an experimental study on behavier of...

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1707 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 1707–1715, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_185

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIER OF

MODIFIED BITUMEN USING RECYCLED

PLANT

Dr. A. Gandhimathi

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore

S. Abinaya

M.E Structural Engineering, PSG Technology, Coimbatore

ABSTRACT:

Plastic roads would be a boom for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where

temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create heavy damage, leaving

most of the roads with big potholes. Since the road network is used so extensively in

our country, we need a road network which is durable, strong, reliable, niggle Free,

environment friendly & cost effective. Roads either have Flexible pavement or rigid

pavement. The recent increase in traffic of commercial vehicles with notable

variations in the temperature inevitably requires an alternative and improved

pavement of high quality which shall also deliver good strength and better economy.

To construct & maintain such a dense network of roads, we need heavy amount of raw

materials which involves huge capital and time. The considerable use of packaged

drinking water in the present days and the pollution threat imposed on the

environment due to used non- degradable Polyethylene terephthalate [PET] bottles is

very high. This demands the use of these waste PET bottles for some beneficial

purposes. The present investigation was carried out to propose the use of shredded waste plastic

bottles (PET) for the modification of bitumen binder with particular focus on the development

of an effective pavement material that utilizes the plastic waste while catering to the needs

of varying climatic conditions prevailing in India and also the heavy loads on pavements. This paper in

detail presents the study on the methodology of using waste plastic bottles (PET) in

modifying bituminous binders and the various tests performed on 60/70 grade

bitumen. A detailed analysis of the engineering properties such as Penetration test,

Ductility test, Viscosity test, Softening point test and Specific Gravity test are

conducted on both conventional and modified bitumen samples for various

percentages of replacements such as 0, 10, 20 and 30% respectively. This PET

modified bitumen showed improved quality with % of optimum replacement falling

between 10 to 20%.

Keywords: Recycled Plastic roads, Modified bitumen, Flexible Pavements, etc.

Analysis of the Evolution of the Phenomenon of Clogging of the Layers of the Mixing Of Gravel in A

Center of Storage of the Household Waste (Cshw)


Cite this Article: Dr. A. Gandhimathi and S. Abinayab, An Experimental Study on

Behavier of Modified Bitumen using Recycled Plant, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp. 1707–1715.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL:

Bitumen is used as a binder in pavement construction. Bitumen may be derived from the

residue left by the refinery from naturally occurring asphalt. As per definition given by the

American Society of Testing Materials bitumen has been defined as “Mixtures of

hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin, or combination of both, frequently

accompanied by their non-metallic derivatives, which may be gaseous, liquid, semi-solid or

solid, and which are completely soluble in carbon disulphide.”

Bitumen found in natural state known as asphalt contains large quantities of solid mineral

matter. When petroleum crude is refined in a refinery, they are separated by fractional

distillation in the order of decreasing volatility. On distillation of the residual bituminous

residue, straight-run bitumen is obtained. This bitumen is known as penetration grade bitumen

or steam refined petroleum bitumen.

The grades of bitumen used for pavement construction is known as paving grades and that

used for water proofing of structures is known as industrial grades. The grade of straight run

bitumen is chosen depending upon the climatic conditions of the region in which surface

dressing is to be constructed.

In most parts of India 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen is used. Heavier grade cut backs,

rapid setting emulsions or heavier grade tars may also be used. The grade of basic bitumen is

altered either by controlled refining or by mixing with diesel oil or other oils. For single

dressings on WBM base course, quantity of bitumen needed ranges from 17 to 195 kg per 10

m2 areas and 10 to 12 kg per 10 m

2 area in case of renewal of black top surfacing. For second

coat of surface dressing, the quantity of bitumen needed ranges from 10 to 12 kg per 10 m2

area. Bulk bitumen Lorries with tanks of capacity ranging from 5000 to 15000 litres are used

to transport bulk bitumen.

1.2. TYPES AND PROPERTIES

The paving bitumen available in India is classified into two categories:

• Paving bitumen from Assam petroleum denoted as A-type and designated as grades

A35, A90, etc.

• Paving bitumen from other sources denoted as S-type and designated as grades S35,

S90, etc.

Important properties of bitumen are:

• Viscosity of bitumen should be adequate at the time of mixing and compaction.

• It is achieved by heating prior to mixing and by use of cutbacks and emulsion.

• In presence of water bitumen should not strip off from aggregate.

• Bitumen should be durable in all seasons.

• It should not become too soft during summers and develop cracks during winters.

B. Bahel, E. Yamb, S. Owona and G. E. Ekodeck


1.3. NEED OF THE STUDY:

The growth in various types of industries together with population growth has resulted in

enormous increase in production of various types of waste material world over. The creation

and disposal of non-decaying waste material such as plastics, scrap tyres, blast furnace slag,

fly-ash, steel slag, etc. have been posing problems in the developed as well as developing

countries. Plastic is everywhere in today’s lifestyle. Use of this non-biodegradable product is

growing rapidly and creating the problem of disposal of plastic waste particularly. Plastic

bags is a menace and has become a serious problem, especially in urban areas, in terms of its

misuse, its dumping in the dustbins, clogging of drains, reduced soil fertility and aesthetic

problems etc.( A. U. Ravi Shankar et.al., 2013)

In India the road transport carries close to 90% of passenger traffic and (70%) of freight

transport. Investigations in India and abroad have revealed that properties of bitumen and

bitumen mixes can be improved to meet out requirements with addition of certain additives

called “Bitumen Modifiers’. The different types of modifiers used are polymers, natural

rubber and crumb rubber ( Yadav Santosh et.al.,2013)

The background of the plastic/ polymer modified bitumen as described by Dr. P. K. Jain,

Chief Scientist and Head Flexible Pavement Division and Coordinator AcSIR of CSIR‐

Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi is that

• Efficient transport system needed for growth of economy

• India has extensive road network of 3.3 million kms

• 79.8% comprise rural and other low volume roads

• Road network to be extended to all terrains and environment

• Flexible pavement preferred major pavement type

• Conventional construction materials depleting fast

• Need of the high performance/alternate materials

• Modified bitumen are in use over a decade

• High cost of PMB/CRMB is a threat for its use

• Waste plastic modified mixes may serve purpose

• Disposal of non-biodegradable waste plastic is serious problem

He also describes the merits of waste plastics modified mixes as:

• Stiffen binders and mix at high temperatures to minimize Rutting

• Minimizing non-load associated thermal cracking

• Improve fatigue resistance, where higher strains are imposed on bituminous mixes

• Improve aggregate-bitumen bond and reduce stripping

• Improve bituminous pavement durability

• Reduce cost of maintenance

• Clean environment

The conventional methods of disposal are found to be inadequate. Due to population

growth, industrialization, consumerism and technological development there has been a

tremendous increase in the rate of production of waste. Every year, 7.2 million tonnes of

hazardous waste is produced and its disposal is becoming a major issue and about one km2 of

additional landfill area is needed every year. Indian government spends about Rs 1600 crore

for treatment & disposal of these wastes. In addition to this, industries discharge about 150




million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open

low lying land areas. (Mercy Joseph Poweth et.al, 2013)

In order to contain this problem, experiments on Waste Plastic modified bituminous materials

have been carried out to reuse the wastes productively in bringing out real benefits to highway

maintenance/construction, in terms of better and longer lasting roads, and savings in total road life costings. 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

• To propose an effective method of disposal of waste plastic bottles (PET) by using

them in flexible pavements.

• To conduct a series of laboratory tests conventional and modified bitumen binders and

to study the suitability of the same for use in flexible pavement.

• To improve the quality of flexible pavement construction by combining the

bituminous binder with identified recycled materials.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Review of literature revealed that the use of plastic wastes in flexible pavements reduces the

cost of maintenance while reducing the cost and quantity of bitumen in construction and

reducing the carbon di oxide emissions to the atmosphere. Modification of bitumen up to 10%

had yielded the highest Marshall Stability, strength, tensile strength, stripping infraction point,

porosity and moisture absorption capacity. The studies also showed that the stiffness modulus

of mixture increased at lower amount of PET content and PET reinforced mixtures exhibit

significantly higher fatigue lives compared to mixtures without PET. The optimum amount of

waste PET was determined to be between 4-6% by weight of bitumen content. Mixtures with

PET modified bitumen showed improvement in resistance against permanent deformation,

increase in stiffness, higher rutting resistance and reduction in excessive SMA drain down.

The studies on the waste plastic coated aggregates showed improved resistance against

permanent deformation, reduced rutting, raveling and pothole formation, reduction in air

voids and increase in toughness value, specific gravity, hardness, low crushing value and

reduction in water absorption. Such roads were capable of withstanding heavy traffic with

increased durability, high temperature stiffness and increased Marshall Stability values of

stabilized SMA. The estimated consumption of waste plastic is 1 tonne/lane/km.

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. STEPS INVOLVED:

• Shredding of plastic pet bottles

• Heating of bitumen

• Adding the shredded plastic to the bitumen

• Stirring it thoroughly

• Pour it into the required mould

• Cooling it in air for 30 minutes

• Cooling in the water bath for 30 minutes



SHREDDED PLASTIC PET BOTTLES:

Figure 1 Shredded Plastic PET bottles

MIXING OF PLASTIC TO BITUMEN:

Figure 2 Mixing of Plastic to bitumen

3.2 TESTS ON BITUMEN:

Properties of the altered materials of bitumen are investigated by the conducting the following

tests

3.2.1. Penetration Test (IS 1203-1978):

The penetration test determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in

tenths of a mm to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.

3.2.2. Ductility Test (IS 1208 -1978):

The ductility is expressed as the distance in centimeters to which a standard briquette of

bitumen can be stretched before the thread breaks. The test is conducted at 27~c and at a rate

of pull of 50mm per minute. The test set up is shown in the fig. the cross section at minimum

width of the specimen is 10mm X 10mm

Figure 3 Ductility test

WASTE PET BOTTLES SHREDDED PLASTIC PET BOTTLES

SHREDDED PLASTIC

MIXING OF PLASTIC

WITH BITUMEN

WEIGHING OF BITUMEN




3.2.3. Float Test (IS 1210 – 1978)

The float assembly is floated in a water bath at 50°C and the time required in seconds for

water to force its way through the bitumen plug is noted as the float test value. The higher the

float test value, the stiffer is the material.

3.2.4. Softening Point Test (IS 1205 – 1978) and

The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of

softening under specified condition of test. The temperature at which the softened bitumen

touches the metal plate at a specified distance below the ring is noted as softening point of

bitumen.

Figure 4 Softening Point test

3.2.5. Specific Gravity (IS 1202 – 1978):

The specific gravity of bituminous materials is determined by preparing a specimen in

semisolid or solid state and by weighing in air and water.

Specific gravity = W1 / (W1 –W2)

Where, W1 = Weight in air

W2 = Weight in water

Figure 5 Specific Gravity test

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The results given below are obtained from the testing of conventional 60/70 grade of bitumen

and the plastic modified bitumen based on the Indian standards. The testing is done separately

for each % of modification by taking various trials as per the standard and the mean values

have been computed.

SPECIMEN

WEIGHED IN WATER



Table 1 Bitumen test results

4.1. Penetration test results:

Figure 6 Penetration test results

The Comparison of the penetration values of 0% modified bitumen with various % of

modifications indicated a decrease by 1.54%, 42.57% and 72.31% for 10%, 20 % and 30%

plastic modified bitumen respectively.

4.2. Ductility test results:

Figure 7 Ductility test results

The Ductility values of 0% modified bitumen with various % of modifications showed a

reduction in the ductility value by 3.64%, 46.88% and 44.83% for 10%, 20 % and 30%

plastic modified bitumen respectively.




4.3. Float test results:

Figure 8 Float test results

On studying the float test values for 0% modified bitumen and other % of modified

bitumen, the float test value indicates an increase in the viscosity values by 19.74%, 27.15%

and 71.59% for 10%, 20 % and 30% plastic modified bitumen respectively.

4.4. Softening Point test results:

Figure 9 Softening Point test results

On addition of 10% plastic to the bitumen the softening point value increased by 5.42%.

For addition of 20% plastic to the bitumen the value is decreased by 0.85% and for addition of

30% plastic to the bitumen the test results increased by 18.23%.

4.5. Specific Gravity test results:

Figure 10 Specific Gravity test results



The specific gravity test result values on addition of 10% plastic to the bitumen remained

the same as that for conventional bitumen but the value increased by 5.36% and 53.57% for

20% and 30% plastic modifications respectively.

From table 1, it is seen that the optimum replacement of bitumen by plastic (PET) falls

between 10 to 20%.

REFERENCES:

[1] Deveshojha and Dilip Kumar(2014) A proposed design of flexible pavement Using

WastePlastic. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research Vol.4,

Issue-5, 21-26.

[2] Yadav Santhosh, Saxena Anil Kumar and Arora (2013) Performance Evaluation of Waste

Plasticand Bitumen Concrete Mix in Flexible Pavements. International Journal of

Scientific and Engineering Research Vol.4, Issue-10, 398-406.

[3] Mercy Joseph Poweth, Solly George and JessyPaul (2013) Study on Use of Plastic Waste

in road Construction. International Journal of Innovative in Science, Engineering and

Technology Vol.2, Issue-3, 633-638.

[4] Apurva J Chavan (2013) Use of Plastic Waste in Flexible Pavements. International

Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management (IJAIEM) Vol.2,

Issue-4, 540-552.

[5] Wong, S. F(2010)Use of Recycled Plastics in a Pavement System.35th Conference on Our

Worldin Concrete & Structures: 25-27 August 2010, Article ID: 100035013.

[6] BinduC.S, and Dr. K. S. Beena(2010) Waste Plastic as a stabilizing Additive in Stone

Mastic Asphalt.International Journal of Engineering and TechnologyVol.2(6), 379-387.

[7] Amit Gawande, G. Zamare, V.C.Renge, Saurabh Tayde and G. Bharsakle (2012) An

Overview on Waste Plastic Utilization in Asphalting of Roads. Journal of Engineering

Research and Studies Vol. 3, Issue 2, April-June, 2012.

[8] V. S. Punith and A. Veeraragavan (2007) Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures with

Reclaimed Polyethylene as Additive. Journal of Materials in Civil EngineeringVol.19 (6),

500-507.

[9] Mahabir Panda and Mayajit Mazumdar (2002) Utilization of Reclaimed Polyethylene in

Bituminous Paving Mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering Vol.14 (6), 527-530.

[10] SK. Wasim Anwar, Experimental Investigations on Marshall and Modified Marshall

Specimens by using Neat Bitumen. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp.409–419.

[11] Vikram Singh and Abhishek Bawa, Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of

Bitumen with Crumb Rubber, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology

(IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp.1164-1170

an experimental study on behavier of...

Documents