anaerobic digestion and beyond - industrial green chemistry 2013/sym… · the wastevalor project...
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Value from Food Waste - Anaerobic
Digestion and Beyond
Jeff EavesIndustry Manager – WasteValor, University of York
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Top 150 World- and Top10 UK-ranked
University
Top 5 UK-ranked Chemistry Department
Guardian/Independent 2011
Leading Green Chemistry research centre
dedicated to creating genuinely
sustainable supply chains for chemical and
related products international reach
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Who are we?
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and biology……
Prof Simon McQueen-Mason et al; PNAS, vol. 110 no. 25, 10189–10194 (2013)
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For biorenewables,The University of York brings together internationally recognized excellence in green chemistry and biology and a new team focussed on industrial engagement and multi kg scale development:The Biorenewables Development Centre (BDC)
Application focus
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+1,000sofSMEs
Our long-term vision is to establish an internationally-recognised
biorenewables cluster or BioVale centered around York,
acting as a magnet for inward investment.
Strong
agricultural
sector
Largest food-
processing
cluster in UK
Internationally
recognised
R&D base
Strong
biosciences
and chemical
industry sector
Our vision
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Market PotentialThe Biobased Economy
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Our chemistry core competence
Vitaliy BudarinExample: Pre-treatment of
biomass / food waste to “open up” cell walls
Andy HuntExamples:
Clean solvent extraction
sCO2, sc H2O.Novel,
“green”, “safe” bio-
derived solvents
Tom FarmerExample:
Synthesis of useful
chemicals from plant / food waste
sourced “platform
molecules”
Avtar MatharuExample: “Bio-board” where
both the matrix and the resin are bio /
food waste derived
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Condenser –fractionation ofvolatiles
Screw fed microwave cavity30 kg per hour
Hopper feed
Multi kg scale semi-
continuous microwave
Patent application now at national stage
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The Biorenewables
Development Centre
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The WasteValor project Funding: £2M Capital,
£0.5M Revenue
New Green Chemistry Industrial
Engagement Facility 2014
― Project focus is entirely on
SMEs, in our region
― We need to help 60 of them
to create value from food
waste by mid 2015 – a
contract, not an ambition
― Farming and hospitality is a
“no”
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Our region
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Food Waste has become topical in the UK:
• News items• Economic issues• UK Gov’t & Industry
Initiatives• Courtauld
Commitment 3• Hospitality & Food
Services Agreement
Food Waste
Source: Vision 2020, Re:Food
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Drivers
Push
• UK landfill tax
– Fiscal 2013 £72 per tonne
– Fiscal 2014 £80 per tonne
• UK government initiatives
• Media
Pull
• Lower cost and sustainable raw materials
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Food Waste valorisation
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Anaerobic Digestion - take 1
Mixed Food Waste Anaerobic Digestion
Bio-Energy
In the UK, “AD” currently seen as the
solution to landfilling of food waste
Vision 2020 UK
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Anaerobic Digestion
Source: Vision 2020, Re:Food
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Two Questions for us (scientists):
1) Can we make Anaerobic Digestion
better?
2) In addition, can we do “better”
things that complement Anaerobic
Digestion?
Anaerobic Digestion
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What does University of York
science have to offer to AD?
+ digestate
Microwave processing to
increase biogas yield
Microbe identification for process control
(and optimisation?)
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Source: Beszedes et al; (2010) Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Vol.30, No.3, 486
Increased biogas yield
The University of York’s BiorenewablesDevelopment Centre and Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence have produced similar results with a crop waste source
Microwave pre-treatment
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Process control & optimization?
4 x 30L AD units
GC analysis for VFA
Ion Torrent DNA sequencing
Dr James Chong
30L anaerobic digester
CH4
VFA
pH
feed
dewater
DNA
30LAD
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Process control & optimization?
Day 1 Day 25
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Digestate
Depending on your pov, digestate from AD is either a problem or an opportunity There are certainly some issues to be overcome before it becomes a more widely accepted and more valuable product
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Digestate
Issues such as :-
• Nutrient concentration and therefore value per tonne is low, either it needs to be used close to source or it needs to be concentrated or used in high value markets
• Whilst it comes with PAS 110 compliance, it doesn’t come with a spec sheet in the way a made for purpose fertilizer does – variability
• It smells• Scorching effects on turf have been reported• There may be lingering concerns over survival of microbes in digestate
The University of York is working towards solutions!
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CH4
CO2
Anaerobic Digestion – take 2
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Valorisation - some
examples
Caveat:
Anaerobic Digestion works with mixed (food) sources and can handle packaged food – logistics to collect the food waste are typically established / being established. AD is here and it’s now
What I’m about to share with you is focused more on single source or segregated food waste. Logistics are typically not established – large, single waste sources are therefore favoured.
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Biomaterials
Food waste reinforced polymers
?
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Spent coffee grounds Opposite Café Ltd
Coffee “silverskins” York Coffee Emporium
Collection St Nicholas Fields
Extraction of oils University of York
User of oils Calder Valley soaps
User of residual grounds
Fungi Futures
Green solvent extraction
Spent coffee grounds
Making connections with regional SMEs
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Microwave processing
Now signed a collaboration agreement as a result of last IGCW
Citrus Peels
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Orangepeel
residue 2)
MW treatment
120-140 °C
Orange
peelresidue
1)
Wet orange
peel
MW assistedsteam
distillation
800-1200 W
D-limonene
Soxhlet
acetoneextraction*
Flavonoids
Work-up
Pectin
Work-up
Work-up
£2.49/kg
up to £27/
mg
£6.50/kg
* Sub-critical water extraction is being investigated
Microwave processing
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Platform molecules
The top 12 bio-based molecules
1,4 succinic, fumaric and malic acids2,5 furan dicarboxylic acid3 hydroxy propionic acidaspartic acidglucaric acidglutamic aciditaconic acidlevulinic acid3-hydroxybutyrolactoneglycerolsorbitolxylitol/arabinitol
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Succinic acid – why, who, how?
Key applications include polybutylene succinate (PBS); polyester polyols for polyurethanes, coating and composite resins; phthalate-free plasticizers, and 1,4 butanediol. End products include footwear, packaging and paintsBio-succinic acid represents a $7.5 billion market as a replacement of current succinic acid applications; butanediol drop-in applications; and replacements for adipic and phthalic acid
Source: http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/https://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/ibr_arra_myriant.pdf
Why?
Who?Myriant, BioAmber, BASF-Purac (Succinity), and Reverdia (DSM-Roquette)
How?By fermentation
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Succinic acid – food waste?Hong Kong, Carol Lin et al
The York connection: Green ChemistryMW pre-treatment to increase sugar yieldsClean synthesis from succinic acid including the use of Starbons to catalyse esterification and hydrogenation
Green Chemistry / BiologyEnzymatic Hydrolysis
Microbial fermentation
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CMF
FDCA – polyesters (plastic bottles, textile fibres)RMF, MF – “drop in” biofuel candidates
Mark Mascal et al; ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 859 – 861
5-(Chloromethyl)furfural Why?
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CMF
Simple and low techRelatively undemanding for process control compared to fermentation
BUT: works best with a chlorinated solvent, product is chlorinated
Mark Mascal et al; ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 859 – 861
5-(Chloromethyl)furfural How?
Cellulose
Fructose
Glucose
Corn Stover
Other carbohydrate rich
food waste?
(University of York)
J. H. Clark, T. J. Farmer, et al; Green Chem 2013, 15, 72
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Clean, bio-derived solvents
Cyrene is a dipolar aprotic solvent manufactured from renewable cellulose by Circa
Cyrene was developed in conjunction with University of York’s Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Cyrene has successfully undergone initial testing across a range of generic solvent reactions indicating it could be a viable alternative to NMP (N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone) – a solvent widely used in industry – e.g. agrochemical formulations
An Ames mini-screen test for potential mutagenicity has been completed with no mutagenicity observed.
Source: http://circagroup.com.au/cyrene/
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Starbons
Starting materials can include starch present in waste food, e.g.-Potato peelings-Waste maize (corn) starch-Waste grain or wheat starch-Pectin from orange peel
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• Recovery of precious metals from waste streams through reductive adsorption (Starbon® R Series)
• Purification, in particular removal of harmful organics and heavy metals to purify water and clean up waste streams (Starbon® P Series)
• Separation of complex mixtures for production and analysis with Starbon® as the stationary phase in chromatographic systems (Starbon® S Series)
• Catalysis of bio-refinery downstream processes including esterification reactions in aqueous systems (Starbon® C Series)
Commercial applications
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Food waste valorisation for sustainable chemicals, materials and fuels (EUBIS)TD1203
Working Group 1: Pre-treatment and extraction
Working Group 2: Bioprocessing
Working Group 3: Chemical processing
Working Group 4: Technical and sustainability analysis/Policy analysis
COST Actions are science and technology networks for researchers and stakeholders to create, diffuse and apply knowledge through a range of networking and dissemination tools.
In first 6 months…• 30 EU countries• 160 researchers• Budding
international links
Knowledge sharing
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Source: http://www.feeding5k.org
Food Waste
FEED MICROORGANISMSEXTRACT CHEMICALS
FUNCTIONAL FOODS – E.G. PUFAsPLATFORM CHEMICALS
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to (without limitation) the following:
Tom DugmoreJames ClarkYvette Hancock
Tom FarmerAvtar MatharuVitaliy Budarin
Andrew HuntLucie Pfaltzgraff
Mark GronnowFabien DeswarteJames Chong
Joe RossTony HarrisonMario de Bruyn
Jo ParkesKatie PrivettKaty Holiday
Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 426