anabolic steroid – steroid hormones that increase muscle mass and also have masculinizing, or...
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Sierra BoleyKatie Pohl
Grady Brown
04/20/2012
DEFIN
ITIO
N O
F AS
Anabolic Steroid – Steroid hormones that increase muscle mass and also have masculinizing, or testosterone-like, properties
Not to be confused with corticosteroids – anti-inflammatory
Examples of Anabolic Steroids
Anadrol (oxymetholone) Dianabol (methandrostenolone) Winstrol (stanozolol) Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone) Oxandrin (Oxandrolone) Depot-Testosterone
Uses
Occasionally used to help AIDS patients gain weight and to treat some types of severe anemia Used by athletes to boost performance Used by ordinary people to enhance
appearance Since 1996, use in children has increased 39%
among 8th graders, 67% among 10th graders and 84% among seniors in high school
1 out of 16 high school students have used
Forms
They come in various forms:› Pills › Creams› Patches› Tablet or drops
placed under the tongue
› Injectables http://blog.pennlive.com/patriotnewssports/2009/05/central_fla_man_implicates_nat.html$100,000
BA
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• All structurally similar to testosterone
• Were developed to help build muscle mass and enhance athletic performance
• Designer Steroids – enhance anabolic, minimize androgenic effects
• Also chemically designed to minimize 1st pass metabolism to retain adequate bioavailability
1954 World Weightlifting Championship
Soviet Union using testosterone Dr. John Ziegler – American Physician
› Didn’t like strong androgenic effects› Ciba – Dianabol – orally active compound
with enhanced anabolic properties› Breakfast of Champions› Ziegler regretted helping to create monster
Regulations
Mid 1980s – Steroids were reaching high school level
U.S. Congress (1988 & 1990) – Anabolic Control Act of 1991› Classified 27 anabolic steroids as Schedule
III› Also, banned by many amateur and pro
sports organizations NFL, MLB, NCAA, & International Olympic
Committee
Specific Patterns and Combinations
Endurance athlete and sprinters – low doses
Bodybuilding and strength athletes – high doses› May take up to 100 times more than
therapeutic dose
Cycling
Often used in patterns called cycling Cycles – typically 6-12 weeks in duration
with periods of abstinence between successive cycles
Use cycles (based on anecdotal information):› To minimize development of tolerance› Reduce occurrence of adverse side effects› To maximize performance at an athletic event› To avoid detection of a banned substance
Pyramiding
Cycling sometimes combined with pyramiding
Pyramiding – steroid dose is gradually increased until the midpoint of the cycle, then gradually decreased as the cycle is completed
Thought to reduce possible withdrawal effects resulting from sudden termination
Stacking
Simultaneous use of two or more anabolic steroids
Often done by combining a short-acting oral steroid with a long-acting injectable preparation
They think it enhances effectiveness, but not true
Pharmacology of AS
Mechanism of Action not fully understood
Testosterone and other androgens are agonists at androgen receptor
Receptor is located in the cytoplasm of cell in inactive state
Androgen molecules diffuse across cell membrane, bind and activates receptor
Pharmacology Cont.
Activated hormone-receptor complex translocates into cell nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of specific genes, depending on cell type› Haven’t yet identified specific muscle cell
genes that are turned on by androgens› But overall effect is to increase protein
synthesis and growth of the muscle
Pharmacology Cont.
Testosterone converted enzymatically to two other bioactive hormones
In some tissues – 5α reductase converts T to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which also has potent androgenic effects› Some synthetic AS were designed to avoid this
metabolic reaction because it decreases ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity
Aromatase converts T to estradiol in a chemical reaction called aromatization› Extremely undesirable – leads to feminizing side effects› Some synthetics modified to resist aromatization
Pharmacology Cont.
Recent evidence that AS treatment can induce androgen receptor expression in muscle
Increasing the # of androgen receptors in the tissue would allow steroids to produce greater anabolic effects than they would in the presence of normal receptor expression
At high levels, androgens act as antagonists to glucocorticoid hormones› In muscle, GCCs are catabolic – produce an overall
decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein breakdown
› A 2nd M of A for AS could be their anticatabolic effects via glucocorticoid antagonism
AD
VER
SE S
IDE E
FFEC
TS
Oral Steroids → Liver Toxicity
Which side effects occur depends on:› Sex› Age› Type of Steroid
Used (Oral or Injectable)
› Dose› Pattern and
Duration of Usemuscleenhancers.com
Table of Side Effects
For Girls: Facial hair Deep voice Increased body hair Irregular periods Increased appetite Enlarged clitoris For Boys: Breasts Shrunken testicles
For Both: Severe acne Baldness Liver abnormalities and
tumors Angry outbursts (“roid
rage”) or aggressive behavior
Paranoia Hallucinations Psychosis Blood clotshttp://jcem.endojournals.org/content/
89/8/0.1.full.pdf
BEH
AV
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AL D
EB
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Do steroids cause increased irritability and aggression?
Do users develop dependence on anabolic steroids?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiU5-AAjb40
Dep
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Dependence
Crite
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DSM commonly reported signs of dependence› Withdrawal when stopped› Taking more than originally intended› Inability to cut down or control usage despite a
desire to do so› Pre-occupation› Continued Substance use despite problems› Replacement of other activities with substance
abuse
Fatigue Depressed Mood Insomnia Restlessness Anorexia Decrease libido Dissatisfaction with body image Cravings
Dependence Cont.
Absence of large-scale controlled studies hamper the evaluation of AS dependence
No published reports of self-administration by animals of testosterone or any other anabolic steroids
Can produce rewarding effects› Positive Reinforcement – performance
boosting, better body image Cravings are relatively weak
Why care?
Dangerous physical and psychological effects
Can stop growth and have voice changes After stopping, people can experience
depression and moodiness Injectable steroids have an AIDS risk by
sharing needles Steroids without prescriptions may be
faulty or not be steroids at all
Steroids Before and After
bodybuilding.elitefitness.com
getmascular.blogspot.com
References
http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/89/8/0.1.full.pdf
bodybuilding.elitefitness.com getmascular.blogspot.com http://blog.pennlive.com/
patriotnewssports/2009/05/central_fla_man_implicates_nat.html