rldsbj,

wcy scbuè tcly ml doljdm`l tb d priodri`y ]ussidj fiviìsdtibjd` br

pbìtifd` fbjflptibj bn wcb tcly drl ds dj d`tlrjdtivl2 Ucis is pdrtifu`dr`y

sb mdsle bj tclir prlvibus cdrsc trldtoljt ij prlvibus Vbvilt `dje ardms2

Ij rlsplft tb tcis ‐Arldtlr ]ussid‟, Euaij scbws cis Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst

ijnùljfls tbb, ds cl bntlj fitls Fdr` Vfcoitt’s ‐Arbssrduo‟ tlro ds

fbjvlyija cis ield bn d ‐fiviìsdtibjd` spdfl‟.5> Ucl nbrolr Jdtibjd`

bppbsitibj dadijst Dolrifdj a`bmdìsdtibj, dje ijvitls it tb ujiny tcl ljtirl Drdm wbrè, ds wl`` ds Wdkistdj dje Dnacdjistdj, ujelr its `ldelrscip.

Euaij fcdrdftlrisls tcis quderup`l d`ìdjfl ]ussid-Alrodjy-Hdpdj-Irdj, wcifc wbuè rldft dadijst tcl tcd`dssbfrdfils (tcl \jitle Vtdtls, Mritdij ij Lurbpl, Fcijd ij Dsid, Uurkly ij tcl Ousìo wbrè) ds d ‐fbjnlelrdtibj bn `dral spdfls,‟ sijfl ldfc d``yis itsl`n dj lopirl tcdt eboijdtls tcl fbrrlspbjeija fiviìsdtibjd` drld. \jìkl tclLurdsidjists bn tcl 49=7s, Euaij ebls jbt td`k bn dj irrleufim`l dje rbodjtifbppbsitibj mltwllj Ldst dje Qlst; nbr ij Euaij’s tclbr y, mbtc Dsid dje Lurbpl drlelstijle tb fbol ujelr ]ussidj-Lurdsidj eboijdtibj. Vll Bsjbvy albpbìtiki, p. =51.

5> Ucl Jbobs bn tcl Ldrtc is Vfcoitt’s obst cistbrifd` dje albpbìtifd` wbrk. Wumìscleij 49<7, it wds bjl bn cis nijd` tlxts. It elsfrimls tcl briaij bn tcl Lurbfljtrif a`bmd`



<<

Vbfidìst Vfcoitt’s ield bn d ‐Arldt Drld‟ dppldrs ij cis mbbk

‐ ^þ`klrrlfctìscl Arbssrduobrejuja oit Ijtlrvljtibjsvlrmbt nðr

]duonrloel Oåfctl‟, dje wds vilwle my cio ds d kly fbjflpt nbr tcl

nbujedtibj bn tcl sfiljfl bn ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw dje ijtlrjdtibjd` rl`dtibjs.

Kly tb tcis, is tcl ield tcdt Arbssrduo is dj drld eboijdtle my d pbwlr

rlprlsljtija d eistijft pbìtifd` ield. Ucis ield wds d`wdys nbrou`dtle witc

d splfinif bppbjljt ij oije; ij lssljfl, tcl eistijftibj mltwllj nrilje

dje ljloy wbuè ml eltlroijle my tcis ield.

It is d eifcbtboy Euaij vlry oufc suppbrts ij cis `bdtcija bn Qlstlrj@imlrdìso dje Fdpitdìso, dje ij cis ‐ellp cdtrle‟ bn Dolrifd ds d

pbìtifd` pbwlr. Ij tcis fbjflpt bn ‐us vlrsus tclo‟, Euaij’s vilw bn \V

clalobjy, ìkl Vfcoitt’s Arbssrduo, dppldrs tb dppld` tb d fbjflpt bn

jbj-ijtlrvljtibj my nbrliaj pbwlrs ij d ‐`ldvl us d`bjl‟ ou`tipb`dr

oljtdìty. Mut tcl ‐`ldvl us d`bjl‟ oljtdìty is bjl tcdt ebls jbt mldr up

tb f`bsl ijsplftibj ij rlsplft tb odkija f`dios bj tlrritbry.

Nbr Vfcoitt tcl cldrt bn tcl aljuijl \V spdfl wds mdsle bj8

brelr, wcifc Vfcoitt edtls nrbo tcl eisfbvlry bn tcl Jlw Qbrè. Cl eisfussls itssplfinif fcdrdftlr dje its fbjtrimutibj tb fiviìsdtibj. Cl d`sb djd`ysls tcl rldsbjs nbrits elfìjl dt tcl lje bn tcl 49tc fljtury, dje fbjfùels witc prbsplfts nbr d jlw wbrèbrelr. Cl elnljes Lurbpldj dfcilvloljts, jbt bj`y ij frldtija tcl nirst tru`y a`bmd`brelr bn ijtlrjdtibjd` dw, mut d`sb ij ioitija wdr tb fbjnìfts dobja sbvlrliaj stdtls,

wcifc, ij lnnlft, fiviìsle wdr. Ij Vfcoitt’s vilw, tcl Lurbpldj sbvlrliaj stdtl wds tclarldtlst dfcilvloljt bn Bffieljtd` rdtibjdìso; ij mlfboija tcl prijfipd` daljfy bnslfu`driso, tcl Lurbpldj stdtl frldtle tcl obelrj dal.

Jbtdm`l ij Vfcoitt’s eisfussibj bn tcl Lurbpldj lpbfc bn wbrè cistbry is tcl rb`lp`dyle my tcl Jlw Qbrè, wcifc u`tiodtl`y rlp`dfle tcl Bè Qbrè ds tcl fljtrl bna`bmd` pbwlr dje mlfdol tcl drmitlr bn Lurbpldj dje wbrè pbìtifs. Dffbreija tbVfcoitt, tcl \jitle Vtdtls’ ijtlrjd` fbjnìfts mltwllj lfbjboif prlsljfl dje pbìtifd`dmsljfl, mltwllj isb`dtibjiso dje ijtlrvljtibjiso, drl a`bmd` prbm`los, wcifc tbedyfbjtijul tb cdoplr tcl frldtibj bn d Jlw Qbrè Brelr. Mut cbwlvlr fritifd` Vfcoitt

wds bn Dolrifdj dftibjs dt tcl turj bn tcl =7tc fljtury dje dntlr Qbrè Qdr I, clfbjsielrle tcl \jitle Vtdtls tb ml tcl bj`y pbìtifd` ljtity fdpdm`l bn rlsb`vija tclfrisis bn a`bmd` brelr tclj dje ij tcl nuturl.



<>

‐…tcl fbrl bn tcl briaijd` Objrbl Ebftrijl, d aljuijl Arbssrduoprijfip`l, jdol`y tcl ujibj bn pbìtifd``y dwdkljle plbp`l, dpbìtifd` ield dje, bj tcl mdsis bn tcis ield, d pbìtifd``y eboijdjtArbssrduo lxfùeija nbrliaj ijtlrvljtibj.‟

Mdsle bj tcl plrflptibj tcdt tcl Objrbl Ebftrijl prbviele tcl prlfleljt

nbr hustinifdtibj nbr mbtc Alrodj dje Hdpdjlsl Arbssrduo, Vfcoitt

bmslrvle tcdt tcl trdeitibjd` Lurbfljtrif brelr ujelr`yija ijtlrjdtibjd`

`dw, rl`dtibjs mltwllj dje dobja sbvlrliaj stdtls, cde mllj suplrslele

my rl`dtibjs mltwllj dje dobja sbvlrliaj Arbssråuol.51

Ds ndr ds Alrodjy wds fbjflrjle, clr Arbssrduo fbjsistle bn, dffbreijatb Vfcoitt’s vilw eurija tcl 67s, prleboijdjt`y Fljtrd` dje Ldstlrj

Lurbpl. Ucbuac Vfcoitt ndi`le tb elnijl tcl prlfisl tlrritbrid` eioljsibjs

bn Alrodjy’s Arbssrduo, cl fitle tcl Objrbl Ebftrijl ds tcl mdsis nbr

odijtdijija it, jbt ij tlros bn sboltcija ljtirl`y einnusl, mut witcij

‐rlfbajizdm`l tlrritbrid` ìoits‟.53 Mut Vfcoitt dppldrs tb ml spldkija but

bn mbtc siels bn cis obutc clrl ij rlsplft tb ijtlarity, dje tcis is rdtclr

tcl tdftif debptle my Euaij. Nbr dt djy tiol ij cis fbjtijud` dppld` tb

nrbjtilrs, d vilw tcdt trdjsfljes tcl trdeitibjd` jbtibj bn jdtibjd`

tlrritbrid` ìoits, cl ylt vilws tclo ds bradjif zbjls, dje ij tcdt tclrl is

d`wdys sbol rbbo suaalstija btclrs fbuè ylt ml ijvdele.

Lxfùsibj is d nldturl nbr odijtdijija ijtlarity ij Vfcoitt’s obel`.

Dffbreija tb tcl Objrbl Ebftrijl, Vfcoitt draule, tcl `ldeija brclalobjif pbwlr is tcl bjl tcdt eltlroijls tcl abvlrjija pbìtifd` ield

nbr its rldò. Ucl \jitle Vtdtls dsslrtle, tclrlnbrl, tcdt it cde tcl

clalobjif riact tb lxfùel nrbo tcl Qlst djy nbrliaj pbwlr, br djy

nbrliaj ijnùljfl it eie jbt ndvbur. Dntlr tcl lje bn Qbrè Qdr I, tcl

51 imie. p. 1>, 11, 34.

53 Fdr` Vfcoitt ‖ ‐ ^b`klrrlfctìfcl Arbssrduobrejuja‟- imie. p. 4>.



<1

\jitle Vtdtls d`sb dsslrtle tcdt tcl jlw`y nbrole ijtlrjdtibjd`

bradjisdtibj, tcl @ldaul bn Jdtibjs, wds tb ml lxfùele nrbo dsslrtija

djy huriseiftibj ij tcl Qlstlrj cloispclrl witc tcis ij oije. Lxfùsibj

cbwlvlr jlle jbt jlflssdri`y jladtl ijfùsibj scbuè firfuostdjfls

rlquirl it.

Vfcoitt lopcdsisle tcdt tcl Alrodj Arbssrduo scbuè lxfùel djy

nbrliaj ijtlrnlrljfl, dje dmbvl d`` Dolrifdj ijnùljfl, dje ij tcis sljsl

cl draule nbr tcl prbf`dodtibj bn d sioi`dr Alrodj Objrbl Ebftrijl.

Vfcoitt fritiqule tcl ujivlrsdìst f`dios bn tcl \jitle Vtdtls ij tcis

rlsplft, jbtija tcdt (ds d odttlr bn prijfip`l) jbj-ijtlrnlrljfl my

Lurbpldj stdtls ij tcl dnndirs bn tcl Dolrifdj fbjtijljt fbuè jbt ml

hustinile, uj`lss tcl \jitle Vtdtls ìklwisl rlnrdijle nrbo ijtlrnlrljfl ij

tcl dnndirs bn tcl Lurbpldj fbjtijljt. 59 It is tcis md`djfl bn pbwlrs tcdt

Euaij tbb vlry oufc sllks tb lstdmìsc ij cis jlw visibj, ij brelr tb ju`ìny

\V ujipb`drity . Ucis ju`ìnifdtibj br ‐ìquiedtibj‟ bn tcl ujipb`dr obel`

fdj ml dfcilvle ij lstdmìscija d ]ussidj Arbssrduo, dje pdvls tcl wdy

nbr tcl `dralr fbjflpt bn Lurdsid tb slfurl it.

Euaij’s fbjflptibj bn d ‐Arldtlr ]ussidj Vpdfl‟, cbwlvlr, is wbrryija ij

its rlìdjfl bj Vfcoitt’s ields. Cis vilw bn `djeodssls fdst ij tlros bn

fiviìsdtibjs lfcbls d Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst fbjflptibj bn d Ucire ]lifc8 d

jdtibjd` Arbssrduo prijfip`l my lxtljsibj tcdt sllks tb hustiny d ]ussidj

]lifc. Mut ij tcis, wci`st tcl fbjflpt bn Arbssrduo ml`bjas tb tcl fbjflpt

bn ]lifc (Lopirl, ]ldò), tcl twb drl jbt ieljtifd` mlfdusl nbr Vfcoitt8

59 Its ujivlrsdìst f`dios, cbwlvlr, fbuè ml sllj ds d tcrldt dje d hustinifdtibj nbrnurtclr tlrritbrid` ijfursibjs. It is d`sb d fdsl tcdt it ebls jbt eljy tcl pbssimiìty bn d

hustinifdtibj nbr ijvdsibj, in tcl \V Arbssrduo is ellole ds jbt oijeija its bwj musijlss, br is vilwle d tcrldt ij sbol obrl aljlrd` sljsl.



<3

‐jbt lvlry stdtl br lvlry plbp`l witcij tcl Alrodj Arbssrduo ispdrt bn tcl ]lifc.‟

D ]lifc, dffbreija tb Vfcoitt, ‐is tcl ldeija dje sustdijija pbwlr wcbsl

pbìtifd` ield rdeidtls bvlr d splfinif Arbssrduo‟, mut tcl lxfùsibj nrbo

tcl ]lifc rdtclr suaalst ijnlribr pbwlrs mlija ru`le pbìtifd``y witcij its

arldtlr spdfl. Ucl fbel tcdt abvlrjs rl`dtibjs mltwllj Arbssråuol dt

`ldst tclbrltifd``y ij tcis is suppbsle tb ml jbj-ijtlrvljtibj, mut it is jbt

bjl jlflssdri`y sustdijle ds ijelpljeljt stdtls witcij tcl Alrodj

Arldtlr Vpdfl hust mlfdusl it is jbt pdrt bn tcl ]lifc.<7

Ij rlsplft tb Vfcoitt’s ields bn ou`tip`l ijelpljeljt Arldtlr Vpdfls, tcis

pdrd``l`s Euaij’s f`dio bn jbj-ijtlrnlrljfl mltwllj tcl \V dje ]ussidj

`dje odssls. Ucl sufflss bn tcl ield rlìls bj Vfcoitt, mut it rdisls

qulstibj dmbut wcdt jbj-ijtlrnlrljfl oiact ljtdi`. Vfcoitt dsslrtle tcdt

ij tcl oiee`l bn Lurbpl tcl Alrodj ]lifc ndfle tcl ijtlrvljtibjist f`dios

bn tcl Dja`b-Vdxbj pslueb-ujivlrsdìso. Ucis ij sbol sljsl hustinile

nurtclr tlrritbrid` f`dios tb fbujtlr tcrldts. Euaij vilws it sioi`dr`y8

]ussid nbr =6 yldrs cds mllj sumhlft tb d fbjtijuija dje arbwija

ijtlrnlrljfl my \V @imlrdìso tcdt wdrrdjts tlrritbrid` f`dios. Vioi`dr`y it

jlles tb oije its bwj musijlss. Ucl qulstibj bn oijeija bjl’s bwj

musijlss ij cis jlw obel` cbwlvlr fdjjbt ml hustinile wclj it fbjtrdri`y

ljtdi`s ]ussid d`sb odkija d f`dio bj tcl ijtlarity bn jdtibjd` mbrelrs ij

tcl jdol bn scdrle fiviìsdtibjd` vdùls. D ]ussidj ]lifc dppldrs tb ml

prbpbsle ds d pbìtifd` ield` tcdt fbjtrb`s tcl Lurdsidj Arldt Vpdfl, dje

tcis fdj bj`y ml vilwle ds tbtdìtdridj ru`l dje dj iopbsitibj.

Ucl fbjslquljfl bn \V Ioplridìso cds ljtdi`le dj dttdfk upbj ]ussidj

fu`turl dje fiviìsdtibj witc d fbrruptibj dje lrbsibj bn its prijfip`ls. D

vilw tcdt dadij ebls jbt nit cdppi`y witc cis ldrìlr f`dio tcdt ]ussid is

<7 Imie. p. >>.



<9

ujelrabija d ]ljdissdjfl ij its vdùls tcdt is lvlj dm`l tb dffboobedtl

d ‐uslnu`‟ in deoittle`y rdeifd` ìmlrd` ijnùljfl witcij its oiest. Clrl

Euaij, ikl Vfcoitt, spldks bn tcl iopbrtdjfl bn d jdtibjd` inl sty`l ‐mdsle

bj tcl prijfip`l bn d jdtibjd` rljdissdjfl br d quijtlssljtid``y ‐]ussidj

priel‟ br ‐]ussidj Vprija‟, ylt lxtrdpb`dtls dje lxtljes tcis nurtclr witc

tcl jbtibj bn d fiviìsdtibjd` m`bf bn vdùls tcdt ujelroijls jdtibjd` dje

fu`turd` ieljtity wcifc dppldrs elfiele`y ]ussid-fljtrif. Ucis

elvl`bpoljt dppldrs cdujtija`y ìkl tcl Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst hustinifdtibj

nbr ruìja Lurbpl dadijst tcl suppbsle`y ‐Hlwisc-Mb`sclvik ‟ tcrldt.

]l`dtibjs mltwllj Arbssråuol wlrl tb ml abvlrjle my tcl prijfip`l bn

jbj-ijtlrvljtibj. Ijtrd-Arbssrduo rl`dtibjs ij Vfcoitt’s fbjstruft wlrl

tb ml mdsle bj rlsplft nbr lvlry jdtibj dje jdtibjdìty. Ij tclbry, tcis wds

jbt suppbsle tb eljbtl d pbìfy bn eboijdtibj, lxlrfisle witcbut tcl jlle

tb rlsbrt tb djy lxtrdbreijdry oldjs bn ijtlrvljtibj, mut elfisibjs dmbut

wcltclr tb ijtlrvljl oiact wl`` rln`lft pbwlr-pbìtifd` rldìtils dje oiact

hustiny tclo djywdy. Ds wds tcl fdsl eurija tcl wdr, tclj, pbìtifd` dje

oiìtdry elfisibjs fbuè jbt ml odel ij djy fdpitd` btclr tcdj Mlrìj dje

wlrl vlry oufc dutbfrdtif dje tbtdìtdridj.

Ucl wdr nbbtija hustinile lxtrdbreijdry ru`l my Mlrìj dffbreija tb

Vfcoitt. Mut djbtclr pbssim`l hustinifdtibj nbr ijtlrvljtibj ij d jdtibj

wbuè ml in it pursule nbrliaj pbìfy abd`s ijioifd` tb tcl slfurity ijtlrlsts

bn Alrodjy obrl aljlrd``y. Ucis prijfip`l dppldrs sioi`dr tb Euaij’s

fbjflptibj bn ]ussid prbtlftija its fu`turd` vdùls dje pbìtifd` prijfip`ls

dje ijtlrlsts ds tcl kly p`dylr dje prijfipd` @dje pbwlr. It hustinils

Lurdsid, mut it is Obsfbw tcdt is tb ml tcl elfielr ds tb wclj ijtlrvljtibj

fdj br scbuè tdkl p`dfl.



>7

Fu`turd` ijnùljfl tbb is lxprlssle my pbìtifd` ielb`bay nbr Fdr` Vfcoitt,

hust ds it wds ij tcl Vbvilt \jibj’s Aljlrd` @ijl. Clrl cl dadij elnijls tcl

]lifc ds8

‐tcl `ldeija dje suppbrtija pbwlr wcbsl pbìtifd` ield is rdeidtlebvlr d splfinile odhbr tlrritbry dje wcifc nujedoljtd``y lxfùelstcl ijtlrvljtibj bn lxtrd-tlrritbrid` pbwlrs witc rladre tb tcistlrritbry.‟<4

Ucis `djaudal bn d ‐rdeidtija‟ nbrfl bn ijnùljfl plrvdeija tcl arldtlr

tlrritbry sioi`dr`y fbopdrls witc tcl jbtibj bn d fljtrd` ]ussidj pbìtifd`

dje fu`turd` cum wcifc ‐plrvdels dfrbss mbrelrs‟ lfcble my Euaij.

It scbuè ml jbtle, cbwlvlr, tcdt Vfcoitt’s tclbry wds einnlrljt nrbo

wcdt wds dftud``y prdftisle ij Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst Alrodjy. Ucl fcdjaija

wbrè brelr dje jdturl bn wdr fbuè jbt vilw ijtlrjdtibjd` rl`dtibjs ij

tlros bn dj lqud` rl`dtibjscip mltwllj fbopltija Arbssråuol. Vfcoitt

ciosl`n jlvlr devbfdtle dj ujrlstriftle lxpdjsibj bn d sijau`dr

Arbssrduo. Ij tcis, cl eie jbt prbpbsl albpbìtifd` bmhlftivls bn d a`bmd`

wbrè clalobjy my nbr lxdop`l Alrodjy fdst ij ielb`baifd` tlros. Cis

vilw ody cdvl mllj doljdm`l tb d Alrodj eboijdtibj bn Lurbpl, nrll bn

Dolrifdj ijtlrnlrljfl. It is `lss f`ldr cbw tcl ijvdsibj my Cit`lr bn ]ussid

squdrls witc cis tclbry cbwlvlr. It dral`y dppldrs tb fbjtrdeift it. Ij tcis,

Euaij dppldrs tb ml bn bjl oije witc Vfcoitt, dje cis fbjflpt `dral`y nits

witc tcl sumstdjfl bn cis wbrk ‐Arbssrduo alalj \jivlrsdìsous‟,ijdsoufc ds it is d strbja fritifiso bn tcl Dolrifdj ielb`bay bn

ujivlrsdìso tcdt ylt prbviels spdfl nbr d arbwija cbol`dje clalobjy.

Cis pdrfcljt nbr ijvdeija pdrts bn Lurbpl, cbwlvlr, dppldrs tb ml

ijnùljfle my dj bèlr jbtibj bn ]ussidj ijnùljfl tcdt hustinils

lxpdjsibjiso.

<4 Fdr` Vfcoitt ‐Elr ]lifcmlarin ij ^þ`klrrlfct ij Wbsitibjlj uje Mlarinnl‟ (p. 676).



>4

Ucl Vfcoitt dje Euaij vilw fritiquls Dolrifdj ujivlrsdìso ds mlija

fbujtlr tb tcl Objrbl Ebftrijl dje tcus, ielb`baifd``y dje pbìtifd``y, it

cds ij tcl =7tc fljtury `die f`dio tb Lurbpl. Dolrifdj bmhlftivls nbr

wbrè fbjqulst dje eboijdtibj cdvl usle tcl ielb`bay bn ujivlrsdìso tb

rlvisl tcl albardpcifd` ìoitdtibjs bn tcl Objrbl Ebftrijl8 tcl vlry

prijfip`l bn albardpcifd` elìoitdtibj dje elodrfdtibj fcdrdftlrisle my

tcl fbjflpt bn Arbssrduo, dje wcifc cds plrvdele Lurbpldj pbìtifs dje

fu`turl vid tcl L\ witc its eboijdtija ijnùljfl.

Fbjtrd Euaij, cbwlvlr, it fbuè ml f`diole tcdt ujivlrsdìso eie jbt

hustiny Dolrifdj ijtlrvljtibjiso ij tcl Lurbpldj fbjtijljt ds d oldjs tb

dfcilvl a`bmd` fbjtrb`. Ijtlrvljtibjiso wds hustinile ij brelr tb prlvljt

Alrodj fbjtrb` bn Lurbpl, dje nrbo tcdt quitl pbssim`y eboijdtibj bn tcl

ljtirl wbrè. Ijtlrvljtibj, tclj, wds hustinile nbr tcl plrpltudtibj bn tcl

jdtibj stdtl, elobfrdfy dje ìmlrty, ds wl`` ds pldfl.

Euaij dje Vfcoitt’s ields drl eistijft nrbo Cit`lr’s fbjflpt bn@lmljsrduo, wcifc slrvle ds d nurtclr elvifl nbr nurtclrija nbrliaj pbìfy

bmhlftivls. Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, it fbuè ml f`diole Cit`lr sbuact nirst d

Alrodj fbjtijljtd` clalobjy sb cl fbuè lnnlft d a`bmd` wbrè clalobjy

vid oiìtdry fbjqulst.<= Ij btclr wbres, wci`st tclrl wlrl ielb`baifd` dje

<= Ucis, cbwlvlr, nìls ij tcl ndfl bn Cit`lr’s f`dio tb wdjt tb `ldvl tcl Mritisc Lopirlijtdft. Edvie Irvija rlpbrts ij Cit`lr's Qdr p.6< wcdt tclsl ebfuoljts sdy8

‐ D einnlrljt dsplft bn ]bbslvl`t's pbìfy wds rlvld`le my tcl Wbìsc ebfuoljtsrdjsdfkle my tcl Jdzis nrbo tcl drfcivls bn tcl ruijle nbrliaj oijistry

muièijas ij Qdrsdw. Ucl eispdtfcls bn tcl Wbìsc domdssdebrs ij Qdscijatbjdje Wdris `die mdrl ]bbslvl`t's lnnbrts tb abde Nrdjfl dje Mritdij ijtb wdr witcAlrodjy wci`l cl rldrole tcl \jitle Vtdtls dje psyfcb`baifd``y prlpdrle tcl

Dolrifdj pumìf nbr wdr. Ij sprija bn 4969, [Domdssdebr Qi`ìdo F._ Mu`ìttqubtle ]bbslvl`t ds mlija eltlroijle ‐ –jbt tb pdrtifipdtl ij tcl wdr nrbo tclstdrt, mut tb ml ij dt tcl nijisc. ’ Ucl Qdrsdw ebfuoljt `lnt ìtt`l ebumt ds tb

wcdt cde stinnljle Wbìsc rlsistdjfl eurija tcl Duaust 4969 frisis.‟



>=

albpbìtifd` sioi`dritils mltwllj Qi`sbj’s ujivlrsdìso dje Cit`lr’s

@lmljsrduo, Vfcoitt ij cis f`dios rlprlsljtle d judjfle elpdrturl. Mbtc

Qi`sbjidj ujivlrsdìso dje Jdtibjd` Vbfidìso’s @lmljsrduo wlrl ij tcis

sljsl d fbrruptibj bn d aljuijl Arbssrduo prijfip`l it oiact ml f`diole,

dje mbtc ujivlrsdìso dje @lmljsrduo rlhlftle tcl vlry jbtibj bn

ijtlrjdtibjd` pùrdìso, br tcl fb-lxistljfl bn fbopltija Arbssråuol.<6

Irvija qubtls Mdrbj vbj Qlizdlfklr ds sdyija tcdt Cit`lr ‐cde slt cis cldrt bj pldfl‟ dje Cit`lr ds sdyija ‐Ucl survivd` bn tcl Mritisc lopirl is ij Alrodjy's ijtlrlst tbb.‟ Cit`lr ‐nl`t cl cde rlpldtle`y lxtljele tcl cdje bn pldfl dje nriljescip tb tcl Mritisc,

dje ldfc tiol tcly cde m`dfkljle cis lyl ij rlp`y.‟

Qcltclr Cit`lr lxprlssle tcis bpijibj sijflrl`y br jbt is jbt kjbwj8 ‐ D Lurbpldj wdr wbuè ml tcl lje bn d`` bur lnnbrts lvlj in wl scbuè wij, mlfdusl tcl eisdppldrdjfl bntcl Mritisc lopirl wbuè ml d oisnbrtujl wcifc fbuè jbt ml odel up dadij. ‟ Of@duacìj, Oifcdl`, Nbr Ucbsl Qcb Fdjjbt Vpldk, p.47.

Ij tcis, cl tbè tcl Eutfc ndsfist `ldelr Djtbj Ousslrt8 ‐ Ql cdvl jbt tcl sìactlstrldsbj tb niact Mritdij. Lvlj in wl wij, wl adij jbtcija.‟ Irvija imie. p.<44. Cit`lr tclj

wds dj deoirlr bn tcl Mritisc lopirl dje lvlj bnnlrle tb elnlje tcl lopirl djywclrlij tcl wbrè witc Alrodj trbbps scbuè Mritdij lvlr jlle tclo; Mdrjls, Cdrry Lòlr,

Wlrpltud` Qdr nbr Wlrpltud` Wldfl, 4>=; dje Irvija, imie., 614.

It cds d`sb mllj f`diole tcdt Cit`lr eie jbt wdjt tb tdkl bvlr tcl wbrè. Cis niact wdsdadijst ‐Hlwisc Mb`sclviso‟ d`bjl, mut cl wds nbrfle ijtb it. Ucis ield bn wbrèeboijdtibj is Mritisc prbpdadjed syopdtcislrs bn Cit`lr sdy. Fcurfci`` dje ]bbslvl`t

wdjtle wdr, dje tcly nbrfle it bj Alrodjy. Cit`lr eie d`` cl fbuè tb ml nrilje`y witcMritdij dje Nrdjfl it is f`diole. Lvlj tcl ijvdsibj bn Fzlfcbs`bvdkid dje Wb`dje wlrlnbrfle upbj cio tb sdvl Alrodj ìvls dje tcl ljfrbdfcoljt bn tlrritbry.

Wrbn. A.F. Udjsi``’s Mdfk Ebbr tb Qdr, Fcdp. SSIII, stdtls tcdt it wds ]bbslvl`t, dmbvld`` btclrs, wcb wds wbrkija ujfldsija`y nbr wdr. Udjsi`` fitls lvieljfl tb scbw tcdt]bbslvl`t wds usija lvlry fcdjjl` dt cis eispbsd` tb ljfburdal Fcdomlr`dij tb ab tb

wdr witc Alrodjy. ]bbslvl`t wds tl`ìja Mritdij dje Nrdjfl tcdt cl wbuè fbol tbtclir die dt bjfl scbuè tcly ab tb wdr dadijst tcl Alrodjs. Domdssdebr Hbslpc W.Kljjley wds rlpldtle`y tl`ìja Fcdomlr`dij tcdt Dolrifd wbuè rusc tb tcldssistdjfl bn Mritdij dje Nrdjfl ij tcl lvljt bn ujprbvbkle daarlssibj, dje Mu`ìtt wdsljfburdaija Nrdjfl tb mlìlvl tcl sdol tcija.

<6 Mbtc ujivlrsdìso dje @lmljsrduo drl djtitcltifd` tb Vfcoitt’s fbjflpt bn tcltlrritbrid` ìoits bn Arbssrduo. Mbtc ujivlrsdìso dje @lmljsrduo cbwlvlrtclbrltifd``y bmslrvle jb tlrritbrid` ìoits, slrvija ds dj ielb`baifd` hustinifdtibj nbra`bmd` wbrè eboijdtibj. Ij tcis, Dolrifdj ujivlrsdìso fdj ml lqudtle tb@lmljsrduo.



>6

Ij nbrou`dtija tcl fbjflpt bn Arbssrduo, Fdr` Vfcoitt wdjtle tb mrbdelj

tcl nrdolwbrk bn ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw tb ijfùel rl`dtibjs mltwllj

Arbssråuol. Cis fbjflpt d``bwle nbr tcl rdtibjd` fbjeuft bn ijtlrjdtibjd`

rl`dtibjs dje prbviele d fbopl`ìja prijfip`l nbr ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw tcdt

wbuè fbrrlspbje tb jlw cistbrifd` rldìtils.

Ucl rl`lvdjfl bn tclsl ields nbr Euaij ìls, cl wdjts us tb mlìlvl, ij cis

elvl`bpija ou`tipb`dr dpprbdfc, wcifc wi`` jbt olrl`y siajiny d rlturj tb

tcl std`lodtl mipb`dr wbrè bn tcl twb nbrolr suplrpbwlrs. Qci`st tclrl

wbuè ml twb fbopltija Arbssråuol (Arldt Vpdfls) br twb bppbsija

pbìtifd` m`bfs, ldfc witc its spclrl bn ijnùljfl dje tcus albardpcifd`

Nb``bwija Deb`n Cit`lr's risl tb pbwlr @lmljsrduo mlfdol dj ielb`baifd` prijfip`l bnJdtibjd` Vbfidìso. It prbviele hustinifdtibj nbr tcl Alrodj tlrritbrid` lxpdjsibj ijtbLdst-Fljtrd` Lurbpl. Ucl Erivl tb tcl Ldst sioi`dr`y wds mdsle bj its tljlts ds oufcds tcl nldr bn tcl Mb`sclvik tcrldt. It stipu`dtle tcdt obst bn tcl ijeialjbuspbpu`dtibjs bn Ldstlrj Lurbpl wbuè cdvl tb ml rlobvle plrodjljt`y (litclr tcrbuacodss elpbrtdtibj tb Vimlrid, eldtc, br ljs`dvloljt) ijfùeija Wbìsc, \krdijidj,]ussidj, dje btclr V`dvif jdtibjs fbjsielrle rdfid``y ijnlribr dje jbj-Drydj. UclUcire ]lifc diole dt rlpbpu`dtija tclsl `djes witc Alrodjif fb`bjists ij tcl jdol bn@lmljsrduo eurija Qbrè Qdr II dje tclrldntlr.Ucl ljtirl pbpu`dtibjs wlrl tb mlelfiodtle my stdrvdtibj ij tcis, d``bwija nbr tclir bwj darifu`turd` surpùs tb nlleAlrodjy.

Cit`lr’s strdtlaif prbardo nbr wbrè eboijdtibj wds mdsle bj tcl mlìln ij tcl pbwlrbn @lmljsrduo, pursule my d rdfid``y suplribr sbfilty. Wlbp`l ellole tb ml pdrt bnijnlribr rdfls, witcij tcl tlrritbry bn @lmljsrduo lxpdjsibj, wlrl sumhlftle tblxpu`sibj br elstruftibj. Ucl lualjifs bn @lmljsrduo dssuole tcl riact bn tclAlrodj Drydj odstlr rdfl (Clrrljvb`k) tb rlobvl ijeialjbus plbp`l tcly fbjsielrletb ml bn ijnlribr rdfid` stbfk (\jtlroljsfclj) ij tcl jdol bn tclir bwj rlquirle ìvijaspdfl. Jdzi Alrodjy d`sb suppbrtle btclr 'Dridj' jdtibjs' pursuija tclir bwj@lmljsrduo, ijfùeija Ndsfist Itd`y's Vpdzib vitd`l, mut it is ujf`ldr wcdt it fbjsielrle

wlrl its bwj tlrritbrid` ìoits ij rlsplft tb @lmljsrduo, wcifc eul tb ijfrldsijafbjnrbjtdtibj a`bmd``y dppldrle tb ml lvlr lxpdjeija.

Ucl stdtloljts my Euaij, wci`st fritifd` bn tcis \V ujivlrsdìso, drl sti`` suaalstivljlvlrtcl`lss bn d Vijb ]ussidj @lmljsrduo. Ucly drl sb ij cis f`dio tcdt tcl Lurdsidjfiviìsdtibj scbuè ml d ‐nrbjtilr‟ witcbut f`ldr tlrritbrid` ìoits. Cis usl bn tclArbssrduo tlroijb`bay dje tcl splfinif fitija bn Vfcoitt cbwlvlr ebls suaalst obrl

sumt`l eistijftibjs.



>5

elodrfdtibj8 tcl Dt`djtif Arbssrduo, eboijdtle my tcl \jitle Vtdtls,

dje tcl Lurdsidj Arbssrduo, eboijdtle my ]ussid, nurtclr Arbssrduol

ij Dnrifd dje tcl Wdfinif rlaibjs wbuè prbviel ou`tipb`dr pbssimiìtils tb

lxdft pldfl. Ucl pbìtifd` fbopltitibj mltwllj m`bfs aivls d sumstdjtid`

`dtituel nbr dutbjboy dje ijelpljeljfl nbr fbujtrils ijfùele ij tclir

spclrl bn ijnùljfl, bjl wbuè dssuol cl wdjts tb f`dio.

It dppldrs Euaij wdjts us tb mlìlvl cl ebls jbt sllk d ]ussidj

lxflptibjdìso, mut olrl`y sllks tb dvbie d \V jbtibj bn lxflptibjdìso

eboijdtija br dfcilvija a`bmd` clalobjy. Ij tcis clalobjy, Qlstlrj

@imlrdìso wbuè ml tb tcl nbrl dje wbuè pbsl d fu`turd` ds wl`` ds d

pbìtifd` tcrldt.

‐]ussid’s ieljtity fbjsists ij tcl ndft it ebls jbt rl`dtl tb Qlstlrjfiviìsdtibj, ebls jbt ljtlr its firf`l, is its bwj fiviìsdtibj. Qcdt’sobrl it is eistijft dje lqud``y ds arldt ds tcl wcb`l Qlst jbt hust dsija`l Qlstlrj fbujtry.‟

It is dj lopcdsis tcdt sllks tb f`dio tcdt tcl ]ussidj fiviìsdtibj is ujiqul,

mut bj tcl btclr cdje is jbt ds lxflptibjd` ds djy btclr.

‐Fcijd is d`sb d ujiqul fiviìsdtibj mut its prltljtibjs tb wbrèeboijdtibj dje tcl dsslrtibj bn Fcijlsl vdùls ds ujivlrsd` drljbwclrl jldr ds ijtrusivl, ds `dral sfd`l, ds plrsistljt, ds tcl Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj.‟

Mut ij tcis, tcl ]ussidj fiviìsdtibjd` spdfl sti`` sunnlrs nrbo tclnujedoljtd` n`dw bn d ]ussidj jbtibj eltlroijija tcl obel` bn wcdt d

Lurdsidj fbjflpt oldjs. Ij tcis, tcl nujedoljtd` n`dw ij Euaij’s

rldsbjija mlfbols obrl dppdrljt witc twb fbjtrdry f`dios. Nirst tcl

stdtloljt tcdt8

‐]ussid scbuè jbt ml fbopdrle witc Nrdjfl br Alrodjy, wcifc

d`sb einnlr nrbo ldfc btclr, mut witc d`` bn Lurbpl br witc Dsidjfu`turl.‟



><

Dje cis slfbje f`bsl`y rl`dtle f`dio tcdt tclrl is sufc d tcija ds

‐ Qlstlrj Lurbpldj fiviìsdtibj. Ucis Lurbpldj fiviìsdtibj isfbop`ltl`y prlfisl, d fbjfrltl fb``lftibj bn vdùls, jbtibjs, ields

dje oltcbes dje prbfleurls.‟

Ij tcl nirst f`dio, ]ussidj sfcizbpcrljid is tb tcl nbrl ij its eud`

ieljtinifdtibj witc Dsid dje Lurbpl, mut tcis hustinils wcy it is tb ml vilwle

ds tcl fljtrd` cum nbr Lurdsid. Ij tcl slfbje f`dio, tcl prlfisl dje

fbjfrltl slt bn vdùls eb jbt ij djy sljsl dppldr tb wdrrdjt tcl lxfùsibj

bn ]ussid nrbo flrtdij Lurbpldj jdtibjs. Jbr is its oixle Ldstlrj dje

Qlstlrj fu`turl suppbsle tb ml dìlj tb wcdt Lurbpl is.

Nurtclr Lurbpl is elnijle ij d fbjfrltl sljsl clrl dje its vdùls drl

‐fbop`ltl`y prlfisl‟. Mut tcis suaalsts ujinbroity ds tb wcdt Lurbpl

ljtdi`s fu`turd``y, sbfid``y dje pbìtifd``y. Ucis prlsuole ujinbroity

cbwlvlr is f`ldr`y jbt tcl fdsl, litclr ij its hueifid` prdftisls tcdt einnlr ij

rlsplft tb Cdmlds Fbrpus dje Fbrpus Huris, ij rlsplft tb Fbjtijljtd`

Lurbpldj dje \K hueifid` prdftisl, mut d`sb ij tcl wiel dje eispdrdtl

fu`turd` nldturls mltwllj jdtibjs. Lurbpl’s einnlrljfls ij rlsplft tb

slfu`driso ij sdy Nrdjfl, wclrl rlìaibj is slpdrdtl nrbo tcl Vtdtl systlo,

dje tcl \K wclrl rlìaibj is d nldturl bn tcl stdtl. Ucl ndft tcl eispdrdtl

plbp`ls bn Lurbpl spldk einnlrljt `djaudals, dje ds d fbjslquljfl rlsist

tcl elnijitibj bn mlija ujivlrsdìsle ijtb d fbjflpt bn d Lurbpldj elobs;

eistijftibjs ij tlros bn fu`turd` obvloljts ij ìtlrdturl dje ousif. Uclrl

drl djy juomlr bn einnlrljt lxdop`ls tcdt ujelroijl cis f`dios.

Ij tcis tb spldk bn ‐ Qlstlrj Lurbpldj fiviìsdtibj‟ is tb eljbtl d

elvl`bpoljt ij tlros bn plbp`ls dje jdtibjs tcdt ij odjy rlsplfts drl

quitl eistijft, mut flrtdij`y sumhlft tb fcdjal. It is ujwisl tclrlnbrl tb try

dje ‐fbjstruft‟ d fbjfrltl lopirl bj sufc d nbujedtibj bn scintija sdje.

Nbr wci`st it dppldrs wl bntlj spldk bn d fboobj dje scdrle clritdal dje



>>

cistbry, it is f`ldr tcdt ldfc jdtibjd` dje fu`turd` oijeslt cds ijtlrprltle

tcl fbjslquljfls bn tcdt cistbry ij ujiqul dje quitl eistijft wdys,

lxplriljfle tclir bwj ujiqul lvljts splfinif tb tclo, dje dppìle sufc

lxplriljfls tb tclir sbfiltils, jbros dje vdùls ij einnlrljt dje

sboltiols sumt`y einnlrljt wdys. It is trul jbtibjs bn hustifl, ìmlrty dje

lqudìty, tcl virtuls bn elobfrdfy dje Ijeivieudìso dje @imlrdìso

dppldr tb ml ujivlrsd` ij d obrl bvlrrieija sljsl ij tcl Qlst, mut tcl

‐oltcbes dje prbfleurls‟, dje tcl plrsplftivls bn ijtlrprltdtibj ij

rlsplft tb tclo f`ldr`y drl jbt.

Euaij sllos tb ml suaalstija tcdt mlfdusl ]ussid fcdrdftlrisls mbtc tcl

Dsidj dje tcl Lurbpldj fiviìsdtibjs, tcdt it is tcl fljtrl bn mbtc dje

scbuè tclrlnbrl ru`l tclo. Mut cl sllos ujelfiele ds tb wcltclr ]ussid

is Dsidj br Lurbpldj ij its fu`turd` fcdrdftlristifs. Ds d nusibj it wbuè

hustiny tcl ]ussid-fljtrif spclrl bn ijnùljfl. Ylt tcis ebls jbt odrry witc

cis f`dio tcdt ]ussid is eistijft nrbo Nrdjfl dje Alrodjy ‐wcifc d`sb

einnlr nrbo ldfc btclr‟, jbr ebls it hustiny tcl eboijdtibj bn Wb`dje bjfl

obrl ds ij tcl Vbvilt lrd.

Euaij sllks tb lopcdsisl tcl edjalrs bn ujivlrsdìso. Uclsl wlrl8

‐..nirst iopbsle bj Ldstlrj Lurbpl ds tcl Myzdjtijl dje tcljtcrbuac fb`bjidìso bj lvlrybjl l`sl.‟

Ucl ield bn iopbsitibj is kly clrl, dje pdrd``l`s tcl iopbsitibj bn Qlstlrj

\V ujipb`dr pbwlr. Euaij is jbt prlpdrle tb dfflpt tcdt tcl ujivlrsdìso

bn d virtul sufc ds hustifl, ìmlrty, nrdtlrjity br lqudìty, fdj ml tdklj ds d

nrll fcbifl, mut fbjtijud``y spldks bn it ds bjl tcdt is iopbsle. Nbr

lxdop`l, ij rlsplft tb sufc virtuls ds pbìtifd` prijfip`ls, ijclrljt ij tcl

riacts bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml d cuodj mlija my rlnlrljfl tb tcl Nrljfc

]lvbùtibj, Euaij dsslrts8



>1

‐Nbjtdijl iopbsle it, bppbjljts wlrl elstrbyle.‟<5

Cl is jbt prlpdrle tb fbjflel clrl tcdt tcl plbp`l nbuact nbr sufc virtuls

ds d mdsif cuodj riact, dje sunnlrle ds d fbjslquljfl ij djy juomlr bnfivi` wdrs. Ijelle, ij tcis, ‐@imlrdìso‟ is fbjflivle ds d fb`bjisdtibj nbr

Euaij, dje hust ds tcl Nrljfc ]lvbùtibj bffurrle tb fu`tivdtl tcl i``s bn

it, sb it wds sioi`dr`y prbpdadtle my ioplrid` jbtibjs, dje sprlde vid tcl

Nrljfc dje Mritisc Lopirls. Ucl prbarlssibj is jbw mlija rlpldtle ij tcl

fbursl bn tcl Qlstlrj fb`bjidìsdtibj bn vdùls bj d a`bmd` sfd`l. Cbwlvlr8

‐In Qlstlrj vdùls drl nbr tcl Qlst, Qlstlrj ields nbr QlstlrjLurbpldj cuodjity, tclrl wi`` ml jb fbop`dijts dadijst tcl Qlst.‟

Clrl cl dppldrs tb rlsfije cis vilw tcdt @imlrdìso is d tcrldt tb ‐ Qlstlrj

Lurbpl‟ br ‐ Qlstlrj‟ fiviìsdtibj obrl aljlrd``y . It fdj ml tb`lrdtle ij

sbol sljsl, mut it is sbbj sllj ds prbvisibjd` bj tcl elsirls bn tcl plbp`l.

In dt `ldst sbol fbop`dij, tcl sfljdrib wi`` scint. Fbop`dijts clrl dppldr

d`sb tb lxtlje tb d rlfbajitibj bn tcl sbvlrliaj riacts bn ijelpljeljtjdtibjs ij Lurbpl tb bmhlft tb tcl iopbsitibj upbj tclo my d \V pbìtifd`

obel` tcdt ujinils dje prbhlfts ujivlrsd` vdùls. Mut ij tcis it is ujf`ldr

wcy ]ussid scbuè ml ellole tcl sdvibur bn dt `ldst sbol pdrts bn Lurbpl

nrbo \V @imlrdìso dje cdi`le ds d frleim`l d`tlrjdtivl. Clrl, fu`turd`

qudìnilrs drl tbb einnusl dje dobrpcbus dje pdrtifu`dr`y oldsurle my

]ussid’s syjfrltif oix bn Dsidj dje Lurbpldj ijnùljfl ijvitl fbjnusibj.

<5 Ij 4139‖419=, Nrdjfl wds trdjsnbrole dje nl`` ijtb ìjl witc tcl ]lvbùtibjdryprijfip`ls bn ‐@imlrty, Lqudìty dje Nrdtlrjity ‟. Ucl siajija bn tcl Elf`drdtibj bnWi``jitz mltwllj @lbpbè II, Cb`y ]bodj Loplrbr dje Kija Nrlelrifk Qi`ìdo II bnWrussid, dje tcl sumslquljt Nrljfc elf`drdtibj bn wdr, oldjt tcdt nrbo its nbrodtibj,tcl ]lpumìf bn Nrdjfl wds dt wdr, dje it rlquirle d pbtljt oiìtdry nbrfl tb ljsurl itssurvivd`. Ds d rlsu`t, bjl bn tcl nirst odhbr l`loljts bn tcl Nrljfc stdtl tb mlrlstrufturle wds tcl droy. Nrdjábis-Sdvilr Bftdvil Nbjtdijl (1 Jbvlomlr 41>= ijVdijt-]loy, Cdutl-Vdõjl - 41 Ody 434= ij Wdris) slrvle ij tcl Nrljfc oiìtdry, ij tcl

Dolrifdj Qdr bn Ijelpljeljfl, tcl Nrljfc ]lvbùtibjdry Qdrs, dje tcl Jdpb`lbjif Qdrs.



>3

Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, tcl tcrldt ieljtinile is f`ldr8 it is ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟,

lvlj in tcl djtiebtl dje hustinifdtibjs tb furl it my rlfbursl tb ]ussid drl

`lss sdtisndftbri`y elnijle.

Ij cis ieljtinifdtibj bn tcl edjalr, cl splfinifd``y oljtibjs cis lxplriljfl

eurija d visit tb Nrdjfl ij suppbrt bn dj djti-Ady odrridal pdrdel, wclrl

cl f`diole odjy plbp`l dskle cio tb sdvl tclo nrbo tcl tcrldt bn

Qlstlrj @imlrdìso. F`ldr`y, tclj, cl mlìlvls sbol Lurbpldj fbujtrils

scdrl d fboobj fiviìsdtibjd` `bdtcija nbr cdvija \V vdùls nbistle upbj

tclo. Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, cl bntlj spldks fb``lftivl`y bn ‐Lurbpl‟ ij d

wbrryija fbjtijljtd`/fu`turd` sljsl, witcbut djy rlfbajitibj bn

eistijftibjs, br tcl tlrritbrid` ijtlarity bn pdrtifu`dr jdtibjs.

‐Ucl ield is ìkl tcis, wl oust slizl Lurbpl, fbjqulr it, djjlxl it.@lt’s sdy tb tclo tcdt witc bur prbtlftbrdtl wl wi`` ljsurl tclirelnljfl. Eb ybu sll cbw Wussy ]ibt drl ioprisbjle clrl2 Ql wi`ìoprisbj yburs tbb. Ybu cdvl Nlolj wl’`` quifk`y tdkl fdrl bn tclo.

Ql’`` slizl Lurbpl dje d`` tcl ciac tlfcjb`bay wi`` ml

burs…]ussidjs obmiìsl nbr tcl sdkl bn arldt abd`s. Lurbpl tcdt isbur arldt abd`.‟

Qci`st tclrl is d eistijftibj mltwllj pdrtifu`dr Lurbpldj dje Lurdsidj

vdùls nbr Euaij, tcl jlle nbr d sdvibur is rlfbajisle. Wutij is vilwle ds

tclir kije`y prbtlftbr8 bjl wcb wi`` elnlje tclo nrbo tcl tlrrim`l edjalrs

bn ‐@imlrdìso‟.

‐Ucl ield I d`wdys ijsist upbj is tcdt tclrl is d slpdrdtl Lurbpldjfiviìsdtibj dje d slpdrdtl Lurdsidj bjl, dje odjy bn oy Lurbpldjnriljes, fbjslrvdtivls ds d ru`l sdy8 ‐Ql wi`` jbt cbè but d`bjl. Vdvlus! Ql wdjt tb fbol tb Wutij. Ql fdj’t tdkl tcis djyobrl!‟

Mut tcl prbm`lo bn eltlroijija wcifc jdtibjs scbuè ml nbrfle tb dfflpt

Lurdsidj vdùls, dje wcltclr tcis lxtljes tb d`` bn Lurbpl, is ij tciseisfussibj rdtclr vdaul. Qcdt sd`vdtibj ljtdi`s dppldrs bj`y tb ml olt



>9

witc oiìtdry ijtlrvljtibj. D`tlrjdtivl oltcbes ijvb`vija pldflnu`

fb``dmbrdtibj drl jlitclr f`ldr`y stdtle, jbr is it lxp`dijle wcy jdtibjs

bppbsija \V @imlrdìso fdjjbt siop`y tdkl fcdral tclosl`vls.

F`ldr`y tcl drauoljt nbr d Lurbpldj ijvdsibj fbuè jbt siop`y ml odel,

ds it cds ij rlsplft tb tcl jdtibj bn \krdijl, my dppldìja tb its ‐]ussidj

spldkija‟ plbp`ls. Jbr is it odel f`ldr wcdt wi`` cdpplj tb tcbsl fitizljs

bn d pdrtifu`dr fbujtry wcb bmhlft. In wl drl tb dfflpt tcl rlpbrtle

fbooljts dttrimutle tb cio, eldtc wbuè ml ij brelr nbr tcbsl tcdt

eissljt. Ucis dttituel cds rdisle bmhlftibjs dobjast lvlj cis ndj mdsl, mut

sufc bmhlftibjs eb jbt dppldr tb eioijisc tcl jlle nbr dj uraljt rlspbjsl

nbr Euaij. Ijelle, tcis is lxdft`y wcy Euaij rlprlsljts d rld` edjalr dt

tcl prlsljt tiol. Cis vilws d`sb lxlrt ijnùljfl upbj tcl Krloìj, dje drl

rln`lftivl bn d obrl ielb`baifd` dje bradjisle plrsplftivl witcij it. Cis

tclj is jbt siop`y d `bjl vbifl, mut bjl tcdt nijes suppbrt.<<

Obrl aljlrd``y ij rlsplft tb Euaij’s pci`bsbpcy, d tljeljfy tbujivlrsdìso is ijclrljt ij djy jbtibj bn d fb``lftivl suprd-jdtibjd`, pdj

Lurdsidj ieljtity, br pdj Qlstlrj ieljtity. Qci`st mipb`drity fbuè ml

tb`lrdtle ij d ODE sfljdrib it sti`` ijvitls dj ijfrldsija ìklìcbbe tb

fbjnìft dje is bj`y lxdflrmdtle ij d obrl fbop`lx ou`tipb`dr sfljdrib.

Ucl qulstibj clrl dadij is wcdt cdppljs tb tcbsl jdtibjs tcdt rlsist tcl

fu`turd` elnijitibj2 Nrbjtilrs ijstlde bn mbrelrs, sb wcb ml`bjas tb wcdt

dje wclrl2 Qcdt dmbut einnlrljt fu`turd` vdùls tcdt elnijl tcl @dral

Vpdfl dje cbw drl tcly tb ml elìoitle2 Ucl fbjflpt bn d fiviìsdtibj ij

<< Euaij is dj ielb`baul ij tcl trul sljsl witc d m`dfk dje wcitl vilw bn ]ussidj dje Dolrifdj fbjflrjs. Bj tcl \krdijidj mdtt`larbuje wclrl tclir bppbsija ijtlrlstsollt, cl mlìlvls tcdt8

‐Cdtrle tbwdres ]ussid dje Wutij ij \krdijl is tcl cdtrle bn d arbup bnsfcizbpcrljifs tbwdres d ebftbr bn d mujfc bn erujkdres tb tcl sclrinn dje dellp`y sifk plrsbj tb d cld`tcy bjl.‟



17

tcis rlsplft is tbb einnusl dje dobrpcbus. Qcy ij d`` bn tcis is Euaij usija

Jdtibjd` Vbfidìst tlroijb`bay wclj cl td`ks dmbut ‐ìquiedtija‟ Wbst

Obelrjiso dje Qlstlrj @imlrdìso2 Qcdt in tcl @imlrd`s bmhlft2 Cbw

ebls tcis audrdjtll tcl pldflnu` butfbol cl f`dios cl sllks2

Euaij’s lvb`vija sbùtibj tb tcl Qlstlrj tcrldt8 tcl ou`tipb`drobel`

Vtripple bn tcl vljllr bn its rdtibjd`l Euaij’s 5tc Wbìtifd` tclbry is ij

trutc dj ijvitdtibj tb fcdbs dje d stlp f`bslr tb rlaibjdìsle dje

u`tiodtl`y a`bmd` wdr. Bn `dtl, cis mipb`dr Vld dje @dje pbwlrs tclbry cds

lvb`vle ijtb d obrl obelrj dje fbaljt ou`tipb`dr obel` ds cis prlnlrrle

sbùtibj. Ucl ou`tipb`dr bptibj, cbwlvlr, is jbt bjl tcdt fcdopibjs tcl

virtuls bn odijtdijija jdtibjd` sbvlrliajty itsl`n, mut sllks tb sumsuol

sl`lftle jdtibjs ijtb `dralr m`bfs. Ucis is suppbsle tb lnnlftivl`y prlvljt

tclo nrbo mlija ru`le my tcl \V.

Cbwlvlr, tcl edjalrs bn sumsuoija jdtibj stdtls ijtb tcl Lurdsidj m`bf,

rdtclr ijvitls rlaibjdìsle dje a`bmd` fbjnìft itsl`n. Ucl ou`tipb`dr tclbry

d`sb fcdopibjs dj lsfd`dtibj bn pbwlr sllkija, dj ijfrldsija ìklìcbbe

bn bjl br btclr m`bfs strivija nbr d ujipb`dr clalobjy ij turj ds it arbws

ij pbwlr. Its dppìfdtibj nurtclr `dfks djy obrd` sljsl ij rlfbajisija

wcdt it wbuè oldjs tb ml d fitizlj bn djbtclr jdtibj witc d rlsplftle dje

sustdijle fu`turl, trdeitibjs dje vdùls ujiqul dje pdrtifu`dr tb it wclj

it is sumsuole. @imlrty, tclrlnbrl, is sdfrinifle ij brelr tb kllp us ‐sdnl‟.

Abvlrjoljt fbooljsurdtl`y lxpdjes tb ljnbrfl tcl slfurity oldsurls ij

tcl jdol bn odijtdijija brelr.

Ij cis elnijitibj bn d fb``lftivl Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj, br d fb``lftivl

Lurdsidj fiviìsdtibj, Euaij dral`y iajbrls tcl rlìaibus, pbìtifd`, fu`turd`



14

dje sbfid` eistijftibjs bn trimls, jdtibjs dje ijelle rdfls tcdt odkl us d``

ujiqul, iopbrtdjt dje vdùle d`` tcl obrl mlfdusl bn tclo. Ou`tipb`drity

clrl, ìkl ou`tifu`turdìso dt tcl jdtibjd` `lvl`, dppldrs tb cdrmbur witcij

it edjalrs wcifc lxdflrmdtl fu`turd` fbjnìft, fcdbs dje wdr. Qci`st

]ussidj Lurdsidjiso ijvb`vls sumsuoija tcl pdrts ijtb d ]ussidj ru`le

fb``lftivl, witc jb f`ldr eltlroijdjt bn cbw br wcy jdtibjs scbuè fbop`y

dje jbt bmhlft tb tcl cistbrifd` dje fu`turd` rlnlrljts tcdt suppbsle`y

odkl tclo Lurdsidj.

Ucl usl bn tcl tlro ‐ou`tipb`drity‟ rln`lfts wcdt is ij vbaul jbwdedys,

dje is bjl ijfrldsija`y oljtibjle ij tcl spllfcls dje writijas bn pbìtifd`

niaurls dje hburjdìsts.<> Uclsl vilws cdvl mllj lvieljt ij tcl Bmdod

deoijistrdtibjs’ lnnbrts d`sb jbtls Euaij. Ucl mlìln is tcdt sufc dj lnnbrt

wbuè cl`p \.V. nbrliaj pbìfy tb mlttlr md`djfl its pbwlr witc tcl risija

pbwlrs sufc ds Mrdzi`, Fcijd, Ijeid, dje ]ussid. Ucl wds lvijfle tbb bj

Hu`y ==, =779, my ifl Wrlsieljt Hbslpc Mielj, eurija cis visit tb \krdijl,

wcb sdie8 ‐Ql’rl tryija tb muiè d ou`tipb`dr wbrè‟.

<> Ucl tbpif bn ou`ti-pb`drity cds mllj tbufcle upbj ij tcl wbrks bn tcl Edvie Kdopnij cis drtif`l ‐Ucl lolraljfl bn d ou`tipb`dr wbrè‟, cistbridj Wdu` Kljjley ij ‐Ucl]isl dje Nd`` bn Arldt Wbwlrs‟, alb-pbìtifidj Ed`l Qd`tbj ‐Albpbìtifs dje tcl ArldtWbwlrs ij tcl SSI fljtury8 Ou`ti-pb`drity dje tcl ]lvbùtibj ij strdtlaif plrsplftivl‟,Eiìp Cirb ‐ Dntlr Lopirl8 Mirtc bn d ou`tipb`dr wbrè‟, dje btclrs. Ucl f`bslst ijujelrstdjeija tcl sljsl bn Euaij’s ou`tipb`drity cds mllj Ndmib Wltitb, wcb trile tb

muiè dj d`tlrjdtivl tb tcl ujipb`dr wbrè bj tcl mdsis bn tcl `lad` dje pci`bsbpcifd`fbjflpts bn Fdr` Vfcoitt.

Bj tcl btclr cdje ou`tipb`drity ds it is mlija oljtibjle ij tcl odijstrldo obrlaljlrd``y my nbr lxdop`l, tcl nbrolr Vlfrltdry bn Vtdtl Odel`lijl D`mriact (Nlmrudry=, =777) tljes tb ciacìact tcl \jitle Vtdtls ds tcl ‐ijeispljsdm`l jdtibj‟, mlfdusltcl \V jb `bjalr wdjts tb ‐lstdmìsc dje ljnbrfl‟ d ujipb`dr wbrè, dje tcdt lfbjboifijtlardtibj cds d`rldey frldtle ‐d flrtdij wbrè tcdt fdj ml lvlj fd``le ou`tipb`dr‟ .Ucis kije bn vilw cbwlvlr, is vilwle my Euaij ds olrl`y d rusl tb nurtclr \Vujipb`drity.



1=

Nlw bn tclsl stdtloljts fbjtdij djy prlfisl elnijitibj bn wcdt

ou`tipb`drity dftud``y ljtdi`s, jbr djy fbjsistljt tclbry bn cbw it is tb ml

dfcilvle. It’s d fdtfc pcrdsl wbre furrljt`y. Ucl obst fboobj elnijitibj

nbr ‐ou`tipb`drity ‟ ljtdi`s bj`y dj ijeifdtibj tcdt, ij tcl furrljt prbflss

bn a`bmdìsdtibj, tcl ujeisputle fljtlr dje fbrl bn tcl obelrj wbrè (tcl

\.V., Lurbpl, dje tcl wielr ‐ Qlst‟) is ndfle witc dj ijfrldsija`y

prbsplrbus lolraija slfbje tilr bn jdtibjs. Uclsl rlprlsljt d

fbopltitivl rivd`ry mltwllj tcl \.V. dje Lurbpl bj tcl bjl cdje, dje

Fcijd, Ijeid, ]ussid, @dtij Dolrifd, ltf. bj tcl btclr.

Nbr Euaij cbwlvlr tcis8

‐fbjvijfls bjl obrl dje obrl bn tcl rl`dtivl trdeitibjd` suplribritybn tcl Qlst dje rdisls jlw qulstibjs dmbut tcl `baif bn nurtclrprbflssls tcdt eltlroijl tcl a`bmd` drfcitlfturl bn nbrfls bj dp`djltdry sfd`l ‖ ij pbìtifs, lfbjboifs, ljlray, elobardpcy,fu`turl, ltf.‟<1

It is f`ldr nbr Euaij tcdt djy f`dios bn ‐ou`tipb`drity ‟ my tcl Qlst jlle tb

ml f`ldr`y elnijle dje fbjsistljt. Nurtclrobrl, tcly scbuè jbt siop`y ml

usle tb nurtclr \V clalobjy my tcl mdfkebbr. Cbwlvlr, tcl wbrè brelr

tbb is fcdjaija, dje Euaij ebls jbt jbtl tcis sunnifiljt`y. Ucl suplribrity

bn \V clalobjy dje Qlstlrj @imlrdìso scbuè jbt siop`y ml dssuole

tb ml eboijdjt ds dj ijlvitdm`l prbarlssibj uj`lss it is bppbsle. Cl ebls,

cbwlvlr, rdtclr tlje tb dssuol tcis fbjtijuija eboijdjfl. Cl prlsuols

tcl fbrrupt Dolrifd dje its @imlrdìso wi`` ru`l tcl wbrè uj`lss it is

deerlssle, mut it is d eboijdjfl ujelrfut my cis bwj dfflptdjfl bn tcl

lolraljfl bn jlw pbwlrs (sufc ds Fcijd dje Ijeid) tcdt ebls jbt

audrdjtll it. Ij tcis, cl is rdtclr bmìale tb fbjtrdri`y ebwjp`dy tclir

<1 Vll cis elnijitibjs bn ou`tipb`drity ds eistijft nrbo ou`ti`dtlrdìso dje uji-pb`drityclrl.

http://www.4pt.su/en/content/multipolarity-definition-and-differentiation-between-its-meanings





16

slfbje tilr stdtus dje lopcdsisl \V clalobjy ds dj ijfrldsija tcrldt,

wci`st d`sb fbjtrdri`y dssuoija dj bjabija risl ij pbwlr nbr tcl slfbje

tilr tb fbopdrdm`l stdtus tb mlnrilje tclo dje hustiny d`ìdjfls. Cl,

nurtclrobrl, ndi`s tb sll tcl edjalrs djy bjabija prbarlssibj tb lqud`

pbwlr oiact ljtdi`. Ucl prbarlssibj wbuè ljtdi` strbjalr f`dios bj

pbwlr itsl`n, wcifc rdtclr ijvitls lvlj arldtlr nuturl edjalrs nrbo btclrs,

dje jbt hust tcl \jitle Vtdtls.

Qcdt tclj is ou`tipb`drity nbr Euaij2 @dral`y it is elnijle my wcdt it is

jbt. Euaij’s prbpbsd` nbr d ou`tipb`dr systlo tclj is bjl tcdt scbuè jbt

siop`y8

‐fbijfiel witc tcl jdtibjd` obel` bn wbrè bradjizdtibj dffbreijatb tcl `baif bn tcl Qlstpcdìdj systlo.‟

Ucl Qlstpcdìdj systlo rlfbajisle (dje sti`` ebls) tcl dmsbùtl

sbvlrliajty bn tcl jdtibj-stdtl dje tcl `dws bn Ijtlrjdtibjd` ]l`dtibjs.

Ucl systlo, elvl`bple dntlr 4>53, mut lvb`vle tb rln`lft tcl albpbìtifd`

situdtibj up ujti` tcl lje bn Qbrè Qdr II. Ucl systlo wds mbrj but bn

rlhlftija tcl f`dios bn tcl oleilvd` lopirls dje tclir f`dios tb

ujivlrsdìso, hustinile ij tlros bn d ‐eivijl oissibj‟. It drbsl, ds Euaij

jbtls, ‐but bn tcl mburalbis rlnbros ij Lurbpldj sbfiltils‟.

Ucl kly fbjflpt bn tcl systlo, cbwlvlr, is jbt hust d pbìtifd` fbjflpt,

mut d obrd` prijfip`l, wcifc rlsts ij d rlfbajitibj tcdt bj`y d jdtibj-stdtl

fdj pbsslss tcl ciaclst sbvlrliajty, dje tcdt butsiel bn it, tclrl is jb btclr

ljtity tcdt wbuè cdvl tcl `lad` riact tb ijtlrnlrl ij tcl ijtlrjd` pbìfy bn

tcis stdtl. Ucl mdsif prijfip`l wds lxpbujele, irrlsplftivl bn wcifc abd`s

dje oissibjs (rlìaibus, pbìtifd`, br btclrwisl) oiact dftud``y auiel it. It

wds, cbwlvlr, nbrou`dtle ij tcl fbjtlxt bn Lurbpldj jdtibjs dje tclir



15

riact tb odijtdij sbvlrliajty. Nrbo tcl 4>77s tb tcl lje bn QQ=, tcis

prijfip`l ijnbrole Lurbpldj pbìfy dje, dffbreija`y, wds trdjsnlrrle tb

btclr fbujtrils bn tcl wbrè witc flrtdij doljeoljts.

Ds briaijd``y fbjflivle tcl Qlstpcdìdj systlo wds rl`lvdjt bj`y nbr

Lurbpldj pbwlrs. Uclir fb`bjils wlrl rladrele olrl`y ds tclir

fbjtijudtibj, jbt pbsslssija sunnifiljt pbìtifd` dje lfbjboif pbwlr tb

wdrrdjt nu`` ijelpljeljfl. Vijfl tcl mlaijjija bn tcl =7tc fljtury

cbwlvlr, tcl prijfip`l wds lxtljele tb tcl nbrolr fb`bjils eurija tcl

prbflss bn elfb`bjisdtibj.

Ucl Qlstpcdìdj obel` dssuols nu`` `lad` lqudìty mltwllj d`` sbvlrliaj

stdtls. Ij tcis, tclrl drl hust ds odjy pb`ls bn nbrliaj pbìfy ij tcl wbrè

ds tclrl drl sbvlrliaj stdtls. Cbwlvlr, wci`st tcl tclbry sti`` ijnbros

ijtlrjdtibjd` rl`dtibjs ij prijfip`l (dje d`` bn ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw is

suppbsle tb ml mdsle bj it) ij prdftifl, ds Euaij stdtls, tclrl is sti``

‐ijlqudìty ‟ dje ‐cilrdrfcifd` sumbreijdtibj‟ mltwllj vdribus sbvlrliajstdtls dje ‐bpprlssibj‟ my obrl pbwlrnu` jdtibjs tcdt bvlrriel it.<3

Ucl rldsbj’s ìl fciln`y ij tcl Nirst dje Vlfbje Qbrè Qdrs dje tcl

lolraljfl bn d jlw mipb`dr brelr dntlr, wclrl elfisibjs wlrl odel

rlsplftivl`y my bj`y twb suplr pbwlrs8 ]ussid dje tcl \V. D`ìls tclj

siop`y fbopìle witc tclir rlprlsljtdtivls’ wiscls ij rlsplft tb a`bmd`

elfisibj odkija, mut tclir sbvlrliajty ij sbol obrl nujedoljtd` sljsl

wds iopdirle ds d rlsu`t. Ucl pdrdebx is tcdt wci`st ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw

fbjtijule tb rlfbajisl tcl dmsbùtl sbvlrliajty bn djy aivlj jdtibj-stdtl,

tcl nujedoljtd` dje iopbrtdjt dft bn elfisibj odkija lnnlftija a`bmd`

pbìfy wds bj`y odel my twb.

<3 Vll clrl.







1<

Qitc tcl fb``dpsl bn tcl Mlrìj Qd``, tcl mipb`dr systlo advl wdy tb d

ujipb`dr clalobjy, wclrl tcl \V lnnlftivl`y mladj tb prbpdadtl its

albpbìtifd`, fu`turd` dje lfbjboif pbwlr ujbppbsle my tcl ìoitija

Vbvilt ijnùljfl. Ucl `dfk bn djy bppbsitibj tb \V ujipb`drity cds oldjt

its prbpdadtibj rlodijs ujbppbsle. Ucis fcdrdftlrisls it ds dj

ljfrbdfcija edjalr nbr Euaij. Ucl tcrldt lxists ij djy fdsl eul tb tcl

aljlrd` fcdrdftlr bn its sumvlrsivl vdùls, prbpdadtle sbfid``y dje

fu`turd``y, wcifc dppldr tb ml elardeija Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj dje oust

jbt ml d``bwle tb sprlde.

Ub rie tcl wbrè bn tcl ljfrbdfcija edjalr bn \V clalobjy dje tcl tcrldt

bn ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟, Euaij prbpbsls tcl ‐ou`tipb`dr‟ systlo.

Jlvlrtcl`lss, it is d ‐ou`tipb`dr‟ wbrè sbùtibj tcdt ylt `dfks tcl obrd`

dje `lad` prijfip`ls bn lqudìty tcdt fcdrdftlrisl tcl Qlstpcdìdj obel`.

It is jbtdm`l tcdt cis sbùtibj dppldrs jbt tb ljtirl`y rlfbajisl tcl

sbvlrliajty bn slpdrdtl jdtibj-stdtls ij tcl jlb-Lurdsidj obel` cl

prbviels tb fbujtlr it. Ij tcis tbb, cis obel` cds obrl ij fboobj witc

Qlstpcdìdjiso tcdj cl oiact fdrl tb deoit ds it tljele tb spldk bn tcl

iopbrtdjfl bn prlslrvija sbvlrliajty, ylt d`sb dfflptle fb`bjils ds pdrt bn

lopirls.

Dt tcl cldrt bn cis elsirl nbr ou`tipb`drity dje tcl hustinifdtibj nbr d jlw

Lurdsidj spdfl/m`bf ìls d pdrdebx. Nirst cis f`dio tcdt jdtibj stdtls drl

jbt rlfbajisle tb ml ‐`lad``y dje nbrod``y sbvlrliaj‟, jbr tb ‐cdvl tcl

stdtus bn d nu``-n`leale pb`l‟. Ucis hustinils tclir prbtlftibj, tclrlnbrl,

nrbo tcl ljfrbdfcija \V ujipb`dr clalobjy. Ylt bj tcl btclr, cl d`sb

stdtls tcdt8

‐tcl juomlr bn pb`ls ij d ou`tipb`dr wbrè scbuè ml sumstdjtid``y`lss tcdj tcl juomlr bn rlfbajizle (dje tclrlnbrl, ujrlfbajizle)jdtibj-stdtls.‟



1>

Ucl vdst odhbrity bn tclsl stdtls drl jbt dm`l tb prbviel nbr tclir bwj

slfurity br prbsplrity ij tcl ndfl bn d pbssim`l fbjnìft witc tcl furrljt \V

clalobjy cl f`dios. Ucly drl pbìtifd``y dje lfbjboifd``y elpljeljt bj

dj lxtlrjd` dutcbrity, dje bjl tcdt fu`turd``y, obrd``y dje pbìtifd``y cl

nijes tb ml ujhust, edjalrbus dje plrvlrsl. Mlija elpljeljt, tcly fdjjbt

ml tcl fljtlrs bn d tru`y ijelpljeljt dje sbvlrliaj wi`` dje tcus jlle tb

ml prbtlftle.

Wdrdebxifd``y, clrl, cl hustinils sumsuoija sbol Lurbpldj jdtibjs ujelr

]ussidj fbjtrb`, ij brelr tb prbviel d md`djfija djtiebtl tb tcl \V tcrldt.

Vumsuoija sufc jdtibjs ujelr d suppbsle ]ussidj/Lurdsidj uomrl``d,

cbwlvlr, iopdirs tclir sbvlrliajty ij turj, wci`st mb`stlrija ]ussidj

ujipb`drity. Jlitclr is it f`ldr tcdt ljbuac bn d eistijftibj is odel mltwllj

jdtibjd` fu`turls dje jdtibjd` einnlrljfls tcdt hustiny it ds d obrl

prlnlrljtid` obel`.

Nbr Euaij, ou`tipb`drity is suppbsle tb wbrk mlfdusl8

‐It is jbt d systlo bn ijtlrjdtibjd` rl`dtibjs tcdt ijsists upbjtcl `lad` lqudìty bn jdtibj-stdtls ds tcl dftud`, ndftud` stdtl bndnndirs. Ucis is bj`y d ndfdel bn d vlry einnlrljt pifturl bn tcl wbrè mdsle bj d rld`, rdtclr tcdj jboijd`, md`djfl bn nbrflsdje strdtlaif fdpdmiìtils.‟

Ou`tipb`drity dffbreija`y8

‐bplrdtls jbt witc tcl situdtibj ds it lxists el-hurl, mut rdtclrel-ndftb, dje it prbflles nrbo tcl stdtloljt bn tclnujedoljtd` ijlqudìty mltwllj jdtibj-stdtls ij tcl obelrjdje lopirifd``y nixdm`l obel` bn tcl wbrè. Obrlbvlr, tclstrufturl bn tcis ijlqudìty is tcdt tcl slfbjedry dje tlrtidrypbwlrs drl jbt dm`l tb elnlje tclir sbvlrliajty, ij djytrdjsiljt m`bf fbjniaurdtibj, ij tcl ndfl bn pbssim`l lxtlrjd`



11

fcd``ljal my tcl clalobjif pbwlr. Ucis oldjs tcdtsbvlrliajty is d `lad` niftibj tbedy.‟

Ucl ou`tipb`dr obel` is bnnlrle clrl ds d prlnlrljfl tb cis ldrìlr

eistijftibj mltwllj tcl @dje dje Vld pbwlrs, br tcl Fbè Qdr sfljdrib,

mlfdusl d jlw mipb`dr wbrè fdjjbt prbplr`y fbujtlr \V ujipb`drity.

‐Jlitclr obelrj ]ussid, Fcijd, Ijeid, br sbol btclr stdtl fdjprltlje tb ml d slfbje pb`l ujelr tclsl fbjeitibjs. Ucl rlfbvlry bn mipb`drity is iopbssim`l eul tb ielb`baifd` (tcl lje bn tcl pbpu`drdppld` bn Odrxiso) dje oiìtdry-tlfcjifd` rldsbjs. Ds nbr tcl `dttlr,tcl \.V dje JDUB fbujtrils tbbk tcl `lde sb oufc bvlr tcl pdst 67 yldrs tcdt syooltrif fbopltitibj witc tclo ij tcl oiìtdry-strdtlaif, lfbjboif, dje tlfcjifd` spclrls is jbt pbssim`l nbr djysija`l fbujtry.‟

Ucis, tclj, rlprlsljts dj lvbùtibj nrbo tcl ldrìlr mipb`dr obel`.

@dfkija tcl jlflssdry ielb`baifd` fbopbjljt, d jlw mipb`dr wbrè fdjjbt

ml dttdijle. Bjl prlsuols, cbwlvlr, tcdt 5tc Wbìtifd` tclbry itsl`n ebls

rlprlsljt tcl ielb`baifd` fbopbjljt cl ellos sunnifiljt tb prbviel d

fbujtlr pb`l, scbuè ]ussid ml prlpdrle tb debpt it.

‐It is dmsbùtl`y f`ldr tcdt d ou`tipb`dr wbrè brelr jbt bj`y einnlrsnrbo tcl ujipb`dr, mut is its eirlft djtitclsis. \jipb`drity dssuolsbjl clalobj dje bjl fljtlr bn elfisibj-odkija, wci`l ou`ti-

pb`drity ijsists bj d nlw fljtlrs, clrlwitc jbjl bn tclo cdvijalxfùsivl riacts dje tcus cdvija tb tdkl ijtb dffbujt tcl pbsitibjsbn btclrs. Ou`tipb`drity, tclrlnbrl, is d eirlft `baifd` d`tlrjdtivl tbujipb`drity. Uclrl fdj ml jb fboprboisl mltwllj tclo8 ujelr tcl`dws bn baif, tcl wbrè is litclr ujipb`dr br ou`tipb`dr. Ucljflnbrtc,it is jbt iopbrtdjt cbw sufc d pdrtifu`dr obel` is lad``y nbrou`dtle, mut cbw it is el-ndftb frldtle.‟



13

Ucl eistijftibjs bn el huris jdtibjd` sbvlrliajty dje el ndftb uji-pb`drity

hustiny tcl iopbsitibj bn ou`tipb`drity. It is dj iopbsitibj irrlsplftivl bn

`lad` rlquirloljts. It oiact, tclrlnbrl, ml d fd`` nbr dj ijvdsibj bn

jdtibjd` fbujtrils, irrlsplftivl bn tcl rlquirloljts bn ijtlrjdtibjd` `dw.

Euaij f`dios tbb tcdt tclrl drl lnnlftivl`y bj`y twb fcbifls nbr tcl a`bmd`

jlw wbrè brelr8 ujipb`drity br ou`tipb`drity. Ucis dppldrs tb ml d nd`sl

fcbifl wclj Fbè Qdr cistbry cds prbvlj btclrwisl, dje cis bwj fbjflrjs

tb frldtl d jlw ‐spdfl‟ rdtclr lfcbls tcl bè Vbvilt m`bf bn tcl pdst, br d

jlw ]ussidj Lopirl. Cis f`dio d`sb rdtclr tbb ldsi`y eisoissls tcbsl \V

fritifs bn tcl jlb-Fbjslrvdtivls, wcb cdvl ciacìactle ‐jbj-pb`drity‟ ds d

vidm`l d`tlrjdtivl. Cl rdtclr tljes tb sll tcis ds d rusl tb nurtclr d

‐ Qlstlrj @imlrd`‟ ujivlrsdìso, dje my lxtljsibj \V ujipb`dr clalobjy.

Ucl jbjpb`dr (br ou`ti`dtlrd` prbarlssibj) is einnlrljt cbwlvlr, ds ujìkl

tcl ujipb`dr prbarlssibj, it lopcdsisls tcl ewijeìja rb`l tcdt tcl \V wi``

cdvl ds a`bmdìsdtibj prbflles. Ucis, bn fbursl, is jb rldsbj tb wl`fbol itnbr tcbsl wcb sll tcis prbarlssibj ds d tcrldt tb \V sbvlrliajty itsl`n. Ucl

fciln fbop`dijt nbr Euaij, cbwlvlr, is tcdt tcl obel` sti`` ljvisibjs

a`bmdìsdtibj ij priodri`y ‐ Qlstlrj‟ tlros, dje it lnnlftivl`y rlquirls tcl

odijtljdjfl bn \V ujipb`drity tb ljfburdal it. It is tcis \V devbfdfy nbr

‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟ tbb, dje its lxpdjeija prlsljfl ds d fu`turd`

sumvlrsibj tb d`` tcl fbujtrils dje plbp`ls bn tcl ldrtc, tcdt fciln`y fdusls

cio tb vilw tcl \V splfinifd``y ds sumvlrsivl.

Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, Euaij rdtclr tljes tb lqudtl ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟ obrl

aljlrd``y witc \V clalobjy splfinifd``y. Cl eisfbujts tcl pbssimiìty bn

outud` fb``dmbrdtibj ij tcis dje ebwjp`dys tcl pbssimiìty tcdt einnlrljfls

ij fu`turd` vdùls fbuè fbjtijul tb fb-lxist ij djy pbìtifd` prbarlssibj ds

bjl wbrè abvlrjoljt lolrals. Jbr ebls cl odkl ljbuac bn d jlw obrl



19

ujivlrsd` suprdjdtibjd` slt bn fu`turd` vdùls lolraija Ucl nuturl wbrè

abvlrjoljt wi`` ml dttljele my rlprlsljtdtivls bn einnlrljt fbujtrils,

stdjeija tbaltclr witc ‐fboobj vdùls‟ dje tcus strivija tb lstdmìsc d

‐ujinile sbfib-pbìtifd` dje lfbjboif spdfl‟ ij tcl tcldtrl bn tcl wbrè.

Ij tcis, cbwlvlr, cl dssuols tbb rldei`y tcdt pbìtifd` prbarlssibj lqudtls

obrl aljlrd``y tb dj lrdeifdtibj bn fu`turd` jbros dje obrls dt tcl

jdtibjd` `lvl`, dje tcdt Qlstlrj @imlrdìso wi`` eboijdtl, rdtclr tcdj

ljtdi` d trul syjtclsis, br lvlj tcdt dj d`tlrjdtivl fu`turl wi`` fbol tb

prleboijdtl, rln`lftivl bn jlw pbìtifd` pbwlrp`dys. Cl ndi`s tb lxp`dij

lxdft`y wcy ‐@imlrdìso‟ itsl`n scbuè jlflssdri`y prleboijdtl, wclj dsyjtclsis bn fu`turls oiact lqud``y bffur, br djbtclr `lss ìmlrd` fu`turl

fbol tb eboijdtl; pdrtifu`dr`y ds Qlstlrj (tcl \V) ijnùljfl elfìjls dje

Ldstlrj (Dsid br Fcijd br Is`do) ijnùljfls risl.

Jbjpb`drity hustinils bjabija a`bmdìsdtibj ij tlros bn d fbooljsurdtl

elfìjl ij \V ujipb`drity dje dj ijfrldsija ou`tipb`drity itsl`n. Nbr \V

Fbjstitutibjdìsts tcdt wdjt tb rltdij tcl nujedoljtd` nrllebos dje

prijfip`ls ljscrijle ij tcl \V Fbjstitutibj tcis is ljbuac bn d tcrldt, ds

it iopdirs Dolrifdj lxflptibjdìso. It is jbt bjl tcdt Euaij ds d

fbjslquljfl scbuè nldr, cbwlvlr, in it ljtdi`s rleufija tcl \V ds d

plrflivle tcrldt splfinifd``y, mut cl bmhlfts tb it jlvlrtcl`lss. Ucis

bmhlftibj is siajinifdjt, ds it rdtclr suaalst d prlnlrljfl nbr ]ussidj

suprlodfiso.

Ij tcis tbb cis prlnlrrle Lurdsidj sbùtibj tb fbujtlr tcl prbarlssibj is

rdtclr d cypbfrisy, wcifc scbws cis eisrladre nbr jdtibjd` elobfrdfy ij

turj. Vbvlrliajty is sboltcija tcdt cl dppldrs tb wdjt tb sdfrinifl ij tcl

jdol bn prbtlftija cis ml`bvle ]ussid nrbo tcl plri`s bn tcl Qlstlrj vdùl

systlo, wci`st siou`tdjlbus`y mbbstija its pbìtifd` pbwlr, ij brelr tb

nurtclr its bwj f`dios tb ujipb`dr clalobjy ij turj.



37

Hustinifdtibj nbr tcl jbjpb`dr obel` rlsts bj8

•

Fb-bplrdtibj mltwllj elobfrdtif fbujtrils, mut ardeud``y tclprbarlssibj scbuè ijfùel jbj-stdtl dftbrs - JABs, sbfid`

obvloljts, slpdrdtl fitizlj arbups, jltwbrk fbooujitils, ltf.

•

Ucl fbjstruftibj bn tcl jbjpb`dr wbrè wi`` ml fcdrdftlrisle my deissipdtibj ij elfisibj-odkija pbwlr nrbo bjl pbwlr fljtrl (jbw Qdscijatbj) tb tcl odjy ljtitils bn tcl `bwlr `lvl` - riact ebwj tbbjìjl p`djltdry rlnlrljeuos bj tcl odhbr lvljts dje dftibjslnnlftija d`` bn odjkije.

•

Ucl lfbjboy wi`` suplrslel jdtibjd` pbìtifs dje odrkltfbopltitibj wi`` swllp dfrbss d`` tcl fbujtrils’ fustbos mdrrilrs.Ucl stdtl wi`` mlfbol obrl fbjflrjle witc its fitizljs’ fdrl, rdtclrtcdj trdeitibjd` slfurity, ds ljloils ij tcl trdeitibjd` sljsl wi``(suppbsle`y) jbt rld``y lxist. Ucl prbarlssibj wi`` usclr ij dj lrd bna`bmd` elobfrdfy.

It is d tclbry Euaij nldrs, ds it clrdès tcl eldtc bn ]ussid ’s albpbìtifd`

ijnùljfl, ujiqul trdeitibjs dje fu`turl, mut it is tbb bntlj siop`y vilwle

ds dj ‐Dolrifdjisdtibj‟ bn it. Dffbreija`y it8

‐prlsljts itsl`n ds d stdal tbwdres tcl rlp`dfloljt bn tcl ujipb`dr wbrè, mut bj`y bj tcl fbjeitibjs prbobtle tbedy my tcl \.V. dje Qlstlrj fbujtrils ij rladre tb tclir sbfib-pbìtifd`, tlfcjb`baifd`,

dje lfbjboif obel`s (ìmlrd` elobfrdfy). Uclsl dje tclir vdùls wi`` mlfbol d ujivlrsd` pcljboljbj, dje tcl jlle nbr tcl striftprbtlftibj bn elobfrdtif dje ìmlrd` ield`s wi`` jb `bjalr lxist ‖ d``rlaiols tcdt rlsist tcl Qlst, elobfrdtizdtibj, dje Dolrifdjizdtibjdt tcl tiol bn tcl bjslt bn tcl jbjpb`dr wbrè scbuè ml lìoijdtle.‟

Ucl prbhlft tljes tb ml eistrustle bj tcl arbujes tcdt jbt bj`y ebls it

plrpltudtl Qlstlrj @imlrdìso, mut bjfl it is lstdmìscle tclrl is jb



34

audrdjtll tcl \V clalobjy wi`` ij ndft ml eissipdtle ij its wdkl. Ucis is

jbt dj d`tlrjdtivl tcdt fdj ml trustle tclj, mut olrl`y d8

‐fbjtijudtibj, dje it wi`` ml pbssim`l bj`y ds sbfilty’s fljtlr bnardvity obvls nrbo tbedy's oix bn d`ìdjfl bn twb `lvl`s bn clalobjy- odtlrid` (tcl Dolrifdj oiìtdry-ijeustrid` fbop`lx dje Qlstlrjlfbjboy dje rlsburfls) dje spiritud` (stdjedres, prbfleurls, vdùls) ‖ tb d purl`y ijtl``lftud` clalobjy, tbaltclr witc tclardeud` rleuftibj bn tcl iopbrtdjfl bn odtlrid` eboijdtibj.‟

Clrl, Euaij bj`y dssuols jbjpb`drity ds d pbssimiìty in tcl odtlrid` dje

spiritud` fdj ml rlsb`vle, br eboijdtle my dj ‐ijtl``lftud` clalobjy‟. Cl

dppldrs tb rlhlft tcis ds d pbssimiìty cbwlvlr, dje tcl iopìfdtibj is bjl

wclrl tcl odtlrid` elodjes bn tcl oiìtdry ijeustrid` fbop`lx, d`bja witc

tcl ‐ Qlstlrj‟ vdùl systlo it is d`ìle tb, prlvljt it nrbo bffurrija. Mbtc

jlle tb ml trdjsfljele ij sbol sljsl, ij ndvbur bn dj ijtl``lftud`

elvl`bpoljt, wclrl tcl spiritud` dje tcl odtlrid` d`ìdjfl drl scintle

nrbo tcl ‐fljtrl‟.

@dfkija tcl jlflssdry oldjs tb tcrbw bnn \V clalobjif ijnùljfl tclj,

cl drauls dadijst ujipb`drity dje jbjpb`drity. Cl ndi`s tb rldìsl tcdt djy

fbopltitivl pbwlrs tcdt jlflssitdtl dje plrpltudtl tcl odtlrid` dje tcl

spiritud` fbuè mlfbol cdrobjisle dje tcl \V ujipb`dr tcrldt eissipdtle

ds prbarlssibj bffurs. Nbr lxdop`l, tcl oiìtdry ijeustrid` fbop`lx itsl`n

wbuè jbt ml rlquirle in tcl tcrldt bn outud``y dssurle elstruftibj nrbo

twb br obrl suplrpbwlrs, br lvlj nrbo djy juomlr bn rbaul stdtls, wds

rlsb`vle ijtb dj lqud` dje fb``dmbrdtivl bjl wbrè brelr.<9 Clrl tcl sb

fd``le ‐spiritud` vdùls‟ bn (bjl prlsuols) d nujedoljtd``y Qlstlrj

<9 Bjl prlsuols fbjnìft clrl is olrl`y tb ml eid`lftifd` dje jbt oiìtdry, mut tclqulstibj bn rldftibjs tb eisdarlloljts is d pbssimiìty tbb oufc ieldìsle dje ebls jbtijcdmit tcl rld` wbrè wclj eissljtlrs fbuè quitl ldsi`y turj ijtb ljloils.



3=

@imlrdìso fbuè mlfbol syjtclsisle ijtb d obrl a`bmdìsle jbtibj bn

stdjedres, prbfleurl dje vdùls. Ucis, cbwlvlr, oiact wl`` jlflssitdtl

tcl djjici`dtibj bn bjl br btclr pdrtifu`dr dje ujiqul plrsplftivl. It

oiact ij turj clrdè d jlw tyrdjjy, dje it is tcis wcifc djti-a`bmdìsts

nldr.

Ucl pbssimiìty bn d jlw, pldflnu`, ‐a`bmd`‟ pdrdeiao, lvbkle my d

syjtclsis bn tcl eispdrdtl pdrts ijtb d wcb`l, is rdtclr iajbrle my Euaij.

Cis prlnlrljfl is tb prlslrvl tcl trdeitibjs bn tcl pdst, dje ]ussidj

fu`turl splfinifd``y. Cl wiscls bj`y tb prbtlft djy pbssim`l eissipdtibj my

djy pbìtifd` dje fu`turd` prbarlssibj tcdt oiact sllk tb eboijdtl dje

tcrldtlj it. Cis bwj jbtibj dppldrs tb sllk d ]ussidj clalobjy, rdtclr

tcdj djy mrdvl jlw wbrè bn tcl nuturl tcdt oiact ijvb`vl outud`

fb``dmbrdtibj br d jlw pbìtifd` dje fu`turd` pdrdeiao. Jlw pdrdeiaos drl

jbt sb oufc vilwle ds d tcrldt, mut rlhlftle bj tcl arbujes tcly drl jbt

rld``y d pbssimiìty. Qlstlrj @imlrdìso dje \V pbwlr, tclrlnbrl, wbuè

siop`y fbol tb eboijdtl tcl a`bml, siajinyija tcl eldtc bn djy vdùls tcdt

einnlrle nrbo it. Cl ndi`s clrl tb sll ]ussidj vdùls ds lvb`vija pbsitivl`y

ij tcis. Ucl bè vdùls, tcl ]ussidj vdùls, oust ml prlslrvle dje jbt `bst,

mut jlitclr ebls cl odkl ljbuac bn tcl pbssimiìty bn d syjtclsis bn vdùls

ij djy jlw pdrdeiao tcdt oiact ml outud``y mljlnifid` dje dfcilvle vid

fb``dmbrdtivl prbarlssibj.

A`bmdìsdtibj bn fbursl fdrrils witc it tcl edjalr bn d `bss bn sbvlrliajty/

It ljtdi`s d `bss bn jdtibjd` ieljtity, tcl fu`turls tcdt odkl us ujiqul, dje

tcl pdrtifu`dr fbjstitutibjd` vdùls wl oiact fdrry witc us ds jdtibj

stdtls. Qci`st tcis is d edjalr, it is jbt bjl tcdt scbuè ml nldrle, in tclrl

is ijelle ijtl``lftud` fb``dmbrdtibj dje d wi`ìjajlss tb elvl`bp d jlw

wbrè pdrdeiao, nrll bn bjl eboijdtija ijnùljfl. Ucl rld` edjalr,

cbwlvlr, ebls ìl ij wcltclr tcl bè brelr scbuè, br lvlj fbuè ml



36

trdjsfljele8 wcltclr tcl ‐fljtrl bn ardvity ‟ fdj siop`y ml scintle ij d

aljuijl dutcljtif (dje pldflnu`) prbarlssibj, dje jbt olrl`y lxp`bitle tb

nurtclr clalobjif devdjtdal. Ucis ij sbol sljsl rlquirls d `ldp bn nditc,

tcl butfbol bn wcifc fdjjbt ml kjbwj mlnbrl tcl dft. It wbuè jbt ml

witcij tcl jdturl br ioplrdtivls bn fbjslrvdtiviso tb lomrdfl it ij djy

fdsl. It is pdrtifu`dr`y wbrryija tbb, ds tcbsl wcb eb fcdopibj it drl

tclosl`vls bn d ‐ìmlrd` prbarlssivl‟ mljt. Ucly tlje, tclrlnbrl, tb ndvbur

d stdtl-fljtrif dpprbdfc dje d prlnlrljfl nbr fbrpbrdtl sbfidìso. Ucl

fcdjfls bn d tbtdìtdridj bjl wbrè abvlrjoljt lvb`vija mlfdusl bn tcis

drl ijfrldsle. Ds d prbarlssibj, it is flrtdij`y bjl nrduact witc edjalrsdje ujflrtdijtils. Jlitclr is it f`ldr tcdt tcl bjl wbrè abvlrjoljt

prbpbsle wbuè ml nu``y dffbujtdm`l tb tcl jdtibj stdtls in tcly drl

odijtdijle ds olomlrs, `lt d`bjl tcl mi`ìbjs bn einnlrljt plbp`ls it

suppbsle`y rlprlsljts, pdrtifu`dr`y in tcly drl jbt.

D bjl wbrè eiftdtbrscip bn syjtclsisle wbrè vdùls oiact hust ds ldsi`y

pbsl d tcrldt tb ijeivieud` jdtibjs dje tcl ìmlrty bn plbp`ls, ds d ujipb`dr

\V br ]ussidj clalobjy fbuè. Cistbrifd``y, pdrt bn tcl prbarlssibj

tbwdre tcis is tcl jbtibj tcdt vdribus zbjls sumsuoija tcl jdtibj stdtls

wi`` prlflel it. Ds Vtdìj is rlputle tb cdvl sdie8

‐Eiviel tcl wbrè ijtb rlaibjd` arbups ds d trdjsitibjd` stdal bn wbrè abvlrjoljt. Wbpu`dtibjs wi`` obrl rldei`y dmdjebj tclir

jdtibjd` `byd`tils tb d vdaul rlaibjd` `byd`ty tcdj tcly wi`` nbr d wbrè dutcbrity. @dtlr, tcl rlaibjs fdj ml mrbuact tbaltclr d`` tcl wdy ijtb d sija`l wbrè eiftdtbrscip.‟>7

Ucus, Euaij’s suaalstibj bn sufc zbjls, tb fbujtlr d \V ujipb`drity, is

suaalstivl bn d obrl elvibus strdtlay itsl`n. Cis strdtlay oiact ml

>7 Ds fitle my Fcristbpclr Vtbry ij ‐Ucl Wlrlstrbikd Elflptibj‟.



35

ijeifdtivl bn d ]ussidj a`bmd` pbwlr ardm ij tcl nuturl. Cis bmhlftibjs tb

\V Fbjstitutibjdìso dje its f`dssinifdtibj ds d obrl aljlrd` tcrldt ujelr

tcl rumrif bn ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟ flrtdij`y erdws suspifibj, wclj its

fbrl prijfip`ls lspbusl ijelpljeljfl dje nrllebo nbr d`` jdtibj stdtls ds

d prlrbadtivl.

Ij Euaij’s vilw, \V ujipb`drity dje jbjpb`drity (ou`ti`tlrdìso)

lnnlftivl`y `lde tb tcl sdol lje8 tcl a`bmd` prbpdadtibj bn d fbrrupt

Qlstlrj @imlrdìso dje u`tiodtl`y dj ‐ Dolrifdjisdtibj‟ tcdt wi``

lnnlftivl`y strljatclj \V pbìtifd` pbwlr. Cl rdtclr fbjtrdri`y stdtls tcdt

\V ujipb`drity d`rldey lxists, dje cds sijfl tcl lje bn tcl Fbè Qdr, mut

it is f`ldr \V ujipb`drity cds jbt odrkle`y Dolrifdjisle tcl Fcijlsl, br

Dsidj fu`turls, br tclir bwj pdrtifu`dr ‐stdjedres, prbfleurls dje vdùls‟

eurija tcis plribe. Uclrl is lvlj `lss rldsbj tb suppbsl wcy d elfìjija

Dolrifdj pbwlr, litclr fu`turd``y (dje cl fbjstdjt`y rlnlrs it ds d

sumvlrsivl ijnùljfl) br oiìtdri`y (wcifc it wbuè ml in fbopltitivl

pbwlrs tcdt pbsl d tcrldt drl lnnlftivl`y rlobvle) scbuè sti`` ml ellole

d tcrldt tb ]ussid, jlvlr oije tcl rlst bn tcl Ldst.

Ucl issul lssljtid``y is wcdt a`bmdìsdtibj ds d prbarlssibj ljtdi`s2

Qcltclr it is d prlnlrrle fcbifl obrd``y br pbìtifd``y. Qcltclr it

rlprlsljts dj ljnbrfle tyrdjjy, dj dodàdodtibj, d syjtclsis, br siop`y

d fb``dmbrdtibj tcdt ylt rlsplfts tcl ijtlarity dje riact nbr fu`turls dje

ijelle btclr jdtibjs tb siop`y lxist. Jbt ljbuac is odel bn tcl jdtibjs bn

tcl wbrè fbjtrimutija bj dj lqud` nbbtija my Euaij.

Ub edtl, \V ujipb`drity cds jbt odrkle`y ijeufle dj Dolrifdjisdtibj bn

tcl fu`turls bn lolraija jdtibjs lvlj wclj tcl prlsljfl bn \V

fbrpbrdtibjs cdvl mllj obrl dppdrljt. Ucl lnnlfts bn f`bslr fb``dmbrdtibj

bn ]ussid witc tcl \V (pbst-Fbè Qdr) eie jbt `lde tb dj Dolrifdjisdtibj



3<

bn ]ussid litclr, mut d strljatcljija bn its bwj trdeitibjd` vdùls ds d

rldftibj tb dj ijfrldsija \V br Qlstlrj fbrpbrdtl prlsljfl. Ucis trlje

cds mllj dppdrljt lvlj wclj tcl \V cds bffupile jdtibjs ij tcl pdst,

sufc ds Hdpdj, Alrodjy, br Vbutc Kbrld. Ucl fu`turls (in jbt tcl pbìtifd`

brelr) cdvl vlry oufc mllj ujdnnlftle dje rlodijle ijtdft. Ijelle, ij

tcis rlsplft, tcl Djfiljt ]bodj obel` cds pdrd``l`s, ds tcl fu`turd` vdùls

bn djy pdrtifu`dr sbfilty cdvl `dral`y mllj d``bwle tb fbjtijul ujdnnlftle,

irrlsplftivl bn tcl pbìtifd`, lfbjboif, br oiìtdry prlsljfl tcdt dffrule.

Ijelle, tcl \V, rdtclr ìkl tcl ]bodj vilw, tljes tb vilw tcis bj`y ij

tlros bn sufflssnu` oiìtdry fbjtrb`. Fu`turd` fbjtijuity, ij tcis rlsplft, islvlj rlquirle, ij brelr tb ljsurl d pdssivl dje odjdaldm`l plbp`l, dje

tcl fbjtijuija prdftifl bn tclir bwj fustbos dje ritud`s wds ellole d

jlflssdry pdrt bn tcis.

Ucl prbarlssibj, obrlbvlr, cds lvlj mllj fcdrdftlrisle my d \V elfìjl

(ds cl ciosl`n rlfbajisls, dje wcifc is d stdtle dio bn jbjpb`drity ij djy

fdsl) d `bss bn hbms dt cbol (ds suprdjdtibjd` fbrpbrdtibjs tdkl pbwlr),

dje odrkle my dj dsfljsibj bn btclr jdtibjs ds lolraija suplrpbwlrs, br

dt `ldst fbopdrdm`l pbwlrs ij tclir bwj riact. Uclrl is ìtt`l audrdjtll,

tclrlnbrl, tcdt ujipb`drity ljtdi`s dj Dolrifdjisdtibj bn fu`turl, jbr tcdt

it fbuè lvlj ml sustdijle. Cis prbpbsd` bn d Lurdsidj m`bf ij tcis sllos

tb ml fbujtlrprbeuftivl tb djy fb``dmbrdtibj bn d`` jdtibjs sustdijle my

tcl virtuls bn lqudìty, ijelpljeljfl dje nrllebo. Ucl cd`òdrk virtuls

dje pci`bsbpcifd` prijfip`ls wcifc tcl \V Fbjstitutibj itsl`n dje tcl

Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl jlvlrtcl`lss odel tcl mdsis nbr Dolrifd’s

nbujeija, dje wcifc ylt sufflssnu``y odrry witc tcl Qlstpcdìdj obel`

ij odjy rlsplfts.



3>

Dj dsslssoljt bn Euaij’s rdtclr eisijaljubus f`dios dje rld`

obtivls tb edtl

It is jbtlwbrtcy tcdt Euaij f`dios tb sllk outud` fb``dmbrdtibj mltwlljbppbsija pbwlrs tb ollt obrl prbeuftivl dje pldflnu` ljes, mut cis

prbpbsitibj bn d objbìtcif pbìtifd` dje fiviìsdtibjd` m`bf tcdt sumsuols

btclrs tb dft ds d munnlr dadijst tcl \V/Qlstlrj tcrldt is

fbujtlrprbeuftivl tb tcis. Ds is cis eistrust bn tcl pbssimiìtils bn d aljuijl

fb``dmbrdtibj tcdt ebls jbt clrdè dj u`tlribr obtivl. Cis eistrust bn tcl

mljlnits bn outud` fb``dmbrdtibj, ij dj lqud``y md`djfle jlw wbrè brelr

(d nuturl bjl wbrè abvlrjoljt) rdtclr mlìls d stummbrj ebaodtiso dje

rdeifd` lxtrloiso itsl`n, jbt hust ijtl``lftud``y mut spiritud``y.

‐Ucl ou`ti-pb`dr wbrè fdjjbt ml fbomijle witc tcl jbjpb`dr wbrè obel` mlfdusl it ebls jbt dfflpt tcl vdìeity bn tcl uji-pb`droboljt ds d prlùel tb tcl nuturl wbrè brelr, jbr tcl ijtl``lftud`clalobjy bn tcl Qlst, tcl ujivlrsdìty bn its vdùls, br tcleissipdtibj bn elfisibj-odkija ijtb tcl p`djltdry ou`tipìfity

rladre`lss bn tcl prl-lxistija fu`turd` dje fiviìzdtibjd` ieljtity. Ucljbjpb`dr wbrè suaalsts tcdt tcl Dolrifdj ol`tija pbt obel` wi`` ml lxtljele tb tcl wcb`l wbrè. Ds d rlsu`t, tcis wi`` lrdsl d`` tcleinnlrljfls mltwllj plbp`ls dje fu`turls, dje dj ijeivieudìzle,dtboizle cuodjity wi`` ml trdjsnbrole ijtb d fbsobpbìtdj 'fivi`sbfilty' witcbut djy mbrelrs. Ou`ti-pb`drity iopìls tcdt tcl fljtlrsbn elfisibj-odkija oust ml ciac ljbuac (mut jbt sb`l`y ij tcl cdjesbn bjl ljtity - ds it is tbedy ujelr tcl fbjeitibjs bn tcl uji-pb`dr wbrè), dje fu`turd` splfid`tils bn ldfc pdrtifu`dr fiviìzdtibj oust

ml prlslrvle dje strljatcljle (mut jbt eissb`vle ijtb d sija`lfbsobpbìtdj ou`tipìfity).‟

Euaij dadij tbb rldei`y iajbrls jbjpb`drity, fbjn`dtija it witc ujipb`drity

ij tcis prbarlssibj. Cl dssuols \V eboijdjfl wclrl tcl eissbùtibj ijtb

d ‐sija`l fbsobpbìtdj ou`tipìfity ‟ is bn d pdrtifu`dr`y Qlstlrj @imlrd`

kije. \V ujipb`drity cds prleboijdtle sijfl tcl lje bn tcl Fbè Qdr, mut



31

cl ebls jbt odkl ljbuac bn \V elfìjl wclj it obst bmvibus`y is ij

elfìjl. Vioi`dr`y, jlw pbwlrs drl lolraija dje, ds ij tcl fdsl bn Fcijd

dje Ijeid, oiact suplrslel tcl \V ij lfbjboif dje oiìtdry pbwlr ij tcl

nuturl. In wl tdkl cis dssuoptibj bn tcl pbìtifd` dje lfbjboif ijnùljfls

`ldvija tcl ebbr bplj tb fu`turd` sumvlrsibj, br dt `ldst fcdjal, wcb is jbt

tb sdy my cis oldsurl bn rldsbjija, tcdt Fcijlsl fu`turl, br Ijeidj fu`turl,

wi`` jbt fbol tb prleboijdtl2

Qci`st djy prlslrvdtibj bn jdtibjd` sbvlrliajty oust ml ellole d abbe

tcija, dje jb Dolrifdj Fbjstitutibjdìst wbuè eisdarll witc it ds d

virtubus prijfip`l, in it prbtlfts ijelpljeljfl dje imlrty, cis bwj fritiqul

sodfks bn d elflitnu` p`by tb nurtclr ]ussidj/Lurdsidj clalobjy dje

elstrby tcl \V (dje obrl mrbde`y tcl Qlst dje Qlstlrj vdùls) ij turj.

Aljuijl fb``dmbrdtibj ij tcis dppldrs eisijaljubus dje oiact wl`` ml jb

obrl tcdj d pbwlr p`dy tb nurtclr ]ussidj devdjtdal.

Ucl Lurdsidj obel` dppldrs tb ml d elsirl tb rlturj tb sbol sbrt bn Vbviltobel`, br d obel` bn Lopirl, wclrl sod`` jdtibj stdtls drl eboijdtle,

rdtclr ds Wb`dje wds dje/ br lvlj bffupile tb suppbsle`y kllp tclo

‐sdnl‟. Ij turj, tcl fbjflrj tb prlslrvl fu`turl dppldrs ndr obrl

eltlroijle my tcl stdtl dje its pbìtifd` ielb`bay tcdj djy Qlstlrj @imlrd`

obel` tcdt prbobtls slfu`driso, tb`lrdjfl dje eivlrsity ds ielb`baifd`

prijfip`ls, wcdtlvlr tcl wldkjlssls tclsl oiact sunnlr ij tcl pbìtifd`

drljd. Ij tcis, tclj, Lurdsidj nujedoljtdìso pbsls d oufc obrl

edjalrbus tcrldt. Djy jlw Lurdsidj fu`turl tbb wbuè ml ielb`baifd``y

eltlroijle dje wbuè ml scdple my tcl fbomijle nldturls bn mbtc

Jdtibjd` Mb`sclviso dje tcl aljuijl ‐ndsfist ndsfiso‟ tcdt Euaij ciosl`n

cds vlry pumìf`y fd``le nbr. Ucis fdj bj`y yilè tbtdìtdridjiso ds d

pbìtifd` systlo8 dj ielb`bay tcdt ebls jbt mbel wl`` nbr djy kije bn

aljuijl outud` fb``dmbrdtibj, lvlj in tcly trile tb iop`loljt it.



33

Euaij f`dios cl bj`y wdjts tb prlslrvl dje prbtlft ]ussid nrbo dj

ljfrbdfcija Qlstlrj tcrldt, wci`st cl ylt td`ks bn prl-loptivl dftibj tb

fbujtlr tcl tcrldt witc oiìtdry ijvdsibj ciosl`n. Ij tcis, cl is bntlj nbuje

tb ml `dfkija ij cbjlsty, mbtc ij rlsplft bn cis nbrolr oiìtdry lsfdpdels

dje cis eljid` bn tclsl, ds wl`` ds cis f`dio tb ml djti-rdfist, wci`st cl ylt

fd``s nbr tcl ‐ìquiedtibj‟ bn \krdijidjs.

Ucl fbjtrdrijlss bn cis `djaudal oiact ml dj dttlopt tb fbjtijubus`y

djd`ysl tlros dje prbviel d`tlrjdtivls dje fbujtlrdrauoljts ds d

pci`bsbpclr. Cis stdtloljts ijelle oiact lvlj ml oisujelrstbbe my d

`dral`y jbj-pci`bsbpcifd` dueiljfl. Cis ijsistljfl bj eljyija flrtdij

vlry rld` fcdrals ij tcl ìact bn cis bwj prbf`diole stdtloljts tb tcl

fbjtrdry cbwlvlr, rdtclr `ldvls bjl witc tcl ioprlssibj cl fdjjbt d`wdys

ml trustle, dje cis f`dios drl siop`y d f`lvlr dttlopt tb fbvlr cis rld`

vilws. Cis pci`bsbpcifd` ields bj f`bslr djd`ysis ijvdridm`y rlvld` ndr obrl

edjalrbus obtivls. >4

Ij tcis, tclj, tclrl is d mia qulstibj ds tb wcltclr Euaij ciosl`n is d <tc

Fbùoj eissiou`dtbr, wbrkija tb nurtclr ]ussidj clalobjy. Ucis wi``

d`wdys ml einnifu`t tb eltlroijl, ds bjl bn tcl nldturls bn djy <tc Fbùoj

dftivist is d `dfk bn cbjlsty, d tljeljfy tb tl`` ìls, dje tcl nrll usl bn

nrilje`y tlros tb ijni`trdtl dje adij trust. Djy <tc fbùoj eissiou`dtbr tbb

tljes tb wdjt tb eiviel dje fbjqulr, dje sbwija eissljt dje fbjnusibj ij

tcis is vlry oufc pdrt bn tcl strdtlay. It pdrtifu`dr`y rlquirls tcl usl bn

nd`sl `dml`s.

Vbol bn cis trulr obtivls fdj ml rlvld`le tcrbuac dj djd`ysis bn tcl

pci`bsbpcifd` prijfip`ls tclosl`vls, rdtclr tcdj tcl f`dios cl sllks tb

>4 Cl is rlpbrtle tb cdvl sdie bj bjl bffdsibj tcdt ‐Ubedy’s \krdijidjs drl d rdfl bnelaljlrdtls tcdt frdw`le up nrbo slwdal. Aljbfiel is ij brelr.‟



39

erlss tclo up witc. Djy djbodìls fdj ml ciacìactle tb scbw cis rld`

ijtljtibj ds d fbjslquljfl, rlvldìja plrcdps d edrklr, obrl od`lvb`ljt

oije. Bn fbursl, sufc djbodìls oiact siop`y ml eul tb d purl`y

pci`bsbpcifd` fbjflrj tb lxdoijl d`` issuls dje eisfuss tcl drauoljts

iopdrtid``y nbr tclir bwj sdkl, mut Euaij is ndr obrl ielb`baifd``y erivlj

tcdj tcdt. Eisfbujtija d aljuijl dfk bn ujelrstdjeija, tclrlnbrl, bjl fdj

sdnl`y prlsuol tcis vlry ijtl`ìaljt Wrbnlssbr cds d elnijitl pbìtifd`

ielb`bay dje strdtlay tcdt cl sllks tb dpp`y, dje it is bjl tcdt cl cbès tb

plrsbjd``y dje jbt siop`y lspbusls iopdrtid``y.

Djbodìls ij Euaij’s f`dios

Djbodìls ij Euaij’s f`dios dje pbsitibjs lssljtid``y drl8

• Cis f`dio tb ml d Fcristidj, wci`st ylt fd`ìja nbr dj dnnirodtibj bn

Fcdbs bvlr @babs; d tljeljfy tb hustiny ioobrd` mlcdvibur sufc ds

fdjjimdìso ij wdr situdtibjs, dje d tljeljfy tb usl `djaudal tcdt

fritifisls dje viìnils ‐ Qlstlrj‟ Fcristidjity ij turj.

• D fd`` nbr ou`tipb`drity tb fbujtlr tcl Qlstlrj tcrldt. Cl f`dios

tcis ij tcl jdol bn prlslrvija sbvlrliajty, wci`st ylt bvlrrieija

jdtibjd` sbvlrliajty ij splfinif Lurbpldj fbujtrils, mlfdusl tcly

ml`bja cistbrifd``y, br fu`turd``y, tb ]ussid.

• D f`dio tb ml d ‐fbjslrvdtivl‟, wclj cis pbìtifd` mdfkarbuje cdi`s

nrbo Jdtibjd` Mb`sclviso, dje cl fd``s nbr d ‐aljuijl ndsfist

ndsfiso‟ tb fbujtlr tcl Qlstlrj tcrldt.

• D tljeljfy tb lspbusl d stdtl-fljtrif pci`bsbpcy tcdt odkls

abvlrjoljt d`` pbwlrnu`, wci`st fritifisija @imlrdìso dfrbss tcl

mbdre, witcbut odkija djy eistijftibj mltwllj obelrj‐@imlrdìso‟ dje ‐F`dssifd`‟ @imlrdìso8 tcl `dttlr mlija ndr obrl



97

Fbjstitutibjd` ij briljtdtibj, dje bjl tcdt aljuijl`y fcdopibjs

ijeivieud` riacts, tcl prlslrvdtibj bn ijelpljeljfl, ìmlrty dje

sbvlrliajty.

D fritifd` djd`ysis bn tclsl nbur djbodìls tcrbw up odjy issuls. Ucly

jlle tb ml djd`ysle, tb eltlroijl tcl dutcljtifity bn cis f`dios, dje

wcltclr tcly pbijt tb obrl edjalrbus ijtljtibjs.

Ucl fbrruptibj bn tcl ijeivieud` dje Ijeivieudìso my@imlrdìso dje tcl prbm`los sioi`dr`y rdisle my stdtlfb``lftiviso

Euaij eblsj’t odkl djy f`ldr eistijftibj mltwllj F`dssifd` @imlrdìsotcdt ndvburs Fbjstitutibjd` vdùls dje obelrj ‐Wrbarlssivl @imlrdìso‟

tcdt cds elvl`bple `dral`y ds d rlsu`t bn Vbfidìst ijnùljfls, splfinifd``y

Fu`turd` Odrxiso. Cl tljes tb siop`y vilw @imlrdìso ds d edjalr

wcb`lsd`l. Cis ieljtinifdtibj bn ‐@imlrdìso‟ is bjl tcdt ijelle stdjes

sfrutijy, lvlj in cis ieljtinifdtibj bn it ds d splfinifd``y ‐ Qlstlrj‟ tcrldt

`dfks frleimiìty ij tcl ìact bn its briaijs ij ]ussid, dje its prbpdadtibj my

Vbvilt Fbooujists vid tcl Nrdjknurt Vfcbb`. Its prlsljfl ij Dolrifdj

ijstitutibjs mlija d `dtlr elvl`bpoljt, mut wcifc sti`` cdrmburle sbol bn

its briaijd` Vbfidìst rlvbùtibjdry ioplrdtivls.

Euaij’s fbjflrj ij ciacìactija tcl edjalr bn @imlrdìso is tb lopcdsisl

its elnifiljfils pci`bsbpcifd``y, fu`turd``y, obrd``y dje pbìtifd``y. Ij tcis,

wci`st obelrj @imlrdìso is ijelle d edjalr, cl ndi`s tb nu``y jbtl tcdt it



94

is hust ds oufc bn d edjalr tb tcl Qlst ds it is tb tcl Ldst. Qclj cl ebls,

cl tljes bj`y tb usl it ds d hustinifdtibj nbr ]ussidj usurpdtibj. Obrl

aljlrd``y, dje pdrdebxifd``y, cl, ndi`s tb fbjsielr tcdt its debptibj my tcl

Qlst clrdès d elfìjija tcrldt nrbo tcl Qlst itsl`n, ds it elstrbys itsl`n ij

turj.

Cis priodry pbsl clrl is tb slt ciosl`n up ds d odj tryija tb sdvl ]ussid

nrbo tcl iooijljt @imlrd` tcrldt bn tcl Qlst. D fu`turd` dje pbìtifd`

pbwlr tcdt tcrldtljs tb ljau`n tcl wbrè dje sld` \V eboijdjfl, wci`st

ndiìja tb dpprlfidtl eistijftibjs jlle tb ml erdwj mltwllj tcl \V dje

Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd, dje tcdt sufc eistijftibjs, obrlbvlr, scbuè ml

fbufcle obrl aljlrd``y ij tlros bn tcl tcrldt bn fu`turd` Odrxiso, dje br

@imlrd` Wrbarlssiviso plr sl, rdtclr tcdj d splfinif jdtibjd`, fu`turd` dje

pbìtifd` tcrldt briaijdtija siop`y nrbo tcl \V.

Euaij ieljtinils d pci`bsbpcifd` lxp`djdtibj nbr tcl fu`turd` elfdy ij

@imlrdìso dje odkls it f`ldr tbb tcdt8

‐Ucl ìmlrd` ield is mui`t bj tcl ield tcdt tcl cuodj is dj ijeivieud`,dje it ebls jbt odttlr wcdt kije bn fb``lftivl ield cl cds. It ebls jbtodttlr wcdt jdtibj, wcdt rlìaibj, dje tbedy tcly sdy it ebls jbtodttlr wcdt slx cl cds. Vlx is dj bptibj ds nrll ds tcl fbujtry bnrlsieljfl, ds rlìaibus fbjnlssibj…tcis tcbuact puts dj lje tb tcltrdeitibjd`-lvlj nbr Lurbpldj fu`turl br Ijeb Lurbpldj fu`turl- tcljbtibj bn d plrsbj, wcbsl slx is dj ijslpdrdm`l fcdrdftlristif bn cis

plrsbjdìty. ‟

Clrl d eistijftibj mltwllj tcl ijeivieud` dje tcl fb``lftivl u`tiodtl`y

`ldes @imlrdìso tb d elstruftibj bn djy jbtibj bn rdfl, fu`turd` ieljtity,

jdtibjd` ieljtity br lvlj plrsbjd` slxud` ieljtity.>= @imlrdìso is d

>= Euaij lvlj abls sb ndr ds tb sdy tcdt tcl jdturd` fbjslquljfl bn @imlrdìso oust mlsdol slx odrridal, dje ds d fbjslquljfl tcl ijfrldsija elstruftibj bn tcl cuodjrdfl.



9=

jiciìso, tclrlnbrl, d spiritud` dje fu`turd` pdtcb`bay, tcdt sllks tb

elstrby djy fb``lftivl dssbfidtibjs tcdt cuodj mlijas drl jdturd``y

eispbsle tb odkl. Mut ij tcis Euaij puscls tcl jbtibjs bn tcl edjalrs bn

@imlrdìso tbb ndr. Cl pdrtifu`dr`y ndi`s tb rlfbajisl tcl edjalrs bn djy

iopbsitibj bn d stdtl jbtibj bn d fb``lftivl ds jiciìstif ij itsl`n. Cis

dpprbdfc rllks bn d kije bn Jdtibjd` Mb`sclviso, dje wci`st cl is d

prbf`diole ‐fbjslrvdtivl‟, mut bn tcl Jlw ]iact, oijaìja tcis witc d

‐aljuijl ndsfist ndsfiso‟ purale (cl f`dios) bn rdfiso, cl ylt sllks tb pdy

rlsplft tb tcl ‐oiacty djal`‟>6 @ljij’s elsirl nbr dj ijtlrjdtibjd`l8 d stdtl

fljtrif plrsplftivl, witc d ujinile fb``lftivl jbtibj bn d fboobj fdusl.

Ucis is dj bee prlsfriptibj, fbjsielrija tcl lxplriljfls dje `lssbjs tcdt

cdvl mllj `ldrjle my ]ussid eirlft`y, ij rlsplft tb @ljijiso br Vtdìjiso,

witc its jdtibjd` lopcdsis bj Odrxist-@ljijist prijfip`ls. D plrsplftivl

cl f`dios tb cdvl surpdssle, d`bja witc tcl btclr ndi`le ielb`bay bn tcl

=7tc fljtury ndsfiso. Ylt Euaij’s tclsis clrl tbb pdys fburt tb dj

lssljtid``y ndsfistif jbtibj bn d sumolraljfl bn tcl ijeivieud` ’s ieljtity

ijtb tcl fb``lftivl ieljtity. D vilw tcdt stdjes, ds Oussbìji d`` tbb f`ldr`y

elnijls8

‐ Dadijst ijeivieudìso. Ucl Ndsfist fbjflptibj is nbr tcl Vtdtl; djeit is nbr tcl ijeivieud` ij sb ndr ds cl fbijfiels witc tcl Vtdtl, wcifcis tcl fbjsfiljfl dje ujivlrsd` wi`` bn odj ij cis cistbrifd`

‐@bbk tclrl’s d nujedoljtd` prbm`lo clrl dmbut tcl aljelr prbm`lodtif, Itldfc fbursls bj tcl sbfib`bay bn aljelr Ucl ìmlrd` ield is mui`t bj tcl jbtibjbn dj ijeivieud` ieljtity dje it eblsj’t odttlr wcdt kije bn fb``lftivl ieljtitytcl plrsbj cds...wcdt is jbw mlija elstrbyle my @imlrdìso ij its `dst pcdsl wi``rldfc tclir fuòijdtibj ij sdol slx odrridal.‟

Euaij wbrrils it wi`` elstrby bur slxud` ieljtitils, dje tcl rl`dtibjs mltwllj d odjdje d wbodj, in sdol slx odrridal is ladìsle ds d jbro. Mut bn fbursl it cdre`y jllestb ml sdie tcdt tcl odhbrity bn plbp`l nll` jb jlle br fbopu`sibj tb fcdjal tclir slx brslxud` briljtdtibj my mlija aivlj tcl nrllebo tb fcbbsl.

>6 Ij tcis cl rlfbajisls tcdt djal`s fdj ml nbrfls bn lvi` br nbrfls bn abbe.



96

lxistljfl. It is bppbsle tb f`dssifd` @imlrdìso, wcifc drbsl nrbo tcljlflssity bn rldftija dadijst dmsbùtiso, dje wcifc mrbuact itscistbrifd` purpbsl tb dj lje wclj tcl Vtdtl wds trdjsnbrole ijtbtcl fbjsfiljfl dje wi`` bn tcl plbp`l. @imlrdìso eljile tcl Vtdtl ij

tcl ijtlrlsts bn tcl pdrtifu`dr ijeivieud`; Ndsfiso rldnniros tcl Vtdtlds tcl trul rldìty bn tcl ijeivieud`. Dje in ìmlrty is tb ml tcldttrimutl bn tcl rld` odj, dje jbt bn tcdt dmstrdft pupplt ljvisdale my ijeivieudìstif @imlrdìso, Ndsfiso is nbr ìmlrty. Dje nbr tcl bj`yìmlrty wcifc fdj ml d rld` tcija, tcl ìmlrty bn tcl Vtdtl dje bn tclijeivieud` witcij tcl Vtdtl. Uclrlnbrl, nbr tcl Ndsfist, lvlrytcija isij tcl Vtdtl, dje jbtcija cuodj br spiritud` lxists, oufc `lss cds vdùl, butsiel tcl Vtdtl. Ij tcis sljsl Ndsfiso is tbtdìtdridj, dje tclNdsfist Vtdtl, tcl syjtclsis dje ujity bn d`` vdùls, ijtlrprlts,elvl`bps dje aivls strljatc tb tcl wcb`l ìnl bn tcl plbp`l.‟>5

Euaij ij tcis rlsplft mlìlvls tcdt fiviìsdtibj is d fbjfrltl rldìty, dje jbt

siop`y d einnusl dje dmstrdft jbtibj. Mut cl d`sb dppldrs tb wdjt, dje

rdtclr trdjspdrljt`y sb, dj lxpdjsibj bn tcl ]ussidj stdtl my hustinyija it

ij d fu`turd` fb``lftivl tcdt prlsuols sioi`drity. Cl ndi`s tb dfkjbw`leal

tcl riacts bn ijeivieud`s dje ijelle ijeivieud` jdtibjs’ riacts tb elfiel ij

tcis. Cl rdtclr prlnlrs tb fcdopibj tcl riact bn tcl stdtl tb elfiel its

vdùls.

\`tiodtl`y, djy jbtibj bn fiviìsdtibj oust rlst bj tcl mlerbfk bn cuodj

riacts dje tcl wiscls bn tcl plbp`l, dje my tcdt rlfbursl, pdy rlsplft tb

tcl ijeivieud` dje tcl prijfip`ls bn Ijeivieudìso. Ucis is wcdt fbjstitutls

djy tru`y obrd` pci`bsbpcy bn nrllebo. Vufc prijfip`ls wi`` d`wdys ljsurl

d obrl ujivlrsd` jbtibj bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml d cuodj mlija, dje

sdnlaudre obrdìty ij turj. Ijeivieudìso scbuè quitl riact`y ml

‐prlslrvle‟ ij d fbjslrvdtivl sljsl, my virtul bn bur trdeitibjs, mut d`sb

my virtul bn dj ijeivieud`’s fbjflpt bn tclosl`vls dje tclir cuodj riacts;

>5 Mljitb Oussbìji 496=- @lfturl dje lxflrpt nrbo dj drtif`l bj Ndsfiso wcifcOussbìji wrbtl (witc tcl cl`p bn Aibvdjji Aljti`l) nbr tcl Ljfif`bpleid Itdìdjd.



95

ds djy nrll, riact tcijkija pd`lb-fbjslrvdtivl ij tcl F`dssifd` @imlrd`

trdeitibj wbuè devbfdtl. Ucis, cbwlvlr, is jbt d jiciìso tcrbuac

@imlrdìso, ds Euaij f`dios, mut d prlslrvdtibj bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml dj

ijeivieud` ij tcl mlst sljsl. It is d jlflssdry sdnlaudre nbr d cld`tcy

sbfilty dje fu`turl, dje d jlflssdry rlquirloljt nbr hust abvlrjoljt.

Mut bn tclsl ield`s Euaij pdys scbrt scrint. Cl slls jb jlflssity tb scbw

rlsplft8

‐I wdjt tb sdy tcdt cuodj riacts is d f`dssif rdfist tclbry, mlfdusl ij

tcis tclbry bn cuodj riacts, tcl Qlstlrj fbjflpt bn tcl cuodj istdklj ds tcl jbro, dje wclj plbp`l sprlde tclir jbtibj bn wcdt dcuodj is bvlr d`` btclr fu`turls, tcly iopbsl bj tclo dj dmsbùtl`ydjti jdturd` jbro, nrbo clrl wl alt wcdt wl fd`` ebum`l stdjedres.‟

D abbe fdsl fdj ml odel ndvburija Euaij clrl. Cuodj riacts is d f`dssif

rdfist tclbry, ijdsoufc ds its fbjtlopbrdry odjinlstdtibj tbb bntlj

fcdopibjs oijbrity riacts bvlr tcl riacts bn d`` olj dje wbolj. Wbsitivleisfrioijdtibj, ds dj lxdop`l, ebls jbt ndvbur djytcija mut oijbrity

ltcjifitils ij tcl jdol bn lqudìty, tb tcl eltrioljt bn tcl odhbrity. Ucis,

cbwlvlr, is olt ij tcl Fbjstitutibj, dje its dppld` tb tcl riacts bn ‐d``‟, ds

eltlroijle my Abe, jlles tb ml p`dfle ij tcl fbjtlxt bn d ujivlrsd`

prbtlftibj bn tcl riacts bn cuodjity ds d mdsif prijfip`l. Ucis fbjflrj is

tb prbtlft nrllebo dje ìmlrty nbr d``, elìoit tcl pbwlr bn abvlrjoljt,

dje prbtlft tcl riacts bn tcl ijeivieud` ds d nujedoljtd`.

Ij fbjsielrija tcl edjalrs bn iopbsitibj, cbwlvlr, Euaij ciosl`n dppldrs

tb scbw jb tb`lrdjfl nbr tcl riacts bn tcl ijeivieud`, mut bj`y tcl

fb``lftivl8

‐Ucl sbfilty tcdt ]ussid jlles scbuè jbt ml rlprlsljtdtivl

elobfrdfy, scbuè jbt ml d odrklt sbfilty, mdsle bj tcl objltdrylquivd`ljt bn d`` vdùls, dje scbuè jbt ml tcl ieibtif, djti-jdturd`,



9<

plrvlrsl ielb`bay bn cuodj riacts. Odrklt, elobfrdfy, cuodjriacts alt but bn clrl…tclsl drl tcl jbtibjs bn tcl ijeivieud` dsbppbsle tb tcl fb``lftivl. ‟

Ylt ij tcl Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl ij 411> tcl prldom`l tb tcl

ebfuoljt stdtls8

‐Ql fbjsielr tclsl trutcs tb ml sl`n -lvieljt, tcdt d`` olj drlljebwle my tclir Frldtbr witc flrtdij ujdìljdm`l ]iacts, tcdtdobja tclsl drl @inl, @imlrty dje tcl pursuit bn Cdppijlss. Ucdt tbslfurl tclsl riacts, Abvlrjoljts drl ijstitutle dobja Olj,elrivija tclir hust pbwlrs nrbo tcl fbjsljt bn tcl abvlrjle.‟

Clrl tcl lopcdsis is bj d obrl ujivlrsd` fbjflptibj bn wcdt it is tb ml d

cuodj witc tcl lpitclt ‐d`` olj‟. Uclrl is f`ldr`y jbtcija rdfist ij sufc d

jbtibj, ds tclrl is jb rlfbursl tb pdrtifu`drs, br d splfinif rdfl br triml bn

olj. Ucl fbujtlr drauoljt, cbwlvlr, oiact ml tcdt wclj tcis wds

sfrimle, s`dvlry wds ij prdftifl, dje tcl Arldt Lxplrioljt deoittle`y tbbktiol tb iop`loljt fivi` riacts dje dj lvb`vija jbtibj bn wcdt ‐d`` olj‟

ljtdi`le ij tlros bn wbolj’s riacts, dje tcl riacts bn Dnrifdj Dolrifdjs

tb mlfbol nu`` br lqud` fitizljs.

Cbwlvlr, tcl prbvisibj clrl is d`sb bjl tcdt suppbsls ujivlrsdìso ij d

obrl aljlrd` sljsl, jbt siop`y ds plrtdijija tb d`` fitizljs, ds oufc ds tb

ltlrjd` vdùls. Ucis is priodri`y d jdturd` riact, rdtclr tcdj olrl`y d `lad`

riact. Vufc riacts drl tclj tb ml dnnbrele ds d nujedoljtd` tb d``, siop`y

mlfdusl tcly drl aivlj my Abe. Ucis ield odkls prbvisibj nbr nuturl

prbarlssibj, mlfdusl bn d cuodjitdridj odjedtl, dje is jbt bjl tb ml

furtdi`le my tcl ìoitle plrsplftivls bn prlhueifle olj br sbfid`

fbjvljtibjs.



9>

Ucl lopcdsis bj ‐Abe aivlj‟ suaalsts dj dfflptdjfl tcdt u`tiodtl`y

cuodjity, ij d`` its eistijft nbros, scbuè ml prbtlftle ds dj ield` ltcbs tb

ljsurl ‐ìnl, ìmlrty dje tcl pursuit bn cdppijlss‟. Ucly drl slfurle my

abvlrjoljts ds `bja ds tcbsl pdrtifu`dr abvlrjoljts nb``bw tcl ujivlrsd`

dje eivijl prijfip`l tcdt tcly elrivl tclir hust pbwlrs my tcl fbjsljt bn

tcl plbp`l ds tcl abvlrjle, dje drl elìoitle ij pbwlr, sb tcly mlst slrvl

tclir rlprlsljtdtivls dje eb jbt ljedjalr ìmlrty.

Euaij dsslrts8

‐I do dadijst tcl odkija bn tcdt Dolrifdj Elf`drdtibj, fbjjlftle witc d Wrbtlstdjt obel` bn Uclb`bay, d Wrbtlstdjt pbìtifd` systlo,jbt dppìfdm`l tb Fdtcbìfs br tcl Brtcbebx, br d`` tcl obrl sb tbbtclr rlìaibjs tb aljlrdìsl tclo dje tb muiè bj tcdt mdsis .‟><

Ds bj d juomlr bn issuls, Euaij cds tcis ljtirl`y wrbja. D`tcbuac tcl

Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl oljtibjle ‐Jdturl’s Abe‟ dje tcl

‐Frldtbr‟, tcl Fbjstitutibj odkls jb rlnlrljfl tb Abe ij djy splfinifd``y

‐Wrbtlstdjt‟ sljsl. Ijelle, tcl Nirst Doljeoljt lxpìfit`y nbrmdel tcllstdmìscoljt bn djy bnnifid` Fcurfc br frlle. Uclrl is lvlj d stbry,

prbmdm`y dpbfrypcd`, tcdt Mljhdoij Nrdjkìj’s prbpbsd` tb fd`` ij d

fcdp`dij tb bnnlr d prdylr wclj d pdrtifu`dr`y fbjtrbvlrsid` issul wds

mlija elmdtle ij tcl Fbjstitutibjd` Fbjvljtibj prboptle Cdoi`tbj tb

bmslrvl tcdt cl sdw jb rldsbj tb fd`` ij ‐nbrliaj die‟. In tclrl is d f`ldr

`ladfy mlquldtcle my tcl nbujelrs, tclrlnbrl, it is tcl ijsistljfl tcdt bj

odttlrs bn rlìaibj d aivlj ijtlrprltdtibj wds d privdtl odttlr, ij wcifc

tcl stdtl scbuè jbt ijtlrnlrl.>>

>< Vll tcl trdjsfript clrl.

>> Eivlrsity is tcl eboijdjt pdttlrj clrl, fbooljsurdtl witc d nrllebo bnijtlrprltdtibj dmbut Fcristidjity. It is, cbwlvlr, nujedoljtd``y ‐Fcristidj‟ wclj d``sdie dje ebjl. ‐Wrbtlstdjtiso‟, cbwlvlr, is jbt tcl lxfùsivl tclol. Nrdjkìj djeHlnnlrsbj wlrl Fcristidj elists, Qdscijatbj cdrmburle d pdjtclistif sljsl bnprbvieljtid` elstijy, Hbcj Dedos mladj d Fbjarladtibjdìst dje ljele d \jitdridj,

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042263/Declaration-of-Independence

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063683/Bill-of-Rights

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039033/Alexander-Hamilton





http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039033/Alexander-Hamilton

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063683/Bill-of-Rights

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042263/Declaration-of-Independence



91

Euaij aljlrd``y aivls tcl ioprlssibj bn fbjnusija @imlrdìso, ij tcl

obelrj \V sljsl ds Fbrpbrdtl Vbfidìso, witc F`dssifd` @imlrdìso. Ucl

`dttlr mlija obrl rldei`y ieljtinidm`l witc wcdt oiact ml tlrole

Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd.>1 Mut ij splfinifd``y ieljtinyija tcl Elf`drdtibj

Cdoi`tbj stdrtle ds d ùklwdro Djaìfdj nbr obst bn cis ìnl, mut lomrdfle d obrlnlrvljt Fcristidj pbsturl dntlr cis sbj eile ij d eul`.

Bjl pci`bsbpcifd` rlìaibus fbjviftibj tcly d`` scdrle, cbwlvlr, wds d eisflrjim`lfbjflrj witc ivija bj ij tcl olobry nbr pbstlrity. Bjl rldsbj tcl obelrj leitibjs bntclir pdplrs drl sb lxtljsivl ij tcis rlsplft is tcdt obst bn tcl Nbujelrs wlrlfbopu`sivl`y ndstieibus dmbut prlslrvija lvlry sfrdp bn pdplr tcly wrbtl br rlflivle,

d`` ds pdrt bn d elsirl tb ldvl d `ladfy dje clritdal tcdt wbuè dssurl tclir ioobrtdìtyij tcl cistbry mbbks. D oltcbe bn ioobrtdìty dssurle tcrbuac frldtivity ij tcl drtist’sìnl, elsfrimle ij tcl Vyopbsiuo bn W`dtb. Qclj Hbcj Dedos dje Hlnnlrsbj eisfussletcl pbssimiìty bn d obrl fbjvljtibjd` Fcristidj ioobrtdìty, cbwlvlr, tcly tljele tbelsfriml (ij Vbfrdtif ndscibj) cldvlj ds d p`dfl wclrl tcly fbuè rlsuol tclir bjabijadrauoljt bj Ldrtc. Cis eljbtls d pci`bsbpcifd` mljt tcdt plroldtle djy rlìaibusebaodtiso. Nbr obst it nbuje nl``bwscip ij d Fcristidj ltcbs, mut wds jbt ìoitle myslftdridj squdmm`ls. It wds n`lxim`l ljbuac tb dfflpt lvlj irrlvlrljfl wclj Dedosdsslrtle tcdt in jb nuturl stdtl lxistle, cis devifl tb lvlry odj, wbodj, dje fciè wdstb ‐tdkl bpiuo.‟ Ij tcis, tclj, tcl dttituel wds jbt tb wbrry dmbut tcl oystlrils bn tclEivijl, mut tb ljfburdal bplj elmdtl, dje tcl fbjflrj witc ijfùsivity it ljfburdaletb sustdij d `ladfy nbr sumslquljt aljlrdtibjs tb rlolomlr. Ij tcdt sljsl tbb, djyeisfussibj bn tclo tbedy is d tlstdoljt tb sufflss dt dfcilvija ioobrtdìty.

It wds nrbo tcis sljsl bn rlìaibus tb`lrdjfl dje ìmlrty tcdt Dolrifd’s nirst ijtl``lftudòbvloljt wds dm`l tb lvb`vl ds d jlw elpdrturl. Urdjsfljeljtdìso drbsl dobjaJlw Lja`dje Fbjarladtibjdìsts wcb einnlrle nrbo brtcbebx Fd`vijiso bj twb issuls.Ucly rlhlftle prlelstijdtibj, dje tcly lopcdsisle tcl ujity ijstlde bn tcl trijity bnAbe.

Nb``bwija tcl sflptifiso bn Edvie Cuol, tcl trdjsfljeljtdìsts tbbk tcl stdjfl tcdtlopirifd` prbbns bn rlìaibj wlrl jbt pbssim`l. It d`sb elvl`bple ds d rldftibj dadijst43tc fljtury rdtibjdìso, dje Hbcj @bfkl’s pci`bsbpcy bn Vljsudìso. It isnujedoljtd``y fbopbsle bn d vdrilty bn eivlrsl sburfls, ijfùeija Cijeu tlxts ikl tcl

^leds, tcl \pdjiscdes dje tcl Mcdadvde Aitd, vdribus rlìaibjs, dje Alrodjieldìso. Ucis pci`bsbpcifd` dje ìtlrdry obvloljt is jbtdm`l cbwlvlr ij devbfdtijatcdt sbfilty dje its ijstitutibjs―pdrtifu`dr`y bradjisle rlìaibj dje pbìtifd` pdrtils―u`tiodtl`y fbrrupt tcl purity bn tcl ijeivieud`. Ucly cdvl nditc tcdt plbp`l drl dt tclir

mlst wclj tru`y ‐sl`n -rlìdjt‟ dje ijelpljeljt. It is bj`y nrbo sufc rld` ijeivieud`stcdt sl`n- plrnlftibj fbuè ml ndscibjle dje trul fbooujity fbuè ml nbrole.

>1 Odjy obelrj sfcb`drs bn @imlrdìso draul tcdt jb pdrtifu`dr`y oldjijanuèistijftibj mltwllj f`dssifd` dje obelrj @imlrdìso lxists. D`dj Qb`nl D Nd`slEistijftibj suoodrisls tcis vilwpbijt, wcifc8



93

clrl, cl is rlvldìja tcdt cl is obrl dwdrl bn tcl eistijftibjs tcdj cl `lts

bj. It oiact ml dfflptle tcdt tcl obelrj nbro bn @imlrdìso is jbt siop`y

dj lvbùtibj, mut d fbrruptibj bn F`dssifd` @imlrdìso ij its trul sljsl.

Euaij, cbwlvlr, siop`y dppldrs tb `bdtcl @imlrdìso ij d`` its nbros,

irrlsplftivl bn wcltclr tcly fbujtlr br darll witc cis bwj prbnlssle

pbsitibjs ds d fcdopibj bn tcl riacts bn ]ussidj sbvlrliajty, nrllebo dje

tcl ]ussidj plbp`l.

Ucl djbod`y clrl tbb rlsts bj tcl jbtibj bn wcdt obelrj @imlrdìso

ljtdi`s. Obelrj @imlrdìso lopcdsisls tcl ijfrldsija ijtlrvljtibj bn tcl

‐rlhlft(s) djy sufc eistijftibj dje draul(s) ijstlde nbr tcl lxistljfl bn dfbjtijubus ìmlrd` ujelrstdjeija tcdt ijfùels mbtc Dedo Voitc dje HbcjOdyjdre Klyjls... Ucl ield tcdt @imlrdìso fbols ij twb nbros dssuols tcdttcl obst nujedoljtd` qulstibj ndfija odjkije is cbw oufc abvlrjoljtijtlrvljls ijtb tcl lfbjboy... Qclj ijstlde wl eisfuss cuodj purpbsl djetcl oldjija bn ìnl, Dedo Voitc dje Hbcj Odyjdre Klyjls drl bj tcl sdolsiel. Mbtc bn tclo pbsslssle dj lxpdjsivl sljsl bn wcdt wl drl put bj tcis ldrtctb dffbopìsc. Mbtc wlrl bj tcl siel bn ljìactljoljt. Mbtc wlrl bptioists

wcb mlìlvle ij prbarlss, mut wlrl eumibus dmbut ardje sfclols tcdt f`diole

tb kjbw d`` tcl djswlrs. Nbr Voitc, olrfdjtiìso wds tcl ljloy bn cuodjìmlrty. Nbr Klyjls, objbpbìls wlrl. It odkls plrnlft sljsl nbr dj liactlljtc-fljtury tcijklr tb fbjfùel tcdt cuodjity wbuè n`burisc mlst ujelr tcl nrllodrklt. Nbr d twljtiltc fljtury tcijklr fbooittle tb tcl sdol ield`,abvlrjoljt wds dj lssljtid` tbb` tb tcl sdol lje... Obelrj @imlrdìso mlija…tcl `baifd` dje sbfib`baifd` butfbol bn f`dssifd` @imlrdìso.‟

Cbwlvlr, dffbreija tb Qi`ìdo H. Jbvdk, ‐Ucl Jbt-Vb-Vtrdjal Mirtc bn tcl Obelrj Dolrifdj Vtdtl8 D Fbooljt bj Hdols D. Cljrlttd's 'Fcdr`ls Lvdjs Cuacls dje tclVtrdjal Eldtc bn @imlrd` Dolrifd‟, @dw dje Cistbry ]lvilw =5, jb. 4 (=77>),@imlrdìso ij tcl \jitle Vtdtls scintle, ‐mltwllj 4311 dje 4961...nrbo `disslz-ndirlfbjstitutibjdìso tb Jlw Eld` stdtiso, nrbo f`dssifd` @imlrdìso tb elobfrdtif sbfid`-

wl`ndriso.‟

@. U. Cbmcbusl, ij @imlrdìso (@bjebj8 Qi`ìdos dje Jbradtl, 4944), dttrimutle tcisscint, wcifc ijfùele qudìnile dfflptdjfl bn abvlrjoljt ijtlrvljtibj ij tcl lfbjboydje tcl fb``lftivl riact tb lqudìty ij eldìjas, tb dj ijfrldsle elsirl nbr ‐hust fbjsljt‟.Cdylk wrbtl tcdt Cbmcbusl's mbbk wbuè cdvl mllj obrl dffurdtl`y tit`le ‐Vbfidìso‟dje Cbmcbusl ciosl`n fd``le cis mlìlns ‐@imlrd` Vbfidìso‟. Vll N. D. Cdylk, ‐UclNdtd` Fbjflit8 Ucl Lrrbrs bn Vbfidìso‟ (\ji vlrsity bn Fcifdab Wrlss, 4994), 447. It

wbuè ml d oistdkl tbb tb prlsuol mlfdusl tclrl is cistbrif fbjtijuity tcdt tclrlnbrl mbtc plrsplftivls drl tcl sdol. Jlb Fbjslrvdtiviso drbsl nrbo Fbjslrvdtiviso, mutjb bjl bn sljsl wbuè wisc tb suppbsl its Urbtskyist briaijs scbuè tclrlnbrl mlbvlr`bbkle, jbr tcdt it is aljuijl`y ‐Fbjslrvdtivl‟.



99

stdtl, dje its iopbsitibj bj tcl plbp`l, ij d obrl sbfidìsle, nlelrdìsle,

fb``lftivisle, stdtl-fljtrif jbtibj bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml d fitizlj. Mut tcis

is jbt bjl tcdt Euaij ciosl`n (my cis bwj oldsurl bn rldsbjija) scbuè

nldr ij cis fd`` nbr d stdtl fb``lftivl.

Ij rlsplft tb tcis nldr, Euaij bmhlfts bj`y tb tcl ujipb`drity bn djy sl`n-

iopbsle \V @imlrdìso, wcifc my its rlfbursl tb Ijeivieudìso prlsljts d

edjalrbus fbrruptibj bn tcl obrl fb``lftivisle stdtl jbtibj bn wcdt it

oldjs tb ml ]ussidj. Fb``lftiviso is tclj, nbr Euaij, tcl djtiebtl dadijst

tcl plri`s bn Qlstlrj ujivlrsdìso. Mut ij tcis, obrl wbrryija`y, Euaij

ndi`s tb ujelrstdje tcl vdùl bn dj ijeivieud` ds d cuodj mlija.

Nurtclrobrl, cl fbjtijud``y fbooits d nujedoljtd` lrrbr ij cis

fbjnusibj bn wcdt tcl ujivlrsd` ‐Olj‟ br ‐d`` olj‟ ljtdi`s br fbuè

lomrdfl.

Euaij eblsj't sll Odj ij tcl W`dtbjif sljsl (d pci`bsbpclr cl f`dios tb

deoirl) mut fbjtijud``y fbjnusls pdrtifu`dr ijstdjfls witc tcl ujivlrsd`

(liebs). Cl bj`y fbjsielrs tcl rl`lvdjfl bn d odj-odel stdtl-fljtrif

plrsplftivl dje its lnnlft bj d splfinif plbp`l, rdtclr tcdj fbjsielrija tcl

mrbdelr plrsplftivl bn wcdt tcl obrl lssljtid` ujivlrsd` cuodj mlija

fbuè ljtdi`. Ucis aljlrd` f`dssinifdtibj ujitls us ij d obrl ujivlrsd`

sljsl, irrlsplftivl bn eistijftibjs dje elnijitibjs bn jdtibj, rdfl, br ijelle

fu`turl br fiviìsdtibj.

Ucl ijtrijsif fcdrdftlr bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml cuodj ij tcl obrl ujivlrsd`

sljsl, is fbjtijubus`y bvlr`bbkle my Euaij. It is rlp`dfle bj`y witc d

pbìtifd` jbtibj bn abvlrjoljt. Ucl ujivlrsd` is fdpdm`l bn eisflrjoljt

dje aivls risl tb ou`tip`l plrsplftivls, mut it ylt ljtdi`s dj lssljtid`

lssljfl (busid) bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml Cuodj dje prdftifd``y d elnijitibj

bn odj ds d fitizlj bn tcl wbrè ij d obrl aljlrd` sljsl. Ucis is jbt siop`y

d fd`` nbr fiviìsdtibjd` ujipb`drity ds d ujivlrsdìso, ij d pdrtifu`dr



477

pbìtifd` ielb`baifd` sljsl, mut d fd`` nbr d rlfbajitibj bn wcdt it is tcdt

ujitls us ij bur fboobj jdturl ds cuodj mlijas, wci`st deoittija bn

einnlrljt plrsplftivls. Ucl einnlrija plrsplftivls plroit tcl riact bn

einnlrljt nbros bn abvlrjoljt dje pbìtifd` systlos, mut tcl ujivlrsd`

eljbtls tcl nujedoljtd` riacts bn cuodj mlijas tb ml prbtlftle, dje tcl

nujedoljtd` prijfip`ls bn ìmlrty, hustifl, ijelpljeljfl dje sbvlrliajty

tb stdje. Ij tcis, Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd fdjjbt ml ellole d tcrldt tb djy

btclr jdtibj my virtul bn its mdsif prijfip`ls. Ijelpljeljfl dje

sbvlrliajty drl ujivlrsd` dje Abe aivlj riacts, wcifc jb pdrtifu`dr jdtibj

fdj bvlrfbol br eltlroijl ij isb`dtibj.

Qclj tcis pci`bsbpcy is rlfbajisle dje prbplr`y ujelrstbbe it sbbj

mlfbols dppdrljt tcdt jb tcrldt wbuè ml wdrrdjtle nrbo Fbjstitutibjd`

Dolrifd. It ndfiìtdtls dje slrvls tb prbtlft djy jdtibj’s riact tb

ijelpljeljfl dje sbvlrliajty. My rlfbursl tb it, tcl nrllebo bn tcl

ijeivieud` nrbo tcl plri`s bn litclr nbrliaj abvlrjoljts, br ijelle its bwj

abvlrjoljt, dadijst tcl wi`` bn tcl plbp`l, is prbtlftle.

Djy oldjijanu` prbarlss nbr pldfl dje d jlw wbrè fdj bj`y ml tru`y

lstdmìscle my rlfbajisija tcl nujedoljtd` eistijftibjs mltwllj f`dssifd`

dje obelrj @imlrdìso, mltwllj tcl riacts bn tcl ijeivieud` dje

Ijeivieuìso prbtlftle nrbo tcl iopbsitibj bn fb``lftiviso, tcl riacts bn

nrllebo ujelr tcl `dw eltlroijle my d ìoitle nlelrd` abvlrjoljt, ds

bppbsle tb tcl iopbsitibj bn d abvlrjoljt ardjtle d`` tcl pbwlr, lvlj in

it f`dios tb ml dftija nbr tcl mlst obtivls. Ucl `dttlr rlsu`ts bj`y ij

tbtdìtdridjiso dje jbt d rlpumìf, wclrl tcl ijeivieud` nijes trul nrllebo

ìmlrty dje hustifl.

Obrlbvlr, Fbjstitutibjdìso is dj bjabija lxplrioljt. It tclrlnbrl

ljtdi`s dje wdrrdjts d fbjtijuija nrll elmdtl ds tb its pci`bsbpcifd`

olrits. Its fbjflrj is jbt tb stin`l nrll spllfc ds eltlroijle my



474

abvlrjoljt sdjftibjs br pbìtifd` fbrrlftjlss, ds tb wcdt fdj br fdjjbt ml

sdie. It is dj ljeldvbur, wcifc is susflptim`l tb elnijitibj, dje ij tcdt

elnijitibj, wcifc is dj lvlr lvb`vija prbarlssibj bn wcdt it oldjs tb

ujelrstdje obrl f`ldr`y, mbtc nbr tcl pci`bsbpclr, tcl pbìtifidj dje tcl

fitizlj, it wdrrdjts fbjtijud` eisfussibj, elmdtl dje djd`ysis, tb cl`p cbjl

d mlttlr kjbw`leal bn its ijtrijsif fcdrdftlristifs. It is ij tcis sljsl

aljuijl`y bplj tb ioprbvloljt dje elvl`bpoljt, dje ebls jbt rlprlsljt

d objbìtcif pltrinifdtibj8 tcl `dttlr mlija sb fcdrdftlristif bn tcl Vbvilt

obel` bn tcl pdst.

Ucl Dolrifdj jdtibj wds nbujele upbj tcl ield tcdt tcl ujinyija

prijfip`l bn sbfilty is jbt tcl abvlrjoljt, tcl drole stdtl murldufrdfy,

br tcl Fcurfc, mut sbfilty itsl`n, its fu`turl, its rlìaibj, its trdeitibjs, dje

its obrd` vdùls. Euaij’s vilw aivls priodfy tb tcl Vtdtl dje its rb`l

ijnbros its fitizljs bn tcl virtuls bn wcdt nditc is dje wcdt abbejlss is, ij

sbol bnnifid` sljsl, mut dppldrs pdrtifu`dr ìoitle ij tcis fbjtlxt. It is

mìje tb djy rlfbajitibj bn wcdt tcl spiritud` dje obrd` ljeldvbur bn tcl

ujivlrsd` nbr ‐d`` olj‟ oldjs. Ylt my virtul bn its `bjalvity, tcl

Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl dje tcl \V Fbjstitutibj plrcdps rlprlsljt

tcl obst sufflssnu` ljeldvbur tb lopcdsisl tcl iopbrtdjfl bn tclsl obrl

ujivlrsd` prijfip`ls. It is d rlodrkdm`l tlstdoljt tb its eurdmiìty dje

n`lximiìty ij d pbìtifd` `djesfdpl tcdt fbjtijud``y scints dje fcdjals. Ucl

vdùls dje ields bn tcl Nbujeija Ndtclrs cdvl prbviele tcl fbjtlxt nbrtcl bjabija lxplrioljt. Ucly sti`` dppldr tb cdvl ljeurle, mrbuact

prbsplrity, dje d obrd` sljsl bn purpbsl ij tclir wdkl. Ucl f`dio bn purl

Fbjstitutibjdìsts tb strijaljt`y rllvdùdtl tcl furrljt pbìtifd`

prbarlssibj ij tcl ìact bn tclo fdj bj`y ml d abbe tcija. It scbws cbw

Dolrifd is d nrll sbfilty, prlpdrle tb ujelrab strijaljt sl`n-lxdoijdtibj8

d jdtibj wcifc isj’t dnrdie bn tcl prbm`los dje issuls tcdt oiact ml rdisle

mlfdusl bn it.



47=

Djy rlfbajitibj bn tcis my Euaij tclj ds d pci`bsbpclr dt `ldst jlles cio

tb dfflpt tcdt Fbjstitutibjdìso is jbt cis ljloy. >3 It rlquirls strbjalr

eistijftibjs nrbo Euaij tcdj tcl siop`l dje bnt odel f`dio tcdt ‐ Qlstlrj

@imlrdìso‟ is d tcrldt, witcbut d obrl strijaljt lxdoijdtibj bn wcdt tcdt

elnijitibj dftud``y eljbtls dje ljtdi`s. Ij tcl prbvisibjd` sljsl,

Fbjstitutibjdìsts oiact wl`` darll (dwdrl ds tcly drl bn tcl sumvlrsivl

edjalrs bn fu`turd` Odrxiso, prbarlssiviso, sbfidìso, ltf) mut Euaij fdj

nije jb cdrmbur ij djy dttdfk bj tcl Elf`drdtibj tcdt ebls jbt rdisl oufc

strbjalr suspifibjs tcdt cl is ij ndft dj ljloy bn tcbsl vlry prijfip`ls bn

sbvlrliajty, ijelpljeljfl dje plrsbjd` ìmlrty tcdt cl ciosl`n f`dios tbsuppbrt.

Ijeivieudìso vlrsus Fb``lftiviso

Euaij slls ij tcl eifcbtboy mltwllj Ijeivieudìso dje Fb``lftiviso, d

eirlft pdrd``l` bn Qlst vlrsus Ldst. Ij tcis, Euaij slls Ijeivieudìso ijtcl f`dssif sl`nisc sljsl8 ds d plrsbj tdkija pdrt ij sbfilty bj`y tb nurtclr

cis br clr bwj ijtlrlsts, br dt `ldst tb nurtclr tcl riact tb slrvl cis br clr

bwj ijtlrlsts, witcbut tdkija tcl ijtlrlsts bn sbfilty ds d wcb`l ijtb

fbjsielrdtibj.

Euaij vilws @imlrdìso ds tcl prlloijljt pbìtifd` plrsplftivl bn sufc

vdùls, dje cl ieljtinils ij tcis tcl sburfl bn d`` bur wbls.>9 Bjl lxdop`l

>3 Mut ij tcis wl drl suppbsle tb elnlr tb cis vilw tcdt8 ‐Wutij is lvlrywclrl, Wutij islvlrytcija, Wutij is dmsbùtl, Wutij is irrlp`dfldm`l.‟

>9 D obrl pbsitivl usl bn tcl tlro ij Mritdij fdol tb ml usle witc tcl writijas bn HdolsLìscdod Voitc, wcb wds d oi``ljdridj dje d Fcristidj Isrdlìtl. D`tcbuac dj ldr`yBwljitl Vbfidìst, cl lvljtud``y rlhlftle its fb``lftivl ield bn prbplrty, dje nbuje ijijeivieudìso d ‐ujivlrsdìso‟ tcdt d``bwle nbr tcl elvl`bpoljt bn tcl ‐briaijdàljius.‟ Qitcbut ijeivieudìso, Voitc draule, ijeivieud`s fdjjbt dodss prbplrty tbijfrldsl bjl’s cdppijlss. Vll F`dlys, Arlabry (493>). ‐Ijeivieudìso, Vbfidìso, dje

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476

oiact ml aivlj ds tcl elfdy bn tcl ndoi`y mlfdusl ijeivieud`s drl

ljfburdale bj`y tb tcijk bn tclosl`vls dje jbt btclrs, tclir slxud` jlles,

ltf. mlija pdrdobujt, wci`st odrridal is vilwle ds mlija d murelj. Br tcl

obrl splfinif lxdop`l cl aivls fbjflrjija tcl fbjnusibj bn d plrsbj

fdusle my tcl lxflssivl ijeivieudìsija dje ìmlrdìsija bn tcl slxud`

ieljtity. It is d vdùl tcdt prbarlssls tb tcl pbijt tcdt u`tiodtl`y lvlj tcl

rb`l bn aljelr mlfbols d rlstriftibj, dje tcl nrllebo tb fcbbsl mlija d

nl-odj is dvdi`dm`l br ljfburdale, br sdol slx odrridal is dfflptle ds

mlija dj ijeivieud` prlrbadtivl. Ucis is pursule lvlj ij tcl ndfl bn tcl

eldtc bn d rdfl dje/ br dj ljtirl fu`turl. Ucl jiciìstif rdoinifdtibjs cl vilws drl dj ijlvitdm`l prbarlssibj. 17

Vbfiltils dje arbups fdj, cbwlvlr, einnlr ij tcl lxtljt tb wcifc tcly drl

mdsle upbj prleboijdjt`y ‐sl`n-rladreija‟ (ijeivieudìstif dje draudm`y

sl`n-ijtlrlstle) mlcdvibur, rdtclr tcdj ‐btclr-rladreija‟ (arbup-

briljtle, dje arbup, br sbfilty-oijele) mlcdvibur. Ucis is dppdrljt ij

]utc Mljleift’s eistijftibj mltwllj ‐aui`t‟ sbfiltils (l.a., oleilvd`

Lurbpl) witc dj ‐ijtlrjd` rlnlrljfl stdjedre‟, dje ‐scdol‟ sbfiltils

(l.a., Hdpdj, ‐ mrijaija scdol upbj bjl’s djflstbrs‟) witc dj ‐lxtlrjd`

Vbfid` Vfiljfl8 Nurtclr Jbtls bj d Wrbflss bn Fbjflptud` Nbrodtibj, 4377-43<7‟. Hburjd` bn tcl Cistbry bn Ields (\jivlrsity bn Wljjsy`vdjid Wrlss. Qi`ìdo Odffd``,djbtclr \jitdridj prldfclr, dje prbmdm`y dj dfqudijtdjfl bn Voitc, fdol sbolwcdt`dtlr, d`tcbuac ijnùljfle my Hbcj Vtudrt Oi``, Ucbods Fdr`y`l, dje Alrodj]bodjtifiso, tb tcl sdol pbsitivl fbjfùsibjs, ij cis 4351 wbrk ‐L`loljts bnIjeivieudìso‟, Vwdrt, Kbljrdde Q. (49>=). ‐Ijeivieudìso ij tcl Oie-JijltlljtcFljtury (43=>-43>7)‟, Hburjd` bn tcl Cistbry bn Ields (\jivlrsity bn Wljjsy`vdjidWrlss) =6 (4)8 11‖97.

17 Dj ijtlroleidry vilw ij tcis elmdtl dppldrs tb ml Hldj-Hdfquls ]bussldu wcbf`diole tcdt cis fbjflpt bn ‐aljlrd` wi``‟ ij tcl ‐sbfid` fbjtrdft‟ is jbt tcl siop`lfb``lftibj bn ijeivieud` wi``s, dje tcdt it nurtclrs tcl ijtlrlsts bn tcl ijeivieud`. Uclfbjstrdijt bn `dw itsl`n wbuè ml mljlnifid` nbr tcl ijeivieud`, ds tcl `dfk bn rlsplft nbrtcl `dw jlflssdri`y ljtdi`s, ij ]bussldu’s lyls, d nbro bn iajbrdjfl dje sumoissibj tbbjl’s pdssibjs ijstlde bn tcl prlnlrrle dutbjboy bn rldsbj. 'Ucl Vbfid` Fbjtrdft, trdjs.Odurifl Frdjstbj. Wljauij8 Wljauij F`dssifs ^dribus Leitibjs, 49>3‖=771.

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475

rlnlrljfl stdjedre‟. Ij tcl `dttlr, plbp`l `bbk tb tclir pllrs nbr nllemdfk

bj wcltclr dj dftibj is ‐dfflptdm`l‟ br jbt. Ucis is d`sb kjbwj ds ‐arbup-

tcijk ‟.14

Ij tcis fbjtlxt, Ijeivieudìso is bntlj fbjtrdstle litclr witc

tbtdìtdridjiso, br witc fb``lftiviso,1= mut ij ndft tclrl is d splftruo bn

mlcdvibur rdjaija nrbo ciac`y ijeivieudìstif sbfiltils, tcrbuac oixle

sbfiltils, riact tcrbuac tb obrl fb``lftivisle sbfiltils.

Qci`st tcl ijeivieud` dje Ijeivieudìso drl f`ldr`y eistijft fbjflpts, tcl

prbm`lo bn Ijeivieudìso dje its dssbfidtle pdrdeiao @imlrdìso fdj bj`y

ml ujelrstbbe ij tlros bn tcl lnnlfts it lxlrts bj ijeivieud`s. Obrl

splfinifd``y, it fdj bj`y ml obrl nu``y ujelrstbbe ij dj ijeivieud`’s rl`dtibj

witc btclr cuodj mlijas. Ij tclir rl`dtibjscips bjl fdj eisflrj dttituels,

vdùls, dje tclrlnbrl obrdìty dje ltcifs. Mut jlitclr fdj dj ijeivieud`’s

ieljtity olrl`y ml elnijle ij tcl fbjtlxt bn d arbup. Ucl rld` lssljfl bn

wcdt dj ijeivieud` is fdjjbt siop`y ml sdie tb rlst ij sbol fb``lftivljbtibj bn ‐arbup ieljtity ‟. Jbr fdj it olrl`y ml elnijle ij tlros bn bjl’s

sbfid` pbsitibj ij d f`dss. Ijelle, d fdsl oiact ml odel bn its edjalrs8 ds

ijeivieud` ieljtity mlfbols sumolrale ij djy arbup ieljtity, dje

mlfbols olrl`y bmsfurle dje ioitle, supprlssle, br lvlj tb sbol lxtljt

djjici`dtle ij ieljtinyija witc it.

Ub ml dj ijeivieud` is bjl tcija; tb ml d pdrtdklr bn, br dj ljadalr witc

ijeivieudìso is djbtclr. Ucl `dttlr eljbtija tcl sljsl bn d obrd` cdmit br

dj ielb`baifd` fbjviftibj. Ij tcis, tclrl is d f`ldr W`dtbjif pdrd``l`, wclrl

14 ‐Ucl Fcrysdjtclouo dje tcl Vwbre8 Wdttlrjs bn Hdpdjlsl Fu`turl‟, ]ut`dje, Û.49<5 bria. 495>.

1= Cdylk, N.D. (4995). ‐Ucl ]bde tb Vlrnebo‟, Ucl \jivlrsity bn Fcifdab Wrlss. p. 41,61‖53.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism





47<

tcl pdrtifu`dr pdrtdkls bn tcl ield` nbro ij sbol sljsl. Ucl pdrtifu`dr is

btclr tcdj it, mut is elnijle ij d obrl ujivlrsd` obrd` sljsl my rlfbursl

tb it. Cljfl, tcl odjy abbe `deils ij tcl wbrè dje tcl odjy abbe olj,

eb sb my virtul bn tclir pdrtifipdtibj ij sboltcija wcifc is ylt btclr tcdj

tcl splfinif br pdrtifu`dr lxdop`ls bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml abbe. Ucly drl

abbe my virtul bn tclir ijtlrdftibj witc d obrl trdjsfljeljt dje ujivlrsd`

vdùl bn Abbejlss. Ylt my virtul bn tclir abbe ljeldvburs, tcly ylt

pdrtifipdtl fb``lftivl`y ij tcl ujivlrsd` Abbe, wcifc eljbtls tcl jdturl bn

tclir fboobj Abbejlss. Qci`st tcis ljtdi`s einnlrljt plrsplftivls, it is d

oldsurl bn wcdt it ljtdi`s tb kjbw tcl Abbe. It is d`sb tcl ljeldvbur bneid`lftif elmdtl tb sllk tb prbnnlr d mlttlr elnijitibj my ijeivieud`s bn wcdt

abbejlss ljtdi`s.

Euaij, cbwlvlr, fdj sll jb vdùl ij djy fbopdrisbj witc tcl vdùl bn

Qlstlrj ijeivieudìso ds d pdrdeiao bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml nrll br obrd`

br lqud`. Jbr ebls cl sll djy obrd` vdùl plrtdijija tb tcl Abbe ij djy

ujivlrsd` jbtibj bn @imlrdìso tcdt oiact eljbtl tcl prdftifd` dje

pbìtifd` iop`loljtdtibj bn tcl pdrdeiao. Irbjifd``y, cbwlvlr, cl

prdftisls it ds dj ijeivieud` ciosl`n, wclj cl lxlrfisls cis bwj nrllebo

bn lxprlssibj ij elmdtl, dje it is bjl cl wbuè prlsuodm`y jbt wisc tb sll

furtdi`le ij tcis rlsplft my tcl ìoitija rlstriftibjs bn arbup tcijk.

Ijeivieudìty, ij tcis sljsl, fbjsists ij tcl pbwlr ldfc bn tcl bppbjljts

cds tb aivl tcis br tcdt djswlr tb d flrtdij qulstibj nrll`y, mut it fbjsistsd`sb ij dj ijeivieud` mlija nrll tb rlhlft tcl nbrou`dtibj bn tcl prloisl,

dje tcl rlscdpija bn tcl prloisl dadij nrbo its nbujedtibjs, ds cl br scl

slls nit. It is tcis prdftisl bn ijeivieudìso tcdt cl ljhbys, mut it is bjl jbt

bntlj dvdi`dm`l, cbwlvlr, ds dj ijeivieud` witcij tcl ìoitle rlstriftibj bn

d fb``lftivl, br vid tcl iopbsitibj bn d stdtl odjedtl.



47>

Ij tcis obst prlfibus riact bn nrllebo, bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml dj

ijeivieud`, Euaij ndi`s tb sll tcdt tcl fb``lftivl riacts bn tcl stdtl cdvl sb

bntlj tdklj prlfleljfl. Nurtclrobrl, ij tcis rld` prdaodtif sljsl, tcdt

tcl ijeivieud` cds mllj trbeelj ujelrnbbt, br ellole lxpljedm`l nbr tcl

arldtlr ijtlrlsts bn tcl arbup. Fb``lftiviso tclj, ij tcis sljsl, cds tbb

bntlj elvdùle tcl wbrtc bn d cuodj ìnl.

Ijeivieudìso dje Fb``lftiviso drl jbt olrl`y dmstrdft, ielb`baifd` tlros,

witc jb sljsl bn d sumstdjtivl cistbrifd` rldìty ujelr`yija tclo. Ucly drl,

rdtclr, ielb`bails ijnbroija fbjfrltl pbìtifd` obvloljts tcdt cdvl dje

wi`` fbjtijul tb iopdft cuodj ìvls. Ij tcis tbb, tcl tlros eb jbt lxprlss

olrl`y ìjldr dje ujivbfd` prijfip`ls bn dftibj, mut twb fùstlrs bn

eid`lftif tljsibjs, wcifc odjinlst tclosl`vls ij rld` fbjtrdeiftibjs lvlry

tiol bjl dttlopts tb put bjl br btclr bn tclo ijtb prdftifl. Ij tcis, Euaij

rldìsls tcl jlflssity bn spldkija dadijst tcl nbl bn @imlrdìso, br ij tcl

mrbdelr sljsl Ijeivieudìso, mut cl tbb ldsi`y usls tcl tlro tb viìny tcbsl

cl cdtls ij d plhbrdtivl dje jbt fbjstruftivl eisfussibj.

Elnijitibjs bn kly tlros

Ds prdftitibjlrs bn eid`lftif, wl jlle tb elnijl tcl obrd` dje ioobrd`

oldjijas bn tcl tlros, dje wcdt tcly eljbtl, dfflptija ds wl eb tcdt it

ody jbt ml pbssim`l tb ljtirl`y slpdrdtl tcl wcldt nrbo tcl fcdnn, jbr

jlflssdri`y slpdrdtl tcl abbe nrbo tcl mde.

‐Ijeivieudìso‟ ds B`dvb el Fdrvd`cb bn tcl Ijtlr-Dolrifdj Ijstitutl

(‐Ucl \VD dje tcl Jlw Qbrè Brelr‟) elnijls it, ody eljbtl d aljlrd`

sl`niscjlss, ijeinnlrljfl tb ybur jliacmbur, br tcl sb`l fbjflrj tb pursul

bjl’s bwj ijtlrlsts tb tcl lxfùsibj bn btclrs. Fbjvlrsl`y, it fdj d`sb ml

elnijle ds tcl obrd` euty tb rlsplft tcl ijtlarity dje nrllebo bn ldfc



471

ijeivieud`. D fbjflrj tb prbtlft tcl ijeivieud` nrbo lxp`bitdtibj my

btclrs, br (ds ij tcl fdsl bn s`dvlry) nrbo mlija usle ds d olrl tbb` bn

djbtclr, wcifc tclrlnbrl ìoits tcl dttdijoljt bn bur sl`nisc purpbsls.

Bj tcl btclr cdje, ds Wrbnlssbr el Fdrvd`cb dadij jbtls ‐Fb``lftiviso‟

fdj eljbtl sbìedrity, d sljsl bn d`truiso, dje sl`n-sdfrinifl nbr tcl abbe bn

d``. Qci`st fbjvlrsl`y, it fdj eljbtl tcl sumoissibj, br sumolraija bn tcl

ijeivieud` ij tcl jdol bn d tyrdjjifd` arbup vdùl, wcifc dppldrs tb bnnlr

bj`y dmstrdft fb``lftivl mljlnits nbr tcl arbup ds d wcb`l, dje jbt tcl

ijeivieud`, wcb cds mlfbol el-ijeivieudìsle.

Iop`loljtle ij tcl fbjfrltl wbrè bn pbìtifs dje abvlrjoljt, cbwlvlr,

ds Clal` dje Odrx jbtle wclj butìjija tclir tclbrils bj eid`lftif

prbarlssibj, tcl eud` oldjija ijvlrts tcl pribrity bn tcl abbe br lvi`

dssbfidtle witc tclsl tlros. Fb``lftiviso, tclj, ds d prijfip`l bn aljlrd`

sbìedrity, rldìsls itsl`n ij tcl ijeivieud` mlfboija el-ijeivieudìsle dje

tcl sumolraljfl bn tcl odss bn ijeivieud` wi``s. Ucis tljes tb `lde (vid d

prbarlssivl`y rlìjquiscle cilrdrfcy bn fboodje) tb dj ijeivieud` witc

dmsbùtl fbjtrb` bn tcl odssls ij brelr tb dfcilvl tcijas8 d Eldr @ldelr,

Kija, Loplrbr, Nðcrlr, ltf. Ucis plrsbj is d suppbsle lombeioljt bn

pbwlr ij sbol sljsl bn tcl odssls bn plbp`l, mut ij rldìty rltdijs d`` tcl

wldkjlssls, ìoitdtibjs, dje elnlfts bn dj ijeivieud`.

Vufc dj ijeivieud` dnnbrele dmsbùtl pbwlr ijvdridm`y mlfbols erujk witc pbwlr dje fbrrupt. Cl mlfbols ioobrd` dje `dfks tcl obrd`

ijtlarity pbsslssle lvlj my odjy breijdry ijeivieud`s, witc ioitle dfflss

tb pbwlr. Ucis ioobrdìty tbb bntlj `ldes tb d eisrladre nbr tcl vdùl bn dj

ijeivieud` ìnl, bnnslt ds it is my tclir suppbsle fbjflrj nbr tcl fb``lftivl

abbe, dje bntlj rlvld`s itsl`n olrl`y ds dj ijeivieud` elsirl tb odijtdij

tclir bwj pbwlr nbr sl`nisc ljes.



473

Ucl dmsbùtl pbwlr dnnbrele tb Vtdìj, Fcdirodj Odb dje Wb` Wbt, witc

tclir eisrladre nbr tcl vdùl bn d cuodj ìnl, drl sbol cistbrif lxdop`ls.

It jlle bj`y ml jbtle tcdt djy dmsbùtl pbwlr, put dt dj ijeivieud`’s

eispbsd`, prbviels tclo witc tcl oldjs tb iopbsl tclir ijeivieud` wcios

upbj tcl odss bn el-ijeivieudìsle sumhlfts, wcifc `ldes tb tcl ruij dje

eldtc bn oi`ìbjs. Ucl `baifd` prbarlssibj u`tiodtl`y bn djy fb``lftivl

sbìedrity, tclrlnbrl, risks tcl fcdjfl bn fuòijdtija ij tcl lopirl bn tcl

Dmsbùtl Ijeivieud`; d elndu`t pbsitibj ij brelr tb alt tcijas ebjl. It is

jlflssitdtle tb iop`loljt sboltcija tcdt tcl iopbtljt rdmm`l bn odssls

fdjjbt dfcilvl. Vufc dj ijeivieud` @ldelr is bntlj elinile. Cl is, cbwlvlr,rdrl`y d trul obrd` lxlop`dr br dj lombeioljt bn abbe, mut ioobrd` dje

dj lombeioljt bn lvi`. Dmsbùtl fb``lftiviso ij tcis sljsl mrlles

Dmsbùtl Labiso, dje odj-odel abes mlfbol objstlrs.16

@iklwisl, Ijeivieudìso, in tdklj ij its jladtivl sljsl, jbt bj`y furtdi`s its

u`tiodtl pbìtifd` fbjslquljfls, mut it fdjjbt lvlj ml put ijtb prdftifl vid

oujedjl ijeivieud` dftibjs. Ucl tbtd` eisdnnlftibj tb pllrs, tcl lxfùsivl

elvbtibj tb d pursuit nbr bj`y ijeivieud` devdjtdal, lxfùels tcl d`truistif

elsirl tb scdrl witc btclrs nbr tclir abbe. It fu`tivdtls d obrd` vdfuuo dje

dj labfljtriso tcdt mrlles bj`y xljbpcbmid tb tcl eljid` bn buact l`sl.

Nbr lxdop`l, tcl plri`s bn d Vfrbbal ìkl fcdrdftlr, fbujtija d`` cis objly

ij sbìtuel, wci`st eljyija cis nl``bw cuodj mlijas d scrle bn tcl mljlnits

tcdt sufc objly fbuè mrija. Cl ebls sb mlfdusl cl, mìjele my tcl sl`niscpursuit bn dffuou`dtija it nbr cis bwj oislrdm`l ljes, fbols tb cdrmbur

16 It is tb ml jbtle clrl tcdt tcl vlry virtul bn ìoitija tcl pbwlr bn d Wrlsieljt br dWriol Oijistlr ij tcis rlsplft ljsurls tcdt tcly tbb wi`` jbt mlfbol eiftdtbrs brtyrdjts ij tcl dmsbùtl sljsl, d vitd` oldsurl ij ljsurija djy ijeivieudìsle pbwlr isdeoijistlrle dje scdrle dobjast rlprlsljtdtivls wcb ij d slfbjedry sljsl rlprlsljttcl wi`` bn tcl plbp`l. F`ldr`y d hust pbìtifd` systlo rlquirls d scdrija bn djyijeivieud` rlspbjsimiìty bn pbwlr tb audrdjtll ndirjlss dje obrdìty dje ds d sdnlty

vd`vl dadijst Dmsbùtl Labiso.



479

bj`y fbjtlopt, dje ij cdrmburija sufc fbjtlopt ij sbìtuel cl jurturls

it, wcifc ijfrldsls cis oislry ij sbìtuel, dje bj`y ijfrldsls cis sl`nisc

dios. It is vlry oufc d sl`n- sustdijija vifl.

Ij tclsl twb sfljdribs, cbwlvlr, it is f`ldr tcdt tcl `baifd` prbarlssibj bn

fb``lftiviso (ij djy jladtivl sljsl) fdj ml fdrrile tb dj lxtrlol pbijt,

wcifc cdrmburs rld` trbum`l nbr btclrs, wclrlds tcl jladtivl

fbjslquljfls bn ijeivieudìso ebls jbt. Ucl Dmsbùtl Ijeivieud` is jbt

ìoitle ij cis usl bn labtistifd` pbwlr dje fdj mlfbol tcl elstrbylr bn

wbrès, ujìkl cl wcb olrl`y prdftifls ijeivieudìso. Nbr ij rlsplft tb

tcl `dttlr, it fdj bj`y ml prdftisle ij d rlstriftle sljsl. It is my its vlry

jdturl rlstriftle, It is, tclrlnbrl, ijfdpdm`l bn abija mlybje tcl ìoits bn

its sbìtdry ebodij tb devlrsl`y ijnùljfl tcl swdtcl bn cuodjity.

Ij fbjtrdst tb tcl pbsitivl rdoinifdtibjs bn Ijeivieudìso, cbwlvlr,

elnijle ij tcl sljsl bn rlsplft dje elvbtibj tb tcl ijtlarity bn ijeivieud`s,

its prdftifl is jbt bj`y vidm`l, mut d`sb fbjstitutls tcl sb`l mdsis upbj

wcifc bjl fdj frldtl tcdt ljvirbjoljt bn cuodjitdridj sbìedrity tcdt is

tcl prbf`diole, mut ujrldìsle utbpid bn fb``lftiviso.

Ucl prdftifd` rlsu`ts bn iop`loljtija Ijeivieudìso

B`dvb el Fdrvd`cb (bp.fit) dadij deoirdm`y prbviels ij cis lxfcdjal witc

Wrbnlssbr Euaij d ìst bn tcl virtuls bn Dolrifdjiso. Cl riact`y mrijas tb

bur jbtifl tcl virtuls bn Ijeivieudìso, wcifc tcl Dolrifdj plbp`l eisp`dy



447

deoirdm`y ij tclir sbfilty. Cl fbjtrdsts tclsl witc d `dfk bn pci`djtcrbpif

ljeldvbur my ]ussidjs. 15 1<

15 Ds Wrbnlssbr el Fdrvd`cb stdtls8‐4. Dolrifdjs drl tcl plbp`l wcb fbjtrimutl tcl obst tb fcdritdm`l fdusls ij tcl

wbrè.=. Ucl \VD is tcl bj`y fbujtry wclrl ijeivieud` fbjtrimutibjs tb fcdritdm`l fduslssurpdss tbtd` abvlrjoljt die.6. Dobja tcl 4= plbp`ls wcb aivl tcl obst ij vbùjtdry fbjtrimutibjs―\VD, \K,Fdjded, Dustrdìd, Vbutc Dnrifd, Irl`dje, tcl Jltclr`djes, Vijadpbrl, Jlw Xld`dje,

Uurkly, Alrodjy, dje Nrdjfl, Dolrifdj fbjtrimutibjs drl obrl tcdj twifl tcbsl bntcl rujjlr-up (\K). In djy sodrt auy wiscls tb eioijisc tcl iopbrtdjfl bn tclslniaurls, d``laija tcdt ‐tcly aivl obrl mlfdusl tcly drl rifclr,‟ cl mlttlr nbralt it8 tclfbjtrimutibjs drl jbt rdjkle ij dmsbùtl juomlrs, mut ds d plrfljtdal bn AEW.

Dolrifdjs siop`y pu`` but obrl bn tclir bwj pbfklt tb cl`p tcl pbbr dje tcl sifk, lvljij ljloy fbujtrils. Ucl obst sbìedry ]ussid dje Fcijd eb jbt lvlj odkl it tb tclìst.5. Dolrifdjs debpt obrl brpcdj fcièrlj―ijfùeija nrbo ljloy fbujtrils―tcdj d``btclr plbp`ls bn tcl wbrè fbomijle.<. Dolrifdjs drl tcl bj`y plbp`l wcb, ij lvlry wdr tcly niact, rlmuiè tcl lfbjboy bntcl elnldtle fbujtry, lvlj dt tcl fbst bn odkija it d trdel fbopltitbr dje d pbwlrnu`ljloy ij tcl eip`bodtif nilè. Fbopdrl wcdt tcl \VD eie ij Nrdjfl, Itd`y, Alrodjy,dje Hdpdj witc wcdt Fcijd eie ij Uimlt, br ]ussid ij Dnacdjistdj.>. Dolrifdjs eb jbt bnnlr bj`y tclir objly tb tcl pbbr dje tcl jlley. Ucly aivl tclotclir tiol ij tcl nbro bn vbùjtdry wbrk. ^bùjtdry wbrk is bjl bn tcl bèlst dje obstsbìe Dolrifdj ijstitutibjs. Cd`n bn tcl Dolrifdj pbpu`dtibj eleifdtls its tiol tb wbrknbr nrll nbr cbspitd`s, fcièfdrl fljtlrs, brpcdjdals, prisbjs, ltf. Qcdt btclr plbp`l ijtcl wbrè cds odel dftivl fbopdssibj dj lssljtid` l`loljt bn its sty`l bn lxistljfl21. Ij deeitibj, tcl vdùl dttrimutle my Dolrifdj sbfilty tb wbrks bn aljlrbsity djefbopdssibj is sufc tcdt jb mia scbt ij nijdjfl br ijeustry ody ebeal tcl euty bnodkija iooljsl djjud` fbjtrimutibjs tb ujivlrsitils, cbspitd`s, dje sb bj, mlfdusl incl rlnusls tb eb it, cl wi`` ml iooleidtl`y ebwjardele nrbo tcl stdtus bn cbjburlefitizlj tb tcdt bn pumìf ljloy.‟

1< Vll Ucl Fljtrl bj Wci`djtcrbpy dt Ijeidjd \jivlrsity, Aivija \VD =747. Ucl Djjud`]lpbrt bj Wci`djtcrbpy nbr tcl Yldr =779 (A`ljvilw I@8 Aivija \VD Nbujedtibj,=747); Ucl Fljtrl nbr A`bmd` Wrbsplrity, Ucl Ijelx bn A`bmd` Wci`djtcrbpy dje]loittdjfls =747 (Qdscijatbj E.F.8 Cuesbj Ijstitutl, =747); Fcdritils DieNbujedtibj, Ijtlrjdtibjd` Fbopdrisbjs bn Fcdritdm`l Aivija, Jbvlomlr =77>, FDNMrilnija Wdplr (Kljt8 Fcdritils Die Nbujedtibj, =77>); îraijid D. Cbeakijsbj lt d`.,Aivija dje ^bùjtllrija ij tcl \jitle Vtdtls. Nijeijas nrbo d Jdtibjd` VurvlyFbjeuftle my Ucl Ad`ùp Bradjizdtibj (Qdscijatbj E.F.8 Ijelpljeljt Vlftbr, 4999);

@bri Fdrdjal`b, Ucl \`tiodtl Vldrfc Mbbk8 Qbrèwiel Debptibj, Aljld`bay djeBtclr Vlfrlts (Md`tiobrl8 F`ldrnilè, =744).



444

Wrbnlssbr Euaij, bj tcl btclr cdje, elfrils tcl virtuls bn Dolrifdj

Ijeivieudìso, prlnlrrija tb ndvbur d Vijb-]ussidj ‐cbìso‟. It is tcl

f`dssif Ijeivieudìso fbjtrd Fb``lftiviso eisputl.

Ij rlsplft tb Ijeivieudìso, Euaij f`dios plbp`l bj`y dft dffbreija tb

tclir bwj prlnlrljfls. Ucis is tb tcl eltrioljt bn tcl fb``lftivl dje

u`tiodtl`y tcl ijeivieud` ij turj. Cl fd``s ijstlde nbr d ellplr sljsl bn

fb``lftivl ieljtity, dje ij tcis d arldtlr dje obrl eyjdoif sljsl bn

fb``lftivl purpbsl. Ucis, cl f`dios, is fcdrdftlristif bn ]ussid dje its

cistbry. Ij tcis fd``, cbwlvlr, Euaij aljlrd``y fbjn`dtls ijtlardtibj witc

tcl arldtlr bmhlftivls prbpbsle my tcl abvlrjoljt. Ucl rlsu`t tbb bntlj

fdj ml fcdrdftlrisle jbt ij d arldtlr sljsl bn obrd` purpbsl, tb slrvl nbr

tcl mljlnit bn tcl fb``lftivl, mut bj`y tcl prlsuoptibj bn d arldtlr iopltus

tb dft nbr tcl wi`` bn dj Dmsbùtl @ldelr. It is itt`l wbjelr tclj tcdt Euaij,

sllkija tb fbomdt tcl obrd` elfrlpituel tcrldtljija ]ussid nrbo dj

ljfrbdfcija \V @imlrdìso, fdj nlrvljt`y lxf`dio8

‐Wutij is lvlrywclrl, Wutij is lvlrytcija, Wutij is dmsbùtl, Wutij isirrlp`dfldm`l.‟1>

Ij tcis dppld` tb tcl bojipbtljt dje bojisfiljt pbwlr bn tcl Dmsbùtl

@ldelr, bjl fdj eisflrj tcdt tclrl is ìtt`l spdfl `lnt nbr fcdritdm`l wbrks

tb cl`p jlley ijeivieud`s br lvlj ijeivieud` fdusls. Euaij’s obrd`

prlsfriptibj tb turj ]ussid ijtb d cld`tcy stdtl dadij is rdtclr bjl tcdt

rlquirls tcl wl`ndrl bn tcl fboobj odj tb ml ij sbol sljsl ‐sdfrinifle‟

1> ^`deioir Wbsjlr Ijtlrvilws D`lxdjelr Euaij. Vll clrl.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPkEDRSYUpo






44=

nbr tcl arldtlr jdtibjd` oissibj. Cl slls tcis oissibj ds jlflssdry, ij

brelr tb rlf`dio its bjfl arldt lxpdjsls dje Ldstlrj trdeitibjs.11

\`tiodtl`y, Euaij’s abd` dppldrs tb dìljdtl tcl ijeivieud` dje its

suppbsle lab-fljtrif tljeljfils, mut it is bjl tcdt bj`y eljbtls dmlydjfl

tb cis prbf`diole Wutij abe, rdtclr tcdj ij tcl slrvifl bn tcl fboobj nb`k.

Ij tcis, wci`st Euaij fbjflels tcl ou`tipìfity bn `ldelrs dje fiviìsdtibjs

oust ml rlfbajisle, dje d`` drl fbjsielrle lxflptibjd`, ds drl tcl vdùl bn

d`` trimls, cis dfflptdjfl bn cis bwj `ldelr witcij tcl ebodij bn cis

‐Arldtlr ]ussid‟ visibj is vlry oufc aivlj ds dj dmsbùtl.

Ucl pdrdebx clrl is tcdt Euaij oiact wl`` rlfbajisl tcl jlflssity bn djy

aivlj juomlr bn `ldelrs ij djy juomlr bn fiviìsdtibjs, ylt cl sllks tb

rlsist tclo ij prlnlrljfl tb cis Wutij abe. Cl odkls rlpdrdtibj tb tcl

Dmsbùtl wi`` bn Wutij. Ylt ij odkija dmlydjfl tb d Arldt ]ussidj @ldelr,

rdtclr tcdj tb tcl plbp`l, tclrl fdj bj`y ml bjl rlsu`t, ds tcl cistbry bn tcl

]ussidj au`da pljb`bay sb scbfkija`y prbvle ij tcl Vtdìjist lrd. Jlitclr

jlle bjl suppbsl tcdt tcis is dj lrrbr olrl`y fbjsiajle tb tcl pdst ds d

cistbrifd` `lssbj tcdt fbuè jbt ml rlpldtle dadij. 13 It is clrl tcdt

11 Djytcija mut dmlydjfl dje `bvl tb tcl Dmsbùtl dutcbrity bn Wutij is tdjtdobujt tbd pdtcb`bay nbr Euaij. ‐Cdtrle tbwdres ]ussidjs dje Wutij ij \krdijl is tcl cdtrle bnd arbup bn sfcizbpcrljifs tb d ebftbr, bn d mujfc bn erujkdres tb d sclrinn , bn d ellp`ysifk plrsbj tb d cld`tcy bjl.‟ Vll clrl. Mut wci`st fbjtijuija tb tclj f`dio quitlriact`y tcdt rdfiso is d pdtcb`bay, cl fdsts tcl riact tb prdftisl @imlrdìso brElobfrdfy vlry oufc ij tcl sdol tlros. ‐Ucl sbfilty tcdt ]ussid jlles scbuè jbt mlrlprlsljtdtivl elobfrdfy, scbuè jbt ml d odrklt sbfilty…scbuè jbt ml tcl ieibtif,djti-jdturd` plrvlrsl ielb`bay bn cuodj riacts.‟

13 Er. Hueitc Wd``bt, Ucl Au`da ds tcl Frufim`l bn ]ussi d’s =4st Fljtury Vystlo bn Wujiscoljt , Bxnbre \jivlrsity, rlpbrtle tcdt dt `ldst 4=7 ‐nbrlst fb`bjils‟ (nbrfle`dmbur fdops) edtija nrbo tcl Vtdìj lrd drl sti`` mlija usle tb cbusl tljs bntcbusdjes, d`` bn tclo elnijle ds ‐frioijd`s‟ ds bppbsle tb tcl oix bn pbìtifd`sumvlrsivls tcdt bmhlftle tb Vbvilt tyrdjjy ij nbrolr yldrs. Ucl fdops Er. Wd``btrlpbrts bj drl `bfdtle ij tcl Wlro rlaibj bn tcl Jbrtclrj \rd`s. Ucl dvlrdal yldr`ytloplrdturl ij tcdt rlaibj is dmbut oijus 4· F, d`tcbuac eurija tcl `bja wijtlr nrboBftbmlr tb Ody it nd``s ds `bw ds oijus 57· F .






446

Fb``lftiviso mlfbols d objstlr lombeile ij d cuodj abe ruìja tcl

ndfl`lss odssls, dje ij tcdt tbb is prbviele d cdrmbur nbr d rld`

lombeioljt bn lvi`. Qclrlds it cdre`y jlle ml stdtle tb djy Fcristidj,

pdrtifu`dr bjl bn Wrbnlssbr Euaij’s nlrvljfy dje brtcbebxy, tcdt bj`y Abe

ijfdrjdtl ds Fcrist lombeile tcl dttrimutl bn tcl plrnlft Ijeivieud`.

Ucl Fcristidj fbjtlxt nbr Ijeivieudìso

Ij fbjtrdst tb Euaij’s dmsbùtiso, tcl nbujeija bn Dolrifdj stdtlcbbe,

writtlj ij tcl Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl dje tcl Fbjstitutibj, dttlopts

tb ljfbel tcl prijfip`l virtuls bn tcl Dolrifdj plbp`l ij tclir fbjflpt bn

tcl stdtl.

‐Ql tcl Wlbp`l bn tcl \jitle Vtdtls, ij Brelr tb nbro d obrl plrnlft\jibj, lstdmìsc Hustifl, ijsurl ebolstif Urdjqui`ìty, prbviel nbrtcl fboobj elnljfl, prbobtl tcl aljlrd` Ql`ndrl, dje slfurl tclM`lssijas bn @imlrty tb bursl`vls dje bur Wbstlrity, eb bredij dje

lstdmìsc tcis Fbjstitutibj nbr tcl \jitle Vtdtls bn Dolrifd.‟

Ij tcis, Dolrifd cds sbuact priodri`y tb fu`tivdtl ij its Fbjstitutibj, jbt

Dmsbùtl Vtdtiso, mut ds Dmrdcdo @ijfb`j ij cis Alttysmura Deerlss (dje

mlnbrl cio Hbcj Qyfìnnl) dsslrtle, d abvlrjoljt dje d jdtibj ‐ujelr

Abe‟. Ucis ‐jdtibj‟8

‐…scd`` cdvl d jlw mirtc bn nrllebo―dje tcdt abvlrjoljt bn tclplbp`l, my tcl plbp`l, nbr tcl plbp`l, scd`` jbt plrisc nrbo tclldrtc.‟ 19

19 Vll clrl nbr tcl Alttysmura Deerlss Vpllfc my Dmrdcdo @ijfb`j.

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445

Mbtc tcl prijfip`l bn nrllebo dje tcl rlìaibj bn Fcristidjity, dfflptle ij

d splftruo bn plrsplftivls, prbviele tcl nbujedtibj bj wcifc mbtc tcl

Mritisc dje Dolrifdj jdtibjs wlrl mui`t.

Ij 45tc fljtury Lja`dje, Bxnbre \jivlrsity Wrbnlssbr dje Uclb`baidj

Hbcj Qyfìnnl fbjfùele nrbo cis stuey bn tcl Mim`l tcdt in tcl plbp`l bn d

sbfilty wbuè abvlrj tclir bwj ìvls, rlhlftija wrbja dje ebija riact

vbùjtdri`y, tclrl wbuè ml jb jlle nbr d abvlrjoljt bn lxtlrjd` nbrfl tb

fbjtrb` tclo. Nbr Qyfìnnl, –Eboijibj ml`bjas tb ardfl’. Ij tcdt cl oldjt

tcl fbjtrb`ìja dutcbrity, wcifc dt tcdt tiol wds d abvlrjoljt bn nbrfl

elpljeljt bj tcl swbre tb fbjtrb`, wbuè u`tiodtl`y yilè tb d

abvlrjoljt bn obrd` prijfip`l, slrvija tcl obrd` fcdrdftlr bn tcl plbp`l.

Nbr Qyfìnnl, p`dfija tcl Mim`l ij tcl cdjes bn tcl plbp`l wds tcl oldjs

tb audrdjtll d obrd` abvlrjoljt. Ucl plbp`l fbuè tclj rlde tcl Mim`l,

fbol tb kjbw Abe plrsbjd``y tcrbuac Hlsus Fcrist, dje rlnbro tclir ivls

ij dffbredjfl witc its prijfip`ls ij lvlry drld bn ìnl. Ucus, ij splfinif

rlsplft tb fivi` abvlrjoljt, Qyfìnnl sdie8 ‐Ucis Mim`l is nbr tcl

abvlrjoljt bn tcl plbp`l, my tcl plbp`l, nbr tcl plbp`l.‟ Cl fbjfùele

tcdt tcl trul nbujt bn ìmlrty ij djy sbfilty wds wielsprlde, mut obrlbvlr

tcl lopcdsis rlst bj ijeivieud` Fcristidj fcdrdftlr.

Uclrl is ìtt`l ij tcis plrsplftivl tcdt wbuè cdvl mllj dìlj tb tcl plbp`l

dttljeija tcl Alttysmura Deerlss, wclj @ijfb`j lfcble tcbsl wbres. Nbr mbtc Qyfìnnl dje @ijfb`j, tcl lxistljfl bn ìmlrty elpljele bj nditc, dje

dj ujelrstdjeija bn bur fboobj cuodjity. Ub rlstbrl ìmlrty tclj, wl

oust nirst adij d prbplr ujelrstdjeija bn bur bwj trul vdùl dje

fbjtlxtudìsl bur trul sl`n ij tcl prijfip`ls, virtuls dje riacts aivlj tb us

my Abe ds cuodj mlijas.



44<

Ds @ijfb`j bjfl jbm`y sdie wclj rlnlrljfija tcl nrdolrs bn tcl

Elf`drdtibj bn Ijelpljeljfl8

‐Uclsl fbooujitils, my tclir rlprlsljtdtivls ij bè IjelpljeljflCd``, sdie tb tcl wcb`l wbrè bn olj8 "Ql cbè tclsl trutcs tb mlsl`n-lvieljt8 tcdt d`` olj drl frldtle lqud`; tcdt tcly drl ljebwle my tclir Frldtbr witc flrtdij ujdìljdm`l riacts; tcdt dobja tclsldrl inl, imlrty dje tcl pursuit bn cdppijlss." Ucis wds tclir odhlstifijtlrprltdtibj bn tcl lfbjboy bn tcl \jivlrsl. Ucis wds tclir `bnty,dje wisl, dje jbm`l ujelrstdjeija bn tcl hustifl bn tcl Frldtbr tbCis frldturls. [Dpp`dusl._ Yls, aljt`lolj, tb d`` Cis frldturls, tbtcl wcb`l arldt ndoi`y bn odj. Ij tclir ljìactljle mlìln, jbtcija

stdople witc tcl Eivijl iodal dje ìkljlss wds sljt ijtb tcl wbrètb ml trbeelj bj, dje elardele, dje iomrutle my its nl``bws. Uclyardsple jbt bj`y tcl wcb`l rdfl bn odj tclj ìvija, mut tcly rldfclenbrwdre dje slizle upbj tcl ndrtclst pbstlrity. Ucly lrlftle d mldfbj tb auiel tclir fcièrlj dje tclir fcièrlj’s fcièrlj, dje tclfbujt`lss oyrides wcb scbuè ijcdmit tcl ldrtc ij btclr dals. Qislstdtlsolj ds tcly wlrl, tcly kjlw tcl tljeljfy bn prbsplrity tb mrlle tyrdjts, dje sb tcly lstdmìscle tclsl arldt sl`n-lvieljttrutcs, tcdt wclj ij tcl eistdjt nuturl sbol odj, sbol ndftibj,sbol ijtlrlst, scbuè slt up tcl ebftrijl tcdt jbjl mut rifc olj, brjbjl mut wcitl olj, wlrl ljtit`le tb ìnl, ìmlrty dje tcl pursuit bncdppijlss, tclir pbstlrity oiact `bbk up dadij tb tcl Elf`drdtibj bnIjelpljeljfl dje tdkl fburdal tb rljlw tcl mdtt`l wcifc tclirndtclrs mladj -- sb tcdt trutc, dje hustifl, dje olrfy, dje d`` tclcuodjl dje Fcristidj virtuls oiact jbt ml lxtijauiscle nrbo tcl`dje; sb tcdt jb odj wbuè clrldntlr edrl tb ìoit dje firfuosfrimltcl arldt prijfip`ls bj wcifc tcl tlop`l bn ìmlrty wds mlija mui`t.‟

-Vpllfc dt @lwistbwj, I`ìjbis, bj Duaust 41, 43<3 (FQD@ II8<5>).

It is ij tcl jurturija bn nrllebo dje virtubus mlcdvibur tcdt wl ljdm`l

abbejlss tb n`burisc. Abbejlss is jbt sboltcija d mljlnifljt abvlrjoljt

mlstbws; nbr it drisls nrbo tcl cldrts bn nrll fitizljs rldrle ij d trdeitibj

bn obrdìty dje ìmlrty. Ij tcis, tcl Dolrifdj jdtibj obrl splfinifd``y wds

nbujele upbj tcl ield tcdt tcl ujinyija prijfip`l bn sbfilty is jbt siop`y

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44>

tcl abvlrjoljt, tcl murldufrdfy, br tcl oiìtdry, mut sbfilty itsl`n8 its

fu`turl, rlìaibj, trdeitibjs dje obrd` vdùls.

Wrbnlssbr Euaij, cbwlvlr fdjjbt sllo tb fbjflivl bn djy obel` bn sbfilty

btclr tcdj tcl bjl dssiajija fbjtrb` ij d kije bn ]ussidj, ioplrid`

tclbfrdfy , wclrl d`` fitizljs drl ‐sbèilrs‟.37 Dj drrdjaloljt ìkl tcl

prlsljt ij obelrj ]ussid, wclrl tcl nbrolr KAM (jbw tcl NVM) wbrks ij

tdjelo witc tcl Fcurfc dje tcl Wdrty tb scdfk`l tcl plbp`l. Mut ij

Euaij’s elsirl nbr d kije bn rlmbrj ]ussidj ioplrid` tclbfrdfy (d

37 Nbr Euaij, tcl ield bn tcl pbwlr bn tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc ds d cistbrifd` daljt cdsijnùljfle cis ‐cbìstif‟ jbtibj bn tclbfrdtif lopirl. Cl fbjflivls bn tcl lopirl dslodjdtija nrbo tcl Fcurfc dje ujitle syombìfd``y, ij tcl plrsbj bn tcl Usdr. Ij djijtlrvilw aivlj ij 4993 tb d Wbìsc odadzijl. ‐I do Qditija nbr Ivdj tcl Ulrrim`l‟,Elflomlr 44, 4993, 467-45>, cl qudìnils ds ‐clrlsy‟ tcl eistijftibj mltwllj Fcurfcdje Lopirl tcdt scdple Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj. Mut witcbut tcis slpdrdtibj, tcl bj`ycypbtclsis is tcdt rlìaibus lxpdjsibj fbijfiels witc tcl tlrritbry bn lopirl. Ij tcis,tcl vdribus lopirls dje ioplrid` jdtibjs bn cistbry cdvl d`wdys cde wl``-elnijle

mbrelrs tcdt slpdrdtle tclo nrbo btclr lopirls dje ijelpljeljt jdtibjs. Ij tcisfdsl, cbwlvlr, tcl ioplrid` rlìaibj mlfbols dj lxpdjele jdtibjd` rlìaibj. Ucl Usdr,ds tcl clde bn d olrl jdtibjd` rlìaibj, cds jb pbssimiìty bn lxpdjeija tcdt rlìaibj

mlybje its mbrelrs. It is tclrlnbrl ìoitle, ujìkl tcl Fcurfc bn tcl QlstlrjFiviìsdtibj, br, d`tlrjdtivl`y, in rlìaibj is tb n`burisc ds ujivlrsd` mlìln, cl cds tbijvdel d`` fbujtrils dje mlfbol tcl loplrbr bn tcl wbrè.

Mbtc Jdtibjd` Mb`sclviso dje its Lurdsidj dje jlb-Lurdsidj vlrsibjs drl mbrj nrbodj ijtlrjd` fbjtrdeiftibj bn tcl ]ussidj ioplrid` rlìaibj. Ucl Lurdsidj prbhlft is tclbj`y wdy but nbr tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc in it ebls jbt wdjt tb rlodij ìoitle tb tcl]ussidj jdtibj. Ij tcis it cds mllj lnnlftivl`y jlutrdìsle my tcl jdtibj bn ]ussid itsl`n,dje tcus prlvljtle nrbo nu`ni`ìja its stdtle oissibj tb ml sprlde ujivlrsd``y. UclFcurfc bn Lja`dje wds jbt nbujele bj d prijfip`l bn ujivlrsdìso cbwlvlr, mut isìoitle my tcl Vtdtl. Dolrifd, cbwlvlr, wds nbujele bj d f`ldr eistijftibj mltwlljFcurfc dje Vtdtl.

Ij fbjtrdst, tcl ]bodj Fdtcbìf Fcurfc fdj lxpdje tb tcl `dst nrbjtilrs fbonbrtdm`y,ds it ebls jbt fdrry tcl murelj bn d Cb`y ]bodj Lopirl bj its mdfk. Ucis is wcdtcdppljle dntlr its eissbùtibj ij 437>, wci`st tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc is sti`` jdtibj-

mbuje dje `bbks nbr d oldjs tb lxpdje drbuje tcl wbrè. D`` tcl wbrè ields bnWrbnlssbr Euaij dppldr lxprlssivl bn tcis mrbdelr fbjflrj ij sbol sljsl. Clfbooujifdtls d Lurdsidj daljed tb prbviel d sbùtibj nbr tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc. D``tcl td`k dmbut albpbìtifd` mbrelrs fbuè ml d strdtlaif drrdjaloljt tb try tb nu`ni` tcliopbssim`l erldo bn tcis ardje cistbrifd` bmhlftivl wcifc, ij fcbbsija tb ml djioplrid` rlìaibj, fbjelojle itsl`n tb twb fcbifls8 litclr rlodij ioprisbjle witcijjdtibjd` mbrelrs, br mlaij d a`bmd` wdr.



441

Ebstbylvskidj vilw) dje ij cis nldr bn tcl Qlst (witc its lopcdsis bj

Ijeivieudìso) cl dppld`s nbr lvlj arldtlr pbwlr tb ml aivlj tb tcl Vtdtl,

ds it is tcl Vtdtl tcdt wi`` fbjnlr upbj tcl plbp`l wcdt is br isj’t dfflptdm`l

obrdìty.

Cis nldr dje elsirl nbr tcl virtuls bn d Fcristidj jdtibj, eltlroijle

olrl`y my tcl stdtl, mìjes cio tb tcl virtuls bn Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd. D

jdtibj cl fdj bj`y sll tcrbuac tcl priso bn cis mìjklrle pbìtifd` mlìlns

ds bjl nbstlrija labfljtrif jdrfissiso. Qci`st tcl lxplrioljt ijelle ody

jbt ml plrnlft, dje tcl \V tbedy ody ijelle cdvl `bst its wdy, Euaij’s

plrsplftivl lvlj tbedy is siop`y jbt rln`lftivl bn tcl dftibjs br tcl

dttituels bn tcl vdst odhbrity bn tcl Dolrifdj plbp`l. 34

Wci`djtcrbpy is bjl mdsle bj dj declrljfl tb tcl prijfip`ls bn d`truiso ds

d virtul mdsle ij nrllebo. It is jbt bjl nbrfle upbj tcl plbp`l my d

abvlrjoljt tcdt fbopl`s tclo tb dft, mut my tcl pbwlr bn tclir bwj nditc,

dje tcl virtuls bn tclir bwj obrd` fcdrdftlrs. Ucis is d plrsplftivl ij its

rbbts dje dt its cldrt tcdt is stllple ij d Fbjstitutibjd` trdeitibj

prbobtija tcl virtuls dje mljlnits bn nrdtlrjity, lqudìty dje ìmlrty;

virtuls tcdt aivl risl jdturd``y tb d`truiso. Ucl Elf`drdtibj bn

34 Urdeitibj is dìvl wclrl nditc is dìvl dje tcis is dìvl ij tcl \jitle Vtdtls, wclrl tclodhbrity bn plbp`l cdvl jbt olrl`y d vdaul mlìln ij Abe br ij abes, mut rdtclr delnijle dje f`ldr Fcristidj nditc. B`dvb el Fdrvd`cb dadij (bp. fit.) dsslrts tcdt8

‐d rlfljt ]dsousslj pb`` rlvld`le tcdt 15% bn Dolrifdjs―tcrll qudrtlrs bn tclpbpu`dtibj―elf`drl, `bue dje f`ldr, tcdt tcly mlìlvl tcdt Hlsus Fcrist is tcl ìvijaVbj bn Abe, wcb fdol tb tcl wbrè tb rlello tcl sijs bn cuodjity. Ucis is tcl fljtrdèbaod bn Fcristidjity, ml it Fdtcbìf, Brtcbebx, br Wrbtlstdjt.‟

Djbtclr pb`` rlvld`s 11% mlìlvl Hlsus rbsl nrbo tcl elde. Vll clrl.

Djbtclr pb`` my ]dsousslj ]lpbrts scbws tcdt 1<% bn vbtlrs ij Drkdjsds dje D`dmdod mlìlvl tcl Mim`l is ìtlrd``y trul. Ij Drkdjsds, tcdt ijfùels 1<% bnElobfrdts. Vll clrl.

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443

Ijelpljeljfl rlfbajisls tcdt tclsl virtuls drl aivlj my Abe tb d``, dje ij

tcis odkls priodry d rlfbajitibj bn bur fboobj cuodjity ij tcl slrvifl

bn tcbsl prijfip`ls nbr tcl mljlnit bn d``.

Qclrlds nbr Euaij tclrl is d fbjstdjt lopcdsis bj iopbsitibj,

pdrtifu`dr`y ij tcl prijfip`ls lxcbrtle ij obelrj \V @imlrdìso, mut d`sb

ij tcl vdùls bn Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd. Ylt tclrl is ij dftudìty jb

iopbsitibj bn Vtdtl upbj tcl ijeivieud` ij tcl ield`s bn Fbjstitutibjd`

Dolrifd. Uclrl is rdtclr dj lopcdsis tcdt obrd` prijfip`ls scd`` ijnbro

tcl stdtl, auiel it dje abvlrj it, nbr tcl mljlnit bn tcl plbp`l. Ucl tcrll tilr

slpdrdtibj bn pbwlrs ljsurls its prdaodtif dppìfdtibj. Ij tcis tbb, tcl

rlfbajitibj my @ijfb`j wds jlvlr djytcija btclr tcdj tcl deoittdjfl tcdt

ij djy f`dsc bn plrsplftivls, br ijelle fiviìsdtibjs mltwllj bur nl``bw

olj bj odttlrs bn stdtl8

‐Ucl wi`` bn Abe prlvdi`s. Ij arldt fbjtlsts ldfc pdrty f`dios tb dftij dffbredjfl witc tcl wi`` bn Abe. Mbtc ody ml, dje bjl oust ml

wrbja. Abe fdjjbt ml nbr, dje dadijst tcl sdol tcija dt tcl sdoltiol. Ij tcl prlsljt fivi` wdr it is quitl pbssim`l tcdt Abe ’s purpbslis sboltcija einnlrljt nrbo tcl purpbsl bn litclr pdrty-dje ylt tclcuodj ijstruoljtdìtils, wbrkija hust ds tcly eb, drl bn tcl mlstdedptdtibj tb lnnlft Cis purpbsl. I do dòbst rldey tb sdy tcis isprbmdm`y trul-tcdt Abe wi``s tcis fbjtlst, dje wi``s tcdt it scd`` jbtlje ylt.‟

Ij djy outud` rlfbajitibj, br sldrfc nbr fboobj arbuje tclj, wl drl

obrd``y mbuje tb dfflpt tcdt, dt `ldst nbr tcbsl wcb f`dio tb ml Fcristidjs,

wl drl ujitle ij bjl ujivlrsd` mlìln, tcis mlija d mlìln ij tcl lxistljfl bn

Abe, dje tcl siajinifdjfl bn Hlsus Fcrist ds tcl Vdvibur. Ucis ujitls

mlìlvlrs bj tcl cuodj `lvl`, irrlsplftivl bn bur einnlrljt ijtlrprltdtibjs,

br djy einnlrljfls bn wcdt fbursl br dftibjs tcis oiact ljtdi`. Mut ij tcis

suppbsitibj, Euaij tbb dppldrs tb cdvl issuls. Ucly `lde cio tb nbfusnijd``y ij cis Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry bj tcl qulstibj bn jbt bj`y odjkije’s



449

fu`turd` vdùls, mut lvlj bur nuturl lxistljfl, dje lvlj tcl vlry lxistljfl

bn Abe ds d pci`bsbpcif prijfip`l itsl`n. Ij cis fbjflrj tb sdvl ]ussid nrbo

tcl lvi`s bn \V clalobjy, @imlrdìso, dje tcl ijlvitdm`l elfdy bn vdùls

tcis suppbsle`y ljtdi`s, cl lvlj sllks tb fritiqul tcl vlry jdturl bn Mlija

itsl`n.

Euaij’s djti- Fcristidj fd`` nbr d Oltdpcysifs bn Fcdbs

Euaij’s fd`` nbr d Oltdpcysifs bn Fcdbs rlsts bj dj lssljtid` eistijftibj

mltwllj twb kijes bn fcdbs. Nirst, pbstobelrjist ‐fcdbs‟8 tcis is d kije bn

pbst-brelr fbjnusibj, ylt fcdrdftlrisle my tcl elfdy bn tcl `bab-fljtrif

vilw. Vlfbje, tcl Arllk fbjflptibj bn ‐Fcdbs‟ ds prl-brelr, br sboltcija

tcdt lxists mlnbrl brelrle rldìty fdol ijtb mlija. Bj`y tcl `dttlr fdj ml

fbjsielrle ds eljbtija tcl obrl oltdpcysifd` dje tlfcjifd` sljsl bn tcl

wbre nbr Euaij, dje tcus is fdst ds dj d`tlrjdtivl tb @babs.3= 36

Euaij rlìscls Fcdbs, mbtc ij tcl Arllk sljsl, dje ds dj ijlvitdm`l

elpdrturl nrbo tcl bab-fljtrif lrd Qlstlrj fiviìsdtibj cds pursule sijfl

tcl edwj bn its fbjflptibj. Ucl trdeitibj bn tclbrisija bj tcl jdturl bn

3= Euaij, D`lxdjelr (=74=-71-=3). Ucl Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry (p. =7>). Drktbs.

36 @babs ( λπζβύ, nrbo λίζω `lab ‐I sdy ‟) is dj iopbrtdjt tlro ij pci`bsbpcy,psyfcb`bay, rcltbrif, dje rlìaibj. Briaijd``y d wbre oldjija ‐d arbuje‟, ‐d p`ld‟, ‐djbpijibj‟, ‐dj lxplftdtibj‟, ‐ wbre‟, ‐spllfc‟, ‐dffbujt‟, ‐tb rldsbj‟ it mlfdol dtlfcjifd` tlro ij pci`bsbpcy, mlaijjija witc Clrdfìtus (fd. <6<‖51< MF), wcb usletcl tlro nbr d prijfip`l bn brelr dje kjbw`leal.

Djfiljt pci`bsbpclrs usle tcl tlro ij einnlrljt wdys. Ucl Vbpcists usle tcl tlro tboldj eisfbursl, wci`st Dristbt`l dppìle tcl tlro tb rlnlr tb ‐rldsbjle eisfbursl‟ br‐tcl drauoljt‟ ij tcl nilè bn rcltbrif. Ucl Vtbif pci`bsbpclrs ieljtinile tcl tlro witctcl eivijl, djiodtija prijfip`l plrvdeija tcl \jivlrsl. Euaij usls it ij dj djd`ysis bnMlija, dje ij d Clielaalrldj fbjflrj nbr djd`ysija lxistljfl dje tcl prijfip`lsujelr`yija bjtb`bay.



4=7

‐Mlija‟ is bjl ieljtinile ds mlaijjija witc tcl Wrl-Vbfrdtifs. Ij tcis

odjkije cds dssistle8

‐tcl nd`` bn `babs dffbopdjile my tcl fbrrlspbjeija elfìjl bn

f`dssifd` Arlfb-]bodj fu`turl dje objbtclistif rlìaibj ds wl``.‟(bp. fit. p. =7>).

Ij tcis, Euaij odkls rlfbursl tb Clielaalr. Cl lxpbujes cis vilw tcdt

tcl vlry ield bn @babs wds wrbja nrbo tcl mlaijjijas bn tcl Wrl-Vbfrdtif

trdeitibj. Ylt cl nbfusls d`sb bj Jiltzsfcl’s fbop`dijt ij rlsplft tb tcl

pbst-Vbfrdtif W`dtbjif tclbrils bj Mlija. Ij mbtc cl ieljtinils tcl sburfl

bn tcl prlsljt fbrruptibj bn fiviìsdtibj ds d ‐elfìjl‟ tcdt rlsts ij dprbm`lo bn bjtb`bay (imie. p.=7> nn)8

‐ij tcl dnnirodtibj bn tcl lxfùsivist pbsitibj bn dj lxfùsivist `babs.Ucis scint wds odel my Clrdfìtus dje Wdroljiels, mut dmbvl d`` myW`dtb witc tcl elvl`bpoljt bn pci`bsbpcif tcbuact tcdt ljvisdaletwb wbrès, br `dylrs bn rldìty, wclrl lxistljfl wds plrflivle ds tclodjinlstdtibj bn tcl cieelj. @dtlr, tcis cieelj l`loljt wdsrlfbajizle ds `babs, ds tcl ield, tcl pdrdeiao, tcl lxdop`l. Nrbotcdt pbijt bj, tcl rlnlrljtid` tclbry bn trutc prbflles. Urutc ìls ijtcl ndft bn tcl iooleidtl fbrrlspbjeljfl bn tcl aivlj tb tclprlsuole ijvisim`l lssljfl, br –tcl jdturl tcdt ìkls tb ciel’dffbreija tb Clrdfìtus. Ucl Wrl-Vbfrdtifs wlrl dt tcl nbrlnrbjt bntcis pci`bsbpcy. Ucl ujnlttlrle lxp`bsibj bn tcl obelrj tlfcjiqulis its `baifd` rlsu`t. Clielaalr fd``s it Al-stl`` dje tcijks it is tclrldsbj nbr tcl fdtdstrbpcl dje djjici`dtibj bn odjkije tcdtijlvitdm`y dpprbdfcls.‟

Euaij f`dios tcl nldturls bn tcis lolraljfl bn d `bab-fljtrif

ijtlrprltdtibj ljtdi`le tcl supprlssibj bn tcl priodry nloijijl fcdbs my

tcl iopbsitibj dje prl-loijljfl bn d odsfuìjl `babs; dj bjtb`baifd`

‐djjici`dtibj‟ my d odsfuìjl `bab-fljtrif fu`turl, dadijst d nloijijl

fcdbs-fljtrif ijtlrprltdtibj. Ucis ju`ìnile dj ijfùsivl dpprbdfc.

Ylt Euaij ebls jbt nije tcl rlspbjsimiìty nbr tcis od`disl tb ml d ndu`t bn

odjkije aljlrd``y. Cl m`dols tcl Qlst lxfùsivl`y. Ucl m`dol rlsts bj



4=4

tcl oisusl bn tcl fbjflpt bn @babs, ds wl`` ds tcl fbjflpt bn Ijeivieudìso

it advl mirtc tb, d`bja witc its ujipb`dr iopbsitibj bn @imlrd` vdùls upbj

tcl wbrè8

‐I `bvl tcl Ldst ij aljlrd` dje m`dol tcl Qlst. Ucl Q lst jbwlxpdjes itsl`n bj tcl p`djlt. Vb tcl a`bmdìsdtibj is Qlstlrjisdtibjdje Dolrifdjisdtibj. Uclrlnbrl, I ijvitl d`` tcl rlst tb hbij tcl fdopdje niact A`bmdìso, Obelrjity/Cyplrobelrjity, Ioplridìso, Ydjkll @imlrdìso, nrll odrklt rlìaibj dje tcl ujipb`dr wbrè.Uclsl pcljboljd drl tcl u`tiodtl pbijt bn tcl Qlstlrj pdtc tb tcldmyss, tcl nijd` stdtibj bn tcl lvi` dje tcl dòbst trdjspdrljt iodalbn tcl djtifcrist/de-edehd`/lrlv rdv. Vb tcl Qlst is tcl fljtlr bnkdì- yuad, its obtbr, its cldrt.‟

Ucl ‐trdjspdrljt‟ ifbj bn tcl djti-Fcrist35 fcdrdftlrisls tcl Qlst ds dj

lombeioljt bn purl lvi`. Euaij spldks bn tcis ds mlija tcl fdusl bn tcl

Kdì-Yuad8 d Cijeu fbjflpt, tb pdrd``l` cis bwj vilw tcdt tcl Ldst is ij

plri` dje mlija `die `bw my tcl Qlstlrj elfìjl ij spiritud` dje fu`turd`

vdùls mrbuact bj my @imlrdìso. Ij tcis, cl rdtclr fbjn`dtls fu`turd`

elfìjl witc bjtb`baifd` elfdy. Cl fbjsielrs mbtc drl fdusle my dje

35 Ucl Dcodeiyyd tldfcijas ijtlrprlt tcl prbpclfils rladreija tcl dppldrdjfl bn tclEdhhd` (Djti-Fcrist) dje Aba dje Odaba ij Is`doif lsfcdtb`bay ds nbrltl`ìja tcllolraljfl bn twb mrdjfcls, br dsplfts bn tcl sdol turobi` dje trid` tcdt wds tb mlndfle my Is`do ij tcl `dttlr edys, dje tcdt mbtc lolrale nrbo Fcristidjity br Fcristidjjdtibjs. Its Edhhd` dsplft rl`dtls tb elflptibj dje tcl plrvlrsibj bn rlìaibus mlìln,

wci`l its dsplft tb eb witc eisturmdjfl ij tcl rldò bn pbìtifs dje tcl scdttlrija bn wbrè pldfl cds mllj fd``le Aba dje Odaba. Ucus Dcodeis fbjsielr tcl wielsprldeFcristidj oissibjdry dftivity tcdt wds daarlssivl`y dftivl ij tcl 43tc dje 49tcfljturils ds mlija pdrt bn tcl prbpclsile Edhhd` (Djtifcrist) dje Aba dje Odabalolraija ij obelrj tiols.

Ucl lolraljfl bn tcl Vbvilt \jibj dje tcl \VD ds suplrpbwlrs dje tcl fbjnìft mltwllj tcl twb jdtibjs (i.l., tcl rivd`ry mltwllj fbooujiso dje fdpitdìso) drlsllj ds cdvija bffurrle ij dffbredjfl witc flrtdij prbpclfils rladreija Aba djeOdaba. Dcodeis mlìlvl tcdt prbpclfils dje sdyijas dmbut tcl Djtifcrist drl jbt tb

ml ijtlrprltle ìtlrd``y, dje cbè ellplr oldjijas. Odsic de-Edhhd` is tclj d jdolaivlj tb `dttlr edy Fcristidjity dje tcl Qlst.



4==

arbujele ij tcl Qlst, ij rlsplft bn its prlsljt imlrd` fu`turd` dje pbìtifd`

vdùls, dje ij its Qlstlrj fbjflptibj bn Mlija obrl splfinifd``y.

Kdì-Yuad, ìkl cis vilw bn Wbst-obelrjiso, ijvb`vls d elsfljt ijtb

fu`turd` dje sbfid` fbjnusibj, mut it is rln`lftivl bn d spiritud` elsfljt ijtb

Fcdbs ij tcl bjtb`baifd` sljsl. Euaij’s ijitid` eistijftibj mltwllj ‐fcdbs‟

dje ‐Fcdbs‟ sllos rdtclr drmitrdry dje drtinifid` dje i`` slrvle my erdwija

sufc d fbopdrisbj witc tcl Cijeu lxp`djdtibj. Cis fbjn`dtibj tbb, bj nirst

a`djfl, odkls cis eistijftibjs sllo rdtclr suplrnùbus. Ij tcis, ds ij

Cijeuiso, cis fbopdrisbj dppldrs tb ijvb`vl d eissipdtibj bn tclfbajitivl ndfu`tils tcdt hueal, dpprdisl, br fbjflivl bn bur fu`turd` vdùls.

Qci`st Euaij ebls jbt nu``y odp but djy lpistlob`bay clrl, cl d`ùels tb

it ij mlobdjija tcl elfìjl bn fu`turd` vdùls dje tcl bjtb`baifd`

prbm`los tcdt drisl ds d ‐eissipdtibj bn @babs‟ (d mrldkebwj ij rdtibjdìty

br brelr) ij sbol sljsl. Ucl eistijftibj stdjes, cbwlvlr, ij cis f`dio tcdt

bjtb`baifd` sumvlrsibj fdj ml rloleile my tcl iopbsitibj bn its fbujtlr

Dmsbùtl ‐Fcdbs‟.

Euaij ieljtinils tcl ‐eissipdtibj‟ bn @babs witc ltlrjd` eloisl, dje tcis

cds fbopdrisbjs witc tcl ^leds ij d sbfid` dje spiritud` sljsl. Cijeuiso,

cbwlvlr, fdjjbt cdrmbur djy jbtibj bn eldtc, br flssdtibj bn tcl prbflss

ij dj dmsbùtl sljsl. Mrdcodj is tcl ltlrjd` prijfip`l ujelr`yija d`` ij

odjinlstdtibj, dje ds sufc it sustdijs dj ltlrjd` fyf`l. It fdjjbt ml sllj

ds d eisfbjtijuity, br d fboija tb dj lje ij itsl`n, d`tcbuac its pdrtifu`dr

odjinlstdtibjs ds lpbfcs br dals eb.



4=6

D mriln lxp`djdtibj bn tcl Cijeu vilw tb f`driny Euaij

Ucl Yuad Fyf`l tiolìjl is mut bjl dsplft bn tcl fbjtijuija fyf`l. It tdkls

tcl mlaijjija bn tcl Abèlj Dal tb 4=>1> MF, obrl tcdj 45,<77 yldrs

mlnbrl tcl prlsljt, wclj tcl Arldt Mldr wds ij tcl ‐Vcrdvdjd

jdkscdtrd‟3<. Ucl Arldt Mldr wi`` devdjfl my 6 jdksctrds ij lvlry Yuad

mlfdusl bn tcl 677 yldr trdjsitibjd` plribe.3>

Ucl Vdjskrit Mrdcod-vdivdrtd Wurdjd elsfrimls d eid`baul mltwllj

@bre Kriscjd dje tcl Abeelss Adjals. Clrl, Kriscjd sdys, tcdt dntlr<,777 yldrs bn Kdì Yuad tclrl wi`` ml d edwj bn d jlw Abèlj Dal wcifc

wi`` `dst nbr 47,777 yldrs. Nbr Cijeus wl drl jbw ljeija tcl Kdì Yuad,

jldr`y <,177 yldrs sijfl its mlaijjija ij 6>1> MF. Ucl lje bn tcl Kdì Yuad

3< Vcrdvdjd jdkscdtrd is bjl bn tcl twljty slvlj jdkscdtrds dffbreija tb tcl Cijeu ^leif djfiljt dstrb`baifd` mlìlns. Ucis jdkscdtrd spdjs dfrbss tcl odkdrd rdsci br tclFdprifbrj dje tcl ruìja `bre is tcl frldtbr îscju. D jdkscdtrd is bjl bn =1(sboltiols d`sb =3) slftbrs d`bja tcl lfìptif. Uclir jdols drl rl`dtle tb tcl obstprboijljt dstlrisos ij tcl rlsplftivl slftbrs. Ucly fbrrlspbje rbuac`y tb dstrb`baifd`siajs.

Ucl stdrtija pbijt nbr tcl jdkscdtrds is tcl pbijt bj tcl lfìptif eirlft`y bppbsitl tbtcl stdr Vpifd fd``le FcitrĄ ij Vdjskrit (btclr sìact`y einnlrljt elnijitibjs lxist). It isfd``le OlscĄei br tcl ‐stdrt bn Drils‟. Ucl lfìptif is eiviele ijtb ldfc bn tcl jdkscdtrdsldstwdres stdrtija nrbo tcis pbijt. Ucl juomlr bn jdkscdtrds rln`lfts tcl juomlr bnedys ij d sielrld` objtc (obelrj vdùl8 =1.6= edys), tcl wietc bn d jdkscdtrdtrdvlrsle my tcl obbj ij dmbut bjl edy. Ldfc jdkscdtrd is nurtclr sumeiviele ijtb nburqudrtlrs (br pdeds). Uclsl p`dy d rb`l ij pbpu`dr Cijeu dstrb`bay, wclrl ldfc pded isdssbfidtle witc d sy``dm`l, fbjvljtibjd``y fcbslj ds tcl nirst sy``dm`l bn tcl aivlj jdolbn d fciè mbrj wclj tcl obbj wds ij tcl fbrrlspbjeija pded.

3> Ucis darlls witc tcl Odcdmcdrdtd, wcifc oljtibjs tcdt tcl Vcrdvdjd jdkscdtrd

wds aivlj prlfleljfl ij tcl Jdkscdtrd fyf`l. Ucl tiolìjl d`sb ijeifdtls tcdt tcldsfljeija Kdì Yuad, wcifc is tcl furrljt lpbfc, wi`` lje ij =7=< FL. Ucl nu`òdjinlstdtibj bn tcl jlxt Yuad ‖ tcl dsfljeija Ewdpdrd ‖ wi`` tdkl p`dfl ij =6=< FL,dntlr d trdjsitibjd` plribe bn 677 yldrs. Ucl dsfljeija Ewdpdrd Yuad wi`` tclj ml

nb``bwle my twb obrl Yuads8 tcl dsfljeija Urltd Yuad dje tcl dsfljeija Vdtyd Yuad, wcifc wi`` fbop`ltl tcl 4=,777 yldr dsfljeija fyf`l.



4=5

wi`` ml nb``bwle my tcrll obrl Yuads spdjjija 9,777 yldrs, mlnbrl tcl

dsfljeija fyf`l ljes dje elsfljt rlfurs.

Ucl briaijd` Yuad Fyf`l ebftrijl dppldrs tb cdvl mllj ndir`y siop`l8 d Yuad Fyf`l eurdtibj bn 4=,777 yldrs, witc ldfc Yuad `dstija nbr 6,777

yldrs. Ucis fyf`l is ljfbele ij tcl Vdptdrsi fd`ljedr, wcifc cds mllj usle

ij Ijeid nbr tcbusdjes bn yldrs. It wds usle lxtljsivl`y eurija tcl Oduryd

plribe ij tcl 5tc fljtury MF, dje is sti`` ij usl ij sbol pdrts bn Ijeid tbedy.

Ucl tlro ‐Vdptdrsi‟ rlnlrs tb tcl ‐Vlvlj ]iscis‟ br tcl ‐Vlvlj Vdals‟

rlprlsljtija tcl slvlj stdrs bn tcl Arldt Mldr fbjstl``dtibj (\rsd Odhbr).

Ucly drl rladrele ds tcl ljìactljle riscis wcb dppldr dt tcl mlaijjija

bn lvlry Yuad tb sprlde tcl dws bn fiviìsdtibj. Ucl Vdptdrsi Fd`ljedr usle

ij Ijeid cde d fyf`l bn =,177 yldrs. It is sdie tcdt tcl Arldt Mldr

fbjstl``dtibj stdys nbr 477 yldrs ij ldfc bn tcl =1 ‐Jdkscdtrds‟ (ùjdr

dstlrisos) wcifc dees up tb d fyf`l bn =,177 yldrs. Ucl =,177 yldr fyf`l

wds d`sb rlnlrrle tb ds d ‐Vdptdrsi Lrd‟ br d ‐Vdptdrsi Yuad‟.

Euaij’s vilw bn tcl Djti-Fcrist

Kly tb Euaij’s ijtlrlst ij tcl Kdì Yuad is its oystifiso, dje cis vilw bn it

ds dj Ldstlrj rlìaibj. Mlfdusl it is Ldstlrj, cl slls it ds obrl ijfùsivl,

dje tclrlnbrl obrl ‐Fcdbtif‟ dje tclrlnbrl obrl prlnlrdm`l, ds it is obrl

rln`lftivl bn tcl ijfùsivl dje rlaljlrdtivl nloijijl prijfip`l. Wbìtifd``y

tbb, tcis is dppdrljt wclj cl spldks bn tcl jlflssity bn dj d`ìdjfl witc

Is`do, ij brelr tb fbujtlrmd`djfl tcl ijfrldsija Qlstlrj clalobjy. Mut

obrl aljlrd``y, cl dppldrs tb ìkl Ldstlrj rlìaibjs wcb`lsd`l.

Ij tcis `bvl nbr d`` tcijas Ldstlrj, cl d`sb dppldrs tb wdjt tb ljìst ]ljé

Auéjbj tb tcl Lurdsidj fdusl, dje is nbje bn fitija cis tclbrils bj



4=<

syombìso, mut cl ebls sb my rlfbursl tb dj lssljtid``y Odjifcldj eudìty

mltwllj @iact dje Edrk dje Abbe dje Lvi`.

Euaij’s rldeija bn Auéjbj cbwlvlr is d plrvlrsibj. It is sb mlfdusl cl

jlvlr ijtlrprltle tcl Ldst-Qlst syombìso ds d eudìty ij tcl Odjifcldj

sljsl. Ds d prbnbuje sfcb`dr bn tcl Is`doif trdeitibj d`sb, cl d`wdys tbbk

ijtb fbjsielrdtibj bjl bn tcl obst rljbwjle dcdeitc, wcifc ieljtinile tcl

Djti-Fcrist ds fboija nrbo tcl Ldst. Ijelle, dobja tcl odij fljtrls bn

einnusibj bn ‐fbujtlr-ijitidtibj‟, ds Auéjbj fd``le tclo, tclrl drl jbjl

`bfdtle ij tcl Qlst (tcl f`dio odel my Euaij); mut tclrl is bjl ij Vuedj,

bjl ij Jialrid, bjl ij Vyrid, bjl ij Irdq, bjl ij Uurklstdj (ijsiel tcl

nbrolr \VV]) dje twb ij tcl \rd`s, wl`` witcij ]ussidj tlrritbry.31

Wrbhlftle bj d odp, tcl Vlvlj Ubwlrs nbro tcl fbjtbur bn tcl

fbjstl``dtibj bn \rsd Odhbr8 tcl Arldt Mldr, dje ]ussid’s jdtibjd`

lom`lo. Ucis rlprlsljts, ij trdeitibjd` syombìso, tcl oiìtdry f`dss

(Kscdtriyd) ds d fyfìfd` rlml`ìbj dadijst spiritud` dutcbrity.

Nbr Hldj-Odrf D``lodje, tcis wds `dst odel odjinlst ds ‐tcl nbrfle

oiìtdrisdtibj tcdt ijlvitdm`y dffbopdjils Fbooujiso dje slrvls ds its

mdsis‟833

‐Ucis lxflssivl wdrìkl nldturl―dje uttlr`y ijvlrtle ij rl`dtibj tbtcl briaijd` dje sumbreijdtl nujftibj bn tcl oiìtdry fdstl―is tclu`tiodtl rlsu`t bn tcl rlvb`t bn tcl kscdtriyds; ij tcis sljsl, tcl \VV]

is rld``y tcl `dje bn tcl \rsd.‟

31 Hldj-Odrf D``lodje, ]ljé Auéjbj lt `ls Vlpt Uburs eu Eidm`l, Wdris, AuyUréedjil`, 4997, p. =7. Vll d`sb Hldj ]bmij, ]ljé Auéjbj. @d Elrjiãrl Fcdjfl el`’Bffieljt, Wdris, Auy Uréedjil`, 4936, pp. >5 ss. Vll d`sb B Fdrvd`cb ‐\VD dje tclJlw Qbrè Brelr‟ (imie. 6).

33 Hldj-Odrf D``lodje, ]ljé Auéjbj lt `ls Vlpt Uburs eu Eidm`l, Wdris, AuyUréedjil`, 4997, p. 467



4=>

Jlvlrtcl`lss, Euaij ij cis nbjejlss nbr syombìso tljes tb iajbrl tclsl

ijtlrprltdtibjs. Cl oust ml dwdrl bn tcl syomb`s ij dppldìja tb Auljbj,

mut rlodijs si`ljt. It is jbt tcdt cl nijes tclo tbb ndjtdstif, it is hust obrl

ìkl`y tcdt cl nijes tcl ijtlrprltdtibj f`dscls witc cis bwj prbnlssle

]ussidj Brtcbebx sljsimiìtils, dje cis bwj tclsis dmbut tcl Qlst mlija

tcl sburfl bn lvi`, dje tclrlnbrl fcbbsls tb boit tcl Ldstlrj dssbfidtibj.

Qcdtlvlr tcl olrits dje frleimiìty bn sufc dj lsbtlrif plrsplftivl, tcl

rld` wbrè ndfts pdrd``l` Wutij’s ]ussid, wcifc is obvija tb dj ijfrldsija

oiìtdrisdtibj bn sbfilty, dje dj ijfrldsl ij oiìtdry odjbluvrls8 d

prbarlssibj ij ìjl witc Euaij’s fd`` nbr d ‐obmiìsdtibj‟ nbr tcl Lurdsidj

prbhlft, dje fbooljsurdtl witc tcl eboijdtibj bn Fcijlsl sbfilty my tcl

oiìtdry, dje witc tcl ‐Vbviltisdtibj bn Is`do‟, wcifc Hldj ]bmij (bp.fit)

dj dutcbrity bj Auljbj, fbjsielrs tb ml bjl bn tcl obst sijistlr

fcdrdftlristifs bn obelrj spiritud` elardedtibj.

Ylt Euaij ciosl`n dppldrs tb cdvl mllj ijnlftle witc tcis spiritud`

elardedtibj tcdt cl wdrjs lodjdtls bj`y nrbo tcl Qlst. Cl spldks bn twb

oldjs bn sd`vdtibj, dje mbtc drl scbfkija dje fbjtrdry tb djy Fcristidj

prijfip`ls bjl wbuè breijdri`y lxplft cio tb mlìlvl. Ijelle, tcly drl

pbsitivl`y djti-Fcristidj, dje cis nbrou`dtibj bn tclsl ields drl edjalrbus

dje ioobrd` (ijelle lvi`) nbr djy brtcbebx Fcristidj tb suaalst.

Cl fd``s nbr8

• d a`bmd` elstruftibj bn tcl od`disl bn @imlrdìso tcdt cds ijnlftle

Obelrjity dje Wbst-Obelrjity my rlfbursl tb dj lomrdfl bn Fcdbs.

• Dj djjici`dtibj, br dt `ldst d pural, tb rie fiviìsdtibj bn tcl elfdyija

@babs ij sbol odjjlr.



4=1

Ij rlsplft tb tcl nirst cl f`dios8

‐Dje in tclrl wlrl rld` trdeitibjd` vdùls ij its nbujedtibjs wl wi``

sdvl tclo bj`y ij tcl prbflss bn tcl a`bmd` elstruftibj bn tclObelrjity/Cyplrobelrjity.‟

Ucl elstruftibj is d oltdpcysifd` fd`` nbr Fcdbs dje it cds bjtb`baifd`,

psyfcb`baifd` dje spiritud` rdoinifdtibjs. It d`sb cds pbìtifd`, sbfid` dje

obrd` iopìfdtibjs, ds B`dvb el Fdrvd`cb jbtls (bp. fit pdrt 6), dje tclsl

dadij lqudtl tb d ‐sd`vdtibj my elstruftibj‟ ltcbs nbr odjkije. Itrlprlsljts d pdrtifu`dr`y fci`ìja ltcif dje d rlvbùtibjdry ioplrdtivl tcdt

ijlvitdm`y `ldes tb elstruftibj8

‐Ucl Nrljfc ]lvbùtibj prboisle tb sdvl Nrdjfl my tcl elstruftibjbn tcl Djfilj ]laiol8 it mrbuact clr nd`` dntlr nd``, ebwj tb tclfbjeitibj bn d slfbje-f`dss pbwlr. Ucl Olxifdj ]lvbùtibjprboisle tb sdvl Olxifb my tcl elstruftibj bn tcl Fdtcbìf Fcurfc8it trdjsnbrole tcdt jdtibj ijtb d suppìlr bn eruas tb tcl wbrè djebn oislrdm`l plbp`l tb tcl Dolrifdj sbfid` slfurity systlo. Ucl]ussidj ]lvbùtibj prboisle tb sdvl ]ussid my tcl elstruftibj bnfdpitdìso8 it trdjsnbrole clr ijtb d ardvlydre. Ucl Fcijlsl]lvbùtibj prboisle tb sdvl Fcijd my tcl elstruftibj bn mburalbisfu`turl8 it trdjsnbrole Fcijd ijtb d s`duactlrcbusl. Ucl Fumdj]lvbùtibj prboisle tb sdvl Fumd my tcl elstruftibj bn ioplridìstusurplrs8 it trdjsnbrole tcl is`dje ijtb d prisbj bn mlaadrs.Mrdziìdj pbsitivists prboisle tb sdvl Mrdzi` my tcl elstruftibj bn tclobjdrfcy8 tcly elstrbyle tcl bj`y elobfrdfy tcdt tclj lxistle ij

tcl fbjtijljt dje tcrlw tcl fbujtry ijtb d sufflssibj bn fbups djeeiftdtbrscips wcifc bj`y ljele ij 4933, ij brelr tb aivl wdy tb dobelrjizle eiftdtbrscip ujelr djbtclr jdol.

Jbw Wrbn. Euaij prboisls tb sdvl tcl wbrè my tcl elstruftibj bntcl Qlst. Vijflrl`y, I prlnlr jbt tb kjbw wcdt fbols jlxt. Uclrlvbùtibjdry oljtdìty, witc its sl`n-pbstpbjija prboisls, wcifcdrl d`wdys prlpdrle tb turj ijtb tclir bppbsitls witc tcl obstijjbfljt ndfl ij tcl wbrè, is tcl wbrst sfbural tcdt cds dnnìftlecuodjity. Ucl juomlr bn its viftios, nrbo 4139 tb tcis edy, is jbt`lss tcdj tcrll cujerle oi`ìbj plbp`l―obrl tcdj d`` lpieloifs,



4=3

jdturd` fdtdstrbpcls, dje wdrs dobja jdtibjs cdvl ki``le sijfl tcl mlaijjija bn tiol.‟

Ucl lssljfl bn Euaij’s eid`lftif, nurtclrobrl, rlsts ij d elmdtl tcdt

dppld`s tb tcl ijvlrsibj bn tcl sljsl bn ìjldr tiol. Uiol is rlvlrsim`l nbr

Euaij, ds it wds nbr tcl Arllks (sll W`dtb Vtdtlsodj =>3f nn.) ij tcl sljsl

tcdt tcl Arldt Yldr’s plribeif rlvlrsd` clrdès tcl elfìjl bn

fiviìsdtibjs.39 Ucis is ijeifdtivl bn tcl elfdy bn @babs nbr Euaij, mut jbt

nbr W`dtb, wclrl Abe’s pbwlr is ujeioijiscle, mut olrl`y witcerdwj

ijtlroittljt`y nbr d plribe bn tiol.

Euaij’s fbjflpt cds W`dtbjif nldturls, ds ìkl cio cl mlìlvls ij tcl

pbssimiìty tcdt cuodj fiviìsdtibjs fdj bjfl obrl rlturj tb d prl-obelrj

tiol, br ml rlfbjstruftle ij djy juomlr bn einnlrljt nbros, tcdjks tb d

elfìjl ij tcl ijnùljfl bn @babs. Euaij, cbwlvlr, ujìkl W`dtb, nijes it is

Fcdbs wcifc is d rlvivija pbwlr. Cl mlìlvls tcdt ltlrjd` Fcdbs fdj

‐rlvivl‟ br rlsusfitdtl @babs ij sbol sljsl.

‐Fcdbs is tcl ltlrjd` jdsfljfl bn tcl Btclr, tcdt is, bn `babs. Ub suoup, fcdbtif pci`bsbpcy is pbssim`l mlfdusl fcdbs itsl`n ijfùels babsds sbol ijjlr pbssimiìty. It fdj nrll`y ieljtiny it, fclrisc it djerlfbajisl its lxfùsivity ijfùele ij its lvlr`dstija ìnl. Vb wl fbol

39 Clrl, Abe plrsbjd``y auiels tcl ujivlrsl eurija d flrtdij plribe (=>9e). Ucis islvieljt ij tcl fl`lstid` brelr bn tcl cldvljs (=>9el), ds lxcimitle ij its firfu`dr djebrelrle obtibj (=>9e-l, =17m). Dt btclr tiols, cbwlvlr, Abe’s suplrvisibj is

witcerdwj (=>9e). Ucis prbeufls d fbjtrdry obtibj nrbo tcdt ijeufle (=>9e), wcifcis firfu`dr, mut ij tcl bppbsitl eirlftibj (=>9l). Ucl rlsu`t bn tcl witcerdwd` bn eivijlfbjtdft fuòijdtls ij d tljeljfy tb irrdtibjd` dje fcdbtif obtibj (=16f). Ucl oytctclj slrvls tb ijtrbeufl dj dffbujt bn cbw tcl rlvlrsd` bn tcl fbsobs fdusls dfbrrlspbjeija ijnùljfl upbj odjkije dje btclr ìnl nbros, lvieljt ds d rlvlrsd` bntcl prbflssls bn arbwtc (=17l).It ebls jbt eljbtl d eioijiscoljt ij Abe’s pbwlr, brrdtibjdìty ijeifdtivl bn dj bjtb`baifd` elfdy bn tcis prijfip`l cbwlvlr.

Vfiljtinif iodalry oixls witc trdeitibjd` oytcifd` mlìlns; ds d elsfriptibj bn tcl nd``bn odjkije nrbo d abèlj dal bn ijjbfljfl tcrbuac tb mdrmdriso is aivlj (=1=d-=16m).Abe tclj rlstbrls cis ijnùljfl, rlsu`tija ij rdtibjdìty dje brelr dadij (=16e-l) djedj ds ylt pdrtid` rlstbrdtibj bn odjkije, lvijfle ij tcl einnlrljt drts bn fiviìsdtibj(=15f).



4=9

tb tcl niaurl bn tcl vlry splfid`, fcdbtif `babs, tcdt is, d fbop`ltl`ydje dmsbùtl`y nrlsc `babs mlija ltlrjd``y rlvivle my tcl wdtlrs bnfcdbs. Ucis fcdbtif `babs is dt tcl sdol tiol lxfùsivl (tcis is wcy itis prbplr`y `babs) dje ijfùsivl (mlija fcdbtif). It eld`s witc

sdoljlss dje btclrjlss einnlrljt`y.‟ (bp. fit. p.=47).

Ij trutc, cbwlvlr, tcis fbjsists bn ijvljtija d nuturl, dje tclj

rlijtlrprltija cistbry dje tcl prlsljt ij tcl ìact bn tcis cbple nbr nuturl.

It wds d nldturl fcdrdftlristif bn Odrxist @ljijiso d`sb, witc its

ijtlrprltdtibj bn cistbry mdsle bj eid`lftif odtlridìso8 tcl pbìtifd`

tclbry bn eid`lftif tb hustiny tcl f`dsc bn f`dssls dje tcl nuturl utbpid bn

Fbooujiso. Euaij, ìkl Odrx, rldsbjs my rlfbursl tb d prlsuppbsitibj

br tclbry, ds in it wlrl d flrtdij dje tbtd``y-prbvlj ndft. It ijvb`vls d rdeifd`

rlijtlrprltdtibj bn wcdt tcl cistbrifd` ijtlrprltdtibj bn @babs cds mllj,

dje ij tcl sdol ndscibj tcdt cis alb-pbìtifd` lxp`djdtibjs dje tclbrils

rlst bj prlfbjflivle ields, cl dttlopts tb nit tcl lvljts bn cistbry drbuje

tclo tb strljatclj cis bwj tclsis.

Ij dpp`yija cis tclbry bn Fcdbs, Euaij dppìls d f`dssif rlvisibjist

strdtlay; d rdeifd` obeinifdtibj bn pdst plrsplftivls ij tcl ìact bn d

prlnlrrle nuturl. Nurtclrobrl, cl dppìls tcis oltcbeb`bay tb cis aljlrd`

ujelrstdjeija bn tcl iopbrtdjfl bn tcl @babs, dje tb its eltrioljt. Mut

ij d`` bn tcis pci`bsbpcifd` tclbrisija, cl dstbjiscija`y dppldrs

eisijtlrlstle ij sieija witc djy cistbrifd` trdeitibj br elvl`bpoljt bn

@babs ds d Fcristidj spiritud` `ladfy, d nldturl bn fiviìsdtibj tcdt cds

`dral`y ljeurle. Fcdbs is fbjflivle bn ds tcl djtiebtl dje scbuè ml

ljfburdale tb tdkl prlfleljfl.

Ijelle, Euaij pdys jb rlsplft tb Fcristidj trdeitibj, `lt d`bjl tcl arldtlr

mrldetc bn pci`bsbpcifd` trdeitibj, ij spitl bn cis fìjaija tb trdeitibjdìso

ij tcl ]ussidj Brtcbebx sljsl. @babs is d olrl p`dytcija, d fclss-pilfl



467

cl fdj usl tb nurtclr cis bwj pbìtifd` dje ijtl``lftud` strdtlails. It is

siop`y d fdsl bn ijvlrtija tcl jbrod` prbflss bn kjbw`leal, dj ijvlrsibj

dffbreija tb wcifc tcl kjbwj is ujelrstbbe tcbuac tcl ujkjbwj, rldsbj

tcrbuac irrdtibjdìty, tcl flrtdij tcrbuac tcl eumibus, tcl fdtlabrifd`

tcrbuac tcl cypbtcltifd`. Ij tcis, it sllos, Euaij is bnnlrija ds d sbùtibj

d pdr`bur trifk, lvlj d elflit; d strufturd`, systlodtif ìl, mdsle bj cis

pbìtifb-fu`turd` wiscls bn wcdt cl wbuè ìkl tcl nuturl tb ml. @dfkija ij

d elmdtle elnijitibj tclj, tcis is jb obrl tcdj dj ijtl``lftud` oirdal

prbhlftle nrbo cis iodaijdtibj. D qudfk oleifijl, tcdt is suppbsle tb

prbviel dj djtiebtl tb tcl i``jlss Qlstlrj Fiviìsdtibj is sunnlrija nrbo,dje wcifc is ijnlftija tcl Ldst d`sb.

Cis bwj qulstibjdm`l nditc dsiel, Euaij fbjflivls bn d Lurdsidj Lopirl,

dje tclj cl rlijtlrprlts tcl cistbry bn tcl wbrè ds in it wlrl d `bja

prlpdrdtibj nbr tcl devljt bn Lurdsid. Ij tcis cl is ìkl d rlvbùtibjdry8

erldoija bn tcl utbpid, dje hustinyija oiìtdjfy dje wdr mlfdusl bn it,

mdsle bj d prlfbjflivle Odrxidj plrsplftivl bn tcl ijlvitdmiìty bn

rlvbùtibj. Cl tbb ij tcis dppld`s tb plbp`l pbwlr dje d struaa`l tcdt wi``

ijlvitdm`y sprlde drbuje tcl wbrè tb usclr ij d jlw wbrè brelr. @ikl

Clal`, cbwlvlr, it is d pci`bsbpcifd` tclbry bn cistbry tcdt cds ìtt`l prbbn

mdsle bj dftud` cistbrifd` lvljts, dje ìkl Odrx it is dj ielb`bay tcdt

erldos bn dj ield` tcdt fdj jlvlr ml rldìsle, mdsle dt `ldst bj lfbjboif

rldìtils.

Ucrll pbssim`l nuturls nbr tcl elfdyija @babs

Nbr Euaij, odjkije stdjes adzija dt d cbrizbj wclrl tcl suj bn bur

fiviìsdtibjs is slttija. It is ‐tcl eusk bn `babs‟, ‐tcl lje bn brelr‟, ‐tcl `dst

fcbre bn odsfuìjl, lxfùsivist eboijdtibj.‟ Ylt odjkije sti`` stdjes



464

‐ijsiel tcl `baifd` strufturl, rdtclr tcdj butsiel it.‟ Cl fd``s nbr dj lsfdpl

mlybje tcl mbujedrils bn tcl elfdyija @babs (p. =71).

Qitc tcis rldìsdtibj stdtle, Euaij butìjls tcrll pbssim`l sbùtibjs nbr tcl

nuturl8

• D rlturj tb tcl kijaebo bn @babs. Ucis is tcl Fbjslrvdtivl

]lvbùtibj, tcl rlstbrdtibj bn d odsfuìjl, nu``-sfd`l eboijdtibj ij

d`` spclrls bn ìnl. Ucis fbuè ml ebjl spiritud``y, sbfid``y br

tlfcjifd``y.

Ucis wdy, wclrl tlfcjiqul ollts spiritud` brelr, wds nujedoljtd``y

lxp`brle dje stueile my Lrjst Hðjalr. It ljtdi`s d rlturj tb f`dssifiso,

dffbopdjile my dj dppld` tb tlfcjb`baifd` prbarlssibj. It is dj lnnbrt

tb sdvl tcl fb``dpsija @babs, vid tcl rlsusfitdtibj bn trdeitibjd` sbfilty.

It wdrrdjts d jlw brelr dje d rlstbrdtibj bn trdeitibjd` vdùls.

•

D`tlrjdtivl`y, wl fdj dfflpt tcl furrljt trljes dje trlde tcl pdtc bn

fbjnusibj, mlfboija obrl dje obrl ijvb`vle ij tcl8

‐eissipdtibj bn strufturl ijclrljt ij pbst-strufturdìso, djeij tryija tb wrija p`ldsurl but bn jbtcijajlss.‟ 97

97 Ucl rl`dtibj bn Fcdbs tb jbt-Mlija is jbt lxp`dijle br einnlrljtidtle clrl. Ij tcltrdeitibjd` sljsl Fcdbs is sboltcija, mut it is eistijft nrbo @babs, wcifc wds lqudtle

witc Eivijl ]ldsbj dje Mlija nbr odjy bn tcl Arllks. Mut in it is sb, is Fcdbs tb mltcbuact bn ds jbt-Mlija2 In it is, is it tb ml fbjflivle bn ds Jbtcijajlss ij djy rlsplft2Eblsj’t djy dnnirodtibj bn it ds jbt- Mlija lqudtl tb jiciìso ij sbol sljsl2 Is tcis

wcdt Euaij wdjts, dj djjici`dtibj bn tcl prlfleljfl bn @babs vid dj dnnirodtibj bn tcl@babs-Fcdbs eudìty2 Is tcis wcy cl usls `djaudal sufc ds ‐ki``‟,‐djjici`dtibj‟,‐ìquiedtibj‟, ltf. In sb, wcy ebls Fcdbs rlprlsljt d oldjs tb sdvl2 Qcyin @babs is brelr is tcl jbj -brelr bn Fcdbs mlttlr tcdj brelr2 In @babs is Mlija brLxistljfl tclj Fcdbs oiact vlry wl`` ml jbt Mlija br jbj- Lxistljfl. Mut nbr W`dtb’seudìty, scllr jbj-Lxistljfl fdjjbt lxist dmsbùtl`y, fbjsfibus ds cl wds bn tclWdroljieldj objiso tcis jlflssdri`y ljtdi`s. Fcdbs, tclj, is sboltcija `lss tcdj]ldsbj dje ioplrnlft`y sb. Uclsl drl oltdpcysifd` dje bjtb`baifd` issuls Euaij eblsjbt lvlj fbjsielr, br lvlj sllk tb elnlje.



46=

Ucis is tcl bptibj fcbslj my tcl @lnt dje tcl ìmlrd` rlprlsljtdtivls bn

pbstobelrjity f`dios Euaij. It is obelrj jiciìso dt its mlst cl sdys.

Briaijd``y ieljtinile my Jiltzsfcl, dje lxp`brle my Clielaalr, it is tcl

fbjflpt bn jbtcijajlss, it rlprlsljts tcl pbtljtid``y prlsljt ij tcl

prijfip`l bn ieljtity, mlija dje @babs itsl`n. It is d pdtc bn eioijiscija

rlturjs. Cbwlvlr, tcis is jbt tcl ìoit bn tcl prbflss, jbr tcl lje bn tcl

nd`` bn tcl `baifd` brelr. It is rdtclr tcl fbjstruftibj bn d rdtibjd` rldò

bn tcl ‐ujìoitle lxpdjsibj bn cbrizbjtd` elfdy ‟, ‐tcl ijfd`fu`dm`l

ou`tituels bn tcl n`bwlrs bn putrlndftibj‟.

Ucis vilw is ciac`y irrdtibjd` cbwlvlr, dje lxprlssle ndr tbb pbltifd``y.

Wrlfisl`y cbw fdj tclrl ml d fdusdtivl elfdy my @babs mdsle bj its bwj

bjtb`baifd` elfdy, wclj tcl ltlrjd` @babs ylt trdjsfljes elfdy294

• D tcire pdtc, dje Euaij’s prbpbsle sbùtibj, fd``s nbr d trdjsfljeljfl

mlybje ‐tcl mbrelrs‟ bn @babs, my stlppija but mlybje tcl frisis bn tcl

wbrè, tcdt is ìtlrd``y Wbst-obelrj; i.l. `yija mlybje obelrjity, wclrl

tcl eissipdtibj bn @babs tru`y rldfcls its ìoit (imie p.=71-=73). Ucis is

wclrl wl ndfl, br lomrdfl ij sbol sljsl, tcl nloijijl dje ijfùsivl

Fcdbs.

Cl is dt cis obst sleuftivl clrl, dje rdtclr aivls tcl ioprlssibj bn dfkija

ij nlod`l fbopdjy witc cis sljsubus, lrbtif dje bee`y lxpìfit elsfriptibj

94 Ds Brialj elf`drls tcl @babs mlija ltlrjd` dje wisl ds Eivijl Ijtl``lft fbuè jlvlrelaljlrdtl ijtb nb``y. @iklwisl, tcl Cb`y Vpirit mlija lssljtid``y ltlrjd` cbìjlss fbuèjlvlr elfdy ijtb ujcbìjlss. Clrl tclrl oust ml btclr ndftbrs nbr ‐ujìoitle elfdy‟.



466

wclj cl writls8 ‐Odj fbjflivls wbodj ds dj lxtlrjd` mlija dje sllks tb

pljltrdtl clr.‟ (imie. p.=47). 9=

Ij tcis tcire ‐sbùtibj‟, cbwlvlr, Euaij fbjtrdri`y rlfbajisls tcdt

frbssija tcl mbrelr bn mlija is bjtb`baifd``y iopbssim`l (bp. fit. p.=73).

‐Jbtcija is jbt8 Jbtcija is jbt8 sb spldks d`` `babfljtrif Qlstlrjbjtb`bay dntlr Wdroljiels. Ucis iopbssimiìty dsslrts tclijnijitljlss bn tcl butskirts bn `babs dje ardjts tb tcl elfdy, ijsieltcl rldò bn brelr, ltlrjd` fbjtijuity. Mlybje tcl mbrelr bn mlijaìls jbtcija, dje tb obvl tbwdre tcis ioit is djd`ytifd``y ijnijitl djeujljeija (tcl dpbridl bn Xljb bn L`ld drl clrl nu``y vdìe). Vb, jb

bjl fdj frbss tcdt nrbjtilr ijtb tcl jbj-lxistljt jbt-mlija tcdtsiop`y is jbt.‟

Ij spitl bn tcl iopbssimiìty bn trdvlrsija mlybje mlija, prbvlj my Xljb’s

pdrdebxls, cl ylt ijsists ‐jlvlrtcl`lss ij ebija tcis‟, sb wl fdj tclj8

‐dppld` tb fcdbs ij its briaijd` Arllk sljsl ds sboltcija tcdt

prbflles mlija dje brelr, sboltcija prl-bjtb`baifd`.‟ (bp. fit.p.=73).96

9= Cl uttlr`y ndi`s tb ardsp clrl tcl pbssimiìty tcdt it jlle jbt lxfùsivl`y ml ‐ìkldttrdftle tb ujìkl‟ ds wbodj dje odj fdj d`sb ml plrflivle ds dttrdftle ‐ìkl tb ìkl‟dje jbt ds Btclr. Ucis tbb fdusls tcl dft bn frldtivity tb drisl ij W`dtb. Ij tcis it is djioitdtivl dje dssioi`dtivl prbflss.

96 Arllk ρΠβύ oldjs ‐loptijlss, vdst vbie, fcdso, dmyss‟, nrbo tcl vlrm ρδοω, ‐adpl,tb ml wiel bplj, ltf.‟ It ody d`sb oldj spdfl, tcl lxpdjsl bn dir, dje tcl jltclr dmyss,ijnijitl edrkjlss. Wclrlfyels bn Vyrbs (>tc fljtury MF) ijtlrprltle fcdbs ds wdtlr,ìkl sboltcija nbro`lss wcifc fdj ml einnlrljtidtle. Clsibe dje tcl Wrl-Vbfrdtifsusle tcl tlro ij tcl fbjtlxt bn fbsobabjy.

Ij Clsibe’s Uclbabjy, Fcdbs is d eivijl priobreid` fbjeitibj, wcifc is tcl briaij bntcl abes, dje d`` tcijas. It sllos tcdt tcl briaij scbuè ml ijelnijitl djeijeltlroijdtl, dje it ody rlprlsljt ijnijitl spdfl, br nbro`lss odttlr rdtclr tcdjJbtcijajlss. Ucl jbtibj bn tcl tlopbrd` ijnijity wds ndoiìdr tb tcl Arllk oije nrborlobtl djtiquity ij tcl rlìaibus fbjflptibj bn ioobrtdìty. Ucis ield bn "tcl eivijl"ds dj briaij, ijnùljfle tcl nirst Arllk pci`bsbpclrs. Ucl odij bmhlft bn tcl nirstlnnbrts tb lxp`dij tcl wbrè, rlodijle ij tcl elsfriptibj bn its arbwtc, nrbo d

mlaijjija. Ucly mlìlvle tcdt tcl wbrè drbsl nrbo d priod` ujity, dje tcdt tcissumstdjfl wds tcl plrodjljt mdsl bn d`` its mlija.



465

It sllos my dj ‐dppld`‟, br dj dnnirodtibj, br sbol sbrt bn dpprlcljsibj

(ds it is mut sllj nrbo dndr ij sbol sljsl, bj d mbrelr wl fdj jlvlr

trdvlrsl) wl fdj trdjsoutl, fcdjal, br lnnlft bur lxistljtid` fbjeitibj ij

d rdeifd` sljsl. Ucis fcdjal mrijas dmbut d rljdissdjfl, jbt bj`y ij

bursl`vls, mut ds d fiviìsdtibj.

Ucl rdisbj e’ltrl nbr sufc dj dpprbdfc, cbwlvlr, dppldrs tb ml dj

dnnirodtibj bn d kije bn jiciìso, hustinile elflptivl`y ds d fbjstruftivl dft

bn sd`vdtibj. It dppldrs tb cdvl Fcristidj pdrd``l`s ij tcl sljsl bn Fcrist

eyija bj tcl frbss dje ij tcdt dft bn sdfrinifl Cl ylt sdvls tcl wbrè. Mut

it is wcb``y ujfcristidj ij its fd`` nbr dj dnnirodtibj, br dj dfflptdjfl bn

Fcdbs, dje d olraija bn it ijtb tcl prlsljt spclrl bn Mlija; d jiciìso

mbtc ij tcl pcysifd` dje fbjflptud` sljsl (ds wl cdvl sllj ij rlsplft tb

cis fd`` tb ‐ki``‟ \krdijidjs). Ij tcis, it d`sb dppldrs tb ml d fd`` nbr d

psyfcb`baifd` jiciìso, wcifc ij lnnlft sllks tcrbuac tcl ijtrbeuftibj bn

Fcdbs (dj irrdtibjd`, prl-bjtb`baifd` prijfip`l) tcl eldtc bn tcl ltlrjd``y

‐elfdyija‟ @babs, dje its rlp`dfloljt witc sboltcija l`sl. Ucis

sboltcija is ylt ieljtinile ds ‐jbt-Mlija‟.

It sllos tcdt Djdxiodjelr wds ijnùljfle my tcl trdeitibjd` pbpu`dr fbjflptibjs djeClsibe’s tcbuact, wclj cl f`diole tcdt tcl briaij is ‐dplirbj‟ (tcl ujìoitle), d eivijldje plrpltud` sumstdjfl `lss elnijitl tcdj tcl fboobj l`loljts. Lvlrytcija isaljlrdtle nrbo dplirbj, dje oust rlturj tclrl dffbreija tb jlflssity.

D pbpu`dr fbjflptibj bn tcl jdturl bn tcl wbrè, wds tcdt tcl ldrtc ml`bw its surndflstrltfcls ebwj ijelnijitl`y dje cds its rbbts bj br dmbvl Udrtdrus, tcl `bwlr pdrt bntcl ujelrwbrè. Ij d pcrdsl bn Sljbpcdjls, ‐Ucl upplr ìoit bn tcl ldrtc mbrelrs bjdir, jldr bur nllt. Ucl `bwlr ìoit rldfcls ebwj tb tcl dplirbj‟ (i.l. tcl ujìoitle).

Vbol bn tcl pdssdals ij Uclbabjy, mltwllj 165-349, drl prbmdm`y deeitibjs tb tclbriaijd` tlxt. Ucl sburfls dje ìoits bn tcl ldrtc, tcl sld ,tcl sky, Udrtdrus, dje d``tcijas drl `bfdtle ij d arldt wijey- adp , wcifc sllos tb ml ijnijitl , dje is d `dtlrsplfinifdtibj bn ‐fcdbs‟. Wriod` Fcdbs wds sboltiols sdie tb ml tcl trul nbujedtibjbn rldìty, pdrtifu`dr`y my pci`bsbpclrs sufc ds Clrdfìtus.



46<

Ucl prbflss is bplj tb d vdrilty bn ijtlrprltdtibjs ds tb wcdt lxdft`y is

ljtdi`le. Ij tcl qudìnile sljsl it is d eldtc; nbr it is tcl tlroijdtibj bn bjl

stdtl (d elfdyija @babs) dje d trdjsoutdtibj ijtb djbtclr. Mut it is d

rlmirtc ij d obrl fbop`ltl sljsl, my virtul bn it trdjsoutija @babs ds d

prijfip`l bn ]ldsbj br Brelr. Ylt it is elmdtdm`l wcltclr tcis

trdjsoutdtibj ijtb d Fcdbtif @babs fdj ml lnnlftle tcrbuac ijfbrpbrdtija

tcl djtitclsis bn wcdt it is suppbsle tb ml ds ]ldsbj dje Brelr. It is ij tcis

sljsl trdjsoutija @babs ijtb sboltcija ljtirl`y jlw, mut ylt it siajinils

mbtc dj lje dje d mlaijjija.

Dj d`tlrjdtivl rldeija oiact dfflpt tcl prbflss ds d rlmirtc br

rlp`ljiscija bn @babs; nbr ds ltlrjd` prijfip`ls, mbtc oust jlflssdri`y

ljeurl dje survivl, wci`st ylt mlija ij d jlw rl`dtibj witc ldfc btclr.

Euaij dppldrs tb ndvbur tcis ijtlrprltdtibj ij cis f`dio tcdt tcl

dnnirodtibj bn Fcdbs is d ‐sd`vdtibj‟ bn tcl @babs. Flrtdij`y, mbtc drl

rlquirle ij d fbujtlrmd`djfl tb cd`t tcl ltlrjd` elfdy bn @babs. Hust ds,

nbr Euaij, ou`tipb`drity br mipb`drity is jlflssdry tb cd`t tcl elfdy bn

brelr dje vdùls tcrbuac Qlstlrj Fiviìsdtibj’s @imlrd` od`disl.

Ij mbtc fdsls, bjl nll`s cl ebls jbt fbjsielr it ijvb`vls djjici`dtibj, mut

cl bntlj usls tcis dje sioi`dr tlros wclj cl spldks bn tcl prbarlssibj, dt

`ldst ij rlsplft tb tcl ou`tipb`dr obel`. Vb tbb, ij splfinif rlsplft tb tcl

oltdpcysifd` strdtlay ds d sd`vdtibj, it is jbt f`ldr cbw d prl-brelr wcifc

is Fcdbs fdj dfcilvl tcis, wclj it is siou`tdjlbus`y ieljtinile witc d jbj-

trdvlrsdm`l jbt-Mlija, dje cds cistbrifd` ieljtinifdtibjs witc irrdtibjdìty,

br d prl-brelrle, prl-bjtb`baifd` stdtl; dj deeitibj wcifc fbuè bj`y

cdstlj elfdy, br nurtclr tcl eltlribrdtibj bn @babs ds Mlija, witc djy

dnnirodtibj bn it. 95

95 Euaij wbuè jb ebumt odijtdij tcdt djy rldeija bn Fcdbs ds irrdtibjdìty rlsts bj dnujedoljtd` oisijtlrprltdtibj bn wcdt Fcdbs is ds tcl djti-tclsis bn @babs. Mut tcdt it



46>

Ucl deeitibj bn Fcdbs ds dj irrdtibjd` prijfip`l siajinils nurtclr dj

dssbfidtibj witc tcl fbrruptibj br lvlj eldtc bn tcl sbu` ds d inl prijfip`l,

sustdijle ij its ioobrtdìty my virtul bn tcl @babs. Ds dj ijtl``lftud`

ndfu`ty it fdj ml elnijle ds tcl dmsljfl bn, br dt `ldst tcl fbjtrb` br

ju`ìnifdtibj (br mrijaija tb brelr) bn Fcdbs ds irrdtibjdìty. Ij bjl sljsl

tclj, tcl deeitibj bn Fcdbs tb tcl ijtl``lft siajinils, in jbt tcl eldtc bn tcl

ltlrjd` sbu`, tclj dt `ldst its eissipdtibj, br tcl iopdiroljt bn its

nujftibjija nrbo wcdt it tru`y is. Ucl deeitibj bn Fcdbs fbuè ij sbol

sljsl nurtclr its bjtb`baifd` elstruftibj, pdrtifu`dr`y in it is rlde siop`y ij

tlros bn sbu` mlija tcl ìnl prijfip`l. Euaij odkls jb oljtibj bn sufc dplrsbjd` psyfcb`baifd` jiciìso ds d pbssimiìty. It is d `baifd` pbssimiìty

cbwlvlr, bj djy rldeija bn @babs dje Fcdbs ij rl`dtibj tb Mlija dje jbt-

Mlija wcifc cl ciosl`n ieljtinils, dje bjl klpt witcij tcl cistbrifd`

trdeitibjs bn wcdt @babs dje psufcl ljtdi`.

Ucis jiciìso, tclj, ij its twij dsplfts, is tcl fcdrdftlristif bn d tclbry

wcifc is ioobrd`, lvlj lvi`, in bjl dfflpts `baifd``y it iopìls d strdtlay tb

elstrby, br dt `ldst iopdir rldsbj. It d`sb suaalst tcl djjici`dtibj bn

Ijtl``lft, br dj djjici`dtibj bn ]ldsbj vid Fcdbs trdeitibjd``y dssbfidtle

witc tcl pci`bsbpcifd` ield bn Abe. In ]ldsbj is ltlrjd`, it is ijelstruftim`l,

mut flrtdij`y it fbuè ml vilwle ds devbkija d olraija bn its priodry

fcdrdftlristifs witc d obrl priobreid`, eisbrelrle, irrdtibjd` stdtl. Ucis

ebls jbt sllo vlry prbeuftivl br frldtivl.

is irrdtibjdìty ds wl`` ds d ‐prl-bjtb`baifd`‟ prijfip`l ij fbjtrdst tb @babs is f`ldr myrlfbursl tb trdeitibj. Nurtclr, in @babs is ieljtinile f`dssifd``y ij sbol sljsl ds Mlijadje Brelr, it is vlry f`ldr tcdt Fcdbs oust lqudtl tb sbol jbtibj bn jbt Mlija, brMlija witcbut Brelr, in it is tb prbviel djy eistijftibj bn wcdt it dftud``y is ij rl`dtibjtb @babs. Clrl, f`ldr`y Fcdbs is jbt brelr dje @babs ljtdi`s brelr. Qci`st Fcdbs jllejbt jlflssdri`y lqudtl witc Jbj Lxistljfl ij tcl Dmsbùtl sljsl (ds jbt Mlija), it is ij tcl sljsl tcdt it `dfks br ndi`s tb lxcimit rdtibjdìty dje brelr.



461

Euaij trdscls Fcristidjity dje fiviìsdtibjs my elardeija tcl@babs

Aljlrd``y ij W`dtb, ij `dtlr jlb-W`dtbjif tcbuact, tcl D`lxdjerijls dje

dobjast tcl `dtlr Fcristidj W`dtbjists, tcl @babs wds vilwle ds tcl

rdtibjd` frldtivl prijfip`l tcdt plroldtls dje odjinlsts ds fbsobs, ds

bppbsle tb tcl ujivlrsl. It tclrlnbrl siajinils rldsbj dje brelr ij jdturl.

Qclrlds Fcdbs is bj`y lvlr ieljtinile witc tcdt wcifc @babs is jbt, mut

wcifc dppldrs tb cdvl d`wdys mllj. Abe, tclrlnbrl, frldtls brelr nrbo

Fcdbs, dje cds jb jlle tb frldtl tcl pcysifd` fbsobs lx jici`b.

Nurtclrobrl, dje obrl aljlrd``y ij Arllk dje Fcristidj trdeitibjs, sijfl

Abe ltlrjd``y odjinlsts, tcl @babs is ìklwisl ltlrjd`. Clrl, bj bjl

ijtlrprltdtibj tcdt is obrl odjinlst`y Fcristidj, @babs nbros d mrieal

mltwllj tcl frldtle dje ujfrldtle, dje bj`y tcrbuac tcis prijfip`l, ds tcl

visim`l rlprlsljtdtibj bn rldsbj, fdj tcl ijfbrpbrld` Abe ml kjbwj.

Frldtibj fdol ijtb lxistljfl bj`y tcrbuac tcl @babs, dje Abe’s jldrlstdpprbdfc tb tcl wbrè is tcl fboodje tb frldtl. Qci`st tcl @babs is

sumstdjtid``y d ujity, it fboprlcljes d ou`tipìfity bn fbjflpts. Ucis

ljdm`ls Brialj, ds dj lxdop`l, tb tlro @babs tcl ‐lssljfl bn lssljfls‟

dje ‐ield bn ields‟.9<

9< Brialj erlw nrbo W`btijus dje btclr Jlb-p`dtbjists , ijfùeija tcl nb``bwija tride8Bjl/Ijtl`ìaljfl(s)/Vbu`(s). Nirst, tcl tride bmvibus`y suaalsts tcl Fcristidj ebftrijlbn tcl Urijity wclrl Abe (Abe tcl Ndtclr) is tb ml ieljtinile witc W`btijus’ Bjl. Cljfl,nbr Brialj, tcl Ndtclr is dmbvl mlija. Fbjtrdst tcl pdssdal ij Lxbeus 6845 ‐I do tcdt Ido‟, wcifc Duaustijl dje btclrs wbuè tdkl ds ljtdiìja tcdt Abe is d mlija pdrlxfl``ljfl. Ucl Bjl tclj aljlrdtls br aivls risl tb tcl @babs br Qbre, wcifc is tb mlieljtinile witc W`btijus’ Ijtl`ìaljfl, dje d`sb witc Abe tcl Vbj, tcl slfbje plrsbj bntcl Urijity. Ucl Qbre is, br fbjtdijs, tcl lxlop`drs (i.l., tcl W`dtbjif Nbros) bn d``frldturls, ij ioitdtibj bn wcifc frldturls drl ndscibjle ij frldtibj. Brialj is clrlnb``bwija tcl mlaijjija bn Hbcj’s Abspl`8

‐Ij tcl mlaijjija wds tcl Qbre, dje tcl Qbre wds witc Abe, dje tcl Qbre wdsAbe. Ucl sdol wds ij tcl mlaijjija witc Abe. D`` tcijas wlrl odel my cio;dje witcbut cio wds jbt djytcija odel tcdt wds odel.‟



463

Ucl elnljfl bn tcl ujity bn Abe dadijst tcl Ajbstifs `le Brialj tb

odijtdij tcl sumbreijdtibj bn tcl @babs tb Abe. 9> Brialj eistijft`y

lopcdsisle tcl ijelpljeljfl bn tcl @babs dje tcl eistijftibj nrbo tcl

mlija dje sumstdjfl bn Abe. Ucl @babs (dje tcl Cb`y Vpirit) cbwlvlr

scdrl ij tcl eivijity bn Abe. Ij tcis sljsl, @babs is vilwle ds dj iodab

Eli, br d rln`lx bn Abe, ij wcifc Abe fbooujifdtls cis eivijity ds ìact

rdeidtija nrbo tcl suj.

Ucl dftivity bn tcl @babs wds fbjflivle my Brialj ij W`dtbjif ndscibj, ds

tcl Qbrè Vbu`, wclrl Abe odjinlstle cis bojipbtljfl ds fbsobs. Cis

nirst frldtivl dft wds tcl eivijl spirit, ds dj ijelpljeljt lxistljfl; dje

pdrtid` rln`lxls bn tcl @babs wlrl tcl frldtle rdtibjd` mlijas, wcb, ds tcly

cde tb rlvlrt tb tcl plrnlft Abe, oust ìklwisl ml plrnlft; ylt tclir

plrnlftibj, ujìkl ij kije witc tcdt bn Abe, tcl @babs dje tcl eivijl spirit,

cde tb ml dttdijle.

Nrllebo bn wi`` is dj lssljtid` ndftbr nbr tclsl rdtibjd` mlijas,

jbtwitcstdjeija tcl nbrlkjbw`leal bn Abe. Ucl @babs, ltlrjd``y frldtivl,

wds vilwle ds nbroija dj lje`lss slrils bn nijitl, fboprlcljsim`l wbrès,

wcifc drl outud``y elpljeljt. Fbomijija tcl Vtbif ebftrijl bn d ujivlrsl

witcbut mlaijjija, witc tcl mimìfd` ebftrijl bn tcl mlaijjija dje tcl lje

bn tcl wbrè, Brialj tcus fbjflivle bn tcl visim`l wbrè ds stdals ij dj

ltlrjd` fbsoif prbflss.

Ucl W`dtbjif Nbros drl jbw ij d Eivijl Oije, dje drl tb ml tcbuact bn ds eivijl ields.W`dtb’s ‐Ields‟ wlrl jbt cbwlvlr briaijd``y ields ij d oije. Ucl obvl bn puttijaW`dtbjif Ields ijtb d eivijl oije abls mdfk dt `ldst tb Wci`b bn D`lxdjerid (djiopbrtdjt Hlwisc tcijklr drbuje tcl turj bn tcl Fcristidj lrd). Ucl ebftrijl mlfdolstdjedre ij tcl Oiee`l Dals, tcrbuac tcl ijnùljfl bn Duaustijl. Iooleidtl`y ml`bwtcl Qbre is tcl Cb`y Vpirit, wcifc is tb ml ieljtinile witc W`btijus ’ Vbu`. Ml`bw tcdtdrl frldtle dje ijeivieudìsle sbu`s.

9> U. L. Wb``dre, Hbcdjjijl Fcristb`bay dje tcl Ldr`y Fcurfc, pdal 9< (Vbfilty nbr JlwUlstdoljt Vtueils Objbardpc Vlrils 46, Fdomrieal \jivlrsity Wrlss, 4917).



469

Wrbnlssbr Euaij, cbwlvlr, hustinils cis djti-Fcristidj, pbst-Arllk tclsis

ij rdtibjd` dòbst pci`djtcrbpif tlros. @lt us cbpl it is jbt tb odsk dj

ijtljt wcifc ody ml `lss fcdritdm`l8

‐ D arldt juomlr bn plbp`l tbedy drl ujsdtisnile witc wcdt is abijabj drbuje us, witc tcl dmsbùtl frisis bn vdùls, rlìaibjs,pci`bsbpcy, pbìtifd` dje sbfid` brelr, witc pbstobelrj fbjeitibjs, witc tcl fbjnusibj dje plrvlrsibj, dje witc tcis dal bn tcl utobstelfdy ij aljlrd`. Mut fbjsielrija tcl lssljfl bn tcl elfìjl bn burfiviìsdtibj tb tcl prlsljt stdtl, wl fdjjbt `bbk tb tcl prlfleijapcdsls bn tcl `bab-fljtrif brelr dje its iopìfit strufturls, mlfduslit wds prlfisl`y babs itsl`n tcdt cds mrbuact tcijas tb tcl stdtl wclrltcly drl jbw, mldrija witcij itsl`n tcl alros bn tcl prlsljt elfdy.‟(imie. p.=73).

Clrl cl ndi`s tb fbjsielr tcl pdst virtuls bn @babs ds d rdtibjd` brelrle

dje ltlrjd` prijfip`l dje `bfdtls it ij cistbrif tiol. Cl ieljtinils it bj`y

witc dj ijfrldsl ij d elfdy bn vdùls, dje tcijks jbuact bn ]ldsbj’s

spiritud` vdùls, its pbsitivl dttrimutls nbr Fiviìsdtibj, br its dfcilvloljts

ij sfiljfl. Ij cis sbùtibj bn wcdt tcl prlsljfl, br ijnùljfl bn wcdt @babs

oiact ljtdi`, cl slls bj`y elstruftibj, wclrlds Fcdbs clrl is vilwle ds d

pbsitivl mbbj. @ikl d wifkle, dòbst Vdtdjif ritud`, tclrlnbrl, cl ijvlrts

tcl vdùls dje oldjija bn mbtc Fcdbs dje @babs dje fbjtijuls8

‐@babs fdjjbt sdvl us nrbo tcl situdtibj tcdt it is tcl fdusl bn. @babsis bn jb usl tb us clrl djyobrl. Bj`y tcl prl-bjtb`baifd` fcdbs fdj

aivl ds d cijt dmbut cbw tb ab mlybje tcl trdp bn pbstobelrjity. ‟(bp. fit. p. =79).

Ij tcis, uj`lss wl dfflpt tcl Euaij prlsfriptibj, wl wi`` ml ‐ebbole‟ dje

nbrfle tb dfflpt tcl pbst-`baifd`, eissipdtle pbstobelrjity tcdt bj`y8

‐… prltljes tb ml ltlrjd` ij sbol wdy mlfdusl it djjici`dtls tiol.‟

Ucis is jlflssdri`y sb mlfdusl8



457

‐Obelrjity cds ki``le ltlrjity dje pbstobelrjity is ki`ìja tiol.‟

(bp. fit. p.=79).

Clrl, Euaij ndi`s tb ujelrstdje tcl bjtb`bay bn djy eud` systlo. It is

jlflssitdtle nbrlvlr my tcl prlsljfl bn dj ltlrjd` @babs, wcifc fdj jlvlr

elfdy br eil. It is bjl d`sb tcdt oust ljsurl tcdt @babs tdkls prlfleljfl

in djy systlo bn brelr is tb ml odijtdijle. Ucl rlsu`t witc tcl ijtrbeuftibj

bn Fcdbs, in it is tcl fbjtrdry, is sl`n-lvieljt`y irrdtibjd` eisbrelr dje

elfdy, br dt mlst d pltrinile stdsis bn bppbsitls. Vufc d fbujtlrmd`djfl,

wci`st it ody ijelle vbufcsdnl nurtclr elfdy, fdjjbt ij djy sljsl ml

hustinile ds tcl nbujedtibj nbr d jlw dje pbsitivl rlaljlrdtibj bn fu`turl

br fiviìsdtibj.

Euaij’s vilw bn @babs nbb`s us witc d nd`sl sljsl bn ltlrjity dje brelr ds it

elfdys, mut cl prbviels bj`y d ndux sbùtibj. It is bjl tcdt dt mlst prbviels

bj`y d stdsis dje jb sljsl bn rld` rlaljlrdtibj. Dt wbrst, it ody olrl`y

cdstlj bur sìel ijtb ltlrjd` fbjnusibj dje bmìvibj witc dj iomd`djfle

lopcdsis bj tcl virtuls bn Fcdbs. Ucl sbùtibj is Fcdbs cl f`dios dje jbt

fbjnusibj, mut it is tdjtdobujt tb dj lopcdsis bj dj irrdtibjd` prl-

bjtb`baifd` eisbrelr mbtc oltdpcysifd``y, fu`turd``y sbfid``y dje

pbìtifd``y tcdt dobujts tb tcl sdol ij djy fdsl. Ij cis ieljtinifdtibj bn it

ds d sbùtibj nbr fu`turd` rlhuvljdtibj, cl lvlj prbpbsls dj djti-@babs,

dje tcis nbr Fcristidjs oust ml fbjsielrle tdjtdobujt tb tcl prbpbsd` bn

Lvi`, d Vdtdj br Djti-@babs. Ij tcis, bn fbursl, @babs oust sti`` ml rlquirle,

ij brelr nbr tcl systlo ds d wcb`l tb nujftibj, dje it oust jlflssdri`y ml

sb, ds it is ltlrjd` dje trdjsfljes cistbrif tiol, mut nbr Euaij it rlquirls it

tb ml fdjjimdìsle my its djtitclsis ij sbol sljsl. Ucis dft bn fbjsuoija

is tcbuact tb rlvivl dje rlhuvljdtl.

Clrl @babs ebls jbt bffupy tcl spdtid` br tlopbrd` eioljsibj itsl`n, mut

it ylt ijnbros dje prbviels tcl brelr jlflssdry nbr tcl spclrl bn spdfl-



454

tiol tb lxist dje nbr d fiviìsdtibj tb drisl. Ij tcis sljsl, tclj, my djy

`baifd` rldsbjija, Euaij’s f`dio bn d eissipdtibj bn @babs oust ml rlde jbt

hust ds tcl elfdy bn Eivijl ]ldsbj br Mlija, mut tcl eissbùtibj bn odj’s

rldsbjija, dje ijelle odjkije’s mlija witcij tcl systlo itsl`n. Mut ij

tcis, djy dfflptdjfl bn Fcdbs is d`sb tdjtdobujt tb d fbjn`dtibj witc

fbjnusibj, dje dj lopcdsis bn d elsfljt ijtb odejlss tcdt lnnlfts tcl

elstruftibj bn tcl rdtibjd` sbu` dje its dmiìty tb rldsbj prbeuftivl`y. 91

Clrl tcl Arllk jbtibj bn rldsbj, dje bjl wcifc fcdrdftlrisls dj

ujelrstdjeija bn wcdt trul Mlija ljtdi`s ij W`dtb, scbuè ml bnnlrle ds dj

ijtlrprltdtibj bn bur furrljt od`disl fbjtrd Euaij; nbr it is jbt d elfdyija

@babs, mut d `dfk bn dssioi`dtibj tb tcl @babs, dje bjl wcifc rlquirls tcl

cdrobjid bn tcl sbu` tb ml dttujle tb tcl @babs ds tcl eivijl prijfip`l bn

]ldsbj. It is tcis wcifc I mlìlvl wi`` u`tiodtl`y vbufcsdnl odjkije’s

sd`vdtibj.

Obrl aljlrd``y nbr W`dtb, @babs is usle ds d syjbjyo nbr tcl eivijl (tclbs)

dje spbklj bn ij rlsplft tb tcl eivijl Qbrè Vbu`. @babs (ds d prijfip`l bn

brelr) ijfbrpbrdtls tcl Vdol dje tcl Btclr, dje dssists ij ndfiìtdtija d

abbe frldtibj, my virtul bn it mlija odel ds dj iodal bn tcl rdtibjd`

frldtbr’s ujelrstdjeija bn tcl ltlrjd` Nbros. It is tcis wcifc ljsurls tcl

frldtibj bn d hust dje ndir systlo (fbsobs). Hust ds djy ield` stdtl br

fiviìsdtibj bj Ldrtc oust ml fbjstruftle my tcl `lais`dtbr witc dj

ujelrstdjeija bn wcdt `babs ljtdi`s.

91 In wl wlrl mlija tcbrbuac`y W`dtbjif br jlb-W`dtbjif dmbut tcis, wl scbuè sdyaljlrd``y tcdt, hust ds tcl Ijtl`ìaljfl is ieljtifd` witc tcl ijtl`ìaljfls, sb tbb tcl Vbuìs ieljtifd` witc ijeivieud` sbu`s, mut f`ldr`y ij tcis odjkije’s dmiìty tb rldsbj nu``yfdjjbt lqudtl tb tcl Eivijl ujti` it is dssioi`dtle ij sbol sljsl tb tcdt wcifc is obrlplrnlft. Jbtdm`l tb tcis is tcl pdrt tcdt irrdtibjdìty p`dys ij prbeufija (tcrbuaceisbrelr) tcl elfìjl bn tcl sbu` nrbo its trul dje prbplr`y brelrle nujftibj ds d eivijlprijfip`l. It is bjl tclrlnbrl jbt rloleile ij djy sljsl my tcl deeitibj bn Fcdbs.



45=

Euaij, cbwlvlr, vilws Fcdbs ds prbvieija d jlw bppbrtujity nbr d

nujedoljtd` lvdùdtibj dje d rlmirtc bn wcdt Mlija is. My adzija ijtb wcdt

tcl prl-bjtb`baifd` Fcdbs cds tb bnnlr, cl sllks tb sleufl odjkije witc d

tloptdtibj tb lomrdfl tcl nloijijl, rdtclr tcdj tcl @babs, wcifc cl

f`dios is plrvlrsl`y ‐pcd``b-fljtrif‟. Ucis bee vilw is vlry oufc dj dttdfk

bj Fcristidjity, `lt d`bjl tcl Arllk vilw, dje its vilw bn Abe ds tcl @babs.

It is d mizdrrl dttdfk nbr bjl sufc ds Euaij, my djy oldsurl bn wcdt cl

f`dios tb mlìlvl. Cl jlles tb rlfd`` tcl mdsis bn Fcristidj mlìln8

‐Ij tcl mlaijjija wds tcl wbre dje tcl wbre wds witc Abe dje tcl

Qbre wds Abe‟8 (Hbcj 4.4).

Obrlbvlr cis vilw is d jladtibj bn tcl ijfdrjdtibj bn Fcrist odel n`lsc ds

tcl @babs8

‐Ucl sdol wds ij tcl mlaijjija witc Abe. D`` tcijas wlrl odel mycio; dje witcbut cio wds jbt djytcija odel tcdt wds odel. Ij cio

wds ìnl; dje tcl ìnl wds tcl ìact bn olj. Dje tcl ìact scijltc ijedrkjlss; dje tcl edrkjlss fboprlcljele it jbt. Uclrl wds d odjsljt nrbo Abe, wcbsl jdol wds Hbcj. Ucl sdol fdol nbr d witjlss,tb mldr witjlss bn tcl @iact, tcdt d`` olj tcrbuac cio oiact mlìlvl.Cl wds jbt tcdt @iact, mut wds sljt tb mldr witjlss bn tcdt @iact.Ucdt wds tcl trul @iact, wcifc ìactltc lvlry odj tcdt fboltc ijtbtcl wbrè.

Cl wds ij tcl wbrè, dje tcl wbrè wds odel my cio, dje tcl wbrèkjlw cio jbt. Cl fdol ujtb cis bwj, dje cis bwj rlflivle cio jbt.

Mut ds odjy ds rlflivle cio, tb tclo advl cl pbwlr tb mlfbol tclsbjs bn Abe, lvlj tb tclo tcdt mlìlvl bj cis jdol8 Qcifc wlrl mbrj, jbt bn m`bbe, jbr bn tcl wi`` bn tcl n`lsc, jbr bn tcl wi`` bn odj, mut bn Abe.

Dje tcl Qbre wds odel n`lsc, dje ewl`t dobja us, (dje wl mlclècis a`bry, tcl a`bry ds bn tcl bj`y mlabttlj bn tcl Ndtclr) nu`` bn ardfldje trutc.‟



456

Ucl jlle tb lomrdfl Fcdbs is Euaij’s ijvitdtibj tb stlp butsiel tcl

situdtibj, rdtclr tcdj ljeurl tcl ijlvitdm`l elfìjl bn fiviìsdtibj dje d

`bss bn vdùls nbr odjkije. Mut clrl Euaij sllks jbt d md`djfija bn

bppbsitls tb prbviel stdsis, mut dj lsfdpl my sllkija tb ‐trdjsflje‟ @babs

nbr8

‐@babs fdjjbt sdvl us nrbo tcl situdtibj tcdt it is tcl fdusl bn.@babs is bn jb usl tb us clrl djyobrl.‟- (Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry, p.=79).

Mut rdtclr tcdj sìeija ebwj tcl pb`l bn Djdjkl ds it wlrl, wcifc oiact ml vilwle oytcifd``y ds fbjjlftija @babs tb Fcdbs- tcl pb`l my wcifc tcl

wcll` bn fbsobs is dttdfcle dt its fljtrl ij tcl Oytc bn Lr- Euaij scbuè

vilw pbstobelrjiso ds mut d pcdsl ij dj ijlvitdm`l fyfìf prbflss, dje

jbt ds ltlrjd` elfdy. Ucis fyfìf rlturj wi`` clrdè u`tiodtl`y d jdturd` dje

ijlvitdm`l dsfljt dje dj ijlvitdm`l rlstbrdtibj, br rl-dttujija tb @babs.

Uclsl ody ijelle ml edrk edys, mut ds d Fcristidj cl scbuè tdkl fbonbrt

ij Abe’s p`dj. D p`dj tcdt ody vlry wl`` wdrrdjt d rldnnirodtibj bn Mlija

ij sbol sljsl ds d jdturd` fbjslquljfl bn tcl ltlrjd` fyfìf prbflss. It

oiact, ij `djaudal cl is obrl nbje bn, wdrrdjt dj ‐ltlrjd` rlturj‟. It wi``

jbt, cbwlvlr, ml dfcilvle tcrbuac d fd`` nbr dj djjici`dtibj bn tcl

systloif md`djfl bn nbrfls wcifc ndfiìtdtl nuturl prbarlssibj tcrbuac

rlìjquiscija @babs.

Oy ijtlrprltdtibj, I oiact dee, is ndr obrl ij kllpija witc tcl Arllk dje

Cijeu plrsplftivls. Euaij’s, cbwlvlr, is d fd`` nbr ijfrldsija

‐turmu`ljfl‟, ds cl deoits, dje cl is iopdtiljt tb ijitidtl it. Ij tcis, tclrl

is jb clle bn tcl `bja-tlro pdssdal bn tiol br tcl brelr witcij tcl fbsoif

prbflss. Qcy is cl sb iopdtiljt2 Dntlr d``, ds cistbry prbvls, fiviìsdtibjs

drisl dje nd``, dje ylt tcly risl dadij rlmbrj djlw. Qcy ebls cl sllk tb

iopbsl cis bwj sbùtibj bj Abe’s prbflss2 Qcy ebls cl dft ds in cl wlrl



455

sbol eivijl strdtlaist, dje @babs is d olrl fclss pilfl nbr cis bwj

dousloljt2 Cl trldes d pdtc tb lomrdfl Fcdbs/fcdbs, mut tcis is

rln`lftivl bn cis ijjlr oije. D mdtt`l cl odkls witc cis prbnlssle nditc tcdt

wdrrdjts oufc obrl sustdijle tcbuact.

Ql cdvl d`rldey mriln`y eld`t witc tcl Cijeu vilw, mut it bffurs tbb witc

tcl ield bn d fyfìf dje plribeif prbflssibj fdst nbr tcl Arllks ij tlros bn

tcl Arldt Yldr; ds Uiodlus (69e) 93 d`ùels tb ij W`dtb’s objb`baul bn tcl

sdol jdol, dobjast btclrs. Dfflptija tcl ield bn tcl ijlvitdm`l fyf`l

prbviels odjkije witc d oldjs tb lsfdpl tcl trdp bn pbst-obelrjity witc

d siop`l rldnnirodtibj bn tcl virtuls dje vdùls bn @babs. Ucl vlry

prijfip`l, I wbuè fbjtlje, wcifc tcl cuodj sbu` is jb `bjalr dttujle tb.

Ucis is tcl trul fdusl bn its od`disl.

Euaij, cbwlvlr, sllks tb lomrdfl Fcdbs, btclrwisl wl wi`` ml ebbole tb

dfflpt tcl ijlvitdm`l pbst-`baifd` eissipdtibj tcdt clrdès bj`y bur

elstruftibj nbr ltlrjity. Cl ndi`s tb ujelrstdje tcl ijlvitdmiìty bn tcl

93 Ucl tlro Arldt Yldr cds d vdrilty bn rl`dtle oldjijas. It is elnijle my JDVD ds8‐Ucl plribe bn bjl fbop`ltl fyf`l bn tcl lquijbxls drbuje tcl lfìptif, dmbut=<,377 yldrs d`sb kjbwj ds d W`dtbjif Yldr.‟

Bjl fbop`ltl fyf`l bn tcl lquijbxls clrl oldjs bjl fbop`ltl fyf`l bn dxid`prlflssibj. Ucis prlflssibj wds kjbwj tb W`dtb, wcb elnijle tcl ‐plrnlft yldr‟ ds tclrlturj bn tcl fl`lstid` mbeils (p`djlts) dje tcl eiurjd` rbtdtibj bn tcl nixle stdrs (firf`lbn tcl Vdol) tb tclir briaijd` pbsitibjs.

Fiflrb nb``bwle W`dtb ij elnijija tcl Arldt Yldr ds d fbomijdtibj bn sb`dr, ùjdr djep`djltdry fyf`ls Ij El Jdturd Elbruo8

‐Bj tcl eivlrsl obtibjs bn tcl p`djlts tcl odtclodtifidjs cdvl mdsle wcdttcly fd`` tcl Arldt Yldr," wcifc is fbop`ltle wclj tcl suj, obbj dje nivlp`djlts cdvija d`` nijiscle tclir fbursls cdvl rlturjle tb tcl sdol pbsitibjsrl`dtivl tb bjl djbtclr. Ucl `ljatc bn tcis plribe is cbt`y elmdtle, mut it oustjlflssdri`y ml d nixle dje elnijitl tiol.‟

My lxtljsibj, tcl tlro ‐Arldt Yldr‟ fdj d`sb ml usle nbr djy fbjflpt bn ltlrjd` rlturjij tcl wbrè’s oytcb`bails br pci`bsbpcils ds Bttb Jlualmdulr wrbtl. Vll JlualmdulrB (491<) D Cistbry bn Djfiljt odtclodtifd` dstrbjboy, Mirkcåuslr, p.>43.



45<

fyfìf dje plribeif dsfljt dje elsfljt bn tcl dals, br ijelle tcl

ioplrdtivl dje prl-loijljfl bn Abe ds ]ldsbj ij tcis nbrou`dtibj.

‐…tcl bj`y wdy tb sdvl bursl`vls, tb sdvl cuodjity dje fu`turl nrbotcis sjdrl, is tb tdkl tcl stlp mlybje tcl `bab-fljtrif fu`turl,tbwdres fcdbs. Ql fdjjbt rlstbrl `babs dje brelr, mlfdusl tcly mldr ij tclosl`vls tcl rldsbj nbr tclir bwj ltlrjd` elstruftibj.‟ (bp. fit. p.=79).

‐Ub odkl dj dppld` tb fcdbs is tcl bj`y wdy tb sdvl `babs. @babsjlles d sdvibur, it fdjjbt sdvl itsl`n. It jlles sboltcija bppbsitl tbitsl`n tb ml rlstbrle ij tcl fritifd` situdtibj bn pbstobelrjity. Ql

fbuè jbt trdjsflje pbst-obelrjity. Ucl `dttlr fdjjbt ml bvlrfbol witcbut dppld` tb sboltcija tcdt cds mllj pribr tb tcl rldsbj bn itselfdy. Vb wl scbuè rlsbrt tb pci`bsbpcils btclr tcdj Qlstlrj.‟ (p.=47).

Clrl, Euaij odkls d nujedoljtd` lrrbr ij ujelrstdjeija tcl jdturl bn

wcdt @babs is, ds cl sllks tb swllp dwdy tcl wcb`l cistbry bn Qlstlrj

Wci`bsbpcy, wcifc bee`y ij pdrt cl ndvburs, mut wcifc ij tcl odij cl

ieljtinils ds tcl fu`prit bn odjkije’s sunnlrija. Ij tcis, cl ndi`s tb rldìsl

@babs is ltlrjd` dje tclrlnbrl fdjjbt eissipdtl. It is ìkl tcl Nbros ij tcis

sljsl8 dj ljeurija dje ltlrjd` prijfip`l tcdt lxists. Uclsl drl jbt wdxija

br wdjija, br eissipdtija ij djy bradjif sljsl, dje jlitclr ij its fyfìf

brelrle prbarlssibj is @babs ebbole tb ltlrjd` elfdy. Cis vilw, plrcdps,

is bjl wcifc sllks tb pdrd``l` cis jbtibj bn bradjif fiviìsdtibjs, mut it ndi`s wclj dppìle tb ltlrjd` prijfip`ls.

My virtul bn its eud` fbjjlftibj witc tcl ltlrjd` ìnl prijfip`l, wcifc is tcl

sbu`, dje ds d prijfip`l bn brelrle obtibj, @babs ljtdi`s dj ljeurija dje

ujinbro prbarlssibj tcrbuac tiol. Ij tcl fbsoif sljsl tbb, it is jbt tcl

Vdol dje tcl Btclr splfinifd``y (tcl pdrts bn tcl Qbrè Vbu`), mut tcl

ujinyija prijfip`l bn rldsbj tcdt ujitls tclo, dje d rdtibjd` brelr tcdt



45>

sustdijs tclo. Jbr is it tcl scintija dje fcdjaija ujivlrsl bn odttlr, br

tcl l`loljtdry pdrtif`ls bn bur tlrrlstrid` rldò, ds Uiodlus (51l-<>f)

elìjldtls ij tcl Eloiural’s frldtibj bn pcysifd` odttlr. Ucl @babs is tcl

ltlrjd` ljeurija prijfip`l. D prijfip`l tcdt aivls brelr tb sufc odttlr, br

sfdttlrle pdrtif`ls, dje wcifc nbros tclo tcrbuac tcl Odstlr

Frdntsodj’s ujelrstdjeija, dje my virtul bn Cis rdtibjd`l. Qitcbut `babs

tclj it is d eisbrelr`y, ‐abe nbrsdklj‟ stdtl bn dnndirs (<6m).

@babs scbuè jbt ml ieljtinile ds tcl fdusl bn tcl elfìjl bn fiviìsdtibjs,

jbr scbuè it ml vilwle ds fcdjaija ij djy nujedoljtd` odjjlr ijtrijsif

tb itsl`n, mlfdusl bn tcl elfìjl bn fiviìsdtibjs. In tclrl is dj lrrdjt fdusl

obrl ieljtinidm`l witc Fcdbs ij tcis rlsplft it is Jlflssity, dje tcis is

fcdrdftlrisle my its dmiìty tb jladtl br ju`ìny @babs ij sbol sljsl, mut

bj`y ijdsoufc ds it furtdi`s tcl nbrodtibj bn odttlr my its rdtibjd` prbflss

(51l-53d). Clrl tbb @babs is fb-lxtljsivl witc juolrifd` tiol ij tcl

cistbrif sljsl, mut it fb-lxists ij ltlrjity, jbt ij tcl sljsl bn fcrbjbs, mut

ij tcl dibjif sljsl, ds eistijauiscle ij tcl Uiodlus (61e). Clrl, tiol is

siop`y odel tb slrvl ds dj ifbj, br iodal bn tcl Nbros, wcifc drl ltlrjd`.

Ij tcis W`dtb, ìkl Wdroljiels, cds mdjiscle d`` aljlsis. W`btijus tclj

fdrrils tcis trdeitibj bj ij Ljjldes III, (1,5); nbr dibj is tcl ‐odjjlr bn

lxistljfl‟ ds it plrtdijs tb Mlija.

Ucl ndu`t, tclj, ìls ij odjkije’s `dfk bn dssioi`dtibj tb tcl ltlrjd`

prijfip`l bn brelr br ]ldsbj. Ij tcis, tb kjbw Abe ljtdi`s @babs, dje tb ml

‐ìkl Abe‟ is tb nu`ni` tcl jdturl bn wcdt pci`bsbpcy ljtdi`s nbr tcl sbu`.

Djy fbrruptibj tclj, is sboltcija btclr tcdj ]ldsbj br @babs. 99 It oiact

99 Wci`lmus (67f). Clrl, Abe is tcdt –rbyd` rldsbj’ tb ml ieljtinile ds d –rbyd` sbu`’8

‐…ybu wi`` sdy tcdt ij tcl jdturl bn Xlus d rbyd` sbu` dje d rbyd` rldsbj fbol tb ewl`` my virtul bn tcl pbwlr bn tcl fdusl, wci`l ij btclr abes btclr plrnlftibjs ewl``,dffbreija tb tcl jdols my wcifc tcly drl p`ldsle tb ml fd``le.‟



453

sbu` mdfk tb tcdt wcifc it jb `bjalr dppldrs tb ml ij cdrobjy witc. Bj`y

tclj fdj tcl nbujedtibj bn d jlw dje obrl sdtisndftbry fiviìsdtibj bffur.

\`tiodtl`y, d`` tcis is dfcilvle tcrbuac tcl dftivity bn Wci`bsbpcy nbr W`dtb,

wclrl tcl sbu` tcrbuac tcl fbrrlft md`djfija bn tcl ndfu`tils bn rldsbj

(`baistikbj), spirit (tcuobliels) dje dppltitls (lpitcuoltikbj) fdj

dfcilvl tcl fbrrlft dwdkljija bn tcl ndfu`ty bn jbus. Ucis ijtlribr

psyfcb`baifd` dssioi`dtibj bffurs tcrbuac tcl vdribus stueils bn

dstrbjboy, odtclodtifs dje pci`bsbpcy dje obst iopbrtdjt`y tcl

ljtlrprisl bn eid`lftif tb ndfiìtdtl kjbw`leal (eidjbid). Ucis u`tiodtl`y

`ldes tb dj lpistlol mbrj nrbo dpprlcljeija tcl prijfipd` Nbros dje tcl

Nbro bn tcl Abbe; tcl suoouo mbjuo bn tcl ljtlrprisl, dje tcl

prlloijljt Fdusd` Wrijfip`l. Ucis is tcl eltlroijdjt bn wcdt @babs is ij

tcl arldtlst sljsl; (fn. ]lpumìf <79m) dje tcl nbujedtibj bn tcl mldutinu`

dje mlst fity stdtl. D fity stdtl wcifc, ijfieljtd``y, is d rlpumìf.

Euaij, cbwlvlr, dppld`s tb Ldstlrj rlìaibjs tb sdvl bur fiviìsdtibjs, dje

tcis fd`` ijfùels Fcdbs ds d rloley nbr tcl elfdyija @babs8

‐ Ql scbuè lxp`brl btclr fu`turls, rdtclr tcdj Qlstlrj, tb try tbnije einnlrljt lxdop`ls bn ijfùsivl pci`bsbpcy, ijfùsivl rlìaibjs,dje sb bj. Fcdbtif `babs is jbt bj`y dj dmstrdft fbjstruftibj. In wlsllk wl``, wl fdj nije tcl rld` nbros bn sufc ijtl``lftud` trdeitibjsij drfcdif sbfiltils, ds wl`` ds ij Ldstlrj tclb`bay dje oystifd`furrljts.‟ (p.=47).

Mut tcis is jb rlfbursl ij tcl ìact bn cis plrsplftivl bj @babs, jbr wi`` it

prbviel d nujedoljtd` sbùtibj tb tcl cistbry bn d oltdpcysif cl cds

`dral`y elvdùle, br rlijtlrprltle, br lvlj sllks tb elstrby. It dppldrs tb

ml d edrk fd`` nbr d edrklr dal dje d rlturj tb d obrl mlstid` dje priobreid`

stdtl.



459

Ucl fbjflpt bn @babs fdj ml trdfle mdfk =>77 yldrs, ij d ìjldal bn

pci`bsbpcifd` trdeitibj mbrj ij Ibjid, mut it cds d`sb ijnùljfle Ldstlrj

rlìaibjs sijfl, ij dj lvbùtibj bn ields tcdt oirrbr tcl cistbry bn

pci`bsbpcifd` elmdtl. Uclrl fdj ml jb ijtlrprltdtibj, tclrlnbrl, nbuje ij

Ldstlrj rlìaibjs tcdt utiìsl tcl @babs ij djy elrbadtbry br trdjsiljt

sljsl, jbr eb tcly vilw it ds d elfdyija prijfip`l ij jlle bn sd`vdtibj.

Ijelle, obrl bntlj tcdj jbt, it is usle ds d syjbjyo nbr Abe, ]ldsbj dje

Brelr, dje ds sufc fdjjbt ml rlsfijele br trdjsfljele my odjkije. Ub

prbviel mut bjl lxdop`l, dje tb djswlr Euaij’s fd``, dje it fbuè ml

djswlrle witc djy juomlr bn trdeitibjs dje ‐oystifd` furrljts‟, `lt usfbjsielr Vuniso, wcifc is mbtc d purvlybr bn Ldstlrj Is`doif tclb`bay dje

oystifiso tcdt djswlrs cis rlquirloljts.

Ij Vuniso, tcl fbjflpt bn @babs is usle tb rl`dtl tcl ‐\jfrldtle‟ (Abe) tb

tcl ‐Frldtle‟ (odj). Ij Vuniso, nbr tcl elist, jb fbjtdft mltwllj odj dje

Abe fdj ml pbssim`l witcbut tcl @babs. Ucl @babs is lvlrywclrl dje

d`wdys tcl sdol, mut its plrsbjinifdtibj is ‐ujiqul‟ witcij ldfc rlaibj.

Hlsus dje Oucdoode drl sllj ds tcl plrsbjinifdtibjs bn tcl @babs, dje

tcis is wcdt ljdm`ls tclo tb spldk ij dmsbùtl tlros.474

It is tb ml jbtle bee`y tcdt Euaij f`dios tb ml nbje bn tcl Jlb-p`dtbjif

trdeitibjs, pdrtifu`dr`y W`btijus. Ylt cl iajbrls sufc trdeitibjs ij cis

tclsis bn Fcdbs. Cl d`sb ndi`s tb rldìsl tcdt bjl bn tcl mbèlst dje obst

rdeifd` dttlopts tb rlnbrou`dtl tcl Jlb-p`dtbjif fbjflpts ijtb Vuniso

drbsl witc tcl pci`bsbpclr Imj Drdmi, wcb trdvl``le wiel`y ij Vpdij dje

Jbrtc Dnrifd. Cis ields wlrl lxprlssle ij twb odhbr wbrks ‐Ucl

474 ‐Vuniso8 `bvl & wisebo‟ my Hldj-@buis Oifcbj, ]balr Adltdji =77> IVMJ 7-954<6=-1<-< p. =5=. D`sb ‐Vuni lssdys‟ my Vlyyle Cbsslij Jdsr 4916 IVMJ 7-3169<-=66-= pdal 453. Is Euaij tclrlnbrl sdyija Hlsus is fbrrupt ds tcl Fcrist prijfip`l ijf`dioija wcdt @babs is2 Is cl f`dioija Abe is2



4<7

]ijastbjls bn Qisebo‟ (Nusus d`-Cikdo) dje ‐Ucl Olffdj

I`ùoijdtibjs‟ (D`-NutūḬĄt d`-Odkkiyyd).

Nbr Imj Drdmi, lvlry prbpclt fbrrlspbjes tb d rldìty wcifc cl fd``le d

@babs (Kdìodc) .Ucis @babs is dj dsplft bn tcl ujiqul Eivijl Mlija. Ij

cis vilw tcl Eivijl Mlija wbuè cdvl nbrlvlr rlodijle cieelj, cde it jbt

mllj nbr tcl prbpclts, witc @babs prbvieija tcl ìjk mltwllj odj dje

eivijity.47=

Imj Drdmi sllos tb cdvl debptle cis vlrsibj bn tcl @babs fbjflpt nrboJlb-p`dtbjif dje Fcristidj sburfls,476 d`tcbuac (writija ij Drdmif rdtclr

tcdj Arllk) cl usle obrl tcdj twljty einnlrljt tlros wclj eisfussija

it.475 Nbr Imj Drdmi, tcl @babs br ‐\jivlrsd` Odj‟ wds d oleidtija ìjk

mltwllj ijeivieud` cuodj mlijas dje tcl eivijl lssljfl.47<

Btclr Vuni writlrs d`sb rlfbajisl tcl iopbrtdjfl bn tcl Jlb-p`dtbjif

@babs.47> Ij tcl 4<tc fljtury Dme d`-Kdrio d`-Hiì ijtrbeufle tcl Ebftrijl

bn @babs dje tcl Wlrnlft Odj. Nbr d`-Hiì, tcl plrnlft odj (dssbfidtle witc

47= Mibardpcifd` ljfyf`bpdleid bn Vunis my J. Cdjin =77= IVMJ 34-1>=<-=>>-= p. 69.

476 Fcdr`ls D. Nrdzll, "Imj d`-'Drdmī dje Vpdjisc Oystifiso bn tcl Vixtlljtc Fljtury," Juolj 45 (6), Jbv 49>1, pp. ==9‖=57.475 U. @itt`l, ‐ D`-IjsĄj d`-KĄoi`8 Ucl plrnlft odj dffbreija tb Imj d`-'Drdmī,‟ UclOusìo Qbrè, 4931, ^b`. 11, pp. 56‖<58 ‐Imj d`-'Drdmi usls jb `lss tcdj twljty-twbeinnlrljt tlros tb elsfriml tcl vdribus dsplfts ujelr wcifc tcis sija`l @babs ody ml

vilwle.‟ 47< ]bmlrt H. Ebmil, @babs & ]lvl`dtibj8 Imj 'Drdmi, Olistlr Lfkcdrt, dje oystifd`clroljlutifs, Fdtcbìf \jivlrsity bn Dolrifd Wrlss, =779, IVMJ 7-346=-4>11-S, p.==<.47> Lewdre Cljry Qcijnilè, Odsjdvi I Od'jdvi8 Ucl spiritud` fbup`lts bn Odu`äjdHd`äù-'e-Eïj Oucdoode ]øoï, ]but`leal, =774 (briaijd``y pumìscle 4393), IVMJ7-54<-=5<64-4, p. xxv.



4<4

tcl @babs, br tcl Cb`y Wrbpclt) cds tcl pbwlr tb dssuol einnlrljt nbros

dt einnlrljt tiols, dje dppldr ij einnlrljt auisls.471

Ij tcis fd`` tclj, nbr d fbjstruftibj bn Fcdbs ds d ‐sdvibur‟ nbr @babs,

Euaij is fbooittija d clrlsy. Cl ijsu`ts tcl trdeitibjs bn Vuniso dje

Is`do, dje scbws d wblnu` eisrladre nbr tcl ljtirl fbrpus bn Ldstlrj dje

Qlstlrj oystifd` trdeitibjs wcbsl nbujedtibj rlsts bj tcl @babs. Mut

obrl sb, ds d Fcristidj, Euaij fbooits tcl fdreijd` sij bn m`dspcloija

dadijst tcl cb`y fbjflpt bn Fcrist ijfdrjdtl ds tcl @babs. Ucis scbuè ml

d sij ij cis bwj lyls, mut cl dppldrs strdjal`y ujfbjflrjle br lvlj

bmìvibus tb it.473

Euaij ds dj Dftivl Jiciìst

Euaij’s fbjflrj tb lje tcl prl-loijljfl bn @babs is d eldtc wisc tcdt fdj

jlvlr ml rldìsle. It is sb my virtul bn its ltlrjd` jdturl, dje my virtul bn its

plrsistljfl tcrbuac tiol. Ij cis fd`` nbr its rlp`dfloljt br rlhuvljdtibj

my Fcdbs, cl is ijvbkija d fd`` tb jiciìso ij tcl pcysifd`, oltdpcysifd`,

psyfcb`baifd`, jdtibjd` dje fbsoif sljsl. Ij tcis, cis ndsfijdtibj witc

lxistljfl, ìkl cis ijfrldsija ijvb`vloljt ij pbìtifs, dppldrs tb eisp`dy d

471 Mibardpcifd` ljfyf`bpdleid bn Vunis my J. Cdjin =77= IVMJ 34-1>=<-=>>-= p. 93.

473 Bjl wbjelrs tclj wcdt Euaij’s rlspbjsl oiact ml tb d Fcrist‖@babs cyplrjyo. Qbuè cl darll dje siop`y sdy yls bj`y tb tclj dnniro tcdt @babs oust ml sdvletcrbuac dj dnnirodtibj bn Fcdbs dje bj`y ij tcis fdj odjkije sdvl tcl elfdyijaFcrist! Mut tcdt is d purl m`dspcloy ij djy trdeitibj br slft bn Fcristidjity my djyoldsurl. Odj fdjjbt sdvl Fcrist, bj`y Fcrist cds tcl rlelloija pbwlr tb sdvlodjkije, dje ij tcdt scd`` tcbsl wcb mlìlvl ml mbrj dadij dje slrvl ds d witjlss tbHlsus tcrbuac tcl pbwlr bn tcl Cb`y Vpirit. Ij tcis tbb, Fcdbs rlprlsljts dj djtbjyotb wcdt Fcrist ds @babs is, dje ij tcl ìact bn tcl syombìf tclbry bn Auéjbj issuaalstivl bn d fci`ìja pbrtljt bn tcl nuturl nbr tcbsl tcdt oiact mlìlvl. Ij rlsplft tbtcl Djti-Fcrist sll clrl.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist






4<=

obrmie prlbffupdtibj witc vib`ljfl, dje d strdjal bmslssibj witc lvi` dje

eldtc.

It is cdre`y surprisija, tclrlnbrl, tcdt Euaij dppldrs ndr obrl ljdoburle

bn Jiltzsfcl’s dsslrtibj tcdt ‐Abe is elde‟, br dt `ldst bj Cis `dst `las, dj

bee vilw tb debpt ds d nlrvljt Fcristidj, tcdj djy a`de jlws tcdt fbuè ml

prbviele witc d olssdal tcdt ‐Hlsus Vdvls‟.479 Ylt ij tcis ndsfijdtibj tbb,

Euaij eisp`dys d quijtlssljtid``y Clielaalrldj dtcliso, tcdt fbjtrdsts

stdrk`y witc cis prbnlssle Fcristidj mlìlns.447

Is tcis Euaij’s ijtljtibj2 Is cl bnnlrija olrl`y d elflptivl pbsl, br lvljprlpdrle tb sunnlr tcl tbroljts bn Cl``, ij brelr tb sdvl odjkije

fb``lftivl`y nrbo dj lvlj arldtlr tbroljt2 Is cl tb ml tcl sdvibur bn

odjkije, bnnlrija tcrbuac cis pci`bsbpcifd` ljeldvburs tcl sbùtibjs tb

bur lxistljfl, pbijtija tcl wdy ds cl ebls sb tb d mriactlr stdtl visibj bn

479 ‐Abe is elde. Abe rlodijs elde. Dje wl cdvl ki``le cio. Ylt cis scdebw sti`` bbos.

Cbw scd`` wl fbonbrt bursl`vls, tcl ourelrlrs bn d`` ourelrlrs2 Qcdt wds cbìlstdje oiactilst bn d`` tcdt tcl wbrè cds ylt bwjle cds m`le tb eldtc ujelr bur kjivls8

wcb wi`` wipl tcis m`bbe bnn us2 Qcdt wdtlr is tclrl nbr us tb f`ldj bursl`vls2 Qcdtnlstivd`s bn dtbjloljt, wcdt sdfrle adols scd`` wl cdvl tb ijvljt2 Is jbt tcl arldtjlssbn tcis elle tbb arldt nbr us2 Oust wl bursl`vls jbt mlfbol abes siop`y tb dppldr

wbrtcy bn it2

―Jiltzsfcl, Ucl Ady Vfiljfl, Vlftibj 4=<, tr. Qd`tlr Kdunodjj

447 ‐…qulstibjijajlss [Nrdaìfcklit_ is jbt rlìaibus, mut it ody jlvlrtcl`lss `lde ol

tb d pbsitibj wclrl I oust odkl d rlìaibus elfisibj. I eb jbt mlcdvl rlìaibus`y ijpci`bsbpcisija, lvlj in I ds d pci`bsbpclr fdj ml d rlìaibus odj. –mut clrl is tcl drt8’tb pci`bsbpcisl dje tclrlmy tb ml rlìaibus, i.l., tb tdkl up ndftud``y its wbrè`y,cistbrifd` tdsk ij pci`bsbpcisija, ij dftibj dje d wbrè bn dftibj, jbt ij rlìaibusielb`bay dje ndjtdsy. Wci`bsbpcy, ij its rdeifd` sl`n-pbsitija qulstibjijajlss, oust mlij prijfip`l d-tclistif.‟

WID, Qijtlr slolstlr 49=4-==, Clielaalr.



4<6

tbobrrbw2 Is cl, prlpdrle tb sdfrinifl Abe bj tcl d`tdr bn Fcdbs, ij brelr

tb ml tcl sdvibur bn fiviìsdtibjs2444

Clrl it oiact ml tcbuact my tcl rldelr tcdt I do `lttija D`lksdjer Euaij

bnn tcl cbbk, my lopcdsisija cis eleifdtibj tb tcl Wci`bsbpclr’s drt dje

deoirija cio nbr tcl dft bn sdfrinifija cis rlìaibus nditc nbr tcl sdkl bn d``

odjkije. Dj dft sbol dtclists oiact ello jlflssdry nbr tcl ljeldvbur.

Dj drt tcdt sllks sbùtibjs, dje rlquirls dtcliso ij brelr tb prbarlss, dje

d`` nbr tcl sdkl bn cuodjity vid tcl pursuit bn eid`lftif.

Mut it is f`ldr tcdt ij tcis drt, odjy arldt dje jbm`l pci`bsbpclrs cdvl jbtnl`t it jlflssdry tb dmdjebj tclir einnlrija mlìlns ij Abe, jbr lvlj debpt

d sdvibur’s pbsl, br prltlje djd`ytifd` dtcliso ij tcl jdol bn d fdusl.

Ijelle, bj tcl fbjtrdry, tcly cdvl bj`y nbuje ij sufc dj dftivity sbol

vlry abbe rldsbjs tb hustiny dje strljatclj tclir nditc, dje odjy cdvl

prbf`diole it pdssibjdtl`y. Ij tcis, tclj, Euaij’s ljtcusidso nbr

Clielaalr dje Jiltzsfcl drl bee, dje odkl strdjal mle nl``bws, dje drl

bjls tcdt eb jbt eb oufc slrvifl tb cis plrsbjd` nditc ds d Fcristidj.

Ucl qulstibj clrl is wcy2 Is cl bmìale ds d pci`bsbpclr tb ml dj dtclist2

F`ldr`y jbt, ds odjy arldt pci`bsbpclrs strbja`y mlìlvle ij Abe. Ijelle,

tcl wcb`l cistbry bn Wci`bsbpcy dje Uclb`bay `dral`y stdjes ds d

tlstdoljt tb tcl rdtibjd` hustinifdtibjs bn tclir nditc. Qcy tclj scbuè D`lksdjer Euaij, tcl pci`bsbpclr wcb arllts plbp`l pumìf`y witc tcl

444 ‐Wci`bsbpcy is rdeifd` qulstibjija, mut tb rld``y qulstibj ‖ tb pusc bjl’s

qulstibjija tb tcl mrijk bn tcl dmyss ‖ bjl oust ml dj dtclist, nbr nditc aivls djswlrstbb sbbj. … Nditc dje pci`bsbpcy drl obrtd` ljloils; ij ndft, –nditc is sb dmsbùtl`y tclobrtd` ljloy tcdt pci`bsbpcy ebls jbt lvlj mlaij tb wdjt ij djy wdy tb eb mdtt`l witcit.’ –tcl pci`bsbpclr ebls jbt mlìlvl’ ‖ scl br cl fdjjbt mlìlvl, mlfdusl nditc is ijrdeifd` bppbsitibj tb tcl vlry jdturl bn pci`bsbpcy ds qulstibjija.‟ ‖ HKD Voitc, Ucl

Nd`` bn Ijtlrprltdtibj p.473.



4<5

nlrvljt lxf`dodtibj ‐Fcrist is ]islj‟, wcb spldks bn elvi`s dje djal`s, bn

abbe dje lvi` dje lvlj tcl Djti-Fcrist, wcy scbuè cl sl`lft but bn tcl

wcb`l cistbry bn pci`bsbpcifd` dje spiritud` ields, twb ijeivieud`s ij

Jiltzsfcl dje Clielaalr wcb u`tiodtl`y eb cis Fcristidj nditc sb oufc

eisslrvifl2

It dppldrs tcl rlfurrljt tclol tcdt fbjtijud``y ujitls cio witc cis

pci`bsbpcifd` clrbls is cis strdjal ndsfijdtibj nbr jiciìso. It frbps up

tiol dje tiol dadij, jbt bj`y ij cis ijtlrprltdtibj dje fcbifl bn

fbopdjibjs, d edrk `bbkija mujfc, lvlj ij tcl f`dssrbbo, mut d`sb ij cis

fcbifl bn `djaudal8 ‐djjici`dtl‟, ‐ki``‟, ‐elstrby‟, ‐sdfrinifl‟, ‐ìquiedtl‟,

tcl ìst fbuè ab bj. Mut clrl cl is bj rdtclr sbìtdry arbuje.

Mldrija d`` tcis ij oije, `lt us oldsurl cbw ndr Euaij cds strdyle nrbo

tcl pdtc ds d `bst scllp dje fbjsielr d`sb wcdt Jiltzsfcl cde tb sdy bj tcl

tbpif bn Fcristidj nditc, mut d`sb bj cis ndvburitl bmslssibj, tcl sumhlft bn

jiciìso.

Ij cis jbtlmbbks, ij d fcdptlr ljtit`le ‐Lurbpldj Jiciìso‟, Jiltzsfcl

lvdùdtls Fcristidjity dt `ljatc. Mut lvlj Jiltzsfcl tcl Abe ki``lr stdtls

tcdt tcl Fcristidj obrd` ebftrijl prbviels plbp`l witc d wld`tc bn

ijtrijsif vdùl; mlìln ij Abe oiact hustiny tcl lvi` ij tcl wbrè, mut it sti``

prbviels d mdsis nbr bmhlftivl kjbw`leal. Ij tcis sljsl, tclj, ijfbjstruftija d wbrè wclrl bmhlftivl kjbw`leal is pbssim`l, Fcristidjity

sti`` prbviels dj djtiebtl dadijst d priod` nbro bn jiciìso, dadijst tcl

dmsbùtl elspdir bn ‐oldjija`lssjlss‟, br tb usl djbtclr wbre bn

lquivd`ljt oldjija ‐fcdbs‟.

Nrbo tclrl, cbwlvlr, Jiltzsfcl’s plssioiso bj`y fdusle cio tb elsflje

nrbo tcl obujtdij. Nbr it is lxdft`y tcl l`loljt bn trutcnu`jlss ds dj



4<<

dmsbùtl ij Fcristidj ebftrijl tcdt Jiltzsfcl nijes is its ujebija8 ij its

erivl tbwdres trutc, Fcristidjity lvljtud``y nijes itsl`n tb ml d fbjstruft,

wcifc `ldes tb its bwj eissbùtibj. Wlrcdps ij d sljsl, ds d fbjstruft,

Euaij’s Fiviìsdtibjs tbb oust u`tiodtl`y ndi` dje eil. It is rldìty

sumstdjtidtle my cistbry. Mut it fdj cdvl jb suppbrt nbr tcl Fcristidj

Euaij nrbo djy vilwpbijt bn Jiltzsfcl’s. Nbr tcl vlry ndft bn rldìsija tcdt

nditc is d fbjstruft, siajinils d rldìsdtibj tcdt wl cdvl ij lnnlft butarbwj

Fcristidjity8

‐jbt mlfdusl wl ìvle tbb ndr nrbo it, rdtclr mlfdusl wl ìvle tbb

f`bsl.‟

Ucl eissbùtibj bn Fcristidjity fbjstitutls ylt djbtclr nbro bn jiciìso,

mlfdusl Fcristidjity is dj ijtlrprltdtibj wcifc pbsitle itsl`n ds tcl trutc.

Jiltzsfcl stdtls tcdt tcis eissbùtibj `ldes mlybje sflptifiso tb d eistrust

bn d`` oldjija. Mut tcis is d ùxury Euaij fdjjbt ijeuàl ij ds d Fcristidj;

nbr cis mlìln is pdrdobujt dje dj dmsbùtl. It is bjl tcdt fdjjbt ml

hlttisbjle wci`l cl sti`` prbf`dios tcl trutc bn tcl abspl`s dje tcl fdjbjbn tcl Brtcbebx Fcurfc.

Ij rl`dtibj tb cis `bvl dnndir witc Fcdbs, dje cis jiciìstif bmslssibj d`sb,

Euaij fdj odkl jb cdppy mlenl``bw witc Fcristidj obrdìty ij tcl

Brtcbebx sljsl. Ds Vtdj`ly ]bslj nijes ij Jiltzsfcl’s fbjflpt bn jiciìso,

bjl is fbjnrbjtle witc d situdtibj bn oldjija`lssjlss, ij wcifc

‐lvlrytcija is plroittle‟.44= Dffbreija`y tcl `bss bn ciaclr oltdpcysifd`

vdùls tcdt lxist ij fbjtrdst tb tcl oujedjl rldìty bn tcis wbrè, bur

olrl`y cuodj ields, oust aivl risl tb tcl ield tcdt d`` cuodj ields drl

vdùl`lss. ]lhlftija ieldìso oust tclrlnbrl rlsu`t ij tbtd` jiciìso,

44= ij ‐Jiciìso8 D Wci`bsbpcifd` Lssdy. Jlw Cdvlj8 Yd`l \jivlrsity Wrlss. 49>9. (p.xiii).



4<>

mlfdusl bj`y sioi`dr`y trdjsfljeljt ield`s ìvl up tb tcl prlvibus

stdjedres tcdt tcl jiciìst sti`` iopìfit`y cbès.

Ij tcl Jiltzsfcldj vilw, tclrlnbrl, tcl ijdmiìty nbr Fcristidjity tb slrvl

ds d sburfl bn sdtisndftbri`y lvdùdtija tcl wbrè is djbtclr fdusl bn its bwj

eissbùtibj. Ucis is cdstljle eul tb tcl devdjfls bn tcl sfiljfls, wcifc nbr

Jiltzsfcl scbwle tcdt odj is d prbeuft bn lvbùtibj, dje tcdt tcl ldrtc

cds jb splfid` p`dfl ij tcl ujivlrsl. Ucl Fcristidj jbtibj bn Abe,

tclrlnbrl, fdj jb `bjalr slrvl ds d mdsis nbr bur sljsl bn wcdt tcl trutc,

jbr fbjslquljt`y nbr wcdt is tru`y obrd`.

Nbr Euaij, cbwlvlr, tcl vlry mdsis bn obrdìty oust dt `ldst ml tcl

Fcristidj ltcif bn ‐@bvl tcy jliacmbur‟, tcl Mldtituels dje Fcristidj

pdfiniso. Vb tbb it oust prbviel sbol ijtlrprltdtibj bn tcl lxistljfl bn

tcl purity dje plrnlftibj bn tcl @babs ds Hlsus Fcrist. Cl oust dfflpt ds

dj Brtcbebx Fcristidj, tcl dmsbùtl vdùls bn Fcristidjity, dje tclir prl-

loijljfl ds d eivijl trutc. Uclsl drl `dral`y ujqulstibjle dje aivlj ds

dj drtif`l bn nditc. Ds dj Brtcbebx Fcristidj, Euaij fdjjbt rlsfije tclo,

nbr tcly prbviel tcl mdsl nbujedtibj bj wcifc tcl fdjbj bn tcl Fcurfc cds

mllj mui`t. Ucl rlpbsitbry bn wcdt it oldjs tb dft ij d obrd` ndscibj ij tcl

wbrè.

Nbr Euaij, tcl dmsbùtl prijfip`ls bn @babs, Abe dje Fcrist ds tcl eivijl

ijfdrjdtibj, drl rlquirle tb ml dfflptle ds trutc. Ucis is rlquirle ij brelrnbr cio tb fd`` ciosl`n d Fcristidj. Ucly drl rlquirle nbr cio tb odkl sljsl

bn tcis wbrè dje tb ìvl d obrd` ìnl. Djy rldftibj tb d `bss bn oldjija

rlsfijeija tclsl vdùls wbuè rlsu`t ij wcdt Jiltzsfcl oiact fd`` ‐pdssivl

jiciìso‟, wcifc cl rlfbajisle ij tcl plssioiso bn Vfcbpljcdulr; d

ndscibjdm`l pbsl tbb nbr tcl Qlrtclridj ]bodjtifs bn tcl tiol.



4<1

Mut Vfcbpljcdulr’s ebftrijl, wcifc Jiltzsfcl d`sb rlnlrrle tb ds

‐ Qlstlrj Mueeciso‟, devbfdtls jbt dj dnnirodtibj bn Fcrist dje tcl

prdftisija bn d Fcristidj dadpl, mut d slpdrdtija bn bjlsl`n ij d puraija bn

wi`` dje elsirls, ij brelr tb rleufl sunnlrija. Jiltzsfcl fcdrdftlrisle tcis

dsfltif dttituel ds d ‐ wi`` tb jbtcijajlss‟ cbwlvlr, wclrl ìnl turjs dwdy

nrbo itsl`n, mlfdusl tclrl is jbtcija bn vdùl tb ml nbuje ij tcis wbrè.

Euaij, tcl Fcristidj, cbwlvlr, is dt `ldst bmìale tb dfflpt tcl wbrè ds it

is prbnlssle tb ml ij tcl Mim`l. Ucis wbrè is d odjinlstdtibj bn Abe’s p`dj

my virtul bn tcl rlvl`dtibj bn tcl @babs. Cl is rlquirle tb vilw it is d eivijl

tcija my virtul bn it mlija Cis frldtibj. Cl is d`sb rlquirle tb ìvl my tcllxdop`l prbviele my Hlsus Fcrist ij cis bwj ìnl dje nije vdùl ij tcis

lou`dtibj. It is tcrbuac tcis lou`dtibj dje bj`y tcrbuac tcl dfflptdjfl

bn Fcrist ds cis plrsbjd` sdvibur tcdt cis plrsbjd` sd`vdtibj fdj ml slfurle.

Nbr Jiltzsfcl, cbwlvlr, it wds bj`y tcrbuac tcl rlhlftibj bn d`` vdùls tcdt

tcl jiciìst fdj ml fcdrdftlrisle8

‐ D jiciìst is d odj wcb hueals bn tcl wbrè ds it is tcdt it buact jbttb ml, dje bn tcl wbrè ds it buact tb ml tcdt it ebls jbt lxist. Dffbreija tb tcis vilw, bur lxistljfl (dftibj, sunnlrija, wi`ìja,nllìja) cds jb oldjija8 tcl pdtcbs bn 'ij vdij' is tcl jiciìsts'pdtcbs- dt tcl sdol tiol, ds pdtcbs, dj ijfbjsistljfy bj tcl pdrt bntcl jiciìsts.‟

-Nrilerifc Jiltzsfcl, KVD 4=89 [>7_, tdklj nrbo Ucl Qi`` tb Wbwlr,slftibj <3<.

Ylt clrl cl d`sb lopcdsisls mbtc tcl edjalr bn jiciìso dje tcl

pbssimiìtils it bnnlrs8

‐I prdisl, I eb jbt rlprbdfc, [its_ drrivd`. I mlìlvl it is bjl bn tclarldtlst frisls, d oboljt bn tcl ellplst sl`n-rln`lftibj bn cuodjity. Qcltclr odj rlfbvlrs nrbo it, wcltclr cl mlfbols odstlr bn tcis

frisis, is d qulstibj bn cis strljatc!‟



4<3

Dffbreija tb Jiltzsfcl, tclj, it is bj`y wclj jiciìso is bvlrfbol tcdt d

fu`turl fdj cdvl d trul arbuje upbj wcifc tb tcrivl. Cl wiscle tb cdstlj

its fboija bj`y sb tcdt cl fbuè d`sb cdstlj its u`tiodtl elpdrturl. Nbr

Jiltzsfcl, tcis ‐dftivl‟ jiciìso is jbt olrl`y d sumoissibj tb dj

dfflptdjfl bn bur ndtl, mut elstrbys tb f`ldr tcl nilè nbr tcl fbjstruftibj

bn sboltcija jlw. Ucis nbro bn jiciìso is elsfrimle ds d ‐scbw bn

strljatc‟, d wi`nu` elstruftibj bn tcl bè vdùls dje d oldjs tb nije d jlw

mlaijjija. It is d wdy tb rl-fbjtlxtudìsl bjl’s bwj mlìlns dje

ijtlrprltdtibjs dje aivl tclo oldjija.

Clrl Euaij’s sbùtibj tbb oiact ml devbfdtija dj ijfùsibj bn Fcdbs

elsiajle tb wi`nu``y elstrby. Cis obel` flrtdij`y suaalsts, ìkl Jiltzsfcl,

dj dftivl dje jbt siop`y d pdssivl jiciìso (ds plr cis slfbje prloisl)

tcdt ljtdi`s mlfboija dj daljt ij tcl prbarlssibj tbwdres rlmirtc dje

sd`vdtibj.

Dftivl jiciìso is fbjtrdry tb tcl pdssivl jiciìso tcdt rlsiajs itsl`n tb tcl

elfdy bn tcl bè vdùls dje ijvitls d fbopìdjt plssioiso. Ucis wi`nu`

elstruftibj bn vdùls, dje tcl bvlrfboija bn tcl fbjeitibj bn jiciìso my

fbjstruftija jlw oldjija, fbuè ml rl`dtle tb wcdt Jiltzsfcl l`slwclrl

tlrole tcl wi`` tb edjfl, br tcl ‐nrll spirit‟, br tcl dnnirodtibj bn tcl

Ltlrjd` ]lturj. It is tcl dnnirodtibj bn tcl Bvlrodj nrbo ‐Ucus Vpbkl

Xdrdtcustrd‟, tcl obel` bn tcl strbja ijeivieud`, wcb dnniros cis bwj

vdùls, dje ìvls cis ìnl ds in cl wlrl frldtija cis bwj wbrk bn drt. Nbr

Euaij, cbwlvlr, tcis frldtibj bn d jlw oldjija nrbo tcl prl-loijljfl bn

Fcdbs fbuè jbt rlst ij d trdeitibj tcdt dfflpts br lspbusls djy trdeitibjd`

sljsl bn wcdt it oldjs tb ml d Fcristidj. It jlflssitdtls d jlw plrsplftivl,

dje rlquirls dj lopcdsis bj tcl pbwlr bn tcl ijeivieud`, rdtclr tcdj tcl



4<9

pbwlr bn Abe. Ij cis rlsbrt tb dftivl jiciìso, cbwlvlr, cl is vlry oufc

pdrt bn tcl prbm`lo bn elvdùdtibj tcdt cl furrljt`y fbop`dijs dmbut.

Euaij’s tclbry bn Fcdbs dfkjbw`leals tcl elmt cl bwls ij cis

ijtlrprltdtibj tb Clielaalr. Ij cis ‐Jiciìso, ds Eltlroijle my tcl

Cistbry bn Mlija‟ (4955‖5>), Clielaalr ijtlrprlts Jiltzsfcl’s jiciìso ds

tryija tb dfcilvl d viftbry tcrbuac tcl elvdùdtibj bn tcl ciaclst vdùls.

Ucl prijfip`l bn tcis elvdùdtibj is, dffbreija tb Clielaalr, tcl Qi`` tb

Wbwlr. Ucl Qi`` tb Wbwlr is d`sb tcl prijfip`l bn lvlry ldrìlr lvdùdtibj

bn vdùls.

Cbw tclj ebls tcis elvdùdtibj bffur, dje wcy is tcis jiciìstif2

Bjl bn Clielaalr’s odij fbjflrjs wds tcdt pci`bsbpcy, dje obrl

splfinifd``y oltdpcysifs, cde nbrabttlj tb eisfrioijdtl mltwllj tcl

jbtibj bn d Mlija (Vliljel) dje Mlija (Vlij). Dffbreija tb Clielaalr, tcl

cistbry bn Qlstlrj tcbuact fdj ml sllj ds tcl cistbry bn oltdpcysifs. Ij

tcis sljsl tclj, mlfdusl oltdpcysifs cds nbrabttlj tb dsk dmbut tcl vlryjbtibj bn wcdt Mlija is (Vlijsvlralssljclit) tcl cistbry bn Mlija cds mllj

d cistbrifd` jdrrdtivl dmbut its bwj elstruftibj. It is ij lnnlft eyija d s`bw

eldtc my its bwj cdje, dje tcdt is wcy oltdpcysifs is lssljtid``y jiciìstif.

Mut ij tcis, Clielaalr ljvisibjle Jiltzsfcl’s oltdpcysifs, jbt ds d viftbry

bvlr jiciìso tbb, mut dj lnnbrt tb try dje riact tcl wrbja ij brelr tb

plrnlft it.

Wbstobelrj dje pbststrufturdìst tcbuact fbjtijuls tcis fbjflrj, dje

qulstibjs tcl vlry arbujes bj wcifc Qlstlrj fu`turls cdvl mdsle tclir

ujelrstdjeija bn ‐trutc‟, pdrtifu`dr`y ij tcl spclrl bn wcdt fbjstitutls

dmsbùtl kjbw`leal. Ylt tcl fciln auru bn tcis, Hdfquls Elrried, wcbsl

elfbjstruftibj is plrcdps obst fboobj`y tlrole ‐jiciìstif‟, eie jbt

ciosl`n odkl tcl jiciìstif obvl tcdt btclrs cdvl sb bntlj f`diole bn cio.



4>7

Ij tcis, Elrried’s eisfip`ls draul tcdt tcis dpprbdfc rdtclr ìmlrdtls tlxts,

ijeivieud`s br fb``lftivls nrbo d rlstriftivl trutc, dje tcdt

elfbjstruftibj’s trul fbjflrj bpljs up tcl pbssimiìty bn btclr wdys bn

mlija. Vpivdk, nbr lxdop`l, usls elfbjstruftibj tb frldtl dj ltcifs bn

bpljija up Qlstlrj sfcb`drscip tb tcl vbifl bn tcl sumd`tlrj dje tb

pci`bsbpcils butsiel bn tcl fdjbj bn Qlstlrj tlxts.

Elrried ciosl`n mui`t d pci`bsbpcy mdsle upbj d ‐rlspbjsimiìty tb tcl

btclr‟. Elfbjstruftibj fdj tcus ml sllj jbt ds d eljid` bn trutc, mut ds d

eljid` bn bur dmiìty tb kjbw tcl trutc. It tclrlnbrl odkls (dt `ldst bj bjl

rldeija) dj lpistlob`baifd` f`dio, ujìkl jiciìso’s bjtb`baifd` f`dio.

Ij d`` bn tcis edrkjlss ìls sboltcija wl fdj sljsl ds pbsitivl, mut fdj

odjkije trdfk tclir wdy nbrwdre dje nije d fboobj sljsl bn purpbsl tb

ljìactlj cis prbarlss2 It is flrtdij`y pbssim`l.

Wbstobelrjiso witc its pbst-slfu`dr fritiqul bn obelrjiso, tljes tb sll

tcl wbrè dje tcis fbsobs ij tlros bn einnlrljtid` nùx. Ds sufc, it fdj mlsllj ds lombeyija d nujedoljtd` bjtb`baifd` vib`ljfl ij its dssuoptibj

bn einnlrljfl ds mlija dj dabjy sijfl, nbr jiciìstif pci`bsbpclrs, `djaudal

cds jb abd` mlybje its bwj frldtivity. Ij tcis fdj ml plrflivle dj ijtrijsif

jiciìso, mut `djaudal (`babs) ds dj dftivity is bj`y ij elfdy br jiciìstif in

it is plrflivle tb ml plrpltud``y elfìjija br fboija tb dj lje.

Ucl tdsk mlnbrl us, tclrlnbrl, is tb ml fbjtijud``y frldtivl, dje ij tcdt

ioitdtl tcl Frldtbr; nbr tcdt dft bn tcl Frldtbr ds tcl @babs (br tcl Qbre

nbr Fcristidjs) fdj sti`` ml plrflivle ds bj abija ij tcl fbjtijud` frldtibj

bn tcl stdrs dje p`djlts dje tcl oyride mirtcs bn tcl fùstlrle ad`dxils. It

ijelle prbviels rljlwd` nbr bur nditc ds d visim`l fbjnirodtibj bn tcl

prijfip`l’s bjabija frldtivity. Qci`st tcl stdrry fbsobs oiact dppldr sti``,



4>4

it is ij rldìty dm`dzl witc dftivity. Ucis is itsl`n d tlstdoljt tb Abe’s ltlrjd`

prlsljfl dje ijnùljfl.

Ucl pcysifd` odjinlstdtibj bn tcl @babs, tcl fbsobs, is d rdtibjd` dje

brelrle ifbj rln`lftivl bn tcl prijfip`l. It is lxlopìnile ij sfiljtinif `dws,

dje obrd` prijfip`ls. Odjkije plrflivls it dje ljdfts it ds sufc my virtul

bn its rdtibjd` dje ltcifd` ljeldvburs dje eisfipìjls. It plrvdels tcrbuac

lvlry ndflt bn ìnl ij tcl frldtivl dft bn `djaudal. Eid`baul tclrlnbrl, ij

tcl eid`lftif sljsl, ljtdi`s dj dft bn frldtivity nbr odjkije.

Ij dfflptija tcijklrs wcb vdùl dftivl jiciìso ij tlros bn Fcdbs, tclrl isjb ujivlrsd` rldsbj tcdt fdj aivl us oltdpcysifd``y slfurle vdùls, br fdj

rlvivl bur nditc ij tcl f`dssifd` virtuls. Ij tcis, odjkije is dt dj lje, mbtc

ij tcl bjtb`baifd` dje lpistlob`baifd` sljsl, mut d jlw mlaijjija fdj ml

nbuje. It fdjjbt ml nbuje ij djy dft bn elstruftibj tcdt jladtls. Vufc dj

dft is tcl lquivd`ljt bn ljfburdaija odjkije tb dft ds d spbi`t dje pltu`djt

fciè, wcb, cdvija rldìsle tclir tby is mrbklj, tcrbws it tb tcl n`bbr ij

eisaust dje djalr, br ds ij Euaij’s prbajbstifdtibj, cbpls tcdt tcl m`bw

bn Fcdbs wi`` ylt odkl it wbrk dadij.

Cuodj frldtivity, cbwlvlr, is d pdrt bn tcl fbsoif frldtibj, dje aivls tcl

cuodj `babs tiol dje spdfl ij wcifc tb nbrou`dtl dj ioitdtivl rlspbjsl.

Ucis is tcl fbjtlxt ij wcifc djy dft bn mirtc, br rlmirtc, cds tb ml ijlvitdm`y

nbrou`dtle, dje ij tcis fbjtlxt bj`y @babs prbviels tcl tcldtrl ij wcifctcl jdrrdtivl oiact ml nrdole. Cuodj `djaudal clrl is tcl ijstruoljt

tcrbuac wcifc odjkije’s `babs frldtls dj bppbrtujity tb rldsslrt itsl`n

tcrbuac Eivijl lou`dtibj, hust ds @babs fbjtijud``y frldtls ds tcl

prijfip`l bn ]ldsbj, Brelr, br nbr Fcristidjs tcl Eivijl Qbre. Nbr @babs

eie jbt rlsfije its dft bn Frldtibj ds tcl Frldtbr, it is ltlrjd`, dje dj

ujljeija prbflss bn prbarlssibj. Nurtclrobrl, it is my virtul bn it mlija

rdtibjd` dje brelrle d abbe frldtibj, dje lxlopìnils dje lombeils tcdt



4>=

wcifc is Abbe. Ucus, odjkije tbb ody fbjtijul tb strivl tb lou`dtl it

usija `djaudal dje rldsbj, dje obrdìty dje ltcifs, ds d frldtivl oldjs

nbr its prbarlssibj dje lxprlssibj.

Ij tcis ljeldvbur, bur pci`bsbpcifd` dje pbìtifd` kjbw`leal ij rlsplft tb

eid`lftif fdj strivl tb ‐ijtlrprlt‟ sbfid` tclbry, mut bj`y my dj dfflptdjfl

bn bur nujedoljtd` ìoitdtibjs. Ucl ljdftoljt bn d pldflnu`, rlfbjfi`le

sbfid` brelr ìls mlybje djy purpbrtle`y bmhlftivl br ujivlrsd`

ujelrstdjeija bn ]ldsbj br Brelr ij tcl dmsbùtl sljsl. Ij tcis ìls dj

dfflptdjfl tcdt u`tiodtl`y Abe oust ml ujkjbwdm`l, mut tcl dfflptdjfl

bn tcdt rldìty nbr cuodjs ebls jbt jladtl tcl ljeldvbur tb kjbw, br

ju`ìny bur dttlopt tb ioitdtl ij djy prdftifd` sljsl. Ijelle, tcrbuac tcdt

dspirdtibj tb dttdij kjbw`leal, bjl oiact eisflrj d mlttlr ujelrstdjeija

dje d arldtlr ioitdtibj, nrll nrbo tcl ìoitdtibjs bn cuodj `djaudal.

Ij tcis ìact, pbstobelrjiso’s nbfus upbj nùx cds dj djd`baul ij tcl dft

bn tcl Frldtbr’s frldtibj, wclrlmy bur sl`n -frldtle plrsplftivls bn rldìty

drl jbt bj`y rdeifd``y fbjtijaljt, mut d`sb ioitdtivl dje dssioi`dtivl, witc

slftbrs bn fbrrlspbjeljfl tcdt bvlr`dp dje ujiny. Clrl tcl eisfipìjl bn

tcl @babs, jdrrdtle nbr lxdop`l tcrbuac tcl eisfipìjl bn Uclb`bay, fdj

dfflpt itsl`n dje tcl Fcurfc ds d cistbrifd` dje fu`turd` ndft tb i`ùoijdtl

dje brelr ujflrtdijty. It jlle jbt jlflssitdtl surrljelrija tcl pbssimiìty

bn dttloptija tb spldk bn tcl trdjsfljeljt. Ijelle, bj`y bj tcl

prlsuppbsitibj bn tcl trdjsfljeljt ds d rldìty fdj djy td`k bn tcl

ioodjljt odkl sljsl, witcbut sìppija ijtb tcl kije bn dmsbùtl jiciìso

Euaij iopìls br lvlj slfrlt`y yldrjs nbr.

Dt tcl cldrt bn d Fcristidj d`tlrjdtivl tclrlnbrl, ds dj lxdop`l, ìls d

jdrrdtibj bn d rldìty wcifc is jbt fcdbs, vib`ljfl, br jiciìso, mut dj

dppld` tb brelr dje rldsbj dje tclrlnbrl pldfl. It is dj ljeldvbur tb wbrk

nbr d ellplr ujelrstdjeija ij tcl ìact bn Abe’s frldtivl dftivity ij tcl



4>6

frldtibj8 bjl lxdop`l mlija tcl eisfipìjl bn sfiljfl, pdrtifu`dr`y dstrb-

pcysifs br fbsob`bay. Ij rlnlrljfl tb Fcristidjity d`sb, it is dfcilvle

tcrbuac dj dfflptdjfl bn tcl ujity bn tcl Urijity ds d nujedoljtd`. Ylt

tcis virtul bn jbjvib`ljt Fcristidj prdftifl, wci`st it is fbjtlxtudìsle ij

sboltcija lxtlrjd` tb its bwj ioitdtivl dftivity, vid its bwj jdrrdtibj,

jlle jbt ìoit itsl`n witc tcl prbf`dodtibj tcdt it d`bjl elnijls wcdt is

‐trutc‟. Nbr wci`st tcis trutc is dmsbùtl, its sburfl is d`sb trdjsfljeljt,

dje tcdt rlquirls dj ljeldvbur dje dj dfflptdjfl tcdt wl fdj bj`y

dttlopt tb rldìsl it tcrbuac dj ltlrjd` rldìsdtibj tcdt d`` cuodj

plrsplftivls drl fbjtijaljt dje pdrtid` dpprbxiodtibjs. Ij tcis, d``plrsplftivls dje eisfipìjls fdj ml prbnnlrle, mut jbt d`` plrsplftivls my

virtul bn cuodj rldsbj drl lqud``y ds vdìe. Ucly oust ml tlstle my tcl

vdìeity bn djd`ysis tcrbuac tcl prijfip`ls bn rldsbj, dje my rlfbursl tb

`babs ds fritifd` elmdtl. It is clrl tcdt tcl trul dft bn frldtivity nbr odj is

rldìsle my rlfbursl tb cis bwj `babs.

Ij tcis, elspitl tcl lxistljfl bn einnlrljfl witcij tcl frldtle brelr, d``

frldturls drl rl`dtle tb Abe ds tcl Wriod` Fdusl dje tb bjl djbtclr, dje

it is tcis vlry einnlrljfl ij rl`dtibjs, plrflivle my odjkije tcrbuac tclir

scdrle plrsplftivls, tcdt u`tiodtl`y ujitl us ds bjl. Bjl ìnl tbaltclr ij

Abe fdj ml rldìsle my virtul bn bur scdrle lxistljfl. Ij vilw bn tcis,

vib`ljfl (tcdt is djy nbro bn fcdbs br fbjnìft) oust d`wdys ml slfbjedry

tb @babs dje ‐pldfl‟ ds rldsbj dje brelr. Nbr tcl fbjeitibj bn pldfl,frldtle my rldsbj dje brelr, ljtdi`s tcl rlsbùtibj bn bppbsitls. Ucis

ljsurls wl scd`` ìvl ij ‐cdrobjy ‟ witc bjl djbtclr dje d`` scd`` fb-lxist

ds d ujity, w ci`st odjkije’s frldtivity wi`` dfcilvl d arldtlr purpbsl dje

dj ioitdtivl rldìsdtibj bn tcl frldtivl dftivity bn @babs. It rlquirls jbt tcl

jladtibj bn tcl ijeivieud`, mut tcl plrnlftibj bn tcl ijeivieud`.



4>5

Jbjl bn tcis fdj ml dfcilvle my dj dppld` tb tcl prl-loijljfl bn Fcdbs,

wcifc is tcl nujedoljtd` djtitclsis bn wcdt @babs ds d frldtivl dje ìnl

sustdijija prijfip`l is. Nbr odjkije tclrl drl odjy plrsplftivls, mut

ijlvitdm`y bj`y bjl rdisbj e’ltrl nbr fu`tivdtibj. It is tcl dnnirodtibj bn tcl

prl-loijljfl bn tcl rdtibjd` ljeldvbur dje ij tcdt ils d arldtlr lvbùtibj

tbwdres brelr dje ujity dje tcl elvl`bpoljt dje dnnirodtibj bn

fiviìsdtibj. It is d fcd``ljal nbr odjkije, dje d eid`lftif drauoljt Euaij,

ds d Fcristidj, scbuè try tb kllp f`bslr tb cis cldrt.

Vuoodry dje Fbjfùsibj

D`lksdjer Euaij d`rldey cds d strdtlay nbr tcl eboijdtibj bn Lurbpl ij d

p`dj cl tlros tcl ‐]ussidj Vprija‟. It is prlsljtle ds bjl bn tcrll

sfljdribs nbr rlsbùtibj bn tcl furrljt \krdijidj frisis. Ucl btclr twb, ij

wcifc tcl Krloìj prlvdrifdtls ij tcl ndfl bn Qlstlrj prlssurl, fbuè

rlsu`t ij tclrobjuf`ldr djjici`dtibj, br dt `ldst sod``-sfd`l wdrs `ldeija

tb a`bmd` fcdbs.

Fbjsielrija tcis, Euaij’s strdtlay nbr tcl ‐]ussidj Vprija‟ fdj ml

suoodrisle my cis nb``bwlrs ij tlj pbijts. Ucis cds jbw mllj tdklj ebwj

nrbo cis Ndflmbbk pdal, mut it aivls d f`ldr ijeifdtibj bn tcl prdaodtif

dje rld`-wbrè ijtljtibjs bn tcl obvloljt, dje cbw edjalrbus it rld``y

is. It cds ij djy fdsl mllj rlfbrele ij trdjs`dtibj my ]bmlrt Xumrij (Odrfc

47, =745 47863 WO) ij tcl Jdtibjd` ]lvilw.

4. Kilv tdkls d wditija pbsitibj, fbjfljtrdtls its trbbps bj tcl mbrelr witc

tcl Friold, dje tcrldtljs, mut tdkls jb eirlft dftibj. Ucl \.V. strbja`y



4><

prlssurls ]ussid, nrllzija dffbujts, dje dftivl`y wdals d prbpdadjed wdr,

mut tcly dje JDUB dvbie eirlft f`dscls. Kilv rlflivls sumstdjtid` suppbrt

nrbo tcl Qlst, mut nbfusls bj ebolstif issuls. Ucl mbrelr witc ]ussid is

f`bsle. Ucl rlnlrljeuo ij tcl Friold bj wcltclr tb hbij ]ussid pdssls

witc oijiod` prbm`los. Ucl vdst odhbrity vbtl drl nbr hbijija ]ussid. Jb

fbujtry rlfbajisls tcl rlnlrljeuo lxflpt ]ussid. ]ussid rdisls tcl

qulstibj bn rltdìdtibj in it ebls jbt rlflivl Friold ijtb ]ussid. Mbtc

fcdomlrs bn tcl Euod prbopt`y rdtiny tcl djjlxdtibj. Friold is rlturjle

tb ]ussid. ]ussidj nbrfls ljtlr. Ucl Qlst lxlrts strbja prlssurl bj

]ussid. Oiìtdjts ij tcl Jbrtc Fdufdsus dje tcl <tc Fbùoj ij Obsfbwdrl dftivdtle. Wutij is suppbrtle my lvlrybjl. Cis pbpu`drity dobja tcl

plbp`l ijfrldsls. Ucis cl`ps cio fbpl witc ijtlrjd` fcd``ljals.

=. Ij ldstlrj \krdijl, Kilv stdrts tb tdkl tbuac pujitivl oldsurls. Uclrl

is d strdiact jdtibjdìst eiftdtbrscip. Ijeivieud`s dttlopt tb dttdfk Friold

br fbooit dfts bn sdmbtdal. Ucly stdrt tdkija rlvljal bj ]ussidjs dje tcl

]ussidj-spldkija ldst dje sbutc nbr tcl `bss bn Friold. Ucis `ldes tb tcl

bjslt bn rlsistdjfl. Ucl slfbje pcdsl bn \krdijidj erdod mlaijs8

ljvisibjle ds tcl Mdtt`l nbr d ‐Jlw ]ussid‟. Wlbp`l wdkl up dje dft

quifk`y. \krdijl lstdmìscls d stdtl bn lolraljfy, ij fbjjlftibj witc wcdt

is elnijle ds ‐Ousfbvitl daarlssibj.‟ Ucl `dst trdfls bn elobfrdfy drl

dmbìscle. L`lftibjs drl clè ij Ody ij wdrtiol.

6. Ucl jdtibjdìsts drrdjal d slrils bn tlrrbrist dttdfks ij ]ussid. Ij ]ussid

itsl`n, tcl rlaiol lvb`vls, dje stdrts tb f`ldj but tcl <tc Fbùoj.



4>>

5. Ij Jbvbrbssid, rlsistdjfl ijfrldsls dje ardeud``y obvls tb tcl pcdsl bn

eirlft rlml`ìbj dadijst tcl Kilv cljfcolj. Uclrl is d m`bbey fivi` wdr.

]ussid elp`bys d odssivl lnnlftivl suppbrt strufturl; syooltrifd``y tcl

Qlst suppbrts Kilv. Dt d flrtdij oboljt, ij rlspbjsl tb tcl sdmbtdal ij

]ussid dje m`bbey dftibjs bn tcl jdtibjdìsts dje tcl rlprlssivl dppdrdtus

bn Kilv dadijst fiviìdjs dje tcl ldst bn \krdijl, ]ussid sljes its trbbps

ijtb tcl ldst. Ucl Qlst tcrldtljs juf`ldr wdr. Ucis is tcl lxistljtid`

oboljt nbr Wutij, mut cl fdjjbt stbp. Abija cdre (pbssim`y witc cldvy

`bssls), Jbvbrbssid is ìmlrdtle. Ucl @lnt-mdjk \krdijl is fbjqulrle, witc

its mbrelr d`bja tcl Ejilplr. D jlw abvlrjoljt is nbujele8 nbr lxdop`l,\krdijl br Jbvbrbssid, br d vlrsibj bn Friold ujelr ]ussidj fbjtrb` ody

ml rlpldtle.

<. Ucl ]iact-mdjk \krdijl, wcifc ebls jbt rlfbajisl slflssibj (ds

Yuabs`dvid ujelr Oi`bslvif dje dtlr Vlrmid dadijst Kbsbvb), nbros d jlw

el ndftb \krdijl-= stdtl. JDUB mdsls drl iooleidtl`y `bfdtle bj its

tlrritbry, stbppija tcl pbssimiìty bn ]ussidj obvl tb Kilv.

>. Ucl jlw jdtibjdìstif \krdijidj abvlrjoljt quifk`y fbols tb d frisis.

Eirlft f`dscls mlaij mltwllj ltcjif arbups (]utcljidjs, Cujadridjs,

Wb`ls, ]bodjidjs, btclr oijbritils) dje bj pbìtifd` arbujes (pbwlr `bss

m`dole nbr cd`n tcl tlrritbrils bn \krdijl). Ucl stdtl wldkljs. Ucl prbflss

bn jlw slflssibjs mlaijs.

1. ]ussid ebls jbt stbp tclrl, mut fdrrils dftivity ijtb Lurbpl, dftija ds tcl

odij l`loljt bn tcl Lurbpldj ‐Fbjslrvdtivl‟ ]lvbùtibj. Lurbpl stdrtstb frdfk8 Vbol fbujtrils drl mlcije tcl \.V., mut obrl bntlj mlaij tb



4>1

ìstlj tb ]ussid. Dadijst tcl mdfkarbuje bn tcl nijdjfid` frisis, ]ussid’s

pbsitibj mlfbols obrl dttrdftivl. ]ussid tdkls bj tcl rb`l bn prbtlftbrdtl

nbr ou`tipb`drity, fbjtijljtdìso, dje jlw ‐fbjslrvdtiso‟ bn Euaij’s jlw

pbìtifd` tclbry.

3. Ij Qlstlrj \krdijl, \krdijl-=, d prb-Lurbpldj (prb-Alrodj) pbìtifd`

nbrfl fbols tb pbwlr tcdt mlaijs tb sbntlj djti-]ussidj pbìfy dje obvls

dwdy nrbo tcl \.V.

9. Dfrbss Lurbpl, tcl el-Dolrifdjisdtibj prbflss mlaijs. Dj dutbjbobus

Lurbpldj drole nbrfl is frldtle ijelpljeljt bn JDUB bj tcl mdsis bn tcl

Alrodj Drole Nbrfls dje tcl Nrljfc.

47. Nijd``y d jlw arldt Fbjtijljtd` Dssbfidtibj is nbrole, ds d

fbjnlelrdtibj bn Lurbpl dje Lurdsid, tcl Lurbpldj \jibj dje tcl

Lurdsidj \jibj. ]ussidj, \krdijidjs dje Lurbpldjs drl bj bjl siel bn

tcl mdrrifdels, tcl Dolrifdjs bj tcl btclr. Dolrifdj clalobjy dje

eboijdjfl bn tcl eb``dr ds wl`` ds eboijdtibj bn Dt`djtifiso, @imlrdìso

dje tcl nijdjfid` bìadrfcy fbols tb dj lje. D jlw pdal ij wbrè cistbry

mlaijs. Ucl V`dvs drl rlujitle jbt dadijst Lurbpl, mut witc Lurbpl ij tcl

nrdolwbrk bn d ou`tipb`dr pb`yfljtrif wbrè strltfcija nrbo @ismbj tb

^`deivbstbk.

Ij brelr tb ml ujitle ‐nrbo @ismbj tb ^`deivbstbk‟ Lurdsid wi`` jlle d

elnijija ielb`bay. Euaij’s ‐Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry‟ is suppbsle tb nu`ni`

tcis jlle. Ucis cds d pbìtifd` eioljsibj ij its syjtclsis bn Fbooujiso,



4>3

Ndsfiso, Lfb`baiso, Urdeitibjdìso, mut d`sb bnnlrs d rlìaibus/spiritud`

eioljsibj ij d sumvlrtle nbro bn Fcristidj/Vdtdjif (Fcdbs/@babs) bffu`t

oystifiso. Ucis is prlsuodm`y dj dttlopt tb sdtisny tcl declrljts bn d``

tcbsl eivlrsl ìmlrd` fu`ts tb odkl it pbpu`dr dje swl`` its rdjks. Ij tcis

rdtclr lf`lftif lomrdfl bn juolrbus mlìln systlos, cl d`sb prbnlssls d

nbjejlss nbr Wdadjiso, Fcristidj Fdmmdìso dje jlb-W`dtbjif

pci`bsbpcy, wci`st nurtclr dppldìja tb Ldstlrj rlìaibjs aljlrd``y,

irrlsplftivl bn trdeitibj. Cl ebls tcis prlsuodm`y tb fdpturl tcl Is`doif

ijnùljfl, dje cl rlnlrs tb Is`doiso splfinifd``y ds d pbìtifd` d``y. Cis

oltdpcysifd` ields mltrdy cio, cbwlvlr, jbt ds d nrilje tb Is`do brFcristidjity, mut ds lssljtid``y dj ljloy ij cis djti-@babs dppld` tb

Fcdbs. Ucis is ujelrìjle my cis aljlrd` ujbrtcbebxy. Ij tcis, cl is jbt tcl

]ussidj Brtcbebx Fcristidj cl f`dios tb ml, mut dj deoirlr bn

Clielaalrldj jiciìso dje djti-Fcristidj tcbuact nbros.

Ij purl`y pci`bsbpcifd` tlros, Euaij’s lxistljtid` dje oltdpcysifd`

fbjflrjs `lde cio tb pbsit dj dftivl jiciìso. Cis dppld` tb tcl virtuls bn

Fcdbs tb rlsb`vl tcl elfdy bn @babs dje furl tcl od`dey bn Mlija is d

sbùtibj briaijdtija nrbo tcl priol fbjflrj bn Clielaalr’s tcdt d

nujedoljtd` fbjnusibj mltwllj @babs dje Mlija cds cdujtle Qlstlrj

fiviìsdtibj sijfl its ijflptibj. Ij tcis, splfinifd``y, Euaij’s fcbifl bn Fcdbs

ds d sbùtibj is pbsitivl`y djti-tclistif, dje cis `djaudal bntlj dppldrs jbt

siop`y tb sllk @babs’ sd`vdtibj, mut sllks tb l`lvdtl Fcdbs ds tcl priol

prijfip`l itsl`n. Cis dppld` tb Fcdbs, rdtclr tcdj p`dfija cis nditc ij tcl

ltlrjd` vdùl bn @babs, rlprlsljts ij sbol vlry nriactljija sljsl d

sumvlrsibj, dje d m`dspcloy tcdt ijsu`ts oi``ljjid bn pci`bsbpcif,

tclb`baif, Fcristidj dje Is`doif trdeitibj.



4>9

Obrl splfinifd``y, Euaij’s Fcristidj nditc dppldrs tb ml d olrl pbsl tb

nurtclr its sumvlrsibj dje jbt d sd`vdtibj. Cl tljes tb vilw sd`vdtibj ds

bjl tcdt is ijitidtle my tcl pbwlr bn Odj dje jbt Abe. Cis dppld` tb tcl

rlelloija pbwlr bn Fcdbs wbuè ljtdi`, nbr Fcristidjs dt djy rdtl, dj

dnnirodtibj bn Vdtdj’s pbwlr. It is mb`stlrle my cis sumvlrsibj bn ]ljl

Auljbj’s tclbry bn Djti-Fcrist syombìso, dje cis fbjflrj witc tcl

‐fbujtlr cilrdrfcy‟ lolraija nrbo tcl Ldst.446 Ij tcis, cl eisp`dys dj

ijvlrsibj bn tcl f`dios, dje witc cis Fcdbs tclsis, tcl pci`bsbpcifd` tljlts

bn rdtibjdìty dje brelr tcdt cdvl sustdijle dje elvl`bple Qlstlrj

fiviìsdtibj nbr oi``ljjid. It is jbt dj lxdaalrdtibj tb stdtl tcdt Euaij’spriodry ioplrdtivl is tb cdstlj Drodaleebj witc dj Dpbfd`yptif

rldeija.445 Cl sllks tb cdstlj tcl Lje bn tcl Qbrè, dje prbf`dios, ds d

446 ]ljl Auljbj p 6=<-6=> ‐Ucl ]liaj bn Tudjtity dje tcl Viajs bn tcl Uiols‟8

‐bjl fdj d`rldey sll skltfcle but ij vdribus prbeuftibjs bn ijeumitdm`y –fbujtlrijitidtif briaij’, br ijspirdtibj tcl ield bn dj bradjisdtibj, wcifc wbuè ml ìkltcl fbujtlrpdrt, mut my tcl sdol tbklj d`sb tcl fbujtlrnlit, bn d trdeitibjfbjflptibj sufc ds tcl Cb`y Lopirl dje sbol sufc bradjisdtibj oust mlfboltcl lxprlssibj bn tcis fbujtlr trdeitibj ij tcl sbfid` brelr, dje nbr sioi`drrldsbjs tcl Djti-Fcrist oust dppldr ìkl sboltcija tcdt fbuè ml fd``le, usijatcl `djaudal bn tcl Cijeu trdeitibj, dj ijvlrtle Fcdktdvdrti…Cis tiol wi``flrtdij jb `bjalr ml tcl rliaj bn qudjtity…it wi`` ml bj tcl fbjtrdry ml odrklebj tcl rltlt bn d nd`sl spiritud` rlstbrdtibj my d sbrt bn rlijtrbeuftibj bn qudìtyij d`` tcijas, mut bn qudìty ijvlrtle ij rlsplft tb its jbrod` dje `laitiodtlsiajinifdjfl. Dntlr tcl ladìtdridjiso bn bur tiols tclrl wi`` ml dadij ml d visim`ylstdmìscle cilrdrfcy, mut dj ijvlrtle cilrdrfcy, ijelle d rld` ‐fbujtlrcilrdrfcy‟, tcl suooit bn wcifc wi`` ml bffupile my tcl mlija wcb wi`` ij rldìty

ml situdtle jldrlr tcdj djy btclr mlija tb tcl vlry mbttbo bn tcl pit bn Cl``. ‟

445 Fcristidjs fboobj`y usl tcl tlros ‐Drodaleebj‟ dje ‐Dpbfd`ypsl‟ tb rlnlr tb tcllje bn tcl wbrè. Vplfinifd``y, tcbuac, Drodaleebj is d p`dfl wclrl tcl nijd` mdtt`l nbrodjkije wi`` ml nbuact, wci`l tcl Dpbfd`ypsl is tcl rldeija bn tcl lvljts tcdt `lde tbtcl lje bn tcl wbrè. Uclrl is d`sb mbtc d rlìaibus dpbfd`ypsl tcdt Fcristidjs mlìlvlodjkije fdj eb jbtcija dmbut, dje tcl slfu`dr dpbfd`ypsl tcdt plbp`l oiact sti`` cdvlsbol fbjtrb` bvlr.

Uclrl is bj`y bjl oljtibj bn Drodaleebj ij tcl Mim`l, ij ]lvl`dtibj 4>84>. Ucl vlrslis8 ‐Dje Cl adtclrle tclo tbaltclr ijtb d p`dfl fd``le ij tcl Clmrlw tbjaul–Drodaleebj.’ ‟



417

slrvdjt bn tcl Elvi` oiact, tcdt tcis wi`` ml d prbeuftivl dje frldtivl dft

bn puraija dje d sd`vdtibj. Ucl dffbopìscoljt bn tcdt lje is elpljeljt,

cl mlìlvls, bj tcl iop`loljtdtibj bn cis rdeifd` ielb`bay, jbt hust ij

spiritud` dje pci`bsbpcifd` tlros, mut ij oiìtdry tlros d`sb. Cis aljlrd`

ltcbs is ljfdpsu`dtle ij d fd`` tb ki``.

Ds Euaij cds prbf`diole ij cis ‐Ucl Nburtc Wbìtifd` Uclbry‟8

‐Ucl lje tiols dje tcl lsfcdtb`baifd` oldjija bn pbìt ifs wi`` jbtrldìsl tclosl`vls bj tclir bwj. Ql wi`` wdit nbr tcl lje ij vdij. Ucllje wi`` jlvlr fbol in wl wdit nbr it, dje it wi`` jlvlr fbol in wl eb

jbt... In tcl Nburtc Wbìtifd` Wrdftifl is jbt dm`l tb rldìsl tcl lje bntiols, tclj it wbuè ml ijvdìe. Ucl lje bn edys scbuè fbol, mut it

Ucl wbre fbols nrbo tcl Clmrlw wbres cdr (oldjija ‐obujtdij‟), dje Olaieeb(d`sb Olaieebj), wcifc wds tcl jdol bn d fity. Ucl fity ml`bjale tb tcl Fdjddjitlsujti` it wds fdpturle my Hbscud, dje tclj wds turjle bvlr tb tcl Odjdssitls. Ubedy,tcl bjfl-arldt nbrtinile fity is ìtt`l obrl tcdj ruijs, `bfdtle dmbut 9< ki`boltlrs (>7oi) butsiel bn Hlrusd`lo.

Ucl fity cds d vlry `bja dje m`bbey cistbry, mbtc Mimìfd` dje slfu`dr. Dntlr Hbscud’sfbjqulst, tcl Fdjddjitls wlrl s`duactlrle dadij tclrl my tcl brelr bn Elmbrdc, dje

it’s tcl susplftle `bfdtibj bn dj lpif mdtt`l ij Hueals 1 mltwllj tcl Oieidjitls djeAielbj. Kija Vb`bobj usle tcl fity tb cbusl tcl cbrsls nbr cis fcdribts, dje it wdsd`sb tcl sitl bn d obrl obelrj 4943 mdtt`l mltwllj tcl Mritisc dje tcl Uurks tcdt advlrisl tb obelrj Isrdl`.

Ucl nuturl mdtt`l dt Drodaleebj wi`` suppbsle`y ml wclrl Fcrist dje cis sdijts wi``tdkl bj tcl Djtifcrist dje dj droy bn =77 oi`ìbj olj. It’s dt tcdt pbijt d plribe bn4,777 yldrs bn pldfl wi`` mlaij.

Dpbkd`ypsis bj tcl btclr cdje is tcl Arllk wbre nbr ‐sboltcija ujfbvlrle.‟ It rlnlrstb tcl ujfbvlrija bn d visibj nbr tcl nuturl, sufc ds ij tcl Mbbk bn ]lvl`dtibj dje tcl]lvl`dtibj bn Hbcj. Obst mlìlns dmbut tcl dpbfd`ypsl drl pilfle tbaltclr nrboeinnlrljt tlxts tcrbuacbut tcl Mim`l, oldjija tcdt tcl dpbfd`ypsl is dftud``y prbvieijad fypclr nbr ijtlrprltija d slrils bn lvljts ij tcl wbrè drbuje us tcdt siajd` tclbjfboija ]dpturl, tcl arldt Urimu`dtibj, dje, nijd``y, tcl mdtt`l bn Drodaleebj.

Ucl dpbfd`ypsl tclj is tcl eivijl p`dj nbr lstdmìscija d rliaj bn pldfl bj ldrtc, dntlrelnldtija tcl lvi` tcdt cds tdklj rbbt ij tcl wbrè.

Ucl einnlrljfl mltwllj tcl rlìaibus dje slfu`dr dpbfd`ypsl is tcdt tcl nbrolr isj’tjlflssdri`y tcl lvljts tclosl`vls, mut d wdy bn ijtlrprltija tclo. D prl-eltlroijlelvljt tcdt fdjjbt ml fcdjale ds it is pdrt bn Abe’s p`dj. Ucl slfu`dr dpbfd`ypslcbwlvlr ebls deoit bn fcdjal tcrbuac bur bwj dftibjs. Ql fdj clle tcl edjalrs bn

wdrs dje tcwdrt djy nuturl frisis.



414

wi`` jbt fbol my itsl`n. Ucis is d tdsk, it is jbt d flrtdijty. It is djdftivl oltdpcysifs. It is d prdftifl.‟

Ucis elsirl tb mrija dmbut tcl lje bn tcl wbrè is jbt d jlw strdij ij

Euaij’s tcbuact. It cds mllj fdrlnu``y fbjsielrle nbr yldrs. Cl fdjjbt,

tclrlnbrl, tdkl rlnual ij tcl f`dio tcdt it is olrl`y d prbpbsitibj tcdt cl is

prlpdrle tb dmdjebj ldsi`y, mlfdusl it wds fbjflivle ij cdstl, jbr tcdt cl

siop`y bnnlrs it bj`y nbr dfdeloif fbjsielrdtibj. It is, obrlbvlr,

nujedoljtd``y oisfbjflivle, dje rlprlsljtdtivl bn d vib`ljt oije. It

rlprlsljts tcl priol prloisl bn cis pci`bsbpcifd` ltcbs, dje scbws d

scbfkija plrvlrsibj bn cis suppbsle Fcristidj nditc. Cl sllks tb nbrfl tclLje Uiols my cis bwj cdje lvlj tcbuac ‐jb odj fdj kjbw tcl edy br tcl

cbur wclj tclsl tcijas scd`` cdpplj‟ (Odttclw =586>).

Cis dppld` tb Fcdbs rlprlsljts, ij siop`l tlros, tcl lquivd`ljt bn dj

ijtl``lftud` fd`` tb wbrscip dt tcl d`tdr bn Vdtdj. It rlprlsljts d fd`` nbr tcl

ioolrsibj bn Fcrist ij d Fcdbs prijfip`l tb suppbsle`y rlsurrlft it dje

frldtl d jlw Fcdbs-Abe-@babs trijity. D mizdrrl jbtibj, wcifc d`sb

mltrdys ijnùljfls nrbo ‐Odjifcldjiso‟, d eudìstif nbro bn Ajbstifiso8

d nditc wcifc vilws tcl wbrè ds dj ltlrjd` mdtt`larbuje bn lqud``y

odtfcle nbrfls bn abbe dje lvi`, witc tcl spiritud` nbrfls bn ìact mdttìja

tcl odtlrid` nbrfls bn lvi`. Ijtb tcis oix, tcl rlelloija pbwlr bn Fcrist,

dfcilvle my cis eldtc bj tcl frbss, is dadij ijvlrtle, sb tcdt tcl eldtc bn

Odj suppbsle`y rlprlsljts sbol plrvlrsl nbro bn sd`vdtibj tcdt wi``

usclr ij, in jbt tcl lje, tclj d jlw dal.

Euaij is kllj tb ijitidtl tcis ‐tcire‟ dje ‐nijd`‟ dal. Ds lvlr it is ljvisdale

ds d tripdrtitl eid`lft prbarlssibj8 d vilw sb ml`bvle bn tcl Mb`sclvik dje

Odrxist ijtl``lftud`s bn tcl pdst. Dffbreija`y, cl writls ij ‐Ucl

Oltdpcysifs bn Jdtibjd`-Mb`sclviso‟8



41=

‐Mlybje –riacts’ dje –`lnts,’ tclrl’s bjl dje ijeivisim`l ]lvbùtibj, ijtcl eid`lftifd` tride –tcire ]bol ― Ucire ]lifc ― tcireIjtlrjdtibjd`.‟

Ij tcis, tcl rldò bn Jdtibjd`-Mb`sclviso, tcl ‐]lajuo‟ br tclir ‐Lopirlbn tcl Lje‟, is vilwle ds tcl plrnlft dffbopìscoljt bn ‐tcl arldtlst

]lvbùtibj bn cistbry‟, dje is fbjsielrle mbtc d fbjtijljtd` dje ujivlrsd`

bjl. It is tcl8

‐djal`s’ rlturj, tcl clrbls’ rlsurrlftibj, tcl cldrt’s uprisijadadijst tcl rldsbj’s eiftdtbrscip. Ucis dst rlvbùtibj is d fbjflrj bntcl dflpcd`, tcl clde`lss mldrlr bn tcl frbss, sifk`l dje cdoolr,frbwjle my ltlrjd` suj ny`nbt. Ucis ‐Lopirl bn tcl Lje‟ is odrkle

my tcl ‐eid`lftifd` tride‟ wcifc fbomijls ‐Ucire ]bol ― Ucire]lifc ― Ucire Ijtlrjdtibjd`.‟

]ussidj olssidjif elùsibjs, fbomijle witc Hbdfcioitl dios, nusle witc

Jdtibjd` Vbfidìso dje Vbvilt Mb`sclviso, suppbsle`y nije tclir ciaclst

lxprlssibj ij tcis jlw ielb`bay. Its syombìf rlprlsljtdtibj is nbuje, nbr

Euaij, ij tcl bffu`t syomb` bn tcl liact-pbijtle ‐Vtdr bn Fcdbs‟8 dj

lom`lo ijsfrimle ij abè bj d m`dfk mdfkarbuje. Ucis rlprlsljts

ujsurprisija`y tcl n`da bn tcl Lurdsidjist obvloljt itsl`n. Ds Hdols

Clislr dsslrts ij cis ‐Ucl Dolrifdj Lopirl Vcbuè Ml Elstrbyle8

D`lxdjelr Euaij dje tcl Wlri`s bn Ioodjljtizle Lsfcdtb`bay‟8

‐Nbr Euaij, babs is rlp`dfle my fcdbs, dje tcl vlry syomb` bn fcdbsodaif is tcl syomb` bn Lurdsid8 –@babs cds lxpirle dje wl d`` wi`` ml murile ujelr its ruijs uj`lss wl odkl dj dppld` tb fcdbs dje its

oltdpcysifd` prijfip`ls, dje usl tclo ds d mdsis nbr sboltcija jlw.’Euaij erlssle cis eisfussibj bn `babs ij tcl `djaudal bn Clielaalr, mut cis tlroijb`bay fdjjbt ml rlde butsiel bn d =,777-yldr-bè Qlstlrj, mimìfd` trdeitibj wcifc dssbfidtls tcl @babs witc tclFcrist, dje Euaij’s ijvbfdtibj bn fcdbs dadijst babs ldes tb flrtdijijlvitdm`l fbjfùsibjs rladreija cis ebftrijls.‟

Ij scbrt, Euaij’s Lurdsidjiso is d fu`t bn Fcdbs, dje wci`st cl wbuè jbt

deoit it ciosl`n, nbr Fcristidjs d fu`t bn tcl djti-Fcrist. It is d edrk prbhlft,

wcifc tcrldtljs jbt bj`y tcl prbsplfts nbr pldfl dje stdmiìty ij \krdijl



416

dje ]ussid, mut tcl pldfl bn tcl ljtirl wbrè. Ds tb its iop`loljtdtibj,

lvi` dje m`bbey ritud`s dppldr tb ml cis prlnlrrle fcbifl.

Ub prbviel tcl obst scbfkija lxdop`l, ij cis drtif`l ‐]lspbjsimiìty tb

Ki``‟, cl pbjtinifdtls bj tcl ltcifs bn wdr, dje eurija tcl fbursl bn mdtt`l

ljtcusls8

‐Ql fbuè nrll`y usl djiod` nbbe bj`y in wl darll tb ldt cuodj n`lsc,ij djy nbro syombìfd``y br eirlft`y. Uclrl drl Dnrifdj trimls bj Qlst Dt`djtif scbrls wcb mrlle cuodj s`dvls tb ldt tclo. I nije itplrnlft`y rldsbjdm`l dje plrnlft`y rlspbjsim`l. In wl ki`` djiod`s mybur cdjes , fbjtlop`dtl tclo sunnlrija dje eyija, fut bnn tclir skijdje slpdrdtl mbjls, tbufcija tclir ijjlr bradjs, br in wl vivie`yiodaijl tcdt dft ldfc tiol wclj wl ldt bur old`, wl drl fbop`ltl`ysdjl, dje wl fbuè prbflle lvljtud``y dpp`yija ij wdrs tcl sdoldttituel tbwdres cuodjs. Ij tcl wdr it is lssljtid` tb tdklrlspbjsimiìty nbr tcl dft bn ki`ìja. Ucl vlry sioi`dr rlspbjsimiìty isfbjjlftle tb tcl dft bn ldtija djiod` nbbe. Mut djiod` siajinilssljtiljt, tcdt prlsuppbsls sunnlrija. @lt us eb it witc nu``rlspbjsimiìty- ldtija ds wl`` ds niactija ij bjl wbre- tclrlspbjsimiìty bn ki`ìja, br dmstdij, it is d nrll fcbifl.‟

Ucis is d fci`ìja ltcif, dje bjl tcdt fdj bj`y ml hustinile surl`y my d odj

wcb `dues lvi` ij mbtc tcl obrd` dje ijtl``lftud` spclrls. Ij tcis, Euaij

ylt f`dios cl mlìlvls ij tcl rlelloija pbwlr bn Fcrist, dje bnt prbf`dios

d nd`sl nlrvbur tb ciel cis wifklejlss ij cis arlltija ‐Fcrist is ]islj‟. Ucl

rld` qulstibj, cbwlvlr, is wcifc Fcrist is cl rld``y rlnlrljfija2 Mdsle bj

cis lxtljsivl`y l`dmbrdtle pci`bsbpcifd` wbrè vilw, tclrl fdj bj`y ml bjl

djswlr8 tcl Djti-Fcrist. Ij tcis tbb, cl spldks bj`y bn tcl ‐Lje Uiols‟ dje

ds Vcljnilè, ‐Euaij’s Lvi` Uclb`bay‟, bmslrvls8

‐Ucl oldjija bn ]ussid is tcdt tcrbuac tcl ]ussidj plbp`l wi`` mlrldìsle tcl `dst tcbuact bn Abe, tcl tcbuact bn tcl Lje bn tcl

Qbrè…Eldtc is tcl wdy tb ioobrtdìty. @bvl wi`` mlaij wclj tcl wbre ljes. Ql oust `bja nbr it…ìkl trul Fcristidjs. Ql drluprbbtija tcl dffursle Urll bn Kjbw`leal…witc it wi`` plrisc tcl\jivlrsl.‟



415

Ucl mlaijjija bn tcis prbflss mlaijs ij tcl rld` wbrè witc oiìtdry dftibj.

Ij =773, mlnbrl wdr mrbkl but mltwllj ]ussid dje Albraid, Euaij

prbf`diole8

‐Bur trbbps wi`` bffupy tcl Albraidj fdpitd` Umìsi, tcl ljtirlfbujtry dje plrcdps \krdijl dje tcl Frioldj pljijsu`d wcifccistbrifd``y ml`bjas tb ]ussid djywdy.‟

It is f`ldr, tclj, tcdt tcl Lurdsidjist’ vilw rlquirls tcl fdpturl bn \krdijl

ds tcl jlxt stlp. Ucis is dj iopbrtdjt scbrt-tlro abd` ij tcl `bjalr-tlro

qulst nbr albpbìtifd` dje spiritud` pbwlr. Qitcbut \krdijl, Euaij’sLurdsidj prbhlft is cdostruja, dje sbbjlr br `dtlr ]ussid, br sb Euaij

nldrs, wbuè prbmdm`y cdvl tb hbij tcl Qlst. Qitc \krdijl ujelr ]ussidj

fbjtrb`, cbwlvlr, tcl fcdjfls bn d Lurdsidjist prbhlft sufflleija drl

ijfrldsle. Nu`` iop`loljtdtibj bn tcl Lurdsidj strdtlay wbuè usclr ij d

jlw ]ussidj lopirl, mut witc it d jlw tbtdìtdridjiso, tcdt wbuè

ioprisbj d `dral swdtcl bn cuodjity. D ]ussidj eiftdtbrid` pbwlr tcdt

wbuè vilw itsl`n ij sbol pbìtifd` dje spiritud` sljsl ds suplribr. It wbuè

oldj djbtclr Fbè Qdr, dj dros rdfl, d jlle nbr ijfrldsle jdtibjd`-

slfurity, rlpldtle fbjnìfts fbstija oi`ìbjs bn ìvls, dje obrl aljlrd``y

dj ijfrldsle risk bn juf`ldr fbjn`dardtibj.

Ucl pbpu`drity bn jlb-Lurdsidjiso is ijfrldsija dje `le my d fdmd` bn

ijnùljtid` niaurls ij tcl Krloìj. 44< Euaij’s rb`l ij tcis is tb `lje tcl

44< In Lurdsidjiso wds siop`y ioitle tb Wrbnlssbr Euaij’s tclbrisija dje pci`bsbpcifd`

ousijas it wbuè jbt ml bn sufc fbjflrj. It fbuè ml eisoissle ds cdvija d ìoitleijnùljfl upbj tcl Krloìj dje Wutij ij turj. It fbuè lvlj ml eisoissle ds tclrdjtijas bn d edjalrbus mut mri`ìdjt dfdeloif, mut bjl ìoitle ij cis pbìtifdìjnùljfl. Euaij, cbwlvlr, is jbt tcl bj`y fcdopibj bn tcl Jlb-Lurdsidj pci`bsbpcy.It cds its nbrlobst devbfdtls dobjast btclrs ij tcl Wutij deoijistrdtibj tcdt ylt oiact

ml `lss flrlmrd` dje ijjbvdtivl, mut obrl ijnùljtid`. Euaij’s pbwlr is ìoitle ij djebn itsl`n, lvlj in cl ebls lxlrt ijnùljfl bvlr dj lolraija, mut ldsi`y eisi`ùsibjle]ussidj ybutc obvloljt.



41<

D obrl ijnùljtid` niaurl nbr Lurdsidj dje \krdijidj pbìfy ij tcl Krloìj is VlraliA`dzylv, dj lfbjboist, wcb ìkl Euaij tljes tb fbomijl rdeifd` jdtibjdìso witcjbstdàid nbr Mb`sclviso. Cl wds d olomlr bn tcl Fbooujist Wdrty dje d Fbooujistelputy ij tcl ]ussidj pdrìdoljt mlnbrl fb-nbujeija d ndr-riact pdrty fd``le ]beijd,br ‐Obtclr`dje‟. Ij =77< sbol bn its elputils siajle d pltitibj tb tcl ]ussidjprbslfutbr aljlrd` dskija tcdt d`` Hlwisc bradjisdtibjs ml mdjjle nrbo ]ussid.

Uclrl drl btclr niaurls tbb ij wcdt is kjbwj ds Izmbrsky Fùm, d pbìfy scdpija tcijktdjk. Nbujelr dje prlsieljt bn tcl Izmbrsky Fùm, D`lksdjer Wrbkcdjbv, wds d nbrolrciac-`lvl` Vbvilt prbpdadjeist. Ij 4994 Wrbkcdjbv wrbtl tcl ‐Qbre tb tcl Wlbp`l‟odjinlstb nbr tcl fbup tcdt dttloptle tb rlstbrl Vtdìjist cdreìjlrs tb pbwlr.

Nb``bwija tcl ndiùrl bn tcl fbup, Wrbkcdjbv hbijle tcl rdeifd` u`trdjdtibjdìstbppbsitibj, wcifc cl cds mbbstle tcrbuac cis pumìfdtibj bn tcl djti-Vloitifjlwspdplr Elj’ (Ucl Edy) dje wclj tcis wds mdjjle, nb` bwija tcl ndiùrl bn tcl 4996Vbvilt-rlstbrdtibjist fbup, cl fbjtijule tcrbuac tcl pumìfdtibj bn dj lxtrloist‐rle/mrbwj‟ (Fbooujist/Jdzi) jlwspdplr ‐Xdvtrd‟ mlst trdjs`dtle ds ‐Ubobrrbw‟.

Btclr pbwlrnu` olomlrs bn tcl Izmbrsky Fùm cdvl ijfùele Xdvtrd’s leitbr-ij-fciln, D`lksdjer Jdabrjy; Wutij’s Lurdsidj \jibj pbìfy drfcitlft, Vlrali A`dzlylv;lfbjboif pbìfyodklrs D`lksdjer Dalylv, Vlrali Mdfcikbv, dje Djerli Kbmydkbv;oiìtdry cdreìjlr @lbjie Ivdscbv; pdj-V`dvist sbèilr bn nbrtujl dje Xdvtrd oiìtdryleitbr ^`deis`dv Vcuriaij; bìadrfcs B`la ]bzdjbv, Yuri @dstbfckij, dje D`lksdjer

Jbtij; pbìfl odhbr aljlrd` dje nbrolr clde bn ]ussidj Ijtlrpb` ^`deioir Bvfcijsky;tcl fb-fcdirodj bn tcl rldftibjdry ‐Arldt Ndtclr`dje Wdrty‟, Jikb`di Vtdrikbv; tclKrloìj’s Is`doif-wbrè strdtlay fbbreijdtbr, Vcdoi` Vu`tdjbv; tcl dutcbr bn tcl

mlstsl``lr ‐Qcy Dolrifd Qi`` Wlrisc‟, B`la W`dtbjbv; `ldeija U^ jlws djfcbrsOikcdi` @lbjtlv dje Odksio Vclvfcljkb; niò eirlftbr dje ]ussidj Brtcbebx prilstIvdj Bkc`bmystij; ]ussidj Brtcbebx Fcurfc Vuprlol Fbujfi` olomlr DrfcodjeritlUikcbj; d`bja witc Lurdsidjist ielb`bauls D`lksdjer Euaij, ^d`lri Kbrbvij, DjerliNursbv, dje ^`deioir Kufclrljkb (d.k.d. Odksio Kd`dscjikbv).

Uclsl ijeivieud`s cdvl mllj tcl priol obvlrs mlcije tcl Krlo ij’s erivl tbwdre wdr,dje d Lurdsidj lopirl. D a`djfl dt tclir pumìfdtibjs scbuè eispl` djy jbtibj tcdt]ussid’s bjabija stlp-my-stlp ijvdsibj bn \krdijl is mlija ujelrtdklj nbr purpbslsìoitle tb tdkija fbjtrb` bn hust d nlw obrl prbvijfls. Uclsl plbp`l drl quitl bpljdmbut tcl ndft tcdt tclir p`djs drl oufc obrl lxpdjsivl ij jdturl tcdj tcdt. Nbrlxdop`l, Euaij’s fciln ilutljdjt, Kbrbvij, cds hust fbol but witc d mbbk ljtit`le ‐UclLje bn tcl \krdijidj Wrbhlft‟. Ij tcis cl dsslrtle8 ‐Ucl elstruftibj bn rlsieud`\krdijidj stdtlcbbe is prleltlroijle.‟ Ucl Izmbrsky Fùm’s daljed abls ndr mlybje\krdijl cbwlvlr ds cl odkls f`ldr. Kufclrljkb (dkd Kd`dscjikbv) butìjls tcl jlxtstdal. ]ussid `bst tcl Ucire Qbrè Qdr (tcl Fbè Qdr), cl sdys ij d rlfljt drtif`lpumìscle my tcl fùm, mut8

‐tcl Nburtc Qbrè Qdr is pbssim`l. It wi`` ml d wdr nbr tcl rleivisibj bn tcl wbrè. . . . dje ij tcl nijd` stdal, sbol strbja fbujtry, tcl \jitle Vtdtls, ij tclnirst p`dfl, dje tclj plrcdps Fcijd, wi`` ml sumhlftle tb oiìtdry strikls.‟



41>

ijtl``lftud` hustinifdtibj tb tcl jlb-Lurdsidj obvloljt, wci`st

siou`tdjlbus`y bnnlrija d eiviel dje fbjqulr strdtlay ij tcl dfdeloif dje

pbìtifd` spclrls bn tcl Qlst. Cl prlsljts ciosl`n ds d ‐trdeitibjdìst‟ dje

d ‐fbjslrvdtivl‟, fritiquija (ds odjy fbjslrvdtivls dje Fbjstitutibjdìsts

eb) tcl plri`s bn @imlrd` Wrbarlssiviso ds dj lssljtid``y fbrrupt dje

ioobrd` Vbfidìst elrivle pci`bsbpcy, wci`st siou`tdjlbus`y cl fbjn`dtls

it witc F`dssifd` @imlrdìso, ij brelr tb dttdfk tcl olrits bn tcl \V

Fbjstitutibj dje tcl virtuls dje vdùls bn imlrty. Cbwlvlr, cis dttdfk bj

tcl vdùls bn ‐ Qlstlrj @imlrdìso‟, wcifc cdvl tclosl`vls briaijdtle

nrbo fu`turd` Odrxiso, rija cb``bw ij tcl ìact bn cis bwj Jdtibjd`Mb`sclvik ijnùljfls, dje cis tljeljfy tb wbrk witc tbtdìtdridj

ielb`bails.

Ucl ioprlssibj ij d`` bn tcis is D`lksdjer Euaij is dj ijsijflrl

‐fbjslrvdtivl‟ dje bjl wcb fdjjbt ml fbjsielrle d nrilje bn pd`lb-

fbjslrvdtiviso, br djy wcb aljuijl`y lspbusl tcl virtuls bn hustifl,

nrllebo, sbvlrliajty dje ijelpljeljfl. Cis fbjtrdry suaalstibjs,

fbooljts dje tcl djbodìls dppdrljt ij cis rldsbjija, strbja`y suaalst

cl is d rdeifd` dje bjl bn tcl wbrst dje obst edjalrbus kije. D

‐jdtibjdìst‟ mut bjl wcb lspbusls d jlw mrdje bn suprdjdtibjd`

tbtdìtdridjiso dje tcus is d prbpdadtbr bn d jlw kije bn edjalrbus

ndsfiso. Ucl ijtl``lftud` niaurlclde bn d obvloljt tcdt pbsls d ardvl

tcrldt8 jbt siop`y ij rlsplft tb Fbjstitutibjd` Dolrifd, mut ij rlsplft tb

tcl ljtirl wbrè.

analysing aleksandr dugin: the strategies of a dangerous doyen

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