analisis pengaruh kualitas pelayanan, harga dan fasilitas terhadap kepuasan pasien (studi pada...

7/31/2019 ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, HARGA DAN FASILITAS TERHADAP KEPUASAN PASIEN (STUDI PADA PASIE…

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yobh{hghg" lhu`h chg fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog Abkgka H} ]{kfh'

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ao}kngou soulhchy 899 nuhg` uo}yngcog yh}kog abkgka H} ]{kfh cog`hg

dog`ghahg dosnco yuyn}kvo }hdybkg` gsa dogòshlk shg``hyhg uo}yngcog

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hghbk}k} chsh {hg` ck`ghahg hchbhl hghbk}k} uoùo}k bkgohu eou`hgch {hg`

eoufg`}k gsa dodeaskahg lkynso}k} yogobkskhg' Chsh$chsh {hg` sobhl

dodoglk jk vhbkcksh}" jk uobkhekbksh}" chg jk h}d}k abh}ka cknbhl }olkg``h

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ks" dhah chbhd ao}odyhshg kgk yogbk} kg`kg dog`mhyahg soukdh ah}kl aoyhch :

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sou}obo}hkahgg{h }auky}k kgk'

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dog{odyughahg yogbk}hg }auky}k kgk }oush eoudhgfhhs eh`k yogbk}" yodehmh"

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CHFSHU SHEOB

Lhbhdhg

Sheob 8'8 Chsh Jdbhl Yh}kog Ebhg Dok 5989 $ Hyukb 5988 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6

Sheob 5'= Yogobkskhg Souchlb''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =3

Sheob 3'8 Jdbhl Uo}yngcog Dogus Jogk} Aobhdkg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ??

Sheob 3'5 Jdbhl Uo}yngcog Dogus _du ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ??

Sheob 3'= Jdbhl Uo}yngcog Dogus Yogckckahg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?6

Sheob 3'3 Jdbhl Uo}yngcog Dogus Yoaoujhhg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?0

Sheob 3'? Jdbhl Uo}yngcog Dogus ]shs} Youahpkghg''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?0

Sheob 3'6 Shg``hyhg uo}yngcog dogòghk Ahbksh} Yobh{hghg '''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?;

Sheob 3'0 Shg``hyhg Uo}yngcog Dogòghk Lhu`h ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 65

Sheob 3'< Shg``hyhg Uo}yngcog Dogòghk Fh}kbksh} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 63

Sheob 3'; Shg``hyhg Uo}yngcog Dogòghk Aoyh}hg Yh}kog '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 66

Sheob 3'89 Lh}kb Yog`jkhg Vhbkcksh}''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 6;

Sheob 3'88 Yog`jkhg Uobkhekbksh} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 09Sheob 3'85 Yog`jkhg Dbskanbkgkouksh} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 05

Sheob 3'8= Lh}kb Hghbk}k} Uoùo}k Bkgkou Eou`hgch ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 03

Sheob 3'83 _jk F '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 06

Sheob 3'8? Anofk}kog Cosoudkgh}k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 00



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BHDYKUHG H Ao}kngou Yogobkskhg

BHDYKUHG E Sheob Kgys Chsh Uo}yngcog

BHDYKUHG M Lh}kb Nsys Hghbk}k} Chsh



8

8

EHE K

YOGCHL_B_HG

8'8 Bhshu Eobhahg` Dh}hbhl

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eouaodehg`' Coph}h kgk dh}{huhahs dbhk dodh}aahg aoeslhg$aoeslhg

ehu }oeh`hk aoeslhg ch}hu douoah' ]hbhl }hs aoeslhg sou}oes ckhgshuhg{h

hchbhl aoeslhg hahg yobh{hghg ao}olhshg" ahuogh ao}olhshg douyhahg }hbhl

}hs aoeslhg lkcy {hg` }hg`hs yogskg` chbhd doggjhg` haskfksh} }olhuk$lhuk'

Jkah }o}onuhg` }ochg` skcha }olhs dhah haskfksh} }olhuk$lhuk douoah hahg

sou`hg`` }olkg``h skcha chyhs eoujhbhg cog`hg ehka' ]odhakg dogkgàhsg{h

angck}k }n}khb oangndk dh}{huhahs" dhah eouyog`hul j`h cog`hg ynbh ykaku

dh}{huhahs {hg` }odhakg auksk} soulhchy lhb$lhb {hg` }hg`hs vkshb soushdh chbhd

lhb ao}olhshg' Dh}{huhahs dbhk dog{hchuk ehlph ao}olhshg dogjhck }o}hs

{hg` }hg`hs yogskg` ahuogh dhg}kh hsh dh}{huhahs skcha hahg ek}h lkcy bh{ha

jkah skcha souyoglk aoeslhg ao}olhshgg{h ,Dhbckg" 5999+'

Dh}{huhahs yg }oahuhg` }chl dbhk dog{hchuk eoshyh eoulhu`hg{h

ao}olhshg eh`k lkcy douoah ahuogh dogòshlk eoshyh dhlhbg{h ekh{h

youhphshg ao}olhshg {hg` }oukgàhbk }bks ckjhgàh' Hyhbh`k }oahuhg` ehg{ha

eoudgmbhg jogk} yog{haks ehu {hg` dog`hgmhd ao}olhshg dh}{huhahs' Cog`hg

}odhakg dogkgàhsg{h ao}hchuhg dh}{huhahs soulhchy yogskg`g{h husk ao}olhshg

dhah jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg dogjhck }hg`hs ckeslahg nbol dh}{huhahs gsa

dodoglk aoeslhg hahg ao}olhshgg{h' Ao}hchuhg dh}{huhahs {hg` }odhakg



5

5

skg``k soulhchy yogskg`g{h ao}olhshg douyhahg }hbhl }hs hbh}hg ehlph

aoeslhg hahg yuh}huhgh ao}olhshg j`h }odhakg dogkgàhs" }obhkg ks

dh}{huhahs j`h hahg }odhakg yhgchk chbhd dodkbkl jh}h yog{ockh bh{hghg

ao}olhshg {hg` souehka chg }o}hk cog`hg hyh {hg` douoah kg`kgahg chg

eslahg'

Sdel }eug{h sodyhs$sodyhs yog{ockh bh{hghg ao}olhshg }oyousk

udhl }haks" abkgka" ehbhk yog`nehshg" cbb" douyhahg }hbhl }hs eask ehlph

yunc}og sobhl douo}yng chg dobklhs yobhg` }hlh chuk aoeslhg dh}{huhahs

hahg jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg sou}oes' Abkgka H} ]{kfh douyhahg }hbhl }hs

yog{ockh jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg {hg` eouhch ck chouhl Shdeg Eoah}k' Abkgka

H} ]{kfh dodeah bh{hghg ao}olhshg }obhdh 53 jhd hsh cog`hg ahsh bhkg ehlph

cnasou jh`h {hg` eous`h} }obhb }shgc e{ ck abkgka ahyhgyg ckeslahg nbol

yh}kog {hg` dodeslahg yoghg`hghg dock}' Lhb kgk gsa dog`hgsk}kyh}k

aohchhg ckdhgh yog{haks chyhs dog{ouhg` }o}onuhg` cog`hg skeh$skeh" ahyhgyg

shgyh ek}h ckyuocka}k' Jkah }o}onuhg` sou}ouhg` yog{haks {hg` chshg` shgyh

andyundk douoah skcha chyhs bh`k doggch hsh dogò}hdykgàhg jh}h

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg' Hyhbh`k ekbh yog{haksg{h dodoubahg yoghg`hghg dock}

cog`hg }oòuh" dhah }o}onuhg` dh skcha dh hahg dogchshg`k sodyhs$sodyhs

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg hsh cog`hg dodhg``kb cnasou chshg` ao udhl gsa

dogchyhsahg yoghg`hghg dock} }omoyhsg{h' Fh}kbksh} sou}oes ckeoukahg Abkgka

H} ]{kfh aoyhch dh}{huhahs gsa dodyoudchl dh}{huhahs hyhekbh

dodeslahg jh}h Abkgka H} ]{kfh cog`hg }oòuh' ]olkg``h ahyhgyg

dh}{huhahs dodeslahg" Abkgka H} ]{kfh hahg }khy dobh{hgkg{h' Lhb kgk



=

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aoeslhg chg aog{hdhghg eh`k yog``gh jh}h' Hyhekbh fh}kbksh} {hg` ck}ockhahg

}o}hk cog`hg aoeslhg" dhah ang}dog hahg douh}h yh}'

Dogus _shdh ,chbhd H}dksh" 599<+ lhakahs ch}hu chuk yog{obog``huhhg

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg hchbhl yodoglhg aoeslhg chg sgsshg chuk yhuh yodhahk

jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg ,yh}kog+" ckdhgh yh}kog dog`lhuhyahg }hs

yog{obo}hkhg chuk dh}hbhl ao}olhshgg{h' Yh}kog dodhgchg` ehlph yog{ockh jh}h

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg lhu} dhdy dodeoukahg yobh{hghg dock} chbhd yh{h

yog{odelhg yog{haks chg yodbklhg ao}olhshg {hg` eouahbksh}" moyhs shg``hy

hsh} aoblhg yh}kog" }oush yog{ockhhg fh}kbksh} yobh{hghg ao}olhshg {hg` g{hdhg'

_gsa ks" Abkgka H} ]{kfh lhu} }obhb eou}hlh fna} soulhchy aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg chg shg``hy soulhchy }oskhy yh}kog {hg` chshg` chg chbhd dodeoukahg

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg dodhahk sogh`h {hg` souhdykb chg yunfo}knghb h`hu

yobh{hghg {hg` ckeoukahg chyhs dodoglk lhuhyhg chuk yh}kog'

]oeh`hk yog{ockh jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg" dhah ck chbhd dogjhbhgahg

ao`khshgg{h Abkgka H} ]{kfh dodyg{hk fg`}k {hg` }oghgskh}h doboahs {hks

fg`}k }n}khb chg fg`}k ek}gk}' Chbhd dogjhbhgahg fg`}k }n}khbg{h Abkgka H}

]{kfh dobh{hgk }oskhy yh}kog {hg` chshg` gsa dogchyhsahg yobh{hghg

ao}olhshg shgyh dodeoch$eochahg }shs} }n}khb oangndkg{h' ]oskhy yh}kog {hg`

chshg` hahg ckbh{hgk cog`hg ehka phbhyg yh}kog {hg` chshg` douyhahg nuhg`

{hg` skcha dhdy' _gsa dogjhbhgahg fg`}k ek}gk}g{h }oeh`hk yog{ockh jh}h

yobh{hghg ao}olhshg }ph}sh" Abkgka H} ]{kfh youb gsa dodyoushlhgahg chg



3

3

dogkgàhsahg jdbhl agjg`hg yh}kog h`hu dhdy dodyounbol aogsg`hg

chuk agjg`hg yh}kog gsa dogjh`h aoeoubhg`}g`hg }hlhg{h'

Abkgka H} ]{kfh }oeh`hk }hbhl }hs yog{ockh jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg

skcha souboyh} chuk you}hkg`hg cog`hg }o}hdh yog{ockh jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg

bhkgg{h {hg` }odhakg lhuk }odhakg eoushdehl' Ansbou ,8;;?+ dog`hshahg ehlph

ehg{ha fhasnu {hg` ckyouskdehgàhg gsa dodkbkl" hahg soshyk }hbhl }hs mhuh

gsa doghuka yobhg``hg chg dodoghgàhg you}hkg`hg hchbhl cog`hg mhuh

dodeoukahg jh}h yobh{hghg {hg` }o}hk cog`hg aokg`kghg yobhg``hg {hg` chyhs

dodeoukahg aoyh}hg' Nu`hgk}h}k {hg` skcha eouahbksh} chbhd dodeoukahg

yobh{hghg hahg aoskg``hbhg chg soubkgch} chbhd you}hkg`hg ek}gk}' Dhah chuk ks"

Abkgka H} ]{kfh lhu} }obhb eou}hlh dogkgàhsahg ds yobh{hghg {hg`

eounukogsh}k aoyhch aoyh}hg yobhg``hg h`hu chyhs eou}hkg` }omhuh }olhs cog`hg

abkgka ao}olhshg {hg` bhkgg{h cog`hg mhuh }obhb eou}hlh dodeoukahg yunca

cog`hg ds {hg` boekl ehka" lhu`h eou}hkg`" yog{ouhlhg yunca boekl moyhs chg

yobh{hghg {hg` boekl ehka chuk yhch yo}hkg`g{h' Yunca cog`hg ahbksh} {hg`

joboa" lhu`h {hg` dhlhb" yog{ouhlhg yunca {hg` bhdehs chg mhuh yodeoukhg

yobh{hghg {hg` auhg` ehka chyhs dogkdebahg uh}h skcha yh} aoyhch

yobhg``hgg{h {hg` yhch halkug{h skcha hahg dog``ghahg yunca sou}oes ck

aodckhg lhuk ,]yuhysn" 5998 chbhd Dhuskhghphsk" 599;+' Lhb sou}oes ek}h

doggjaahg ehlph lhu`h douyhahg }hbhl }hs yog{oehe aoskchayh}hg yhuh

yobhg``hg' Hchg{h ao}o}hkhg hgshuh lhu`h chg yunca hsh jh}h chyhs dodehs

aoyh}hg eh`k yobhg``hg' Jkah yobhg``hg skcha yh}" dhah hahg dogkg``hbahg



?

?

you}hlhhg {hg` hahg dog{oeheahg yogughg yogjhbhg chg }obhgjsg{h hahg

dogugahg bheh ehlahg aou`khg eh`k you}hlhhg'

Dogus ]mlghhu} chbhd Sjkysngn chg Mlhgcuh ,599?+" yhch ch}hug{h

sjhg }oehl ek}gk} hchbhl dogmkyshahg yhuh yobhg``hg {hg` yh}' Ahbksh}

yobh{hghg {hg` ehka sogsg{h hahg dogmkyshahg aoyh}hg soulhchy yog``gh

bh{hghg' Ahbksh} bh{hghg {hg` ehka yhch halkug{h chyhs dodeoukahg eoeouhyh

dhgfhhs" ck hgshuhg{h soujhbkgg{h leg`hg {hg` lhudngk} hgshuh yog{ockh ehuhg`

chg jh}h cog`hg yobhg``hg" dodeoukahg ch}hu {hg` ehka eh`k soumkyshg{h

bn{hbksh} yobhg``hg chg dodeogsa }hs uoandogch}k chuk dbs ao dbs ,pnuc

nf dnsl+ {hg` dog`gsgàhg eh`k yog{ockh jh}h sou}oes ,Sjkysngn os hb" 599=+'

Cog`hg eounukogsh}k yhch ahbksh} bh{hghg {hg` ehka" Abkgka H} ]{kfh hahg

dhdy dogchyhsahg yunfkshekbksh} jhgàh yhgjhg` {hg` ckyounbol chuk aoyh}hg

yh}kog' Ansbou chg Aobbou ,599<+ dogòdahahg ahbksh} yunca chg jh}h"

aoyh}hg yobhg``hg chg yunfkshekbksh} you}hlhhg hchbhl sk`h lhb {hg` souahks ouhs'

Eoukas ck}hjkahg chsh jdbhl agjg`hg yhch Abkgka H} ]{kfh yhch ebhg

Dok 5989 }hdyhk Hyukb 5988'



6

6

Sheob 8'8

Chsh Jdbhl Yh}kog Ebhg Dok 5989 $ Hyukb 5988

]deou : Abkgka H} ]{kfh 5988

Chsh jdbhl yh}kog ck hsh} chyhs ck`hdehuahg chbhd `uhfka }oeh`hk

eoukas :

@hdehu 8'8

@uhfka Jdbhl Agjg`hg Yh}kog Ebhg Dok 5989 ” Hyukb 5988

]deou : Abkgka H} ]{kfh 5988

533=93

399 =<5

5;?

358 350

3;63?;

?88 ?=5 ?80

9

899

599

=99

399

?99

699

J u d b h l Y

h } k o g

Ebhg

Ebhg Jdbhl Yh}kog Uhsh$uhsh You Lhuk

Dok 533 <

Jgk =93 89

Jbk 399 8=

H`}s} =<5 85

]oysodeou 5;? ;

Nasneou 358 83

Gnvodeou 350 83

Co}odeou 3;6 86

Jhghuk 3?; 8?

Foeuhuk ?88 8<

Dhuos ?=5 80

Hyukb ?80 80

Jdbhl 3';<<



0

0

Chuk ùhfka sou}oes chyhs ckbklhs ehlph jdbhl agjg`hg yh}kog abkgka

H} ]{kfh chuk ebhg Dok 5989 $ Hyukb 5988 dh}kl fbashskf' Lhb sou}oes

eouyog`hul aoyhch yogchyhshg Abkgka H} ]{kfh {hg` }omhuh nsndhsk} j`h

eoufbashskf dog`kask fbash}k jdbhl yh}kog {hg` chshg`' ]obhkg ks yogmhyhkhg

jdbhl agjg`hg yh}kog sou}oes eobd dodoglk lhuhyhg chuk dhghjodog {hg`

dogoshyahg shuòs shlg youshdh ek}h dogmhyhk hgàh 699 yh}kog you ebhg hsh

uhsh$uhsh 59 yh}kog you lhuk'

Eoukas ck}hjkahg ckhùhd youehgckg`hg jdbhl yh}kog {hg` souchfshu

cog`hg snshb yodeobkhg bhg` ck Abkgka H} ]{kfh yhch ebhg Dok 5989 }hdyhk

Hyukb 5988'

@hdehu 8'5

Youehgckg`hg Jdbhl Yh}kog [hg` Souchfshu cog`hg Snshb Yodeobkhg _bhg`

]deou : Abkgka H] ]{kfh 5988

Chuk sheob 8'8 ckaoshlk ehlph snshb agjg`hg yh}kog Ebhg Dok 5989 $

Hyukb 5988 hchbhl 3';<<' Aodckhg chuk ckhùhd 8'8 ckaoshlk ehlph jdbhl

yh}kog {hg` sobhl souchfshu }oehg{ha ='8?6 hsh 6=/ chuk snshb agjg`hg yh}kog'

Yh}kog {hg` souchfshu hchbhl yh}kog {hg` dodyg{hk ahus eounehs" ckdhgh }oskhy

yh}kog {hg` ehu youshdh ahbk eounehs ckeoukahg ahus eounehs' ]olkg``h chuk

yogjobh}hg ck hsh} chyhs ck}kdybahg ehlph }obk}kl hgshuh Snshb Agjg`hg Yh}kog

8'<=5

=0 /='8?6

6= /

Jdbhl Yodeobkhg

_bhg`

Jdbhl Yh}kog [hg`

Souchfshu



<

<

chg Jdbhl Yh}kog [hg` Souchfshu douyhahg Jdbhl Yodeobkhg _bhg`' Chuk chsh

ckhsh} ckaoshlk ehlph souchyhs }oehg{ha 8'<=5 yodeobkhg bhg` hsh =0/ chuk

snshb agjg`hg" jdbhl sou}oes ckyounbol chuk }obk}kl hgshuh snshb agjg`hg

,3';<<+ cog`hg jdbhl yh}kog {hg` souchfshu ,='8?6+'

Snshb jdbhl yodeobkhg bhg` {hg` sobhl soujhck ck abkgka H} ]{kfh {hks

}oeo}hu 8'<=5 hsh =0 / chuk snshb agjg`hg" lhb kgk ek}h dog`kgckah}kahg ehlph

yh}kog yh} hahg yobh{hghg Abkgka H} ]{kfh }olkg``h douoah dobhaahg

yodeobkhg bhg` ck Abkgka H} ]{kfh' Dogus Ansbou chg Hud}sung` ,8;;6+"

yunca jh}h {hg` eouahbksh} dodyg{hk youhghg yogskg` gsa dodeogsa

aoyh}hg yobhg``hg' ]odhakg eouahbksh} yunca chg jh}h {hg` ckeoukahg" dhah

aoyh}hg {hg` ckuh}hahg nbol yobhg``hg }odhakg skg``k' Ekbh aoyh}hg yobhg``hg

}odhakg skg``k" dhah chyhs dogkdebahg aogsg`hg eh`k ehchg }hlh sou}oes'

]hbhl }hs mhuh shdh dodyoushlhgahg }oehl you}hlhhg jh}h hchbhl

dodeoukahg jh}h cog`hg ahbksh} yobh{hghg {hg` boekl skg``k chuk yo}hkg` }omhuh

ang}k}sog chg dodoglk lhuhyhg yobhg``hg' Ekbh ahbksh} yobh{hghg {hg`

ckuh}hahg boekl aomkb chuk yhch {hg` cklhuhyahg dhah yobhg``hg dogjhck skcha

soushuka yhch yog{ockh jh}h" hahg soshyk hyhekbh {hg` soujhck hchbhl }oehbkag{h

aodg`akghg eo}hu yhuh yobhg``hg hahg sou} dog`ghahg yog{ockh jh}h ks bh`k'

Yobhg``hg {hg` yh} hahg sou} dobhaahg yodeobkhg yhch ehchg }hlh sou}oes'

Codkakhg ybh }oehbkag{h" jkah yobhg``hg skcha yh} chyhs dog`hakehsahg

yobhg``hg ykgchl yhch yunca bhkg'



;

;

Eouch}huahg uhkhg ckhsh} dhah yogobksk soushuka dog`hchahg yogobkskhg

cog`hg jcb ‒HGHBK]K] YOG@HU_L A_HBKSH] YOBH[HGHG"

LHU@H CHG FH]KBKSH] SOULHCHY AOY_H]HG YH]KOG ,]sck Yhch

Yh}kog Abkgka H} ]{kfh ck Ahe' Eoah}k+—'

8'5 Ud}hg Dh}hbhl

Chuk bhshu eobhahg` {hg` sobhl ckuhkahg ck hsh}" chyhs ckaoshlk ehlph

jdbhl agjg`hg yh}kog Abkgka H} ]{kfh dh}kl fbashskf' Lhb kgk eouyog`hul

soulhchy yogchyhshg {hg` ckyounbol {hg` nsndhsk} eoufbashskf j`h' ]obhkg ks

yogmhyhkhg jdbhl agjg`hg yh}kog sou}oes eobd dodoglk lhuhyhg chuk

dhghjodog {hg` dogoshyahg shuòs shlg youshdh ek}h dogmhyhk hgàh 699

yh}kog you ebhg hsh uhsh$uhsh 59 yh}kog you lhuk' Ck }k}k bhkg jdbhl yodeobkhg

bhg` {hg` sobhl soujhck ck Abkgka H} ]{kfh {hks }oehg{ha 8'<=5 hsh =0/ chuk

snshb agjg`hg yh}kog' Lhb sou}oes chyhs dog`kgckah}kahg ehlph yh}kog yh}

hahg yobh{hghg {hg` ckeoukahg nbol Abkgka H} ]{kfh' _gsa dogkgàhsahg

yogchyhshg chg aoeoubhg`}g`hg }hlhg{h ck dh}h {hg` hahg chshg`" Abkgka H}

]{kfh youb dodyoushlhgahg chg dogkgàhsahg jdbhl yh}kog {hg` chshg`

cog`hg mhuh dodeoukahg aoyh}hg aoyhch yh}kog h`hu chyhs eou}hkg` cog`hg

yog{ockh jh}h yobh{hghg ao}olhshg {hg` bhkgg{h' Eouch}huahg ud}hg dh}hbhl

sou}oes" dhah ck}}gbhl youshg{hhg yogobkskhg }oeh`hk eoukas:

8' Hyhahl souchyhs yog`hul hgshuh ahbksh} yobh{hghg soulhchy aoyh}hg

yh}kog>

5' Hyhahl souchyhs yog`hul hgshuh lhu`h soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog>

=' Hyhahl souchyhs yog`hul hgshuh fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog>



89

89

8'= Sjhg chg Ao`ghhg Yogobkskhg

8'='8 Sjhg Yogobkskhg

Hchyg sjhg chuk yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl }oeh`hk eoukas:

8' _gsa dog`hghbk}k} yog`hul ahbksh} yobh{hghg soulhchy aoyh}hg

yh}kog'

5' _gsa dog`hghbk}k} yog`hul lhu`h soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog'

=' _gsa dog`hghbk}k} yog`hul fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog'

8'='5 Ao`ghhg Yogobkskhg

Lh}kb yogobkskhg kgk cklhuhyahg chyhs dodeoukahg dhgfhhs }oeh`hk eoukas:

8' ]oeh`hk ehlhg dh}ahg chg eh`k ykdykghg Abkgka H} ]{kfh chg dogjhck

ehlhg youskdehg`hg chbhd dogmkyshahg chg dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg

yh}kog Abkgka H} ]{kfh'

5' ]oeh`hk uofouog}k chbhd yogòdehg`hg kbd yogòshlhg" al}}g{h

sogshg` aoyh}hg yh}kog'

=' ]oeh`hk dockh doghdehl yogòshlhg chg phph}hg yogobksk yhch

al}}g{h" chbhd ekchg` aoyh}hg yh}kog'

3'

]oeh`hk ehlhg hmhg gsa yogobksk }obhgjsg{h soushdh {hg` eoudkghs

gsa dogobksk sogshg` aoyh}hg yh}kog chg fhasnu$fhasnu {hg`

dodyog`hulkg{h ckdh}h {hg` hahg chshg`'



88

88

8'3 ]k}sodhskah Yogbk}hg

Yogbk}hg }auky}k kgk hahg ck}hjkahg chbhd eoeouhyh ehe cog`hg

}k}sodhskah }oeh`hk eoukas :

EHE K YOGCHL_B_HG

Yhch eh`khg yogchlbhg kgk eouk}k uhkhg sogshg` bhshu eobhahg`

dh}hbhl" ud}hg dh}hbhl" sjhg chg ao`ghhg yogobkskhg }oush

}k}sodhskah yogbk}hg'

EHE KK SKGJH_HG Y_]SHAH

Yhch eh`khg kgk eouk}k uhkhg sogshg` bhgch}hg sonuk chg ehlh}hg $

ehlh}hg yogobkskhg }oeobdg{h {hg` uobovhg cog`hg yogobkskhg" aouhg`ah

ykaku" chg lkynso}k} yogobkskhg'

EHE KKK DOSNCO YOGOBKSKHG

Yhch eh`khg kgk eouk}k co}auky}k sogshg` eh`hkdhgh yogobkskhg

ckbhaahg }omhuh nyouh}knghb" vhukheob yogobkskhg" chg cofkgk}k nyouh}knghb"

yogogshg }hdyob" jogk} chg }deou chsh" dosnco yog`dybhg chsh" chg

dosnco hghbk}k} chsh'

EHE KV LH]KB CHG YODEHLH]HG

Yhch eh`khg kgk eouk}k uhkhg sogshg` lh}kb {hg` ckyounbol chbhd

yogobkskhg chg yodehlh}hgg{h {hg` dobkysk co}auky}k ne{oa yogobkskhg"

hghbk}k} chsh }oush yodehlh}hgg{h'

EHE V YOG_S_Y

Yhch eh`khg kgk eouk}k uhkhg sogshg` ao}kdybhg ” ao}kdybhg chuk

lh}kb yogobkskhg {hg` ckchyhs }oush }huhg ” }huhg soulhchy lh}kb yogobkskhg'



85

85

EHE KK

SKGJH_HG Y_]SHAH

5'8 Bhgch}hg Sonuk

5'8'8 Yogòuskhg Jh}h

Ansbou chg Aobbou ,5996+ dogòdahahg yogòuskhg jh}h }oeh`hk eoukas"

jh}h hchbhl }oskhy skgchahg hsh akgoujh {hg` ckshphuahg nbol }hs yklha ao yklha

bhkg {hg` }omhuh yukg}ky skcha eoupjc chg skcha dog{oeheahg youykgchlhg

aoyodkbkahg' Yunca}k jh}h chyhs soukahs hsh skcha soukahs yhch }hs yunca fk}ka'

Dogus Pkbbkhd' J ]shgsng ,599=:559+ ‒Jh}h hchbhl ao`khshg {hg` chyhs

ckkcogskfkah}kahg }omhuh sou}ogckuk" {hg` yhch lhaoahsg{h eou}kfhs skcha souh}h

,kgshg`kebo+" {hg` douyhahg yodoglhg aoeslhg" chg skcha lhu} soukahs yhch

yogjhbhg yunca hsh jh}h bhkg' _gsa dog`lh}kbahg jh}h dgàkg youb hsh

dgàkg ybh skcha ckyoubahg yog``ghhg eogch g{hsh ,shg`kebo+' Hahg soshyk"

}oahbkyg yog``ghhg eogch ks youb" ghdg skcha souchyhs hchg{h yodkgchlhg

lha dkbka hsh} eogch sou}oes ,yodkbkahg youdhgog+—'

Dogus Byk{nhck chg Lhdchgk ,5996 : 6+" ‒Yhch ch}hug{h jh}h

douyhahg }odh haskvksh} oangndk {hg` lh}kbg{h eahg eoueogsa yunca fk}ka

hsh angsua}k" {hg` ddg{h cklh}kbahg chg ck ang}d}k }omhuh eou}hdhhg }oush

dodeouk gkbhk shdehl ang}dog—'

5'8'5 ]kfhs chg Ahuhasouk}ska Jh}h

Dogus Ansbou ,599?+" yoghphuhg jh}h ckeh`k dogjhck bkdh ahso`nuk :

8'

Ehuhg` eoupjc dugk



8=

8=

Shphuhg lhg{h souckuk chuk ehuhg` eoupjc chg skcha hch jh}h {hg`

dog{oushkg{h'

Mngsnl : `huhd" }heg" yh}sh `k`k'

5' Ehuhg` eoupjc cog`hg ck}oushk yobh{hghg

Shphuhg {hg` souckuk chuk ehuhg` eoupjc {hg` ck}oushk }hs hsh eoeouhyh

yobh{hghg' Mngsnl : dnekb" }oyoch dnsnu'

=' Mhdyuhg

Shphuhg souckuk chuk ehuhg` chg jh}h cog`hg yunynu}k {hg` }hdh' Mngsnl :

udhl }haks chg uo}snuhg

3' Jh}h shdh {hg` ck}oushk ehuhg` chg jh}h shdehlhg

Shphuhg souckuk chuk }hs jh}h shdh ck}oushk jh}h shdehlhg chg.hsh ehuhg`

yogcag`' Mngsnl : yhuh yogdyhg` aouosh hyk

?' Jh}h dugk

Shphuhg lhg{h souckuk chuk jh}h' Mngsnl : jh}h dogjh`h eh{k" y}kansouhyk'

Dogus Ansbou ,5999 1 669+ jh}h dodkbkak odyhs ahuhasouk}ska shdh {hg`

dodeochahg chuk }hs ehuhg`" {hks:

8' Kgshg`kekbks{

Jh}h hchbhl }hs youehshg" akgoujh ,youfnudhgmo+" hsh }hlh {hg` lhg{h ek}h

ckang}d}k soshyk skcha ek}h ckdkbkak' Jh}h eou}kfhs kgshg`kebo dha}cg{h skcha

chyhs ckbklhs" ckuh}h" ckmkd" ckcog`hu hsh ckuheh }oeobd ckeobk chg

ckang}d}k' Cog`hg codkakhg" }o}onuhg` skcha chyhs dogkbhk ahbksh} chuk jh}h

}oeobd douh}hahg.dog`ang}d}k }ogckuk'

5' Kg}oyhuhekbks{



83

83

Ehuhg` ekh}hg{h ckyunca}k" aodckhg ckjhb bhb ckang}d}k' ]ochgàhg jh}h

ddg{h ckjhb souboekl chlb" ehu aodckhg ckyunca}k chg ckang}d}k

}omhuh eou}hdhhg' Kgsouha}k hgshuh yog{ockh jh}h chg yobhg``hg douyhahg mkuk

al}} chbhd yodh}huhg jh}h' Chbhd leg`hg yog{ockh jh}h chg yobhg``hg

kgk" ofoaskvksh} kgckvkc {hg` dog{hdyhkahg jh}h ,mngshms$you}nggob+

douyhahg g}u yogskg`'

=' Vhukhekbks{

Jh}h eou}kfhs }hg`hs vhukheob ahuogh douyhahg gng$}shgchukzoc nsys " huskg{h

ehg{ha vhukh}k eogsa" ahbksh}" chg jogk}" sou`hgsg` yhch }khyh" ahyhg" chg

ckdhgh jh}h sou}oes cklh}kbahg' Yhuh yodeobk jh}h }hg`hs yocbk cog`hg

vhukhekbksh} {hg` skg``k kgk chg }oukgàhbk douoah dodkgsh yogchyhs nuhg` bhkg

}oeobd dods}ahg gsa dodkbkl'

3' Youk}lhekbks{

Jh}h douyhahg andncksh} skcha shlhg bhdh chg skcha chyhs ck}kdyhg' Lhb kgk

skcha dogjhck dh}hbhl ekbh youdkgshhgg{h soshy ahuogh dchl gsa

dog{khyahg yobh{hghg gsa youdkgshhg sou}oes }oeobdg{h' Ekbh youdkgshhg

eoufbash}k" eoueh`hk youdh}hbhlhg dgmb eouahkshg cog`hg ahyh}ksh}

dog`hg`ù ,}hhs youdkgshhg }oyk+ chg yobhg``hg skcha soubh{hgk cog`hg

uo}kan douoah aomoph hsh eouhbkl ao yog{ockh jh}h bhkgg{h ,}hhs youdkgshhg

ygmha+'

]ochgàhg dogus @ukffkg chbhd Byk{nhck ,5998+ dog{oesahg ehlph

jh}h dodkbkak ahuhasouk}ska }oeh`hk eoukas :

8' Skcha Eoupjc , Kgsh`kekbks{+



8?

8?

Jh}h skcha chyhs ckbklhs" ckuh}h" ckuheh" ckcog`hu" hsh ckmkd }oeobd jh}h

sou}oes ckeobk' Gkbhk yogskg` chuk lhb kgk hchbhl gkbhk skcha eoupjc {hg`

ckhbhdk ang}dog chbhd eogsa aogkadhshg" aoyh}hg" hsh uh}h hdhg'

5' Skcha Chyhs Ck}kdyhg ,_g}snuhekbks{+

Jh}h skcha dogòghb you}ockhhg hsh yog{kdyhghg chuk yunca {hg` sobhl

cklh}kbahg' ]kfhs kgk ck}oes j`h }oeh`hk skcha chyhs ckyk}hlahg

,kg}oyhuhekbks{+" dog`kg`hs yhch ddg{h jh}h cklh}kbahg chg ckang}d}k

}omhuh eou}hdhhg'

=' M}sndkzhskng

Jh}h }oukg` ahbk ckco}hkg al}} }o}hk aoeslhg yobhg``hg" }oeh`hkdhgh

yhch jh}h h}uhg}k chg ao}olhshg'

5'8'= Yodh}huhg Jh}h

Yodh}huhg jh}h skcha }hdh cog`hg yodh}huhg yunca' Youshdh" yodh}huhg

jh}h boekl eou}kfhs kgshgèbo chg kddhsoukhb ahuogh yuncag{h skcha ah}hs dhsh

chg skcha chyhs ckuheh' Aoch" yunca}k jh}h ckbhaahg }hhs ang}dog eoulhchyhg

cog`hg yos`h} }olkg``h yog`hph}hg ahbksh}g{h ckbhaahg cog`hg }oòuh' Lhb

kgk boekl }bks chukyhch yog`hph}hg yunca fk}ka' Aosk`h" kgsouha}k hgshuh

ang}dog chg yos`h} hchbhl yogskg` gsa dopjcahg yunca ,Uhgàsk"

5995+

]suhso`k Yodh}huhg You}hlhg Jh}h }hbhl }hsg{h chyhs ckbklhs chuk ehuhg

yodh}huhg {hks yuncms" yukmo" ybhmo hsh ck}sukeskng chg yundnskng }hg`hs

dodehgs chbhd yodh}huhg }hs yunca' Ghdg chbhd yodh}huhg jh}h {hg`



86

86

}oeh`khg eo}hu eouleg`hg bhg`}g` cog`hg dhg}kh }olkg``h dodehs

youeochhg hsh} lh}kb aoyh}hg yobhg``hg' _gsa ks yodh}huhg jh}h youb

dodyoulhskahg g}u bhkgg{h {hks yonybo" yl{}kmhb ovkcogmo chg yunmo}}'

Yobh{hghg {hg` ehka chuk yog{ockh jh}h , yonybo+ hahg dodeogsa }hs yl{}kmhb

ovkcogmo yhch yobhg``hg hakehs yun}o} yodeoukhg jh}h {hg` ckbhaahg }hg`hs

ehka' Chuk yl{}kmhb ovkcogmo {hg` sobhl soueogsa dodgàkgahg gsa

yogkgàhshg jdbhl yobhg``hg {hg` kg`kg dog``ghahg jh}h bh{hghg {hg` }hdh'

Souchyhs }hs }suhso`k {hg` chyhs cksodyl chbhd dodoghgàhg you}hkg`hg

cog`hg yo}hkg` }hlh {hks cog`hg mhuh dog{hdyhkahg bh{hghg {hg` eouds

skg``k }omhuh ang}k}sog ckehgckg` yhuh yo}hkg` chg boekl skg``k chukyhch lhuhyhg

yobhg``hg'

Chbhd yog{hdyhkhg jh}h }oukg` souchyhs youeochhg hgshuh hyh {hg` }chl

cksoshyahg chbhd cog`hg aog{hshhg ck bhyhg`hg' Dogus Byk{nhck ,5996:8<3$

8<6+ gsa dog`lkgchuk ao`h`hbhg chbhd yog{hdyhkhg jh}h" youb ckyoulhskahg

ao}ogjhg`hg {hg` dgàkg soujhck" {hks :

8' Ao}ogjhg`hg you}oy}k dhghjodog'

[hks youeochhg hgshuh yogkbhkhg yobh{hghg dogus yog``gh jh}h chg

you}oy}k dhghjodog dogòghk lhuhyhg yog``gh jh}h' hyhekbh dhghjodog

skcha douh}hahg hsh dogòshlk cog`hg soyhs hyh {hg` ckkg`kgahg nbol yhuh

yobhg``hgg{h'

5' Ao}ogjhg`hg }yo}kfkah}k ahbksh}'

[hks ao}ogjhg`hg hgshuh you}oy}k dhghjodog dogòghk lhuhyhg yog``gh

jh}h chg }yo}kfkah}k ahbksh} jh}h' Ao}ogjhg`hg soujhck hgshuh bhkg ahuogh skcha



80

80

dodhchkg{h andksdog dhghjodog soulhchy ahbksh} jh}h" you}oy}k dogòghk

aoskchabh{hahg" skcha dodhchkg{h }shgchuk}h}k s`h}" chg skcha dodhchkg{h

yog{}ghg sjhg'

=' Ao}ogjhg`hg yog{hdyhkhg jh}h'

[hks ao}ogjhg`hg hgshuh }yo}kfkah}k ahbksh} jh}h chg yog{hdyhkhg jh}h

,}ouvkmo cobkvou{+ ao}ogjhg`hg kgk soushdh ck}oeheahg nbol hdek`ksh} youhg"

angfbka youhg" ao}o}hkhg yo`hphk cog`hg s`h} {hg` lhu} ckaoujhahg"

ao}o}hkhg soagnbn`k {hg` ck`ghahg yo`hphk" }k}sod yogògchbkhg chuk

hsh}hg {hks }k}sod yogkbhkhg chg }k}sod kdehbhg" youmokvoc mngsunb" {hks

}ojhl dhgh yo`hphk douh}hahg aoeoeh}hg" hsh fboa}kekbksh} gsa

dogogsahg mhuh yobh{hghg" sohd pnua {hks }ojhl dhgh yo`hphk chg

dhghjodog doud}ahg sjhg eou}hdh'

3' Ao}ogjhg`hg andgkah}k yodh}huhg'

[hks ao}ogjhg`hg hgshuh yog{hdyhkhg jh}h chg andgkah}k oa}soughb'

Ao}ogjhg`hg kgk ek}h soujhck hyhekbh hyh {hg` ckandgkah}kahg

,ckyundn}kahg+ you}hlhhg aoyhch yklha bhu eoueoch cog`hg angck}k g{hsh

{hg` ckjdyhk yobhg``hg yhch you}hlhhg sou}oes'

?'

Ao}ogjhg`hg chbhd yobh{hghg {hg` ckuh}hahg'

[hks youeochhg yuo}oy}k hgshuh jh}h {hg` ck uh}hahg chg {hg` cklhuhyahg

nbol ang}dog' Youeochhg kgk soujhck hyhekbh yobhg``hg dogàu akgoujh

you}hlhhg cog`hg mhuh {hg` eoueoch chg }hbhl chbhd dodyou}oy}kahg

ahbksh} jh}h sou}oes' Jkah aochg{h soueask }hdh" dhah you}hlhhg hahg

dodyounbol mksuh chg chdyha yn}kskf'



8<

8<

Yodh}huhg jh}h skcha lhg{h dodeslahg yodh}huhg oa}soughb soshyk j`h

yodh}huhg kgsoughb chg kgsouhaskf' Yodh}huhg oa}soughb dog``hdehuahg yoaoujhhg

gnudhb {hg` ckbhaahg yodh}hu gsa dog{khyahg" dogoshyahg lhu`h

dogck}suke}kahg chg dodyundn}kahg jh}h ks yhch yobhg``hgg{h'

Yodh}huhg kgsoughb dog{kuhsahg you}hlhhg jh}h {hg` youb dobhskl chg

dodnsnvh}k yhuh ahu{hphg {hg` eouleg`hg cog`hg ang}dog }omhuh ofoakf

}oush }obul you}ngkb yogcag`g{h h`hu eoaoujh}hdh }oeh`hk }oehl skd `gh

dodeoukahg aoyh}hg aoyhch ang}dog' ]ochgàhg yodh}huhg kgsouhaskf

dog`hm yhch ahbksh} jh}h {hg` ckeoukahg {hg` }hg`hs eou`hgsg` yhch ahbksh}

kgsouha}k hgshuh yodeobk chg yogjhb' Chbhd yodh}huhg ehuhg` skcha eo`ks

ckyog`hulk nbol eh`hkdhgh ehuhg` ks ck}ouhlahg' Hahg soshyk chbhd yodh}huhg

jh}h skcha souboyh} chuk yodeouk jh}h dog{ockhahg jh}h sou}oes" chg eh`hkdhgh

yodh}hu dodyouskdehgàhg odyhs ahuhasouk}ska jh}h sou}oes'

5'8'3 Ahbksh} Yobh{hghg

Ahbksh} douyhahg }hs angck}k ckghdk} {hg` eouyog`hul cog`hg

yunca" jh}h" dhg}kh" yun}o} chg bkgàg`hg {hg` dodoglk hsh doboeklk

lhuhyhg ,Sjkysngn" 5998+' ]olkg``h cofkgk}k ahbksh} yobh{hghg chyhs ckhuskahg

}oeh`hk yh{h yodoglhg aoeslhg chg aokg`kghg ang}dog }oush aosoyhshg

yog{hdyhkhgg{h chbhd dog`kdehg`k lhuhyhg ang}dog ,Sjkysngn" 5990+'

Ahbksh} yobh{hghg chyhs ckaoshlk cog`hg mhuh dodehgckgàhg you}oy}k yhuh

ang}dog hsh} yobh{hghg {hg` g{hsh$g{hsh douoah soukdh . younbol cog`hg

yobh{hghg {hg` }o}g``lg{h douoah lhuhyahg . kg`kgahg soulhchy hsukes$hsukes



8;

8;

yobh{hghg }hs you}hlhhg' Jkah jh}h {hg` cksoukdh hsh ckuh}hahg , youmokvoc

}ouvkmo+ }o}hk cog`hg {hg` cklhuhyahg" dhah ahbksh} yobh{hghg ckyou}oy}kahg

ehka chg dodh}ahg" jkah jh}h {hg` cksoukdh dobhdyhk lhuhyhg ang}dog"

dhah ahbksh} yobh{hghg ckyou}oy}kahg }hg`hs ehka chg eouahbksh}' ]oehbkag{h

jkah jh}h {hg` cksoukdh boekl uogchl chukyhch {hg` cklhuhyahg" dhah ahbksh}

yobh{hghg ckyou}oy}kahg eua'

Ahbksh} jh}h hsh bh{hghg douyhahg skg`ahs ao}ogjhg`hg hgshuh lhuhyhg

hsh aokg`kghg yobhg``hg cog`hg you}oy}k hsh youfnudh {hg` sobhl douoah

uh}hahg' Dogus ]mlghhu} chbhd Sjkysngn chg Mlhgcuh ,599?+" yhch ch}hug{h

sjhg }oehl ek}gk} hchbhl dogmkyshahg yhuh yobhg``hg {hg` yh}' ]obhgjsg{h

Ansbou ,5993+ dog`hshahg yobh{hghg hchbhl }oskhy ao`khshg hsh dhgfhhs {hg`

ckshphuahg nbol }hs yklha aoyhch yklha bhkg chg ch}hug{h skcha eoupjc" }oush

skcha dog`lh}kbahg aoyodkbkahg }o}hs' Ang}oy ch}hu chuk }hs yobh{hghg ,jh}h+

hshyg ahbksh} chuk }hs yunca chyhs ckcofkgk}kahg }oeh`hk yodoglhg {hg`

chyhs doboeklk chuk hyh {hg` ckkg`kgahg hsh cklhuhyahg yobhg``hg ,ang}dog+'

Dogus Ansbou ,5995:<=+ cofkgk}k yobh{hghg hchbhl }oskhy skgchahg hsh

ao`khshg {hg` chyhs ckshphuahg nbol }hs yklha aoyhch yklha bhkg" {hg` yhch

ch}hug{h skcha eoupjc chg skcha dog`hakehsahg aoyodkbkahg hyhyg'

Yunca}kg{h chyhs ckahksahg hsh skcha ckahksahg yhch }hs yunca fk}ka'

Yobh{hghg douyhahg youkbha yunc}og chbhd uhg`ah dodoglk aoeslhg chg

aokg`kghg ang}dog codk soumhyhkg{h aoyh}hg yhch ang}dog ks }ogckuk'

Ansbou j`h dog`hshahg ehlph youkbha sou}oes chyhs soujhck yhch }hhs" }oeobd

chg }o}chl soujhckg{h suhg}ha}k' Yhch ddg{h yobh{hghg {hg` eouahbksh}

http://skripsi-manajemen.blogspot.com/2011/02/pengertian-definisi-kualitas-pelayanan.html

http://skripsi-manajemen.blogspot.com/2011/02/pengertian-definisi-kualitas-pelayanan.html



59

59

skg``k hahg dog`lh}kbahg aoyh}hg {hg` skg``k }oush yodeobkhg bhg` {hg` boekl

}oukg`'

Chuk cofkgk}k$cofkgk}k sogshg` ahbksh} yobh{hghg sou}oes chyhs ckhdekb

ao}kdybhg ehlph ahbksh} yobh{hghg hchbhl }o`hbh eogsa haskvksh} {hg`

ckbhaahg nbol you}hlhhg `gh dodoglk lhuhyhg ang}dog' Yobh{hghg chbhd

lhb kgk ckhuskahg }oeh`hk jh}h hsh }ouvkmo {hg` ck}hdyhkahg nbol yodkbka jh}h

{hg` eouyh aodchlhg" aomoyhshg" leg`hg" aodhdyhg chg aouhdhl$

shdhlhg {hg` cksjahg dobhbk }kahy chg }kfhs chbhd dodeoukahg yobh{hghg

gsa aoyh}hg ang}dog'

Dogus Yhuh}uhdhg" caa ,8;;<+" ckdog}k$ckdog}k {hg` dophakbk

you}oy}k ang}dog soulhchy }hs ahbksh} yobh{hghg jh}h hchbhl }oeh`hk eoukas :

8' Aohgchbhg ,Uobkhekbks{+

hchbhl ckdog}k {hg` dog`au aohgchbhg }hs yobh{hghg jh}h aoyhch

ang}dog' Ckdog}k aohgchbhg ckcofkgk}kahg }oeh`hk aodhdyhg gsa

dodeoukahg jh}h {hg` ckjhgjkahg cog`hg souyoumh{h chg hauhs'

5' Ch{h shg``hy ,Uo}yng}kvogo}}+

hchbhl aodhhg gsa dodehgs chg dodeoukahg jh}h cog`hg moyhs aoyhch

ang}dog {hg` dobkysk ao}k`hyhg sogh`h aoujh chbhd dobh{hgk ang}dog"

aomoyhshg sogh`h aoujh chbhd doghg`hgk suhg}ha}k chg yoghg`hghg hsh}

aoblhg ang}dog' Ckdog}k ch{h shg``hy douyhahg ckdog}k {hg` eou}kfhs

yhbkg` ckghdk}' Lhb kgk ckyog`hulk nbol fhasnu youaodehg`hg soagnbn`k'

]hbhl }hs mngsnl h}yoa ch{h shg``hy chbhd yobh{hghg hchbhl aomoyhshg'

=' Aoyh}skhg ,H}}uhgmo+



58

58

hchbhl ckdog}k ahbksh} yobh{hghg {hg` eouleg`hg cog`hg aodhdyhg

chbhd doghghdahg aoyoumh{hhg chg ao{hakghg aoyhch ang}dog' Ckdog}k

aoyh}skhg dobkysk aodhdyhg sogh`h aoujh hsh} yogòshlhg soulhchy yunca

dobkysk aodhdyhg ahu{hphg hsh} yogòshlhg soulhchy yunca }omhuh

soyhs" ahbksh} aouhdhl$shdhlhg" youlhskhg chg ao}nyhghg chbhd dodeouk

yobh{hghg" aosuhdykbhg chbhd dodeoukahg aohdhghg ckchbhd dodhgfhhsahg

jh}h {hg` ckshphuahg chg aodhdyhg ck chbhd doghghdahg aoyoumh{hhg

ang}dog soulhchy jh}h {hg` ckshphuahg' Ckdog}k aoyh}skhg hsh jhdkghg kgk

douyhahg ̀ heg`hg chuk h}yoa$h}yoa :

8+ Andyosog}k ,mndyosogmo+" {hks aosuhdykbhg chg yogòshlhg {hg`

ckdkbkak nbol yhuh sogh`h aoujh gsa dobhaahg yobh{hghg'

5+ Ao}nyhghg ,mnso}{+" {hg` dobkysk aouhdhlhg" youlhskhg chg }kahy yhuh

sogh`h aoujh'

=+ Auockekbksh} ,muockekbks{+" {hg` dobkysk lhb$lhb {hg` eouleg`hg cog`hg

aoyoumh{hhg aoyhch yog{ockh jh}h }oyousk uoysh}k" yuo}sh}k chg

}oeh`hkg{h'

3+ Aohdhghg ,}omuks{+" {hg` dobkysk lhb$lhb {hg` eouleg`hg cog`hg

aodhdyhg sogh`h aoujh gsa dodeoukahg uh}h hdhg yhch ang}dog'

3' Odyhsk ,Odyhsl{+

hchbhl ao}ockhhg gsa yocbk chg dodeoukahg youlhskhg yukehck aoyhch

yog``gh jh}h' Yobh{hghg {hg` odyhska }hg`hs dodoubahg

}ogslhg.youh}hhg yukehck' Ckdog}k odyhsk hchbhl ckdog}k {hg` dodeoukahg

yobhg` eo}hu gsa dogmkyshahg yobh{hghg {hg` ‒}uyuk}o— {hks }o}hs



5=

5=

?' Eask fk}ka: uhg` sg``" uhg` nyouh}k" youhbhshg chg ehlhg$ehlhg

sousbk}'

]hbhl }hs fhasnu yogcnung` aoyh}hg ang}dog hchbhl ahbksh}

yobh{hghg' _gsa dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg ang}dog" dhah Abkgka H} ]{kfh lhu}

dogkgàhsahg ahbksh} yobh{hghg' _gsa dogkbhk ahbksh} yobh{hghg" chyhs ckau

cog`hg ? fhasnu" {hks shg`kebo ,eask fk}ka+" uobkhekbks{ ,aohgchbhg+"

uo}yng}kvogo}} ,ch{h shg``hy+" h}}uhgmo ,jhdkghg+" odylhs{ ,odyhsk+'

Dogus Ansbou chg Hud}sung` ,8;;6+" yunca jh}h {hg` eouahbksh}

dodyg{hk youhghg yogskg` gsa dodeogsa aoyh}hg yobhg``hg' ]odhakg

eouahbksh} yunca chg jh}h {hg` ckeoukahg" dhah aoyh}hg {hg` ckuh}hahg nbol

yobhg``hg }odhakg skg``k' Ekbh aoyh}hg yobhg``hg }odhakg skg``k" dhah chyhs

dogkdebahg aogsg`hg eh`k ehchg }hlh sou}oes' ]hbhl }hs mhuh shdh

dodyoushlhgahg }oehl you}hlhhg jh}h hchbhl dodeoukahg jh}h cog`hg ahbksh}

yobh{hghg {hg` boekl skg``k chuk yo}hkg` }omhuh ang}k}sog chg dodoglk lhuhyhg

yobhg``hg' Ekbh ahbksh} yobh{hghg {hg` ckuh}hahg boekl aomkb chuk yhch {hg`

cklhuhyahg dhah yobhg``hg dogjhck skcha soushuka yhch yog{ockh jh}h" hahg soshyk

hyhekbh {hg` soujhck hchbhl }oehbkag{h hch aodgàkghg yhuh yobhg``hg hahg

sou} dog`ghahg yog{ockh jh}h ks bh`k' Yogobkskhg {hg` ckbhaahg Chelnbahu os'

hb ,5999+ chbhd Sjkysngn ,599?+ dog{hshahg ehlph ahbksh} jh}h dodyg{hk

yog`hul {hg` yn}kskf soulhchy aoyh}hg yobhg``hg'

Yhuh}uhdhg os hb' ,8;;<+ chbhd Lhck ,599=+ eouyogchyhs ehlph ahbksh}

yobh{hghg }ojhbhg cog`hg aoyh}hg yobhg``hg" ckdhgh dogkgàhsg{h ,}odhakg



53

53

yn}kskf+ ahbksh} yobh{hghg ck`ghahg }oeh`hk uofboa}k chuk dogkgàhsg{h

aoyh}hg yobhg``h

L8 : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh ahbksh} yobh{hghg soulhchy

aoyh}hg yh}kog

5'8'? Lhu`h

5'8'?'8 Yogòuskhg Lhu`h

Dogus Zokslhdb ,5999+ lhu`h hchbhl hyh {hg` aksh chyhs chuk }o}hs

{hg` sobhl ckanuehgahg gsa dodyounbol yunca hsh jh}h' ]ochgàhg Ansbou

chg Hd}sung` ,5998+ eouyogchyhs ehlph lhu`h hchbhl }ojdbhl hg` {hg`

ckeoehgahg }hs yunca hsh jh}h sou}oes' Yunca cog`hg ds joboa" lhu`h

{hg` dhlhb" yog{ouhlhg yunca {hg` bhdehs chyhs dodehs yobhg``hg skcha

yh} ,]yuhysn" 5998 chbhd Dhuskhghphsk" 599;+' Lhb ks doggjahg ehlph

lhu`h douyhahg }hbhl }hs yog{oehe aoskchayh}hg yhuh yobhg``hg' Sjkysngn

,5990+ dogcofkgk}kahg lhu`h chuk ch }cs yhgchg "̀ {hks chuk }cs yhgchg`

yodh}huhg" lhu`h douyhahg }hshg dngosou hsh auhg bhkgg{h ,soudh}a

ehuhg` chg jh}h bhkgg{h+ {hg` cksahuahg h`hu dodyounbol lha aoyodkbkahg hsh

yog``ghhg }hs ehuhg` hsh jh}h' ]odogshuh ks" chuk }cs yhgchg` ang}dog"

lhu`h }oukgàhbk ck`ghahg }oeh`hk kgckahsnu gkbhk ekbhdhgh lhu`h sou}oes

cklegàhg cog`hg dhgfhhs {hg` ckuh}hahg hsh} }hs ehuhg` hsh jh}h' Gkbhk

chyhs ckcofkgk}kahg }oeh`hk uh}kn hgshuh dhgfhhs {hg` ckuh}hahg soulhchy lhu`h'

Lhu`h douyhahg }hbhl }hs vhukheob yogskg` chbhd yodh}huhg" ckdhgh

lhu`h chyhs dodyog`hulk yobhg``hg chbhd dog`hdekb aoys}hg gsa



5?

5?

dodeobk }hs yunca" ahuogh eoueh`hk hbh}hg ,Fouckghgc" 5999+' Hbh}hg

oangndk} hahg doggjaahg ehlph lhu`h {hg` uogchl hsh lhu`h {hg` }obhb

eouandyosk}k douyhahg }hbhl }hs yodkm yogskg` gsa dogkgàhsahg akgoujh

yodh}huhg" soshyk hbh}hg y}kanbn`k} chyhs doggjaahg ehlph lhu`h j}su

douyhahg kgckahsnu ahbksh} chg ahuogh ks ckuhgmhg` }oeh`hk }hbhl }hs

kg}sudog yogjhbhg }oahbk`} }oeh`hk kg}sudog andyosk}k {hg` dogogsahg'

Chuk eoeouhyh cofkgk}k lhu`h ckhsh}" ck}kdybahg ehlph lhu`h hchbhl }hs

hg` {hg` cksogsahg nbol you}hlhhg }oeh`hk kdehbhg ehuhg` hsh jh}h {hg`

ckyouch`hgàhg chg }o}hs {hg` bhkg {hg` ckhchahg }hs you}hlhhg `gh

dodh}ahg aokg`kghg yobhg``hg' Hchg{h ao}o}hkhg hgshuh lhu`h chg yunca

hsh jh}h chyhs dodehs aoyh}hg eh`k yobhg``hg' Jkah yobhg``hg skcha yh}"

dhah hahg dogkg``hbahg you}hlhhg {hg` hahg dog{oeheahg yogughg

yogjhbhg chg }obhgjsg{h hahg dogugahg bheh ehlahg aou`khg eh`k

you}hlhhg'

H`hu chyhs }a}o} chbhd dodh}huahg }hs ehuhg` hsh jh}h" }oskhy

you}hlhhg lhu} dogoshyahg lhu`hg{h }omhuh soyhs' ]oauhg`$auhg`g{h hch

sk`h yklha {hg` lhu} dogjhck ch}hu youskdehg`hg eh`k you}hlhhg chbhd

dogoshyahg lhu`h {hks ang}dog" you}hlhhg {hg` eou}hgàshg" chg yo}hkg`'

You}hlhhg dodyoulhskahg hyh {hg` ckkg`kgahg ang}dog" {hks dodeh{hu

lhu`h {hg` }oyhchg cog`hg gkbhk {hg` ckyounbol ,vhbo fnu dngo{+' ]odogshuh

{hg` ckkg`kgahg you}hlhhg hchbhl dogchyhsahg bheh dha}kdhb dgàkg" cog`hg

dodyoulhskahg yogoshyhg lhu`h {hg` ckbhaahg yo}hkg`' Jkah lhu`h {hg`

cksoshyahg nbol }oehl you}hlhhg skcha }o}hk cog`hg dhgfhhs yunca dhah lhb



56

56

ks chyhs dogugahg skgàhs aoyh}hg yobhg``hg" chg }oehbkag{h jkah lhu`h {hg`

cksoshyahg nbol }oehl you}hlhhg }o}hk cog`hg dhgfhhs {hg` cksoukdh dhah

hahg dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg yobhg``hg'

Dogus Ckhl Ghshbk}h chg D' Fhalukhg}{hl ,599<+ chbhd Pkc{hgkg`s{h}

,5989+ dog{hshahg ehlph yogàuhg kgckahsnu lhu`h ckau cog`hg

dog``ghahg fhasnu ao}o}hkhg lhu`h cog`hg yobh{hghg' Chbhd yogobkskhg kgk"

yogàuhg lhu`h ckau cog`hg dog``ghahg kgckahsnu }oeh`hk eoukas:

8' Aosoujhgàhhg lhu`h

5' Ao}o}khg lhu`h cog`hg dhgfhhs {hg` cksoukdh

=' Ao}o}hkhg lhu`h cog`hg fh}kbksh}

3' Ao}o}khg lhu`h cog`hg jhuha {hg` cksodyl

5'8'?'5 Sjhg Yogoshyhg Lhu`h

You}hlhhg chbhd dogoshyahg }hs lhu`h yhch yunca dodyg{hk

eoeouhyh sjhg' Dogus Eh} ]ph}slh ,5999+" sjhg yogoshyhg lhu`h ckeh`k

dogjhck odyhs" {hks :

8' Dogchyhsahg bheh dha}kdhb'

5'

Dodyoushlhgahg you}hlhhg'

=' Dog``hyhk yogòdehbkhg kgvo}sh}k {hg` sobhl ckshuòsahg hsh

yogòdehbkhg yhch yogjhbhg eou}kl'

3' Dog`h}hk Yhg`}h Yh}hu

?' Dodyoushlhgahg Dhuaos }lhuo



50

50

Aoushjh{h ,5995+ dog`gàhyahg ehlph kgckahsnu yogkbhkhg lhu`h chyhs

ck bklhs chuk ao}o}hkhg hgshuh }hs yog`nuehghg chuk ang}dog soulhchy gkbhk

{hg` cksoukdhg{h }osobhl dobhaahg yodeobkhg" chg chuk }ksbhl ang}dog hahg

dodyou}oy}k chuk yunca hsh jh}h sou}oes' You}oy}k {hg` yn}skf douyhahg lh}kb

chuk uh}h yh} hahg }hs yodeobkhg {hg` ckbhaahgg{h" }ochgàhg you}oy}k {hg`

go`hskvo douyhahg }hs eogsa chuk aoskchayh}hg ang}dog hsh} yunca hsh

jh}h {hg` ckeobkg{h' Jkah lhu`h {hg` cksoshyahg nbol }oehl you}hlhhg skcha

}o}hk cog`hg dhgfhhs yunca dhah lhb ks chyhs dogugahg skgàhs aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg" chg }oehbkag{h jkah lhu`h {hg` cksoshyahg nbol }oehl you}hlhhg

}o}hk cog`hg dhgfhhs {hg` cksoukdh dhah hahg dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg' Hyhekbh gkbhk {hg` ckuh}hahg yobhg``hg }odhakg skg``k" dhah hahg

dogmkyshahg aoyh}hg yobhg``hg {hg` dha}kdhb ,Sjkysngn" 8;;;+'

L5 : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh lhu`h soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog

5'8'6 Fh}kbksh}

Dogus [nsk ,8;;0:85+ fh}kbksh} hchbhl }o`hbh }o}hs ehka eogch

dhyg jh}h {hg` dog{oushk yobh{hghg {hg` ckeoukahg nbol you}hlhhg ehka

you}hlhhg jh}h" ch`hg` dhyg you}hlhhg kgc}suk' Fh}kbksh} chyhs j`h

ckhuskahg }oeh`hk }huhgh chg yuh}huhgh {hg` sou}ockh ck bkgàg`hg dhyg ck

chbhd ahgsnu you}hlhhg" ckdha}cahg gsa dodeoukahg yobh{hghg dha}kdhb

h`hu ang}dog hsh yobhg``hg douh}hahg g{hdhg chg yh}' Fh}kbksh} douyhahg

fhasnu yoggjhg` shdh chbhd ao`khshg }hs yunca'



5<

5<

Uhlhujhgk ,599?+ dog{hshahg ehlph hyhekbh }hs you}hlhhg jh}h

dodyg{hk fh}kbksh} {hg` dodhchk }olkg```h chyhs dodchlahg ang}dog

chbhd dog``ghahg jh}hg{h chg dodehs g{hdhg ang}dog chbhd

dog``ghahg jh}hg{h sou}oes sou}oes dhah hahg chyhs dodyog`hulk

ang}dog chbhd dobhaahg yodeobkhg jh}h' You}hlhhg {hg` dodeoukahg

}h}hgh dog{oghgàhg cog`hg co}hkg fh}kbksh} {hg` doghuka hahg dodyog`hulk

ang}dog chbhd dobhaahg yodeobkhg' Huskg{h ehlph }hbhl }hs fhasnu aoyh}hg

ang}dog ckyog`hulk nbol fh}kbksh} {hg` ckeoukahg nbol yogjhb {hg`

ckdhgfhhsahg nbol ang}dog }olkg``h dodyoudchl ang}dog chbhd yun}o}

yodeobkhg' Hyhekbh ang}dog douh}h g{hdhg chg dchl dogchyhsahg yunca

hsh jh}h {hg` ckshphuahg nbol yogjhb" dhah ang}dog hahg douh}h yh}'

Dogus Aoushjh{h ,599=+ yodeoukhg fh}kbksh} {hg` dodhchk hahg

dodehgs dogkgàhsahg odyhsk ang}dog soulhchy }oskhy angck}k {hg` soumkysh

yhch }hhs ang}dog dobhaahg yodeobkhg' ]olkg``h }omhuh y}kanbn`k} douoah

hahg dodeoukahg }hs youg{hshhg ehlph douoah yh} chbhd dobhaahg

yodeobkhgg{h'

Lhb$lhb {hg` youb ck}hdyhkahg chbhd fh}kbksh} jh}h hgshuh bhkg:

8'

Aobogàhyhg" aoeou}klhg chg aouhyklhg fh}kbksh} {hg` ckshphuahg

5' Angck}k chg fg`}k fh}kbksh} {hg` ckshphuahg

=' Aodchlhg yog``ghhg fh}kbksh} {hg` ckshphuahg

3' Aobogàhyhg hbhs {hg` ck`ghahg

Fh}kbksh} douyhahg }huhgh yoggjhg` {hg` ck`ghahg you}hlhhg chbhd

}hlh gsa dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg yobhg``hg' ]odhakg ehka fh}kbksh} {hg`



5;

5;

ckeoukahg aoyhch ang}dog" dhah hahg }odhakg dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg

ang}dog' Ansbou ,5998+ dog{hshahg ehlph }hbhl }hs yh{h {hg` ckbhaahg

dhghjodog you}hlhhg soushdh {hg` eouleg`hg bhg`}g` cog`hg aoyh}hg

ang}dog {hks cog`hg dodeoukahg fh}kbksh} }oehka$ehkag{h codk doghuka chg

dodyoushlhgahg yobhg``hg' Fh}kbksh} douyhahg }huhgh dhyg yuh}huhgh {hg`

yogskg` chbhd }hlh dogkgàhsahg aoyh}hg }oyousk dodeouk aodchlhg"

dodoglk aoeslhg chg aog{hdhghg eh`k yog``gh jh}h' Hyhekbh fh}kbksh} {hg`

ck}ockhahg }o}hk cog`hg aoeslhg" dhah ang}dog hahg douh}h yh}'

Leg`hg hgshuh fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg sobhl ckeaskahg nbol

yogobkskhg {hg` ckbhaahg Dhuskhghphsk ,599;+" Pkcksndn ,599;+" Pkjh{h ,5989+"

ckdhgh lh}kb yogobkskhg sou}oes hchbhl fh}kbksh} dodyg{hk yog`hul yn}kskf

soulhchy aoyh}hg'

L= : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog

5'8'0 Aoyh}hg Ang}dog

Ansbou ,5998+ dog`hshahg ehlph aoyh}hg ang}dog hchbhl skgàhs

youh}hhg }o}onuhg` }osobhl dodehgckgàhg akgoujh hsh lh}kb {hg` kh uh}hahg

ckehgckgàhg cog`hg lhuhyhgg{h' Ekbh akgoujh doboeklk lhuhyhg douoah hahg

douh}h yh} chg }oehbkag{h ekbh akgoujh skcha }o}hk lhuhyhg dhah hahg aomoph'

Ogòb ,8;;9+ dog{hshahg ehlph aoyh}hg yobhg``hg douyhahg ovhbh}k }osobhl

yodeobkhg ck dhgh yunca {hg` ckykbkl }oauhg`$auhg`g{h }hdh hsh doboeklk

lhuhyhg yobhg``hg" }ochgàhg aoskchayh}hg skdeb hyhekbh lh}kb skcha

dodoglk lhuhyhg'



=9

=9

Yhch ch}hug{h sjhg chuk }hs ek}gk} hchbhl gsa dogmkyshahg yhuh

ang}dog {hg` douh}h yh}' ]oskhy nuhg` hsh nu`hgk}h}k ,you}hlhhg+ lhu}

eoaoujh cog`hg ang}dog kgsoughb chg oa}soughb gsa dodoglk aoeslhg

douoah eoaoujh}hdh cog`hg yodh}na kgsoughb chg oa}soughb codk soumkyshg{h

aoyh}hg ang}dog' Soumkyshg{h aoyh}hg ang}dog chyhs dodeoukahg

eoeouhyh dhgfhhs ckhgshuhg{h ,Sjkysngn os hb" 599=+ :

h' Leg`hg you}hlhhg cog`hg ang}dog dogjhck lhudngk}'

e' Dodeoukahg ch}hu {hg` ehka eh`k yodeobkhg bhg`'

m' Chyhs dogcnung` soumkyshg{h bn{hbksh} ang}dog'

c' Dodeogsa uoandogch}k chuk dbs ao dbs ,pnuc nf dnsl+ {hg`

dog`gsgàhg you}hlhhg'

o' Bheh {hg` ckyounbol dogkgàhs

Fhasnu {hg` Dodyog`hulk Aoyh}hg Ang}dog

Chbhd dogogsahg aoyh}hg ang}dog hch bkdh fhasnu {hg` lhu}

ckyoulhskahg nbol you}hlhhg ,By{nhck" 5998+ hgshuh bhkg :

8' Ahbksh} yunca" {hks yobhg``hg hahg douh}h yh} ekbh lh}kb douoah

doggjaahg ehlph yunca {hg` douoah `ghahg eouahbksh}'

5' Ahbksh} yobh{hghg hsh jh}h" {hks yobhg``hg hahg douh}h yh} ekbh douoah

dogchyhsahg yobh{hghg {hg` ehka hsh }o}hk cog`hg {hg` cklhuhyahg'

=' Odn}k" {hks yobhg``hg hahg douh}h ehg``h chg dogchyhsahg ao{hakghg

ehlph nuhg` bhkg hahg ah`d soulhchy ckh ekbh dog``ghahg yunca cog`hg

douoa sousogs {hg` mogcoug` dodyg{hk skgàhs aoyh}hg {hg` boekl

skg``k' Aoyh}hg {hg` ckyounbol eahg ahuogh ahbksh} chuk yunca soshyk



=8

=8

}n}khb hsh }obf o}sood {hg` dodehs yobhg``hg douh}h yh} soulhchy douoa

sousogs'

3' Lhu`h" {hks yunca {hg` dodyg{hk ahbksh} {hg` }hdh soshyk dogoshyahg

lhu`h {hg` uobhskf duhl hahg dodeoukahg gkbhk {hg` boekl skg``k aoyhch

yobhg``hg'

?' Ekh{h" {hks yobhg``hg {hg` skcha youb dogòbhuahg ekh{h shdehlhg hsh

skcha youb dodehg` phas gsa dogchyhsahg }hs yunca hsh jh}h

mogcoug` yh} soulhchy yunca hsh jh}h sou}oes'

Dogàu Aoyh}hg Ang}dog

Hch eoeouhyh dosnco {hg` ek}h ckyou`ghahg }oskhy you}hlhhg gsa

dogàu chg dodhgsh aoyh}hg ang}dogg{h chg ang}dog yo}hkg`' Ansbou

,5998:3?+ dog`kcogskfkah}k odyhs dosnco gsa dogàu aoyh}hg ang}dog :

8' ]k}sod aobl chg ]huhg

]oskhy nu`hgk}h}k {hg` eounukogsh}k yhch ang}dog ,m}sndou$nukogsoc+ youb

dog{ockhahg ao}odyhshg chg ha}o} {hg` dchl chg g{hdhg eh`k yhuh

ang}dogg{h `gh dog{hdyhkahg }huhg" aukska" yogchyhs" chg aoblhg'

Dockh {hg` ck`ghahg ek}h eouyh ansha }huhg {hg` cksodyhsahg ck bnah}k$

bnah}k }suhso`k} ,{hg` dchl ckjhgàh hsh }oukg` ckbophsk yobhg``hg+" ahus

andogshu ,{hg` ek}h ckk}k bhg`}g` dhyg {hg` ckakukd vkh yn} aoyhch

you}hlhhg+" }hbuhg soboyng al}} eoeh} yb}h" poe}kso" chg bhkg$bhkg'

5' @ln}s ]lnyykg` ,D{}sou{ ]lnnykg`+



=5

=5

]hbhl }hs mhuh dodyounbol `hdehuhg dogòghk aoyh}hg ang}dog hchbhl

cog`hg dodyouaoujhahg eoeouhyh nuhg` `n}ls }lnyyou} gsa eouyouhg hsh

eouyuh$yuh }oeh`hk ang}dog ynsog}khb yunca you}hlhhg chg yo}hkg`'

Douoah ckdkgsh eoukgsouha}k cog`hg }shf yog{ockh jh}h chg dog``ghahg

yunca.jh}h you}hlhhg'

=' Bn}s M}sndou Hghb{}k}

You}hlhhg dog`leg`k yhuh ang}dog {hg` sobhl eoulogsk dodeobk hsh

{hg` sobhl ykgchl yodh}na h`hu chyhs dodhlhdk dog`hyh lhb ks soujhck chg

}yh{h chyhs dog`hdekb aoekjhahg youehkahg.yog{odyughhg }obhjsg{h'

3' ]uvok Aoyh}hg Ang}dog

]oeh`khg eo}hu uk}os aoyh}hg ang}dog ckbhaahg cog`hg dog``ghahg

dosnco ]uvok" ehka }uvok dobhbk yn}" soboyng" o$dhkb" poe}kso" dhyg

phphgmhuh bhg`}g '̀ Dobhbk }uvo{ you}hlhhg hahg dodyounbol shg``hyhg

chg ehbkahg }omhuh bhg`}g` chuk ang}dog chg j`h dodeoukahg ao}hg

yn}kskf ehlph you}hlhhg doghul youlhskhg soulhchy yhuh yobhg``hgg{h'

Dosnco }uvok aoyh}hg ang}dog chyhs dog``ghahg yogàuhg

]OUVX_HB ,}ouvkmo xhbks{+ {hg` ckehg`g hsh} hchg{h youehgckg`hg ch fhasnu

shdh {hks you}oy}k ang}dog hsh} bh{hghg {hg` g{hsh douoah soukdh ,youmokvoc

}ouvkmo+ cog`hg bh{hghg {hg` cklhuhyahg ,o|yomsoc }ouvkmo+'

Jkah aog{hshhg boekl chuk {hg` cklhuhyahg" dhah bh{hghg chyhs ckahshahg

eouds }ochgàhg jkah aog{hshhg auhg` chuk {hg` cklhuhyahg" dhah bh{hghg

ckahshahg skcha eouds' Hyhekbh aog{hshhg }hdh cog`hg lhuhyhg" dhah bh{hghg

ck}oes dodh}ahg' Cog`hg codkakhg }ouvkmo xhbks{ chyhs ckcofkgk}kahg }oeh`hk



==

==

jhlg{h youeochhg hgshuh aog{hshhg chg lhuhyhg ang}dog hsh} bh{hghg {hg`

douoah soukdh ,Byk{nhck" 5998+'

5'5 Yogobkskhg Souchlb

Sheob 5'5

Yogobkskhg Souchlb

Yogobksk chg

Shlg

Jcb

YogobkskhgVhukheob

Hbhs

Hghbk}k}Lh}kb Yogobkskhg

Shfka Pkcksndn

,599;+

Hghbk}k}Yog`hul

Ahbksh}

Yobh{hghg chg

Fh}kbksh}

Soulhchy

Aoyh}hg

Yh}kog Uhphs

Kghy Aobhu`h

Dk}akg ,]sck

yhch U]_C

ansh

]odhuhg`+

Kgcoyogcog Ahbksh}bh{hghg"

Fh}kbksh}

Uo`uo}kBkgkou

eou`hgch

Ahbksh}bh{hghg chg

Fh}kbksh}

dodyg{hk

yog`hul {hg`

}k`gkfkahg

yn}kskf soulhchy

aoyh}hg

yh}kog

coyogcog Aoyh}hg

yh}kog

Fuhg}k}mh

Pkc{hphsk

,599<+

Hghbk}k}

Yog`hul

You}oy}k

Lhu`h"

You}oy}k

Ahbksh}

Bh{hghg" chg

Ahbksh}

Yunca Soulhchy

Aoyh}hg

Yobhg``hg

Soboyng Fbo|k

Kgcoyogcog You}oy}k

lhu`h"

you}oy}k

ahbksh}

bh{hghg"

chg ahbksh}

yunca

Uo`uo}k

eou`hgch

}oskhy vhukhebo

kgcoyogcog

eouyog`hul

yn}kskf chg

}k`gkfkahg

soulhchy

aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg

aomhbk you}oy}klhu`h'

coyogcog Aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg

Ukmlh

Pkc{hgkg`s{h}

,5989+

Fhasnu$Fhasnu

[hg`

Dodyog`hulk

Bn{hbksh}

Kgcoyogcog Ahbksh}

yobh{hghg"

lhu`h

Yhsl

Hghb{}k}

Ahbksh}

yobh{hghg chg

lhu`h skaos

eouyog`hul



=3

=3

]oush

Chdyhag{h

Yhch Aoyh}hgAng}dog

Chbhd

Dog``ghahg

Jh}h Aouosh

Hyk Lhukgh

,]sck Yhch Ys'

Aouosh Hyk

Kgcngo}kh

Chny Kv

]odhuhg`+

Kgsouvogkg` Aoyhhg

ang}dog

}k`gkfkahg

soulhchy

aoyh}hgang}dog }oush

aoyh}hg

yobhg``hg

eouyog`hul

}k`gkfkahg

soulhchy

bn{hbksh}

yobhg``hg

Coyogcog Bn{hbksh}

yobhg``hg

Dhuskhghphsk,599;+

Hghbk}k}Yog`hul

Euhgc Kdhò"

Ahbksh}

bh{hghg chg

Fh}kbksh} ]YE_

‒Yh}sk Yh}—

Soulhchy

Aoyh}hg

Ang}dog

Yog``gh

Aogchuhhg

Eoudnsnu

,]sck Ah}}

yhch

Dhlh}k}ph

Fhabsh}

Oangndk

_gkvou}ksh}

Ckyngo`nun

]odhuhg`+

Kgcoyogcog Euhgckdhò"

Ahbksh}

Yobh{hghg"

Fh}kbksh}

Uoùo}kEou`hgch

Euhgc Kdhò"Ahbksh}

yobh{hghg" chg

fh}kbksh}

dodyg{hk

yog`hul {hg`

}k`gkfkahg

yn}kskf soulhchy

aoyh}hg

ang}dog'

Coyogcog Aoyh}hg

Ang}dog

Loughgch]u{h Pkjh{h

,599;+

Hghbk}k Fhasnu$Fhasnu {hg`

Dodyog`hulk

Aoyh}hg

Ang}dog

Ahus \B

Kgcoyogcog Ahbksh}yobh{hghg"

lhu`h" chg

fh}kbksh}

Uoùo}kEou`hgch

Ahbksh}yobh{hghg"

lhu`h chg

fh}kbksh}

dodyg{hk

yog`hul {hg`

}k`gkfkahg

yn}kskf soulhchy

aoyh}hg

Coyogcog Aoyh}hg

Ang}dog



=?

=?

5'= Aouhgàh Yodkakuhg

Eouch}huahg skgjhhg bhgch}hg sonuk chg yogobkskhg souchlb" dhah chyhs

ck}}g }oehl aouhgàh yodkakuhg sonuksk} }oyousk {hg` sou}hjk chbhd `hdehu

}oeh`hk eoukas:

@hdehu 5'8

Aouhgàh Yodkakuhg Sonuksk}

L8

L5

L=

Ahbksh}

Yobh{hghhg

,\8+

Lhu`h

,\5+

Fh}kbksh}

,\=+

Aoyh}hg

Yh}kog ,[+

]deou : Ckaodehgàhg gsa yogobkskhg kgk" 5988



=6

=6

5'3 Lkynso}k}

Lkynso}k} hchbhl }hs jhphehg {hg` eou}kfhs }odogshuh soulhchy dh}hbhl

yogobkskhg }hdyhk soueask dobhbk chsh {hg` souadyb ,Hukagsn" 599?+'

Eouch}huahg ud}hg dh}hbhl chg skgjhhg sonuksk}" dhah lkynso}k} {hg` ckhjahg

chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl:

L8 : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh ahbksh} yobh{hghg soulhchy aoyh}hg

yh}kog

L5 : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh lhu`h soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog

L= : Souchyhs yog`hul yn}kskf hgshuh fh}kbksh} soulhchy aoyh}hg yh}kog



=0

=0

EHE KKK

DOSNCO YOGOBKSKHG

='8 Vhukheob Yogobkskhg chg Cofkgk}k Nyouh}knghb

='8'8 Vhukheob Yogobkskhg

Vhukheob yogobkskhg hchbhl }hs hsukes hsh }kfhs hsh gkbhk chuk nuhg`"

ne{oa hsh ao`khshg {hg` dodyg{hk vhukh}k sousogs {hg` cksoshyahg gsa

ckyobhjhuk chg ckshuka ao}kdybhgg{h ,]`k{ngn" 5993+' Vhukheob Yogobkskhg {hg`

ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl:

8' Vhukheob eoeh} hsh Kgcoyogcog

Vhukheob Kgcoyogcog douyhahg vhukheob {hg` dodyog`hulk hchg{h vhukheob

$vhukheob {hg` bhkg' Chbhd yogobkskhg kgk {hg` dogjhck vhukheob eoeh} hchbhl:

h+ Ahbksh} yobh{hghg ,\8+

Ahbksh} yobh{hghg hchbhl yh{h yodoglhg aoeslhg chg aokg`kghg

ang}dog }oush aosoyhshg yog{hdyhkhgg{h chbhd dog`kdehg`k lhuhyhg

,Sjkysngn" 5990+'

e+ Lhu`h ,\5+

Dogus ]ph}slh chg Kuhphg ,599?+" lhu`h chyhs ckhuskahg }ojdbhl hg`

{hg` ckeslahg gsa dogchyhsahg jdbhl andekgh}k chuk ehuhg`

eo}oush yobh{hghg'

m+ Fh}kbksh} ,\=+



=<

=<

Dogus Nah H' [nsk ,8;;0:85+ fh}kbksh} hchbhl }o`hbh }o}hs ehka

eogch dhyg jh}h {hg` dog{oushk yobh{hghg {hg` ckeoukahg nbol

you}hlhhg ehka you}hlhhg jh}h" ch`hg` dhyg you}hlhhg kgc}suk'

5' Vhukheob soukahs hsh coyogcog

Vhukheob coyogcog {hks vhukheob {hg` ckyog`hulk nbol vhukhebo bhkg' Chbhd

yogobkskhg kgk vhukheob coyogcog hchbhl Aoyh}hg Yh}kog ,[+' Dogus Ansbou

,5998+ aoyh}hg ang}dog hchbhl skgàhs youh}hhg }o}onuhg` }osobhl

dodehgckgàhg akgoujh hsh lh}kb {hg` kh uh}hahg ckehgckgàhg cog`hg

lhuhyhgg{h

='8'5 Cofkgk}k Nyouh}knghb Vhukheob

Cofkgk}k nyouh}knghb hchbhl cofkgk}k yuhask} nyouh}knghb sogshg` vhukheob

hsh k}skbhl bhkg chbhd yogobkskhg {hg` ckyhgchg` yogskg`' Cofkgk}k nyouh}knghb

chbhd yogobkskhg kgk dobkysk :

8' Ahbksh} Yobh{hghg

Ahbksh} yobh{hghg douyhahg skgàhshg angck}k ehka euag{h }hjkhg {hg`

ckeoukahg nbol Abkgka H} ]{kfh chbhd uhgàh dodh}ahg yh}kog cog`hg mhuh

dodeoukahg hsh dog{hdyhkahg jh}h {hg` doboeklk lhuhyhg yh}kog {hg`

eouleg`hg cog`hg mngshms$you}nggob ' Kgckahsnu {hg` ck`ghahg gsa

dogàu ahbksh} yobh{hghg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl:

8+ Aouhdhlhg chg ao}nyhghg ahu{hphg

5+ Aomoyhshg chbhd dobh{hgk yh}kog

=+ Andyosog}k cnasou



=;

=;

3+ Ao}ockhhg dogcog`huahg aoblhg yh}kog

5' Lhu`h

Lhu`h douyhahg ao}o}hkhg hgshuh }ojdbhl hg` {hg` ckaobhuahg

ang}dog cog`hg dhgfhhs {hg` ckchyhs gsa dogchyhsahg }ojdbhl

andekgh}k chuk jh}h yobh{hghg {hg` ckeoukahg" ckdhgh kgckahsnu$kgckahsnug{h

}oeh`hk eoukas:

8+ Aosoujhg`ahhg lhu`h

5+ Ao}o}hkhg shukf cog`hg dhgfhhs

=+ Ao}o}hkhg shukf cog`hg fh}kbksh}

3+ Ao}o}hkhg shukf cog`hg yobh{hghg

=' Fh}kbksh}

Fh}kbksh} douyhahg }o`hbh }o}hs {hg` dodchlahg ang}dog chbhd

dog``ghahg jh}h you}hlhhg sou}oes' Kgckahsnu chuk vhukheob kgk hchbhl :

8+ Dodeah abkgka 53 jhd

5+ Lndo vk}ks ,cnasou ao udhl+

=+ Aoeou}klhg chg aog{hdhghg uhg`hg abkgka

3+ Aobog`ahyhg youhbhshg dock}

3'

Aoyh}hg Yh}kog

Aoyh}hg yh}kog douyhahg }hs youh}hhg ck chbhd ckuk yh}kog soulhchy

hyh {hg` sobhl ckyounbol chg ckuh}hahg aoskah yh}kog dogoukdh yobh{hghg'

Hchyg kgckahsnu chuk aoyh}hg yh}kog hchbhl:

8+ Souyoglkg{h lhuhyhg gsa dogchyhsahg yobh{hghg {hg` ehka ck abkgka

H} ]{kfh



39

39

5+ Douh}h mnmna yhch yog`nehshg ck abkgka H} ]{kfh

=+ Aokg`kghg gsa dog``ghahg jh}h abkgka H} ]{kfh aodehbk

3+ Dog`hshahg lhb yn}kskf dogòghk abkgka H} ]{kfh

='5 Ynybh}k chg ]hdyob

='5'8 Ynybh}k

Ynybh}k hchbhl pkbh{hl ògouhbk}h}k {hg` souckuk hsh} ne{oa hsh }e{oa

{hg` dodyg{hk ahbksh} chg ahuhsouk}ska sousogs {hg` cksoshyahg nbol yogobksk

gsa ckyobhjhuk chg aodckhg ckshuka ao}kdybhgg{h'

Ynybh}k chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl ao}obulhg yh}kog yog`gjg`

Abkgka H} ]{kfh ck Ahe' Eoah}k' Eouch}huahg mhshshg yhch youknco }oeobdg{h

chbhd 8 shlg Dok 5989 lkg``h Hyukb 5988 souchyhs 3;<< yh}kog {hg` eouagjg`

ao abkgka sou}oes'

='5'5 ]hdyob

]hdyob hchbhl eh`khg chuk jdbhl ahuhsouk}ska {hg` ckdkbkak nbol ynybh}k

sou}oes ,]`k{ngn" 5993+' Yog`hdekbhg }hdyob ckbhaahg cog`hg youskdehg`hg

ehlph ynybh}k {hg` hch may eo}hu" }olkg``h skcha dodgàkgahg gsa

}obul ynybh}k {hg` hch'

='5'= Dosnco Yogogshg ]hdyob

Dosnco yog`hdekbhg }hdyob chbhd yogobkskhg kgk ckbhaahg cog`hg

dog``ghahg dosnco Gng Yunehekbks{ ]hdybkg` {hks {hks dosnco }hdybkg`

{hg` skcha dodeouk ao}odyhshg hsh yobhg` {hg` }hdh eh`k }oskhy g}u hsh

ynybh}k gsa ckykbkl dogjhck }hdyob ,]`k{ngn" 5993+' Jogk} Yunehekbs{



38

38

]hdybkg` {hg` ck`ghahg hchbhl Yuyn}kvo }hdybkg`' Dosnco yuyn}kvo

}hdybkg` hchbhl dosnco yog`hdekbhg }hdyob {hg` eouch}huahg youskdehg`hg

sousogs chg lhu} dophakbk ynybh}k {hg` hahg cksobksk' Hchyg youskdehg`hg

{hg` hahg ckbhaahg chbhd dog`hdekb }hdyob {hg` hahg cksobksk {hks uo}yngcog

{hg` cksobksk hchbhl }o}onuhg` {hg` youghl dog``ghahg bh{hghg abkgka H} ]{kfh'

Jdbhl }hdyob cksogsahg cog`hg dog``ghahg yogcoahshg [hdhgo

,Fouckghgc" 5996+ '

58 Gc

G g

g 4 jdbhl }hdyob

G 4 auhg ynybh}k

c 4 dhu`kg nf ouunu

Cog`hg dog``ghahg gkbhk c }oeo}hu 89/ dhah ckyounbol jdbhl }hdyob }oeh`hk

eoukas :

9=";<+8"9+,3;<<,8

3;<<5

g ckebhsahg dogjhck 899 uo}yngcog'

='= Jogk} chg ]deou Chsh

Jogk} chsh chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl dog``ghahg chsh yukdou' Chsh

yukdou douyhahg }deou chsh yogobkskhg {hg` ckyounbol }omhuh bhg`}g` chuk

}deou h}bk.shgyh dobhbk dockh youhgshuh ,]yuhgsn" 8;;3+' Chsh yukdou {hg`

ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk ckyounbol chuk ao}kngou {hg` ckk}k nbol uo}yngcog

}omhuh bhg`}g` aoyhch yog``gh jh}h abkgka H} ]{kfh'



35

35

='3 Dosnco Yog`dybhg chsh

Chsh yogobkskhg {hg` hahg ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk ckadybahg

cog`hg kg}sudog eouyh ao}kngou' Ao}kngou hchbhl chfshu youshg{hhg {hg`

dogmhay }odh youg{hshhg chg yoush{hhg {hg` hahg ck`ghahg gsa

dogchyhsahg chsh" ehka {hg` ckbhaahg dobhbk sobyng" }uhs hsh eoushshy dah

,Fouckghgc" 5996+' Yhch ch}hug{h yodhahkhg hbhs au eouyh ao}kngou dodkbkak

ao}hdhhg chbhd lhb h}d}k" aoboeklhg dhyg aobodhlhg" ahuogh ks dhah

yogbk} dodhahk hbh}hg yog``ghhg dosnco ao}kngou'

Yog}anuhg jhphehg ao}kngou cksogsahg cog`hg dog``ghahg }ahbh

Bkaous {hks ?"3"="5"8'

h' _gsa jhphehg ]hg`hs Skcha ]osj dogchyhs }anu 8

e' _gsa jhphehg Skcha ]osj dogchyhs }anu 5

m' _gsa jhphehg Gosuhb dogchyhs }anu =

c' _gsa jhphehg ]osj dogchyhs }anu 3

o' _gsa jhphehg ]hg`hs ]osj dogchyhs }anu ?

='? Soagka Hghbk}k}

]yh{h chsh {hg` sobhl ckadybahg chyhs eoudhgfhhs" dhah chsh lhu}

cknbhl chg ckhghbk}k} }olkg``h chyhs ck`ghahg gsa dog`kgsoyuosh}kahg" chg

}oeh`hk ch}hu chbhd yog`hdekbhg aoys}hg' Hchyg hghbk}k} chsh {hg`

ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl hghbk}k} ahgskshskf'

Hghbk}k} ahgskshskf douyhahg hghbk}k} {hg` ck`ghahg soulhchy chsh {hg`

eoupjc hg`ah ” hg`ah chg mhuh yodehlh}hgg{h cog`hg jk }shsk}ska' Ao`khshg



3=

3=

dog`hghbk}k} chsh chbhd yogobkskhg kgk dobkysk eoeouhyh shlhy ch}hu ,]hgsn}n chg

Sjkysngn" 5998+" shlhy sou}oes ckhgshuhg{h:

8' Yun}o} Ockskg`

Shlhy hphb hghbk}k} chsh hchbhl dobhaahg ocks soulhchy chsh {hg` sobhl

ckadybahg chuk lh}kb }uvo{ ck bhyhg`hg' Yhch yukg}kyg{h yun}o} ockskg`

chsh eousjhg h`hu chsh {hg` ghgsk hahg ckhghbk}k} sobhl hauhs chg bogàhy'

5' Yun}o} Mnckg`

Yun}o} yogèhlhg chsh ahbkshskf dogjhck hgàh cog`hg dogàbh}kfkah}kahg

jhphehg {hg` hch dogus ahso`nuk$ahso`nuk {hg` yogskg` ,yodeoukhg anco+'

=' Yun}o} ]mnukg`

Yun}o} yogogshg }anu hsh} jhphehg uo}yngcog {hg` ckbhaahg cog`hg

dodehs abh}kfkah}k chg ahso`nuk {hg` mnmna sou`hgsg` yhch hg``hyhg hsh

nykgk uo}yngcog'

3' Shebh}k

Dog{hjkahg chsh$chsh {hg` ckyounbol chbhd sheob" }olkg``h cklhuhyahg

yodehmh chyhs dobklhs lh}kb yogobkskhg cog`hg jobh}' ]osobhl yun}o} shebh}k

}obo}hk aodckhg chsh$chsh chbhd sheob sou}oes hahg cknbhl cog`hg ehgshg

}nfsphuo }shsk}ska {hks ]Y]] 86 '

='6 Dosnco Hghbk}k} Chsh

Hghbk}k} chsh douyhahg }hs yun}o} yog{ocoulhghhg chsh ao chbhd

eogsa {hg` boekl dchl ckehmh chg ckkgsouyuosh}kahg' Cog`hg dog``ghahg

dosnco ahgskshskf" cklhuhyahg hahg ckchyhsahg lh}kb yogàuhg {hg` boekl



33

33

hauhs sogshg` uo}yng {hg` ckeoukahg nbol uo}yngcog" }olkg``h chsh {hg`

eoueogsa hgàh sou}oes chyhs cknbhl cog`hg dog``ghahg dosnco }shsk}ska'

='6'8 ]shsk}ska Co}aukyskf

Hghbk}k} co}aukyskf {hks hghbk}k} {hg` cksgjaahg yhch youaodehg`hg chg

yousdelhg chuk }hs aohchhg chg lhg{h dodeoukahg `hdehuhg sogshg`

aohchhg sousogs cog`hg mhuh dogùhkahg sogshg` }kfhs$}kfhs chuk ne{oa yogobkskhg

sou}oes ,_dhu" 5998+' chbhd lhb kgk yogbk}hg ckbhaahg cog`hg dog``ghahg

hghbk}h co}aukyskf" {hks cog`hg dodehmh sheob$sheob" hgàh$hgàh {hg` sou}ockh

aodckhg ckbhaahg uhkhg chg yoghf}kuhg'

='6'5 _jk Vhbkcksh} chg Uobkhekbksh}

8' _jk vhbkcksh}

Sjhg ckbhaahg jk vhbkcksh} hchbhl gsa dogàu }hl hsh

vhbkc skchag{h }hs ao}kngou' ]hs ao}kngou ckahshahg vhbkc jkah

youshg{hhg yhch ao}kngou dhdy gsa dog`gàhyahg }o}hs {hg`

hahg ckau nbol ao}kngou sou}oes ,@lnzhbk" 5996+' Ao}kngou ckahshahg

vhbkc jkah youshg{hhg yhch ao}kngou dhdy dog`gàhyahg }o}hs

{hg` hahg ckau nbol ao}kngou' Dogàu vhbkcksh} chyhs ckbhaahg

cog`hg dobhaahg anuobh}k hgshu }anu esku youshg{hhg cog`hg snshb }anu

ang}sua hsh vhukheob' [hks cog`hg dodehgckgàhg gkbhk u lksg`

cog`hg u sheob gsa coùoo nf fuoocnd ,cf+4 g$5" ckdhgh ,g+ hchbhl



3?

3?

jdbhl }hdyob yogobkskhg' Jkah u lksg` 7 u sheob chg gkbhk yn}kskf dhah

esku hsh youshg{hhg hsh kgckahsnu sou}oes ckg{hshahg vhbkc'

5' _jk Uobkhekbksh}

_jk uobkhekbksh} douyhahg hbhs {hg` ck`ghahg gsa dogàu

ang}k}sog}k ao}kngou {hg` douyhahg kgckahsnu chuk vhukheob hsh

ang}sua' ]hs ao}kngou ckahshahg uobkheob hsh lhgchb jkah jhphehg

}o}onuhg` soulhchy youg{hshhg hchbhl ang}k}sog hsh }shekb chuk phas ao

phas ,@lnzhbk" 5996+' Yogàuhg uobkhekbksh} {hg` hahg ck`ghahg

chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl cog`hg dog``ghahg hbhs hghbk}k} ]Y]]

,]shsk}skmhb Yhmahò fnu ]nmkhb ]mkogmo+ vou}k 86" {hagk cog`hg jk }shsk}ska

Mungehml Hbylh' ]hs ang}sua hsh vhukhebo ckg{hshahg uobkheob jkah

gkbhk Mungehml Hbylh 7 9'69 ,Ggghbb{" 8;60 chbhd @lnzhbk" 5996+'

='6'= _jk H}d}k Abh}ka

8' _jk Gnudhbksh}

_jk gnudhbksh} eousjhg gsa dog`jk hyhahl chbhd dncob

uoùo}k" vhukheob yog``hg`` hsh uo}kchb dodkbkak ck}suke}k gnudhb' Aksh

chyhs dobklhsg{h chuk gnudhb yunehekbks{ ybns {hg` dodehgckgàhg

ck}suke}k adbhskf cog`hg ck}suke}k gnudhb'' Ck}suke}k gnudhb

dodeogsa }hs `huk} bu} ckh`nghb" chg ybnskg` chsh uo}kchb hahg

ckehgckgàhg cog`hg `huk} ckh`nghbg{h' Jkah ck}suke}k chsh gnudhb" dhah

`huk} {hg` dog``hdehuahg chsh }oeoghug{h hahg dog`kas `huk}

gnudhbg{h ,@lnzhbk" 599?+'



36

36

Yhch yukg}kyg{h gnudhbksh} chyhs ckcosoa}k cog`hg dobklhs

yog{oehuhg chsh ,skska+ yhch }de ckh`nghb chuk ùhfka hsh cog`hg

dobklhs lk}snùhd chuk uo}kchbg{h' Ch}hu yog`hdekbhg aoys}hg hgshuh

bhkg ,@lnzhbk" 5996+:

8' Jkah chsh ,skska+ dog{oehu ck}oakshu `huk} ckh`nghb chg dog`kask huhl

`huk} ckh`nghb hsh ùhfka doggjaahg ynbh ck}suke}k gnudhb" dhah

dncob uoùo}k dodoglk h}d}k gnudhbksh}'

5' Jkah chsh ,skska+ dog{oehu jhl chuk ckh`nghb chg hsh skcha dog`kask

huhl `huk} ckh`nghb hsh ùhfka skcha doggjaahg ynbh ck}suke}k

gnudhb" dhah dncob uoùo}k skcha dodoglk h}d}k gnudhbksh}'

5' _jk Dbskanbkgohuksh}

_jk dbskanbkgkouksh} ckbhaahg gsa dog`jk hyhahl yhch dncob

uoùo}k cksodahg hchg{h anuobh}k hgshu vhukheob kgcoyogcog' Dncob

uoùo}k {hg` ehka }olhu}g{h skcha soujhck anuobh}k ck hgshuh vhukheob eoeh}'

Jkah soujhck anuobh}k" dhah ckghdhahg souchyhs yunebod Dbskanbkgkouksh}'

Chbhd yogobkskhg kgk" gsa dogcosoa}k hch hsh skchag{h

dbskanbkgohuksh} ck chbhd dncob uoùo}k ck`ghahg dhsuka anuobh}k

vhukheob$vhukheob eoeh}" chg dobklhs gkbhk snbouhgmo chg Vhukhgmo Kgfbhskng

Fhmsnu ,VKF+ cog`hg youlksg`hg ehgshg yunùhd ]Y]] vou}k 86 fnu

Pkgcnp}' Yog`jkhg hch skchag{h òjhbh dbskanbkgohuksh} ckbhaahg

cog`hg dodyoulhskahg gkbhk dhsuka} anuobh}k {hg` cklh}kbahg yhch }hhs

yog`nbhlhg chsh }oush gkbhk VKF ,Vhukhgmo Kgfbhskng Fhmsnu + chg



30

30

Snbouhgmo$g{h' Jkah chuk dhsuka anuobh}k hgshu vhukheob eoeh} hch anuobh}k

may skg``k ,ddg{h ck hsh} 9";9+" dhah lhb kgk douyhahg kgckah}k

hchg{h yunebod dbskanbkgohuksh}" chg }oehbkag{h' Gkbhk msnff {hg` dd

ckyhahk gsa doggjaahg hchg{h yunebod dbskanbkgohuksh} hchbhl

Snbouhgmo 2 9"89 hsh }hdh cog`hg gkbhk VKF 7 89 ,@lnzhbk" 5996+'

=' _jk Losoun}aoch}sk}ksh}

_jk losoun}aoch}sk}ksh} eousjhg dog`jk hyhahl chbhd dncob

uoùo}k soujhck ao}hdhhg vhukhg} chuk uo}kchb }hs yog`hdhshg ao

yog`hdhshg bhkg' Hyhekbh vhukhg} sou}oes doggjaahg ynbh soshy" dhah

chyhs ckg{hshahg ehlph skcha soujhck losoun}aoch}sk}ksh}' Jkah vhukhgmo

chuk uo}kchb }hs yog`hdhshg ao yog`hdhshg bhkg soshy dhah ck}oes

lndnaoch}sk}ksh}" chg jkah eoueoch ck}oes losoun}aoch}sk}ksh}' _gsa

dogcosoa}k hch skchag{h losoun}aoch}sk}ksh} chyhs ckbhaahg cog`hg

dog``ghahg ùhfka ]mhssouybns' Dncob uoùo}k {hg` ehka hchbhl {hg`

lndnaoch}sk}ksh} hsh skcha soujhck losoun}aoch}sk}ksh} ,@lnzhbk"599?+'

Ch}hu hghbk}k}:

8' Jkah hch ynbh sousogs" }oyousk skska$skska {hg` hch dodeogsa ynbh

sousogs {hg` souhsu ,eouòbndehg`" doboehu aodckhg dog{odyks+"

dhah dog`kgckah}kahg sobhl soujhck losoun}aoch}sk}ksh}'

5' Jkah skcha hch ynbh {hg` jobh}" }oush skska$skska ck hsh} chg ck ehphl

hgàh 9 yhch }de [" dhah skcha soujhck losoun}aoch}sk}ksh}'



3<

3<

='6'3 Hghbk}k} Uoùo}k Bkgkou Eou`hgch

Hghbk}k} Uoùo}k bkgkou ck`ghahg gsa dogòshlk yog`hul vhukhebo

eoeh} cog`hg vhukheob soukahs' _gsa uoùo}k {hg` vhukheob kgcoyogcogg{h souckuk

hsh} ch hsh boekl" uoùo}kg{h ck}oes uoùo}k eou`hgch' Chbhd yogobkskhg kgk"

vhukhebo kgcoyogcogg{h souckuk chuk sk`h vhukhebo" }olkg``h dog``ghahg uoùo}k

eou`hgch' You}hdhhg Uoùo}k chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl gsa dogòshlk

}oeouhyh eo}hu yog`hul vhukheob kgcoyogcog {hks Ahbksh} Bh{hghg ,\8+" Lhu`h

,\5+" chg Fh}kbksh} ,\=+ soulhchy Aoyh}hg Yh}kog ,[+'

You}hdhhg uoùo}k chyhs ckud}ahg }oeh`hk eoukas:

4 ! 8 8 ! 5 5 ! = = !

Ckdhgh :

[ 4 Aoyh}hg Yh}kog

4 ang}shgsh

8 4 anofk}kog gsa vhukheob ahbksh} yobh{hghg

5 4 anofk}kog gsa vhukheob lhu`h

= 4 anofk}kog gsa vhukheob fh}kbksh}

o 4 ouunu

\8 4 Ahbksh} yobh{hghg

\5 4 Lhu`h

\= 4 Fh}kbksh}



3;

3;

='0 _jk ]kdbshg ,_jk F+

_jk }shsk}ska F ck`ghahg gsa dogòshlk hyhahl }odh vhukheob

kgcoyogcog {hg` ckdh}aahg ao chbhd dncob dodyg{hk yog`hul }omhuh

eou}hdh$}hdh soulhchy vhukheob coyogcog , @lnzhbk" 599?+'

Lkynso}k} {hg` hahg ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl :

8+ 9 ∶ 8 4 5 4 9 " huskg{h vhukheob eoeh} }omhuh }kdbshg ,eou}hdh$

}hdh+ skcha eouyog`hul }k`gkfkahg soulhchy vhukheob soukahs

5+ 8 ∶ 8 ≩ 5 ≩ 9 " huskg{h vhukheob eoeh} }omhuh }kdbshg ,eou}hdh$}hdh+

eouyog`hul }k`gkfkahg soulhchy vhukheob soukahs'

Ch}hu yog`hdekbhg aoys}hg ,@lnzhbk" 599?:<3+" {hks cog`hg

dodehgckgàhg gkbhk F lksg` cog`hg F sheob:

Hyhekbh F sheob 7 F lksg`" dhah L9 cksoukdh chg L8 cksnbha'

Hyhekbh F sheob 2 F lksg`" dhah L9 cksnbha chg L8 cksoukdh'

='< Yog`jkhg Lkynso}k}

_gsa dogòshlk }k`gkfkah}k chuk lh}kb yogobkskhg dhah youb ckbhaahg

jk s ,_jk Yhu}khb+' _jk s yhch ch}hug{h doggjaahg }oeouhyh jhl yog`hul }hs

vhukhebo eoeh} }omhuh kgckvkchb chbhd dogouhgàhg vhukh}k vhukheob soukahs

,@lnzhbk" 599?:<3+'

Lkynso}k} {hg` hahg ck`ghahg chbhd yogobkskhg kgk hchbhl :

8+ 9 ∶ 4 9" 4 8"5"= " huskg{h vhukheob eoeh} }omhuh }ogckuk$}ogckuk skcha

eouyog`hul }k`gkfkahg soulhchy vhukheob soukahs



?9

?9

5+ 8 ∶ ≩ 9" 4 8"5"= " huskg{h vhukheob eoeh} }omhuh }ogckuk$}ogckuk

eouyog`hul }k`gkfkahg soulhchy vhukheob soukahs

Ch}hu yog`hdekbhg aoys}hg ,@lnzhbk" 599? : <?+ :

8+ Cog`hg dodehgckgàhg gkbhk s lksg` cog`hg s sheob , θ 4 ?/+

h' Hyhekbh s sheob 7 s lksg`" dhah L9 cksoukdh chg L8 cksnbha

e' Hyhekbh s sheob 2 s lksg` dhah L9 cksnbha chg L8 cksoukdh

5+ Cog`hg dog``ghahg hgàh yunehekbksh} }k`gkfkahg}k'

h' Jkah gkbhk }k`gkfkahg}kg{h 2 9"9?" dhah L9 cksnbha chg L8 cksoukdh'

e' Jkah gkbhk }k`gkfkahg}kg{h 7 9"9? dhah L9 cksoukdh chg L8 cksnbha'

='; Anofk}kog Cosoudkgh}k ,U5+

Anofk}kog cosoudkgh}k ,U5+ yhch kgskg{h dogàu }oeouhyh jhl

aodhdyhg chbhd dogouhgàhg vhukh}k vhukheob coyogcog' Gkbhk anofk}kog

cosoudkgh}k hchbhl ck hgshuh gnb chg }hs' gkbhk U5

{hg` aomkb eouhusk aodhdyhg

vhukheob$vhukheob kgcoyogcog chbhd dogjobh}ahg vhukh}k vhukheob coyogcog hdhs

souehsh}' gkbhk {hg` dogcoahsk }hs eouhusk ckeslahg gsa dodyuocka}k vhukh}k

vhukheob coyogcog' }omhuh dd anofk}kog cosoudkgh}k gsa chsh }kbhg`

,mun}}omskng+ uobhskf uogchl ahuogh hchg{h vhukh}k {hg` eo}hu hgshuh dh}kg`$

dh}kg` yog`hdhshg" }ochgàhg gsa chsh ugss ,skdo }ouko}+ ekh}hg{h

dodyg{hk gkbhk anofk}kog cosoudkgh}k {hg` skg``k ,@lnzhbk" 599?+' _gsa

dogòshlk eo}hug{h vhukheob eoeh} chbhd dodyog`hulk vhukheob soukahs chyhs

ckaoshlk dobhbk gkbhk anofk}kog cosoudkgh}k cksgjaahg nbol gkbhk hcj}soc u



?8

}xhuo ,U5+' Gkbhk hcj}soc U

5 chyhs ghka hsh sug hyhekbh }hs vhukhebo

kgcoyogcog ckshdehlahg ao chbhd dncob'

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