an overview on ai
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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Principles of virtual reality Subject Code: PVR912
Week : 4 Date : 5th June 2013 session:FN
MidhunchakkaravarthyLecturer- Lincoln University College
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial intelligence (AI): ability of computers to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
• AI-based computer systems have many applications in different fields, such as:– Medical diagnoses– Exploration for natural resources– Determining what is wrong with mechanical devices– Assisting in designing and developing other
computer systems
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
• Artificial intelligence systems: people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience and apply knowledge acquired from experience– Example: computerized AI chess software
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is missing
• Determine what is important
• React quickly and correctly to a new situation
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Nature of Intelligence (continued)
• Understand visual images– Perceptive system: approximates the way humans
hear, see, or feel objects• Process and manipulate symbols
– On a limited basis with machine-vision hardware and software
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence
Table 7.2: A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence
Figure 7.5: A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
• Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inferences, similar to a human expert
• Used in many business applications
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Robotics
• Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks requiring a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for humans
• Contemporary robotics combines high-precision machine capabilities with sophisticated controlling software
• Many applications of robotics exist today
• Research into robots is continuing
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Robotics (continued)
Robots can be used in situations that are hazardous or inaccessible to humans. The Rover was a remote-controlled robot used by NASA to
explore the surface of Mars.
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Vision Systems
• Hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
• Used by the U.S. Justice Department to perform fingerprint analysis
• Can be used in identifying people based on facial features
• Can be used with robots to give these machines “sight”
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language Processing and Voice Recognition
• Natural language processing: allows the computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English
• Voice recognition involves converting sound waves into words
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Natural Language Processing and Voice Recognition (continued)
Dragon Systems’ Naturally Speaking 8 Essentials uses continuous voice recognition, or natural speech, allowing the user to speak to the computer at a normal pace without pausing between words. The spoken words are transcribed immediately onto the computer screen. (Source: Courtesy of Nuance Communications, Inc.)
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Learning Systems
• Combination of software and hardware that allows the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives
• Learning systems software requires feedback on the results of actions or decisions
• Feedback is used to alter what the system will do in the future
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Neural Networks
• Computer system that can simulate the functioning of a human brain
• Ability to retrieve information even if some of the neural nodes fail
• Fast modification of stored data as a result of new information
• Ability to discover relationships and trends in large databases
• Ability to solve complex problems for which all the information is not present
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Other Artificial Intelligence Applications
• Genetic algorithm: an approach to solving large, complex problems in which a number of related operations or models change and evolve until the best one emerges
• Intelligent agent: programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Expert Systems
• Like human experts, computerized expert systems use heuristics, or rules of thumb, to arrive at conclusions or make suggestions
• Used in many fields for a variety of tasks, such as:– Designing new products and systems– Developing innovative insurance products– Increasing the quality of healthcare– Determining credit limits for credit cards– Determining the best fertilizer mix to use on certain
soils
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
An Overview of Expert Systems (continued)
• Research conducted in AI during the past two decades is resulting in expert systems that:– Explore new business possibilities– Increase overall profitability– Reduce costs– Provide superior service to customers and clients
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
When to Use Expert Systems
• Develop an expert system if it can do any of the following:– Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduce
downside risk– Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise– Solve a problem that is not easily solved using
traditional programming techniques– Develop a system more consistent than human
experts
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
When to Use Expert Systems (continued)
• Develop an expert system if it can do any of the following (continued):– Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at
the same time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous to human health
– Provide expertise that is expensive or rare– Develop a solution faster than human experts can– Provide expertise needed for training and
development to share the wisdom and experience of human experts with a large number of people
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems
Figure 7.8: Components of an Expert System
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems (continued)
• Knowledge base: component of an expert system that stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system
• Some tools and techniques for creating a knowledge base are:– Assembling human experts– Using fuzzy logic: shades of gray; “fuzzy sets”– Using rules: IF-THEN statements– Using cases: modifying solutions to cases in
knowledge base
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Components of Expert Systems (continued)
Figure 7.10: Rules for a Credit Application
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Inference Engine
• Seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions the way a human expert would
• Backward chaining– Starting with conclusions and working backward to
supporting facts
• Forward chaining– Starting with facts and working forward to solutions
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Explanation Facility
• Allows a user or decision maker to understand how the expert system arrived at certain conclusions or results
• Example: allow a doctor to determine the logic or rationale of the diagnosis made by a medical expert system
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
• Provides convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowledge base
• Acts as an interface between experts and the knowledge base
• Acquisition can be manual or a mixture of manual and automated
• Knowledge base must be validated and updated frequently
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility (continued)
Figure 7.11: Knowledge Acquisition Facility
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
The User Interface
• Specialized user interface software is employed for designing, creating, updating, and using expert systems
• Main purpose of the user interface is to make the development and use of an expert system easier for users and decision makers
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development
Figure 7.12: Steps in the Expert System Development Process
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems
• Domain expert: individual or group who has the expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the expert system
• Knowledge engineer: individual who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system
• Knowledge user: individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems (continued)
Figure 7.13: Participants in Expert Systems Development and Use
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
• Traditional programming languages
• Special programming languages – LISP, PROLOG
• Expert system shells– Expert system shell is a collection of software
packages and tools used to design, develop, implement, and maintain expert systems
• Off-the-shelf expert system shells
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques (continued)
Figure 7.14: Expert Systems Development
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
• Credit granting and loan analysis
• Stock picking
• Catching cheats and terrorists– Gambling casinos
• Budgeting– Prototype testing programs
• Games– Crossword puzzles
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence (continued)
• Information management and retrieval– Uses bots
• AI and expert systems embedded in products– Antilock braking system, television
• Plant layout and manufacturing
• Hospitals and medical facilities– Probability of contracting diseases, lab analysis,
home diagnosis, appointment scheduling
• Help desks and assistance
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence (continued)
• Employee performance evaluation
• Virus detection– Uses neural network technology
• Repair and maintenance– Telephone networks, aerospace equipment
• Shipping and marketing
• Warehouse optimization– Restocking, location
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Virtual Reality
• Virtual reality system: enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality: user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Interface Devices
• Head-mounted display (HMD)– Screens directed at each eye; position tracker
• CAVE– Provides illusion of immersion through projection of
stereo images on floors and walls
• Haptic interface– Relays sense of touch and other physical sensations
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Interface Devices (continued)
Military personnel train in an immersive CAVE system