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Anaerobic Digestion of Source Separated Organics in America

Nora Goldstein, EditorBioCycle

www.biocycle.netwww.BioCycleREFOR.com

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Presentation Overview

• MSW and SSO Management Trends in U.S.

• Overview of AD Facility Infrastructure for SSO

• Preprocessing of food waste streams

• Case studies

• Regulations

• Questions?

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MSW Generated, Recovered, Disposed (2011)Why U.S. is focused on food waste

Material Generated (million tons)

Recovered (million tons)

Disposed (million tons)

Percent recovered

Food Waste 36.31 1.40 34.91 3.9

Plastics 31.84 2.65 29.19 8.3

Metals 21.95 7.51 14.44 34.2

Yard Trimmings 33.71 19.30 14.41 57.3

Paper & Paperboard

70.02 45.90 24.12 65.6

USEPA. 2013. MSW Generation, Recycling and Disposal in U.S.

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BioCycle-Columbia 2010 State of Garbage Report (2008 data)69% landfilled; 24% recycled + composted; 7% WTE

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Example ComparisonProduction• Biogas: > 90 Sm3/ton of Organic Waste• Electric Energy: > 8,000,000 kWh/year• Compost: 12,000 tons/year

Gate Fees and Product Sales• Organic Waste: 90 $ / ton• No Gate Fee for Structural Material

• Electricity to Grid: $ 0.36 /kWh• Internal Use of Heat• Free Compost to Local Community

5Data courtesy of BioMRF, Inc.

U.S. Energy “Policy”?Still Fossil-Fuel Focused

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Mandatory Commercial Food Waste Recycling

2011

• CT: Public Act 11-217

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• VT: Universal Recycling Law, Act 148

• Includes all organics, including residential, by 2020

2013

• CT: Public Act 13-285 (update to 2011)

• NYC: Local Law 146-2013

2014

• MA: 310 CMR 19.000 regulations

• CA: Restriction for using organics for alternate daily cover(Pending)

• CA: Mandatory Commercial Food Waste Recycling (Pending)

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Integrated Solutions

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IntegratedSolutions

©

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Calculation by City of San DiegoEnvironmental Services Dept

Food Rescue and Access

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American Biogas Council: The Voice of the US Biogas Industry

The only U.S. organization representing the biogas and anaerobic digestion industry

198 Organizations from the U.S., Germany, Italy, Canada, Sweden, Belgium and the UK

All Industry Sectors Represented:

project developers/owners

anaerobic digestion designers

equipment and supply chain companies

waste managers

waste water companies

farms

composters

utilities

consultants and EPCs

financial firms

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50

100

150

200

250

2010 2011 2012 2013

ABC Membership Since 2010

Organizations Linear (Organizations)

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192on Farm

(Dairy AND Swine)

1,238 Wastewater(860 use their biogas )

594at Landfills

2,000+Operational

Biogas Systems

12,000+Potential

Biogas Systems

8,200on Farm

(Dairy AND Swine)

4,200Wastewater

540at Landfills

U.S. Biogas Market – Current and Potential

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Categories of SSO AD Projects in U.S.

• Wet and dry digesters processing source separated organics, primarily food waste streams– Some solely commercial– Some public/private partnerships

• Farm digesters receiving deliveries of off-farm substrates, including commercial SSO

• Commercial/Captive• Codigestion at municipal wastewater treatment

plants

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Anaerobic Digesters in Ohio

Source: Ohio EPA

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Digester PRODUCTS Market Potential*

$2.9 Billion

*agricultural sector only

Source: Innovation Center for US Dairy

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Current U.S. Composting IndustrySource: BioCycle Magazine (www.biocycle.net)

• Food Waste — >500 (2014; BioCycle’s www.findacomposter.com)

• Yard Trimmings — 3,450 (2013 data; 44 states reporting)

• Biosolids — 265 (2010 data)

• Farm Composting — 600 (guess)

• Universities, institutions — >1,000 (estimate)

• K-12 Schools — >2,000 (guess)

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•Pulp food waste from 2,400 meals/day•Pressed to 80% solids•Capture grey water that is pumped to tank on same truck with 32-gallon totes•Farm receives $400/month in tip fees•Has 25,000 gallon reception pit•About 725 milking cows•Takes food processing substrates•Mike Brubaker interested in starting a food waste collection cooperative with other area farm digesters

Elizabethtown College & Brubaker Farms

Food Waste Preprocessing Options

17Photos courtesy of Michigan State University

Michigan State University plug flow digester:—Pulped pre and postconsumer collected in compactor—Preconsumer food prep and line waste in totes.

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Kroger Recovery System, Compton, California

•150 tons/day food waste•350+ stores in southern CA•Digested solids go off-site for composting

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Depackaging

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Clean World, Sacramento, CA

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Ohio State University:Blackwell Hotel

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Ground material: 50-60% wet wt.

Transported to East Bay Munc. Util. District, Oakland, CA

Central Contra Costa Solid Waste Authority (CA) commercial organics collection

Collected SSO

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East Bay Municipal Utilities District, Oakland, CA: Food Waste Processing

Two, 4-blade paddle finisher

Screen and extruded pulp

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Waco, Texas Metropolitan Area Regional Sewerage System

Des Moines, Iowa Water Reclamation Facility

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•Zero Waste Energy Development, San Jose, California•Three-phased project: 90,000 tons/phase•Phase 1: Commercial organics collected in San Jose wet/dry program•15 year contract with City of San Jose•Technology: Zero Waste Energy/KompoFerm•Electricity generation; eventually renewable CNG

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Monterey Regional Regional Waste Mngt. DistrictMarina, CA

•Designed to process 5,000 tons/year•70% food, 30% green waste•4 containers—60-65 tons each•Thermophilic phase to AD•Blended with woody materialsand composted•SmartFerm technology

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•Food Waste, Yard Trimmings, Bedding•Capacity of 8,000 tpy•Taking 150-200 tons/week•28-day retention in digester•Composting of digestate•Totally enclosed, with biofilter forair treatment•Biogas combusted in CHP unit•Generated 8% of UWO overall energy consumption•BIOFerm dry fermentation

University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh

3737Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh

3838Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh

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Food Waste, Yard Trimmings

39Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh

•Food waste from campus, and grocery •stores, restaurants in region•48% Recycled Digestate•31% Farm bedding•15% Food waste•6% Yard trimmings, woody material

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Farm Bedding, Recycled Digestate

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Source: Koenig; UW Oshkosh

4141

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Quasar Zanesville (Ohio)

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Harvest Power Energy Garden in Reedy Creek, Orlando, Florida

Source: Harvest Power

•Technology: Continuous stirred tank reactor•Feedstocks: ICI food waste, FOG, biosolids•Design Capacity: 130,000 tons/year•Energy: 5 MW •End product: 6,000 tons/year of granulated fertilizer•Colocated at WWTP

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Food waste preprocessing

Turbo Separator: Depackaging

Dr

Source: Harvest Power

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Michigan State University South Campus Anaerobic Digester

Source: Anaergia

47Google Earth, July 2013

South Campus Anaerobic Digester site plan

MSUDairyTeaching& ResearchCenter

South Campus Composting Facility

South Campus Anaerobic Digester Facility

Source: Kirk, MSU

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MSU South Campus digester feedstock blend

• Dairy Manure (43%)– Quantity: 7,000 ton/yr– Total Solids: 12%– Delivery: 7 days per week

• Fruit & Vegetable Waste (24%)– Quantity: 3,900 ton/yr– Total Solids: 11%– Delivery: 5 days per week

• Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) (30%)– Quantity: 5,000 ton/yr– Total Solids: 20%– Delivery: 4-6 days per week

• Campus Food waste (3%)– Quantity: 500 - 1,000 ton/yr

Source: Dana Kirk, MSU

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Regulations & Permitting

Materials and Waste Management

Surface Water

Air Pollution Control

Livestock Environmental Permitting

Source: Ohio EPA

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Solid Waste

Considerations• Wastes as feedstocks for fuel

production

• Air & water permitting requires enclosed receiving & storage

• Processing activities similar to those at legitimate recycling facilities

Source: Ohio EPA

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Conversion Technologies Policy

• Thermal & biological conversion

• No solid waste disposal permitting when:

– waste used as feedstock for biogas/biofuel production

– covered by clean air/water permits

– not acting as a transfer facility

• Composting of byproducts

– Regulated as separate activity

Source: Ohio EPA

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