an economic analysis of
TRANSCRIPT
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AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
,
IN BANGL~DESH
. ..
- .
H"I>
HO-'IC,Nt.., '~"Il. '# I '
- - - -
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES
IN BANGLADESH
1. Int roduc t ion
Seve r a l s tudi e s of Bangl ade sh' s indus t r i a l s e c tor by HIID__
7 ._'l_..... -~~'~""~
have r eve a l ed tha t manuf a c tur ing inve s tment
ha s be en s luggi sh and manuf a c tur ing ouc .put ha s s t agna t ed,
pa r t i cul a r ly s inc e the NIP82 wa s int roduc ed. Among pos s ibl e
expl ana t ions of f e r ed by va r ious a c tor s in the f i e ld inc lude the
fol lowing, among othe r s : the s t a t e of indus t r i a l envi ronment ,
cha r a c t e r i z ed by unc e r t a int i e s of pol i c i e s ; smuggl ing and
cor rupt ion and the exi s t enc e of a l a rge numbe r of high- cos t
i
indus t r i e s , probabl e r e a sons for both of whi ch a r e high
prot e c t ion and e f f e c t ive a s s i s t anc e ; l a ck of compe t i t ive
envi ronment ; exogenous f a c tor s , such a s f loods , f a l l in jut e
pr i c e s ; the debt -de f aul t di s e a s e and the cons equent c r edi t
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squ~eze; the inexpe r i enc e of the na t ion' s ent r epr eneur s and
manage r s a s we l l a s lo~, .. jus t r i a l ba s e ; inha rmonious indus t r i a l
r e l a t ions ; and so for th. Some of the s e i s sue s and s eve r a l othe r s
a r e de a l t wi th e l s ewhe r e in thi s i s sue , pa r t i cul a r ly s e e Study
No.7. In the pr e s ent pape r , we ana lyz e indus t r i a l di sput e s ,
a t t r ibut ed by employe r s ma inly to indi s c ipl ine among worke r s and
the pol i t i c i z a t ion of l abor unions .
1
-We look a,t the ext ent and the di s t r ibut ion of indus t r i a l
di sput e s ove r t ime and ve r i fy whe the r l abor mi l i t ancy and
indus t r i a l unr e s t a r e the c aus e or the e f f e c t of indus t r i a l
s i ckne s s tha t ha s gr ipped thi s count ry for some t ime .
The pape r i s divided into the fol lowing s e c t ions : Se c t ion 2
de s c r ibe s the sour c e s of da t a . The type s and ext ent of
indus t r i a l di sput e s a r e s tudi ed in Se c t ion 3. In Se c t ion 4, we
di s cus s the c aus e s of indus t r i a l di . sput e s . Se c t ion 5
summa r i z e s the me thods by whi ch mos t di sput e s we r e =e solved. The
e conomi c cos t s of di sput e s a r e a s s e s s ed in Se c t ion 6. Ef f e c t s of
indus t r i a l di sput e s on the produc t ivi ty of l abo= in the jut e
s e c tor i s examined i~ Se c t ion 7.
the f indings of the s tudy.
2. Sour c e s of Da t a
- - -
The f ina l s e c t ion summa a r i z e s
Aggr ega t e da t a on indus t r i a l di sput e s we r e obt a ined f rom
va r ious i s sue s of the Banql ade sh Labor Journa l (BLJ ) . The BLJ i s
publ i shed annua l ly, exc ept for the pe r iod 1974-76. The da t a for
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r e c ent ye a r s , 1986 through 1988, we r e t abul a t ed ma r .ua l ly wi th the
a s s i s t anc e of the Di r e c tor a t e of Labor pe r sonne l . The s t a t i s t i c s
on e s t ima t ed produc t ion and wage los s e s due to indus t r i a l
di sput e s , for key indus t r i e s , we r e a l so col l e c t ed f rom
unpubl i shed docume~ts of the l abor of f i c e .
To c ros s - che ck the da t a of the Di r e c tor a t e of Labor , work
-,
s toppc lge s emana t ing both from wi thin and out s ide the f i r :n we r e
t~=ulated by s tudying e ' , e ry s ingl e i s sue of the l e ading da i ly
E~glish new~paper, !ge Bngl ade sh Obs e rve r , ar.d the popul a r
23s t r ike , i t i s serio~s enough to wa r r ant a settleme~t ~ither
through volunt a ry :':';e~l1ods, such a s col l e c t i .ve ~argaining,
medi a t ion, arbi-:.::-a~ion or vi a di r e c t int e r 'Tent ion by a
gove rnment a l body ~rgi~g uncondi t iona l r e turn to work.
Ove r t ime , the : : : - equency of di sput e s ha s not shown any
obvious t r end ( s e e : abl e 1 and Fig. 1) . I t maybe s e en tha t the
ye a r s 1975, 1976, and 1988 expe r i enc ed low numbe r s of indus t r i a l
di sput e s (2, 5 and. 9 r e spe c t ive ly) , whi l e the highe s t numbe r of
di sput e s wa s r e corded in 1984. Did the dives~ituture of
na t iona l i z ed indus t r i e s and the l ibe r a l i z a t ion envi ronment tha t
wa s ushe r ed in by a l e ap f rog by the NIP82 make any di f f e r enc e to
indus t r i a l di sput e s ? Whi l e the r e i s some sugge s t ion for a br e ak
( s e e Fig.1) , the sha::-p r eve r s a l of the curve t ends to minimi z e
the impa c t of the NIP82 pe r s e on indus t r i a l di sput e s . On the
othe r hand, a s a f i r s t approxima t ion pol i t i c a l f a c tor s s e em to
f i t the f a c t s be t t e r .
The ve ry low numbe r of di sput e s in 1975 and 1976 c an
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probably be: a t t . r ibut ed l a rge ly to pol it i c a l event s . The
s igni f i c ant jump in the numbe r of di sput e s dur ing 1978 through
1981 wa s , probably in pa r t , due to the l i f t ing of the ma r t i a l l aw
in 1978. Pa r a l l e l expl ana t ion s e ems to apply to the f a l l in
di sput e s dur ing the ma r t i a l l aw of 1982-84 and an outbur s t of
s t r ike s in 1984 due to the l i f t ing of the ma r t i a l l aw in the
l a t t e r ye a r . The downwa rd t r end in the numbe r of di sput e s
r epor t ed for the pe r iod 1985-88 i s an int e r e s t ing phenomenon.
Pos s ibl e expl ana t ion for tha t and othe r pos s ibl e expl ana t ions for
4
'.the change s dur ing the ent i r e "pe r iod wi l l be explor ed in the next
s e c t ion.
Di sput e s £y Region/Di s t r i c t
Mos t of the forma l s e c tor industr~e5 a~e loc a t ed in the
thr e e ma jor c i t i e s ( and henc e di s t r i c t s ) of Bangl ade sh: Dhaka ,
Chi t t agong, and Khulna , wi th Dhaka c l a iming the l ion' s sha r e .
, Al though an ove rwhe lming numbe r of f i rms a:::e loc a t ed in Dhaka ..
Dhaka ' s sha r e in l abor di sput e s i s propor t iona t e ly lowe r . From
1973 through the NIP Ye a r 1982; Dhaka ' s sha r e in indus t r i a l
di sput e s was 28 pe r c ent . Sinc e then i t ave r age s out to 23
pe r c ent . Dur ing 1982, Dhaka did not have a s ingl e indus t r i a l
s t r i f e . Tha t was not tru~ in othe r pa r t s of Bangl ade sh. In none
of the ye a r s Dhaka r egi s t e r ed more than 50% of the di sput e s - - tha
highe s t be ing 43.8% in 1983. Howeve r , in t e rms of tot a l mandays
los t Dhaka ' s sha r e was much highe r (46 pe r c ent ) upto 1982 but a
low of 24 pe r c ent (same a s the pe r c ent age { sha r e of the numbe r of
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di sput e s ) in the pos t -NIP pe r iod. The pr edominanc e of l a rge
ent e rpr i s e s in Dhaka and the loc a t ion of the bulk of the indus t ry
may expl a in thi s f inding.
Va r ious expl ana t ions may be of f e r ed for the low f r equency of
indus t r i a l di s rupt ion in Dhaka . I t i s gene r a l ly be l i eved tha t
t r adi t iona l ly the incumbent gove rnment ma int a ins s t rong l i a i son
wi th l abor l e ade r s in- and- a round Dhaka , and a r e ve ry pe r c ept ive
to ma int a ining ove r a l l pe a c e and di s c ipl ine a round the c api t a l .
Fur the r explor a t ion into thi s imba l anc e i s in orde r , but beyond
the s cope of thi s s tudy. A knOWledge of the suc c e s s of Dhaka in
ke eping the tnc idenc e of indus t r i a l s t r i f e s and output los s e s
5r e l a t ive ly low should he lp in enhanc ing pe a c e in othe r pa r t s of
the count ry.
4. Na tur e of Indus t r i a l Di sput e s
Indus t r i a l di sput e s do not a lways oc cur be c aus e of f a i lur e
of management and t r ade unions to come to an agr e ement . In
Bangl ade sh, int e r - and- int r a -union r iva l r i e s , pol i t i c a l i s sue s and
token and sympa thy s t r ike s of t en cont r ibut e s igni f i c ant ly to the
na t iona l los s of output and employment . The l a t t e r type of
phenomena a r e c l a s s i f i ed a s di sput e s emana t ing f rom pol i t i c a l
c aus e s . Economi c f a c tor s inc lude demands for highe r wage s ,
be t t e r working condi t ions , and f r inge bene f i t s . Ac cording to
Tabl e 2, dur ing the Pr e -NIP pe r iod, 1973 to 1981, e conomi c
f a c tor s c l e a r ly domina t ed the c a s e s tha t l ed to disputes-~84.2%i
the r ema ining di sput e s we r e due to pol i t i c a l f a c tor s . A tot a l
r eve r s a l i s evident for the Pos t -NIP pe r iod 1983 through 1988,
when 82.0% of the di sput e s we r e due to pol i t i c a l r e a sons . (Se e
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a l so Fig. 2.
The inc r e a s ing propor t ion of pol i t i c a l f a c tor s in indus t r i a l
di sput e s have impor t ant r ami f i c a t ions . Employe r s a r e l ike ly to
ge t f rus t r a t ed a s they c annot avoid or di s cour age thes~ phenomena
int e rna l ly, i r r e spe c t ive of the i r manage r i a l acumen, pa t e rna l i sm
towa rds worke r s , and s imi l a r othe r t r a i t s tha t a r e us e ful .for
running an ent e rpr i s e smoothly. In. f a c t they may have to spend
t ime and r e sour c e s to wa rd of f pol i t i c a l di s turbanc e s vi a va r ious
l ega l and othe r means.
65. Se t t l ement of indus t r i a l di sput e s
Unl ike mos t we s t e rn count r i e s , in Bangl ade sh a r e l a t ive ly
low pe r c ent age of di sput e s a r e r e solved through employe r -
employe~ ~argaining, medi a t ion, a rbi t r a t ion or the l ega l sys t em.
Ra the r , an inc r e a s ing numb~r of di sput e s a r e t e rmina t ed through
"uncondi t iona l r e turn to work. " As one may obs e rve from Tabl e 3,
the mos t co~~only us ed me thod of s e t t l ement of di sput e s us ed in
.
Bangl ade sh, in r e c ent ye a r s , ha s be en uncondi t iona l r e turn to
work (ove r 60% . ;.nce 1983) . Thi s f inding c an be int e rpr e t ed in
two ways : One int e rpr e t a t ion c an be tha t the compl a int s tha t
commenced the di sput e a r e be ing que l l ed through gove rnment
int e rvent ion. Thi s would r e f l e c t the abs enc e of a we l l -deve loped
indus t r i a l - r e l a t ions sys t em in whi ch col l e c t ive ba rga ining pl ays
,.a key rol e . Cons equent ly, one of the two pa r t i e s may r ema in
i
di sgrunt l ed, prompt ing indus t r i a l unr e s t in due cour s e . The
s e cond int e rpr e t a t ion i s tha t the good of f i c e s of the gove rnment
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in promot ing indus t r i a l pe a c e a r e suc c e eding. Tha t i s a progr e s s
for indus t r i a l he a l th.
76.'. Ef f e c t s of Di sout e s
The e conomy-wide e conomi c los s of indus t r i a l ,di sput e s i s
di f f i cul t to quant i fy. However, the Di r e c tor a t e of Labor a t t empt s
to a s s e s s the los s e s in t e rms of (1) mandays los t , (2) wages
los t , and (3) produc t ion los t due to indus t r i a l di sput e s . Mandays
los t we r e r epor t ed in Tabl e 1. A high pe r c ent age of di sput e s
r e sul t s in mandays los t in the r ange of 1001 to 10000. One
impl i c a t ion of thi s f inding i s tha t mos t di sput e s r epor t ed a r e in
l a rge f i rms , or involve more than one ent e rpr i s e .
Nominal and r e a l wage and produc t ion los s e s , a s r epor t ed by
the Di r e c tor a t e of Labor , a r e summa r i z ed in Tabl e 4 and Fig. 3.
The ave r age annua l produc t ion los s dur ing the pa s t 9 ye a r s comes
to a ' l i t t l e more than 8 mi l l ion US dol l a r s or a tot a l of US$ 75
mi l l ion dur ing the 9 ye a r s f rom 1980 through 1988.
High magn~tudes of wage and produc t ion los s e s oc cur r ed
I "
roughly in year~ 1980, 1981, and 1986. puz z l ingly, thos e a l so
happen to be roughly the ye a r s wi th high r a t e s ,of growth of r e a l
GOP and pr iva t e indus t r i a l inve s tment . A pos s ibl e expl ana t ion
may be tha t Bangl ade shi worke r s s imply want to sha r e in the
prospe r i ty of the e conomy, and they c an a f ford to suf f e r
t r ans i tory los s e s for pe rmanent ga ins in the futur e . On the
othe r hand, when the economy i s s luggi sh and wages cont inue to be
s t agnant , worke r s t end to be c aut ious so they do not
j eopa rdi s e the i r jobs by going on e conomi c s t r ike s . But they
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seem to be germane to r e sor t to pol i t i c a l ha r t a l s , r e f l e c t ing a
di s enchant :nent wi th the pr evcLi l ing e conomi c condi t ions , pe rhaps
8J
'wi shing or expe c t ing tha t the a l t e rna t ive gove rnment would do
be t t e r to ame l ior a t ing the i r e conomi c condi t ions .
Indus t r i a l unr e s t i s a common phenomenon in the jut e s e c tor .
Thi s i s qui t e evident f rom Tabl e 5. I t i s the onl y indus t r y whi ch
ha s the di s t inc t ion of incur r ing for egone produc t ion due to
indus t r i a l di sput e s eve ry y ear of thi s de c ade . The jut e indus t ry
i s the bigge s t among a l l indus t r i e s wi th 61% of employment in
the e a r ly 1980s , whi ch was r educ ed (ma inly by the cot ton mi l l
-
s e c tor ) to a l i t t l e ove r 40 pe r c ent in the l a t e 1980s . Jut e
indus t ry ~s domina t ed by powe r ful unions . I t was a lmos t 100
pe r c ent in the publ i c s e c tor t i l l 1982, end about 50% of i t i s
s t i l l publ i c ly owned. Cot ton, pr int ing_ pr e s s e s , and, of l a t e ,
chemi c a l and pha~aceutical s e c tor s a r e a l so be a r ing the brunt of
l abor unr e s t .
7. Indus t r i a l di sout e s and produc t ivi ty
Produc t ivi ty of l abor i s dependent on many f a c tor s ,
inc luding t e chnology, opt ima l mix of input s , manage r i a l
e f f i c i ency, worke r s ski l l s and mot iva t ion, and so for th.
Indus t r i a l di sput e s usua l ly l e ad to work s toppage s . But even when
they do not , the y r e f l e c t a degr e e of di sha rmony pr eva i l ing in
.,
i
the indus t r i a l s e c tor . As such, a hypothe s i s i s tha t ,
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c e t e r i s pa r ibus , produc t ivi ty of l abor i s inve r s e ly r e l a t ed to
the f r equency of indus t r i a l di sput e s .
I t i s a l so impor t ant to de t e rmine the c aus a l i ty r e l a t ionship
be twe en indus t r i a l di sput e s and produc t ivi ty. On the one s ide
indus t r i a l di sput e s may r educ e the amount of work done , and
the r eby r educ e shor t - run output and produc t ivi ty pe r employe e .
9Al though c aus a l i ty r e l a t ionships a r e theor e t i c a l , in the
s ens e tha t they a r e usua l iy de r ived through obs e rva t ion and
intui t ion and the i r cons i s t ency i s t e s t ed by deduc t ive logi c . Not
a l l r e l a t ions have one -way c aus a l f low. Fe edba cks and
s imul t aneous de t e rmina t ion a r e a l so common. Where the na tur e of
the int e r r e l a t ionship be twe en two va r i abl e s i s not theor e t i c a l ly
e s t abl i shed, rough empi r i c a l t e s t s of the di r e c t ion of c aus a l i ty
have be en employed. One such approxima t ion i s the Gr ange r i an
t e s t , in whi ch one: va r i abl e i s r egr e s s ed upon the pr e s ent and
s eve r a l pa s t va lue s of the othe r , and vi c e ve r s a . The one wi th
the be t t e r ~it and supe r ior behavior of the s igns of the .
-.
coe f f i c i ent s of di f f e r ent l ags and the i r s t a t i s t i c a l s igni f i c anc e
i s cons ide r ed to give a more probabl e di r e c t ion of the c aus a l i ty
f low.
10onwa rd. The r e i s , thus , no evidenc e for the di r e c t ion of the
c aus a l i ty f low. Both va r i abl e s a r e pe rhaps inf luenc ed by some
othe r va r i abl e s , but do have some int e r a c t ive e f f e c t s . The
r egr e s s ions given be low, for the cont empor r -Emeous r e l a t ionship,
for the jut e indus t ry, for 13 annua l obs e rva t ions , a r e of some
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int e r e s t .
1. LnPROD = 80.123
(4.95)
R
2
Adjus t ed = .65
2. Ln?ROD = 75.890
(4.10)
R
2
Adjus t ed = .53
0.038t
( -4.66)
0.036t
( -3.83)
0.075LnDIS
( -2.03)
0.033LnMAN
( -0.93)
0.096DML
( -1.31)
0.094DML
( -1.12)
3. L:lDIS = 374.90
(1.90)
0.178t
( -1.86)
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4. 180LnPROD
( -2.03)
0.446DML
( -0.77)
t '
i
R
2
Adjus t ed = .10
4. 202.90
(0.75)
0.090t
( -0.68)
2. 63LnPROD
( -0.93)
He r e produc t ivi ty (PROD) i s de f ined a s gros s outpu~ pe r employe e .
The t e rm t s t ands for t ime , s e r i a l ~umber of ye a r s s t a r t ing in
1973 and rur .ning through 1988, exc ept ye a r s 1974-76; DIS i s the
number of di sput e s , DML s t ands for a dummy va r i abl e for ma r t i a l
l aw ye a r s ; M&~ the mandays los t in di sput e s ; and Ln s t ands for
na tur a l log. The numbe r s in pa r enthe s e s a r e t va lue s .
11I t may be s e en tha t the de c l ine in produc t ivi ty in jut e i s
expl a ined l a rge ly by the t r end f a c to. r . The c~efficien~ sugge s t s
tha t l abor produc t ivi ty in the jut e indus t ry ha s probably
de c l ined a t about 4% pe r ye a r on the ave r age . The r e sul t i s
cons i s t ent wi th the nega t ive TFP found in Pape r s 1 and 3 f rom
independent da t a sour c e s . Thi s c annot be due me r e ly to the sha rp
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de c l ine in the pr i c e of jut e produc t s s inc e the mid-1980s ,
be c aus e in e a r l i e r ye a r s jut e pr i c e was f avor abl e . The r e exi s t s
a nega t ive r e l a t ionship be twe en produc t ivi ty and f r equency of
di sput e s . The coe f f i c i ent of log di sput e s sugge s t s tha t a
doubl ing_of indus t r i a l di sput e s wi l l probably be a s soc i a t ed wi th
a 7% de c l ine in l abor produc t ivi ty. The doubl ing of di sput e s
impl i e s 107 di sput e s pe r ye a r ins t e ad of the s ampl e mean of 53.4-
- a pos s ibl e but unl ike ly oc cur enc e . A ha lving of them to 2'1 wi l l
probably be a s soc i a t ed wi th (not ne c e s s a r i ly c aus ed by) an
' inc r e a s e in l abor produc t ivi ty of 7%. Even tha t high improvement
in l abor di sput e s wi l l , howeve r , be more than wa shed of f in 2
ye a r s by the she e r t r end r a t e of de c l ine in produc t ivi ty. Whi l e
a r educ t ion in di sput e s i s highly de s i r abl e , not onl y to. , r educ e
the di r e c t los s of output but a l so the i r indi r e c t e f f e c t on
indus t r i a l inve s tment , ma jor ga ins in produc t ivi ty and growth
real~y l i e in arre~ting the declinin~ t r end in produc t ivi ty and
then r a i s ing i t upwards. The sour c e s of de c l ine in p~oductivity
and r emedi e s the r e to a r e di s cus s ed in Pape r 7 of thi s i s sue .
The coe f f i c i ent of the ma r t i a l l aw ye a r dummy ha s the
nega t ive s ign, but i s not me a sur ed wi th p~ecision. The nega t ive
12
t '
i..
or z e ro va lue of the coe f f i c i ent sugge s t s tha t r e s t r i c t ing
worke r s f rom the i r r ight to s t r ike wi l l probably not enhanc e
produc t ivi ty of worke r s . Mandays los t a r e ha rdly expl a inabl , : ! by ;..
any va r i abl e . Di sput e s a r e nega t ive ly a s soc i a t ed wi th
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- ' I
...
.-
-
produc t ivi ty and s igni f i c ant ly so, though the di r e c t ion of the
c aus a l f low r ema ins in doubt . The remedy for l abor di sput e s i s
- improbabl e to be di f f e r ent f rom the r amedy for indus t r i a l
s t agna t ion.
7. Summary and Conc lus }ons
The s a l i ent f indings of thi s pape r a r e a s fol lows :
Ove r a l l indus t r i a l di sput e s indi c a t e a downward t r end in the
1980s . Mandays lose: in indus t r i a l di sput e s have , howeve r , not
shown any down~ward t r end ove r the ye a r s . Pol i t i c a l f a c tor s have
become a dominant c aus e of indns t r i a l s t r i f e s in Bangl ade sh.
Indus t r i a l di sput e s a r e lowe r in Dhaka than Chi t t agong and
Khulna a r e a s , both in t e rms of r e l a t ive indus t r i a l manpower and
indus t r i a l output .
Jut e , and to a l e s s e r ext~nt cot ton, pr int ing pr e s s ,
chemi c a l s and pha rma c eut i c a l indus t r i e s , a r e more prone to l abor
unr e s t than othe r s e c tor s .
A f inding of ma jor conc e rn of . thi s s tudy i s tha t , in the
1980s , l abor produc t lvi ty in the jut e indus t ry ha s probably
de c l ined a t a tr~nd r a t e of 4% pe r ye a r , othe r things be ing he ld
cons t ant . The nega t ive shor t - run e f f e c t of di sput e s on output i s
pe r c ept ibl e , but nowhere compa r abl e to the nega t ive t r end e f f e c t .
13For ins t anc e , a ha lving of di sput e s f rom i t s annua l mean wi l l
ha rdly c anc e l out two ye a r s ' nega t ive t r end e f f e c t on
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produc t ivi ty. The r e a l damages of di sput e s a r e not to be found in
the output los s , whi ch i s r a the r mode r a t e . The r e a l impa c t i s to
be s e en in the indus t r i a l c l ima t e , whi ch may s c a r e away the
pot ent i a l inve s tor . Tha t i s , in pa r t , l ike ly to expl a in the
nega t ive t r end in l abor produc t ivi ty. For s igni f i c ant
improvement s in produc t ivi ty t ake pl a c e through embodi ed
t e chni c a l change in new inve s tment .
Employe e s and employe r s of the Bangl ade sh indus t ry a r e
f ight ing for ma int a ining or inc r e a s ing the i r sha r e s of a pi e
tha t , r e l a t ive to the i r numbe r s , ha s not grown bigge r for ye a r s . _
Compl a int s a r e . he a rd about Bangl ade shi worke r s l a cking
di s c ipl ine , be ing s t r i J , : : e -minded, and pol i t i c i z ed. Ent r epr eneur s
complain of the f a c t tha t be s ide s the r a t e of r e turn f rom the i r
)
inve s tment in industrJ~ be ing nowhe r e ne a r thos e f rom indent ing,
t r ading, and smuggl ing, they have to f a c e the ade i t iona l r i sk of
pe r sona l and f inanc i a l los s e s f rom having to de a l wi th worke r s .
They f ind i t cos t l i e r to di smi s s a worke r than hi r e one , more
di f f i cul t to shut a pl ant down than bui ld one ( a t l e a s t in sma l l
pa r t be c aus e of invi t ing the wr a th of worke r s ) .
On the othe r s ide , worke r s have not expe r i enc ed any
inc r ement in the i r produc t ivi ty for a long t ime . Inde ed, the
index of gros s produc t pe r employe e de c l ined from 100 1n1980 to
96 in 1986. Worke r s ' f rus t r a t ion i s thus not ha rd to unde r s t and.
14
..-
..
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..:We he a r s tor i e s about r e l a t ive ly ha rmonious l abor r e l a t ions
in J apan and othe r Ea s t -As i an count r i e s . In the s e count r i e s ,
employe r - employe e r e l a t ions a r e s a id to be l ike a f ami ly.
Worke r s a r e loya l and employe r s a r e pa t e rna l i s t i c . Va r ious
cul tur a l and othe r r e a sons a r e advanc ed a s expl ana t ions for tha t
happy s t a t e . A r e a son tha t i s pe r t inent to not e he r e i s tha t
J apane s e worke r s have be en r e c e iving c los e to two-digi t annua l
r a i s e s in the i r r e a l wages for de c ade s . Na tur a l ly tha t s t a t e
must have some s a lubr ious e f f e c t on indus t r i a l r e l a t ions . As a
..,
r e sul t , cordi a l r e l a t ions a r e be l i eved to exi s t be twe en
employe r s and worke r s in J apan. The pr eva l enc e of pol i t i c a l
s t r ike s in Bangl ade sh could pos s ibly be due , in pa r t , to the
f a c t tha t they have not expe r i enc ed s igni f i c ant improvement in
the i r l iVing lot s . So ins t e ad of bl aming the poor pe r formanc e of
the i r indus t ry on e conomi c f a c tor s , they t end to bl ame (on
pol i t i c a l f a c tor s . Ac cordingly, a pos s ibl e r emedy for
de t e r ior a t ed indus t r i a l r e l a t ions i s a subs:tanti,~l inc r e a s e in
the r e s idua l f a c tor of produc t ivi ty, whi ch worke r s and employe r s
toge the r c an sha r e .
15Tabl e 1. - -Fr equency of indus t r i a l di sput e s , numbe r of worke r s
involved, and mandays los t , 1972-88
====================================================================
Nn. of Pe r c ent No. of Pe r c ent No. of 'Pe r c ent
Ye a r [.1,;3pU- Change in Worke r s Change in Mandays Change in
t e s Di sput e Involved Worke r s Los t Mandays
Involved Los t
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(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
39
58
32
2
5
49
-45
-94
150
43615
35027
57387
28327
14517
..
-20
64
-51
-49
126000
285177
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231736
162000
25618
,.
126
-19
-30
-84
1977 22 340 76675 428 81715 219
1978 89 305 113209 48 662332 711
1979 96. 8 114248 1 647629 -2
1980 104 8 164032 44 1160436 79
1981 80 -23 117031 -29 1198460 3
1982 55 -31 21788 -81 238658 -80
-
-
1983 16 -71 175787 707 392616 65
1984 142 788 481004 174 444817 13
1185 95 -33 198118 -59 284920 -36
1966 46 -52 105977 -47 2079671 630
1987 18 -61 88795 -16 175278 ···92
1988 9 -50 28874 -67 49398 -72
Ove r -
a l l 53
Me an
109671 485085 ..
Sour c e : The Bangl ade sh Labor Journa l , va r ious i s sue s .
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Suppl ement ed f rom unpubl i shed da t a of the Di r e c tor a t e 0: Labor .
1 rTabl e 2. - -Caus e s of indus t r i a l di sput e , e conomi c and pol i t i c a l
========== ==================================================~===
Ye a r
1973
1977
1978
1979
1980.
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
EconoIr.ic
51
15
67
75
95
75
55
2
15
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18
19
1
4
% sha r e
e cono: a i c
87.93
68.18
75.28
78.13
91.35
93.75
100.00
12.50
10.56
18.95
43.18
5.56
44.44
Pol i t i c a l
7
7
22
21
9
5
o
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14
127
77
25
17
5
% sha r e
pol i t i c a l
12.07
31.82
24.72
21. 88
8.65
6.25
0.00
87.50
89.44
81.05
56.82
94.44
55.56
5
Mean:
Pr e -NIP
73-81 378
NIP82 55
Pos t -NIP
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83-E~8 59
Pos t -NIP
a s % of
Pr e -NIP 13.5
84.19
100.00
18.21
21.6
71
o
265
78.9
15.81
0.00
81.79
517.34
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sour c e : The Bangl ade sh Labour Journa l , unpubl i shed
da t a of the Labor Di r a c tor a t e .
\ / ,
" ,Tabl e 3. - -Na tur e of the s e t t l anent of di sput e s
================================================================
Di r e c t Mediation Arbi t r a - Uncondi- Othe r Tot a l
Negot i - by Gm" t . t ion by t iona l r-~tho::ls
Year a t io. , CQ.'rJ.ciali- Indepe.,- Re tum
a tory dent Tr - to Work
Of f i . c e r i .bJna l
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1973 Na. 30 13 0 15 0 58
% 51. 7 22.4 0.0 25.9 0.0 100.0
1977 No. 2 4 0 16 0 22
% 9.1 18.2 0.0 72.7 0.0 100.0
1978 No. 32 53 0 4 0 89
% 36.0 59.6 0.0 4.5 0.0 100.0
1979 No. 20 37 0 33 6 6.3
% 20.8 38.5 0.0 34.4 6.3 100.0
1980 No. 19 14 1 0 70 104
% 18.3 13.5 0.96 0.0 67.3 100.0
1981 No. 23 18 0 25 5 80
% 40.0 22.5 0.0 31.3 6.3 100.0
1982 No. 33 12 0 1 9 55
% 60.0 22.0 0.0 1.82 10 62.5
1983 No. 4 0 0 10 2 16
% 25.0 0.0 0.0 62.5 12.5 100.0
1984 No. 10 15 0 103 14 142
% 7.0 10.6 0.0 72.5 9.9 100.0
1985 No. 10 0 0 84 1 95
% 10.5 0.0 0.0 88.4 1.1 100.0 .. -
i
1986 No. 3 5 0 30 8 46
% 6.5 10.9 0.0 65.2 17.4 100.0
1987 No. 0 1 0 16 1 18
% 0.0 5.6 0.0 88.9 5.6 100.0
1988 No. 3 0 0 6 0 9
% 33.3 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 100.0
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SOUrce: The Banaladesh La.1:x:ltlr Jouma l , va r ious i s sue s .
Also unp.JblisheC da t a of the Di r e c tor a t e of Lal:x>r.Tabl~ 4. - -Wage and produc t ion los s e s in
indus t ry due to
indus t r i a l di sput e s , HI ID e s t ima t e s
:====== ===========================~==~=======================
Wage los s e s Produc t ion los s e s
Ye a r In cur r ent In 1988 In cur r ent In 1988
pr i c e s pr i c e s pr i c e s pr i c e s
(Tk mi l l ion) (Tk mi l l ion) (Tk mi l l ion) (Tk mi l l ion)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Sour c e : The Bangl ade sh Labour Journa l , va r ious i s sue s . Al so,
unpubl i shed da t a of the Labour Di r e c tor a t e ; the St a t i s t i c a l
Ye a rbook of Bangl ade sh, va r ious i s sue s .
Tabl e 5. - -Wage s los t due to l abor di sput e s by indus t ry
(Taka s thous ands )
================================================================
Name of 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 19~7 1988
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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o
o
o
o
12
o 0 0 0
o 18 0 0
1 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 0 0 0
o 94 0 0
277 0 0 0
720 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
12 16 0 0
o 0 123 12
18637 12028 48066 8331
312 589 1511 133
26 62 0 0
o
o
o
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
11
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
![Page 27: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021214/577d2d441a28ab4e1ead4a3e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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o
o
f '
o i
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
87
o
121
o
o
000
![Page 28: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021214/577d2d441a28ab4e1ead4a3e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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o 84 0
o 876 0
o 162124 0
o 0 1816
o 0 40
008
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
16
o
o
53
o
1300
33867 12781 6810
o 2267 0
o 27 0
1 Jut e
2 Cot ton
3 Pr int ing
4 I ron &
St e e l
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5 Chemi c a l
& Pha rma .
6 Aluminium
7 Pape r
8 Oi l mi l l s
9 Shoe
10 Ship bui lding 115515
11 Hot t : : l &
r e s t aur ant
12 Mi s c .
Indus t ry
13 Jut e pr e s s
14 Te a
15 Bank
16 Le a the r
17 IWTA
18 Wa t e r
19 Ga rment s
Indus t ry
20 Pe t rol eum
21 News Pape r
22 Ga s
23 Rubbe r
produc t s
24 Engg.
25 Ma t ch
26 Tot a l 46735 178383 8674 4046 20005 12979 49808 11070 1720
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27.1 As % of
26 72 7 79 !OO
28.Employment
in jut e a s
% of tot a l
Employment 59 61 61 61
93
47
93
45
97
44
75
42
81
aThe l a s t l ine = employment in jut e mi l l s a s a pe r c ent age of
tot a l employment in the fol loWing ma jor indus t r i e s : cot ton mi l l s ,
jut e mi l l s , suga r mi l l s , c ement , gl a s s , ma t ch, pape r , & engine e r i
Sour c e of da t a on wage los s : The Bangl ade sh Labor Journa l and
publ i shed da t a of the Di r e c tor a t e of Labor .
/.::
NO OF OISPUTES
-,
....
~rr
h.
I J ) . .
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~-+--~---'---"'--------'------'----J-_'>'--'"""",--........io---'--'>'--'-'----'------1
-
;.
I . .
Q i
- i
1 I. .
I
·1 j
. ,
~J
,~
~."
==
o
en
a
c::
'"1
n
lTl100
75
50
25
%
Pol i t i c a l r e a sons
NIP
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Pol I t i c a l r e a sons
u
i i i
Indns t r i a l
di sput e s for
pol i t i c a l
r e a sons
Indus t r i a l
di spnt e s for
economic
rC<JHons
:
o
1973 1977
-----~_....~--~!~
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
....
Fig. 2. - - Indus t r i a l di sput e s due to pol i t i c a l ve r sus economic r e a sons ,
1973-1988.
Sour c e : Tabl e 2 .
I I ' I ' ' I I
I I -i lan,:ays
l~o~t in
; [0,000' s
' l age
Los s
Hi l l
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Taka s
in
1987-88
Pr i c e s
Produc t ion
Los s
1111.
Tak~s
in .
1981;88
Pr i c e s
Flg. ).--Estim~ted e~onomic loa~es due to indus t r i a l di sput e s , 1980-1988.
Sour cc: 'ra: Les anc: 4.
600,
400
1>0-
Ye a r s
200
500
300
1900'
r
1984 1965 1906 190t
Produc t ion.
los s
1983 .
10'
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to ~~
t '1
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l 1
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t t
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J
J
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. .... - " .
- r \ . . . .
8.,
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loa t
19~ 1982
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DO
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o J 0
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1801~eo
260
160
- ?40 -
140i 220
200
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