an annotated check-listof the vascular plants of …

THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2000 Supplement No. 8: 23-116© National University of Singapore

AN ANNOTATED CHECK-LIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTSOF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS SHORES

I.M. TurnerSingapore Botanic Gardens, 1, Cluny Road, Singapore 259569

Xing FuwuSouth China Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Guangzhou 510650, China

R.T. CorlettDepartment of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

ABSTRACT. - A check-list of the vascular plants commonly found growing in, or onthe shores of, the South China Sea is presented. Each entry is annotated with a briefdescription of habit and habitat and an outline of its distribution in the South ChinaSea Region.

KEY WORDS. - Coastal Vegetation, Strand Flora, Littoral Zone, Rocky Shore, Seagrass, Mangroves, Islands, Indochina, Malesia.

Botanically, the open sea is dominated by the algae. The South China Sea is no exception,and only a relatively few species of vascular plants live submerged in seawater throughouttheir life. The vascular plants dominate both the land, and the ecotone between land and sea- the seashores. The shores of the South China Sea are extensive, running along the mainlandof continental Asia from Fujian on the southern coast of China to the tip of the MalayPeninsula, and back across the north coasts of Borneo, Palawan, Luzon and the east coastof Taiwan. These coasts, and the open sea, are dotted with islands, adding greatly to theamount of vegetation under the direct influence of the South China Sea.

Here are found a wide range of vascular plants, which we have attempted to enumerate inthis paper. The major problem we faced in compiling the list was in deciding which speciesto include. As one moves away from the sea onto the land, the diversity of plants increasesand the species tend to be less restricted to coastal habitats, for instance, many weedy plantsgrow well at the top of beaches, above the high tide line, but they are not only found in suchsites, and often are commoner on waste ground further inland. Distinguishing between coastalspecialists and opportunists is not always easy, and some species with wide-ranging habitatpreferences are still characteristic of certain coastal vegetation types e.g. Tridax procumbensis a very common herb of sandy shores, but is also common in lowland grassland throughout

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Turner et al.: Vascular plants of the South China Sea and its shores

the region. We have erred on the side of caution in the list, including species that are oftenassociated with coastal vegetation, at least in parts of their range. To assist the reader indistinguishing the most important coastal elements we provide a series of tables listing thespecies we believe to characterize certain habitats.

The check-list information

The check-list includes the names we accept as correct for the vascular plants found naturally(native and naturalized) on the shores of, or in, the South China Sea. These are listed in thetraditional order of fern-allies, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (dicotyledons followedby monocotyledons). Within each major group, families are listed alphabetically, with speciesgiven in alphabetical order within each family. Important synonyms are given. A briefdecription emphasising life form and size and habitat notes follow. Finally an indication ofdistribution within the South China Sea region is included for each species. An abbreviatedform of reference to major areas is employed as follows:

PM = Peninsular Malaysia (East Coast)Sp =SingaporeRi = Riou Province, Indonesia (including Anambas and Natuna Islands)WK = West Kalimantan Province (Kalimantan Barat), IndonesiaSk = Sarawak, MalaysiaBn =Brunei (Negara Brunei Darussalam)Sb = Sabah, MalaysiaPh = Philippines (islands bordering the South China Sea)Th = ThailandCm = CambodiaVt = VietnamTw = TaiwanHn = HainanGx = GuangxiGd = GuangdongFj = Fujian

Relatively few islands occur in the South China Sea far from its main shores. These aremostly tiny but politically highly significant. The largest islands occur in the Anambas andNatuna groups of Indonesia, but they are very poorly documented botanically, and recordsare here included in Riou Province. The Spratly Islands (referred to as the Nansha Islandsin the Chinese literature), Paracel Islands (Xisha Is.) and Pratas Island (Tungsha or DongshaIs.) are included as localities because recent publications (see bibliography) have made asignificant number of records available.

In some cases it has proven difficult to localize exactly the distributions of species, and thefollowing have been used:

Bo. = BorneoMC = mainland China

The records are derived largely from published sources plus the personal knowledge of theauthors.

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THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2000 Supplement No. 8

Sea-grasses

The only vascular plants that can live perpetually submersed in saltwater are the sea-grasses,of which 15 species have been recorded from the South China Sea (Table 1). Ruppia maritimais an aquatic plant that can grow in brackish water, but not pure seawater. Sea-grasses generallygrow in clear shallow water, and form an important marine habitat, sea-grass meadows,which are quite extensive in certain parts of the South China Sea.

Table 1. Sea-grasses of the South China Sea.

Species

Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hempr. ex Asch.Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Asch. & MagnusEnhalus acoroides (Lf.) RoyleHalodule pinifolia (Miki) HartogHalodule uninervis (Forssk.) Asch.Halophila beccarii Asch.Halophila decipiens OstenfeldHalophila minor (Zoll.) HartogHalophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hookf.Halophila spinulosa (R.Br.) Asch.Posidonia australis Hook.!Syringodium isoetifolium (Asch.) DandyThalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch.Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) HartogZostera japonica Asch. & Graebner

Mangroves

Family

CymodoceaceaeCymodoceaceaeHydrocharitaceaeCymodoceaceaeCymodoceaceaeHydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceaeHydrocharitaceaePosidoniaceaeCymodoceaceaeHydrocharitaceaeCymodoceaceaeZosteraceae

Mangrove forests occur on sheltered tropical and subtropical shores, frequently where thesubstrate is fine mud, though mangroves can occur on sand, or even on coral flats. TheSouth China Sea, particularly in its tropical regions, is one of the world's richest places formangrove diversity. A list of species characteristic of the mangroves and muddy shores ofthe South China Sea is given in Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristic species of the mangroves and muddy shores of the South China Sea.An asterisk indicates a subtropical/temperate element.

Species

Acanthus ebracteatus VahlAcanthus ilicifolius L.Acanthus volubilis Wall.Acrostichum aureum L.Acrostichum speciosum Willd.Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) BlancoAegiceras floridum Roem. & Schult.Aganope heptaphylla (L.) PolhillAglaodorum griffithii (Schott) Schott

*Aster subulatus Michx.Avicennia alba BlumeAvicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

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Family

AcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaeMyrsinaceaeMyrsinaceaeLeguminosaeAraceaeCompositaeAvicenniaceaeAvicenniaceae


Table 2. - Continued

Species

Avicennia officinalis L.Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f

*Azima sarmentosa (Blume) Benth. & Hookj.Barringtonia conoidea Griff.Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq.Brownlowia argentata KurzBrownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BlumeBruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) SavignyBruguiera hainesii C.G. RogersBruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Am. ex Griff.Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. ClarkeBulbostylis puberula (Poir.) C.B. ClarkeCaesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.Caesalpinia crista L.Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) J. Dransf.Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc.

*Carex scabrifolia Steud.Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding HouCerbera odollam Gaertn.Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob.Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Rob.Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.Crinum asiaticum L.Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) SchottCynometra ramiflora L.Cyperus javanicus Houtt.Cyperus malaccensis Lam.

*Cyperus monophyllus VahlDalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) PrainDerris trifoliata Lour.Dolichandrone spathacea (Lj.) K.Schum.Excoecaria agallocha L.Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br.Finlaysonia obovata Wall.Gymnanthera oblonga (Burmj.) P.S. GreenHalosarcia indica (Willd.) Paul G. WilsonHeritiera littoralis Dryand.Hoya obtusifolia WightInocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) FosbergIntsia bijuga (Colebr.) KuntzeKandelia candel (L.) Druce

*Limonium sinense (Girard) KuntzeLumnitzera littorea (Jack) VoigtLumnitzera racemosa Willd.Melaleuca cajuputi PowellMerope angulata (Willd.) SwingleNypa fruticans WurmbOchthocharis javanica BlumeOsbornia octodonta F. Muel!.

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Family

AvicenniaceaeAvicenniaceaeSalvadoraceaeLecythidaceaeLecythidaceaeLecythidaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaePalmaeBombacaceaeCyperaceaeCelastraceaeApocynaceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeVerbenaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeLeguminosaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeBignoniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCyperaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeChenopodiaceaeSterculiaceaeAsclepiadaceaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeRhizophoraceaePlumbaginaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeMyrtaceaeRutaceaePalmaeMelasomataceaeMyrtaceae



Species

Phoenix paludosa Roxb.Pluchea indica (L.) Less.Rhizophora apiculata BlumeRhizophora mucronata Lam.Rhizophora stylosa Griff.Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F. Gaertn.Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.Sonneratia alba J.J.Sm.Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.Sonneratia griffithii KurzSonneratia hainanensis Ko et al.Sonneratia ovata Back.

*Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.Tricostularia undulata (Thwaites) KernTristellateia australasiae A. Rich.Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC.Xylocarpus granatum J. KonigXylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.

Sandy Shores

Family

PalmaeCompositaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeRhizophoraceaeCyperaceaeRubiaceaeAizoaceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeLythraceaeChenopodiaceaeCyperaceaeMalpighiaceaeCompositaeMeliaceaeMeliaceae

The flora of sandy shores has been studied in much less detail than the mangroves of theregion. The characteristic community of creeping plants low on the shore is often referredto as the pes-caprae association; an allusion to Ipomoea pes-caprae, the pantropical seashoremorning glory. Higher up on undisturbed beaches there are usually trees, includingBarringtonia asiatica which lends its name to the Barringtonia formation. The importantelements of the sandy shore flora of the South China Sea are listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Species characteristic of the sandy shores of the South China Sea. An asteriskindicates a subtropical/temperate element.

Species

Albizia retusa Benth.Ardisia elliptica Thunb.

* Atriplex maximowicziana Makino* Atriplex nummularia Lindl.* Atriplex repens Roth

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) KurzCaesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.Caesalpinia crista L.Caesalpinia major (Medik.) Dandy & ExellCalophyllum inophyllum L.

* Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br.Canavalia cathartica Thouars

* Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC.Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.

* Carex kobomugi Ohwi

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Family

LeguminosaeMyrsinaceaeChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceaeLecythidaceaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeGuttiferaeConvolvulaceaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeLeguminosae .Cyperaceae

Turner et a1.: Vascular plants of the South China Sea and its shores


Species

Cassytha filiformis L.Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.Cerbera manghas L.

* Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. ssp. virgatum (Thunb.) Kitam.Cocos nucifera L.Colubrina asiatica L. ex Brongn.Cordia subcordata Lam.Cyperus dubius Rottb.Cyperus radians Nees & MeyenCyperus stoloniferus Retz.Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.Digitaria heterantha (Hookj.) Merr.

* Diospyros maritima BlumeEragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.Erythrina fusca Lour.Erythrina variegata L.Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) KurzEulalia ridleyi (Hack.) A. CamusEuphorbia atoto G. Forst.Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.Fimbristylis sericea R.Br.

* Glehnia littoralis Schmidt ex Miq.Guettarda speciosa L.Heliotropium marifolium Retz.Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Ptesl) KubitzkiHeteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.Hibiscus tiliaceus L.Ipomoea campanulata L.Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb.Ipomoea littoralis BlumeIpomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br.Ipomoea violacea L.Ischaemum muticum L.Lepturus repens (G. Forst.) R.Br.Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) SwingleManilkara kauki (L.) DubardMelinis repens (Willd.) ZizkaMorinda citrifolia L.

* Myoporum bontioides A. GrayMyristica guatteriifolia A. DC.Pandanus odoratissimus L.f.Paspalum vaginatum Sw.Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. HeynePentatropis pierrei CostantinPittosporum ferrugineum Ail.

* PittosporUlJl tobira Ail.Pongamia pinnata (L.) PierrePouteria obovata (R.Br.) BaehniPremna serratifolia L.Remirea maritima' Aubl.

* Scaevola hainanensis Hance

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Family

LauraceaeCasuarinaceaeApocynaceaeChenopodiaceaePalmaeRhamnaceaeBoraginaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeLeguminosaeGramineaeEbenaceaeGramineaeLeguminosaeLeguminosaeErythroxylaceaeGramineaeEuphorbiaceaeConvolvulaceaeCyperaceaeUmbelliferaeRubiaceaeBoraginaceaeHernandiaceaeGramineaeMalvaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeGramineaeGramineaeRutaceaeSapotaceaeGramineaeRubiaceaeMyoporaceaeMyristicaceaePandanaceaeGramineaeLeguminosaeAsclepiadaceaePittosporaceaePittosporaceaeLeguminosaeSapotaceaeVerbenaceaeCyperaceaeGoodeniaceae



Species

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.Smythea lanceata (Tu!.) Summerh.Sophora tomentosa L.Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f) Merr.Sporobulus virginicus (L.) Kunth

* Suaeda nudiflora (Willd.) Moq.Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) KuntzeTerminalia catappa L.

* Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) KuntzeThespesia populnea (L.) So!. ex CorreaThuarea involuta (G. Forst.) R.Br. eX.Roem. & ·Schult.Tournefourtia sarmentosa Lam.

* Trianthemum portulacastrum L.* Tribulus cistoides L.* Tribulus terrestris L.

Tridax procumbens L.Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.Vitex trifolia L.Xantolis maritima (Pierre) P. RoyenXimenia americana L.Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.

Rocky Shores and Cliffs

Family

GoodeniaceaeRhamnaceaeLeguminosaeGramineaeGramineaeChenopodiaceaeMyrtaceaeTaccaceaeCombretaceaeAizoaceaeMalvaceaeGramineaeBoraginaceaeAizoaceaeZygophyllaceaeZygophyllaceaeCompositaeLeguminosaeVerbenaceaeSapotaceaeOlacaceaeGramineae

Little, if any, definitive research has been done on the vegetation of the rocky shores of theSouth China Sea. We tentatively list a few common species in Table 4. Undoubtedly thereare others, but as there has been no detailed synthesis across the region we are reluctant tomake any more concrete statements. There is clearly considerable scope for more researchon the floristics and phytosociology of coastal vegetation in the region.

Table 4. Species characteristic of the rocky coasts of the South China Sea. An asterisk indicatesa subtropical/temperate element.

Species

AllOphYlus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC.Cycas edentata de Laub.Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh.Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.

*Limonium wrightii (Hance) KuntzeOlea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.Pandanus dubius Spreng.Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.Pisonia grandis R. Br.Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex End!.Xylocarpus rumphii (Koste!.) Mabb.

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Family

SapindaceaeRutaceaeCycadaceaeEbenaceaeHernandiaceaePlumbaginaceaeOleaceaePandanaceaeLythraceaeNyctaginaceaePodocarpaceaeMeliaceae


Small Island Specialists

There is a small group of species (Table 5), members of which are rarely found on the mainland(or large islands such as Borneo or Palawan). They are restricted to small, often remote,islands, yet sometimes have very large ranges extending, in some cases, from the Indian tothe Pacific Ocean. The reasons for having extensive, yet extremely sparse, distributions area matter for speculation.

Table 5. Species largely restricted to small islands in the South China Sea region.

Species

Argusia argentea (L.f.) HeinePouteria linggensis (Burck) BaehniSerianthes grandiflora Benth.Sida pusilla Cav.Soulamea amara Lam.Stenotaphrum micranthum (Desv.) C.E. Hubb.Suriana maritima L.Triumfetta procumbens G. Forst.

THE CHECK-LIST

LYCOPODOPHYTA

LYCOPODIACEAE

Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.Lycopodium squarrosum G.Forst.epiphyteon forest trees, including mangroves, to mid-altitudesPM, Bo., Ph, Th.

PSILOPHYTA

PSILOTACEAE

Psilotum complanatum Sw.Psi/otum flaccidum Wall.epiphyteon tree trunks in light shade, sometimes near the seaall tropical areas.

Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv.Psi/otum triquetrum Sw.often epiphyticon mossy tree trunks to mid-altitudes, often coastalall tropical areas.

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Family

BoraginaceaeSapotaceaeLeguminosaeMalvaceaeSimaroubaceaeGramineaeSurianaceaeTiliaceae


FILICINOPHYTA

ADIANTACEAE

Adiantum stenochlamys Bakerfrequent on rocks near the seaPM, Bo.,Th, Vt, Ph, MC.

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm.f) Sw.terrestrialcommon on banks and rocks in exposed places at low altitudesPM, Bo., Th, Ph.

ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium macrophyllum Sw.on trees and rockslowland and lower montane forest, including rocky shoresPM, Bo., Th, Vt, Tw.

BLECHNACEAE

Stenochlaena hainanensis Ching & P.S. Chiuclimber in mangroveHn, Gd.

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd.climber at forest margins, often in back mangrovePM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, Hn.

DAVALLIACEAE

Davallia denticulata (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhncommon lowland epiphyte, up to 500 mPM, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Davallia heterophylla lSm.Humata heterophylla (I.Srn.) Desv.usually on rocks near the seaPM, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Davallia parvula Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.Humata parvula (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Mett.epiphyteon old mangrove trees and inland to 800mPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb.

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Davallia pectinata I.Sm.Humata pectinata (I.Sm.) Desv.on rocks and trees near the sea, limestone inlandPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Ph, Tw.

Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.common on trees and rocks near the seaup to 300 mPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Gx.

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn var. commixta (Tagawa) K.U. Kramerusually on rocks near the sea, sometimes inland to 500 mPM, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw.

Lindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhn var. orbiculataSchizoloma orbiculatum (Lam.) KuhnLindsaea orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. ex Kuhnusually on rocks near the sea, sometimes inland to 500 m.Sk, Ph, Hn, Tw, Gd.

Odontosoria biflora (Kaulf.) C. Chr.Stenoloma biflorum (Kaulf.) ChingSphenomeris biflora (Kaulf.) Tagawaterrestrialexposed places, often near the seaTw, Gx, Gd, Fj.

DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f) C. Preslterrestrial, to 25 cm tallamong rocks near the seaTw, Gd, Fj.

Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) SledgeQuercifilix zeilanica (Houtt.) Cope!.terrestrialearth banks and streamsides in shadePM, Sb, Th, Vt, Tw.

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HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

Crepidomanes digitatum (Sw.) K. IwatsukiTrichomanes digitatum Sw.Microtrichomanes digitatum (Sw.) Cope!.on trees and rocksmontane forest, or on mangrove treesPM, Bo., Th, Ph.

Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Presl) C.Chr.on trees and rocksmontane forest, mangroves and swamp forestPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph.

OLEANDRACEAE

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) H. Christ.epiphyteon old tress in the lowlands, often near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Ph.

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schottterrestrialvery common lowland fern of open placesPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Hn, Tw, Gd, Paracel Is., Spratly Is.

POLYPODlACEAE

Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) HovenkarnpAlgaomorpha speciosa (Blume) RoosPhotinopteris speciosa (Blume) C. Preslepiphytemangroves, riverside trees and in forests to 1600 mPM, Sk, Sb, Th, Vt.

Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J.Sm.common old tree epiphytelowlands and hills to 1200 mPM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Mooreepiphyte on exposed trees up to 35 mlowlands and hills to 1400 mPM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Lecanopteris crustacea Copel.Phymatodes crustacea (Cope!.) Holttumant-inhabited epiphyteon tall trees in lowlands, sometimes coastalPM, Sp, Bo., Th.

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Lecanopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel.Phymatodes sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) I.Srn.Mynnecopteris sinuosa (Wall. ex Hook.) Pic.Serm.epiphytic antplantPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Mierosorum scolopendrium (Burm!) Copel.Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm.Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.f.) Chingold tree epiphytelowlandsPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Hn, Tw, Gd, Paracel Is.

Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) FarwellPyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Chingcommon epiphyteon trees and rocks, particularly near the seaPM, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. PriceDrymoglossum piloselloides (L.) C. Preslcommon on exposed tree trunks and brancheslowlands and hills to 1000 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph.

PTERIDACEAE

Acrostichum aureum L.terrestrial to 4 m tallmangroves and damp ground near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Acrostichum speciosum Willd.terrestrial, usually less than 2 m tallseaward parts of mangrove swampsPM, Sp, Th, Hn, Gx, Gd.

Pteris ensijormis Burm.!terrestrialpartially shaded conditions in the lowlands and hillsPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Pteris vittata L.in open places and on walls at all altitudesPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

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SCHIZAEACEAE

Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f) Sw.climberlowland to montane forest at 1500 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph.

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.climbercommon in secondary vegetation to 1000 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br.Lygodium scandens Sw.climberforest margins to 1300 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. Srn.terrestrialon lightly-shaded sandy soils to 1000 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw.terrestrialdrier sorts of plantation and forestPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

CYCADOPHYTA

CYCADACEAE

Cycas clivicola K.D. Hill ssp. clivicolacycad to 8 m talllimestone cliffs, including sea coast and islandsTh.

Cycas clivicola K.D. Hill ssp. lutea K.D. Hillcycad to 6 m talllimestone outcrops including coastal cliffsTh, Cm, Vt.

Cycas edentata de Laub.Cycas rumphii auctt. plur. non Miq.cycad to 7 m tallrocky and sandy shoresPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, Vt.

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Cycas elongata (Leandri) D.Y. YangCycas pectinata Griff. vaT. elongata LeandriEpicycas elongata (Leandri) S.L. Yangcycad to 6 m tallmostly near the coastVt.

Cycas lindstromii S.L. Yang et al.Epicycas lindstromii (S.L. Yang et al.) de Laub.trunkless cycadsandy places near the seaVt.

Cycas miquelii Warb.Epicycas miquelii (Warb.) de Laub.cycad to I m tallon limestone, sometimes coastalVt, MC.

GNETOPHYTA

GNETACEAE

Gnetum gnemon L. var. gnemontree to 20 m tallrocky coasts and islands, widely cultivatedPM, Sp, Ph.

CONIFEROPHYTA

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus costalis Preslshrub or small treeamong rocks near the seaPh, Tw.

Podocarpus polystachyus R.Br. ex Endl.shrub or tree to 20 m tallcoastal vegetation, sometimes inlandPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th.

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MAGNOLIOPHYTA

MAONOLIOPSIDA

ACANTHACEAE

Acanthus ebracteatus Vahlspreading shrub to 3 m tallmangroves, tidal mudPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn, Ox, Od.

Acanthus ilicifolius L.spreading shrub to 1.5 m tallmangrovesMp, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Ox, Od, Fj.

Acanthus volubilis Wall.trailing shrubtidal mudPM, Sp, Ph.

AIZOACEAE

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.creeping succulent herbon sandy or muddy beaches near the tide linePM, Sp, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Ox, Od, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntzefleshy decumbent herb to 60 cm longsandy shoresTw, Od, Fj.

Trianthemum portulacastrum L.herbsandy beachesTw, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

AMARANTHACEAE

Philoxerus wrightii Hook.fherb to 7 cm tallmostly on seashoresTw.

Trichurus monsoniae (L.f) c.c. Towns.herb to 90 cm talldry sandy placesTh, Cm.

37


ANACARDIACEAE

Anacardium occidentale L.tree to 12msandy places, usually near the sea, widely plantedPM, Bn.Naturalized from tropical America.

Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn.tree to 20 m tallsandy coastal forest and inlandPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, MC, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb

Buchanania arborescens (Blume) BlumeBuchanania lucida Blumetree to 27 m tallcommon on sandy and rocky coasts and riverbanks, also inlandPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, MC, Ph, Tw

Buchanania insignis Blumetree to 25 m talllowland forest including tidal swampsBn, Sb, Ph.

Gluta velutina BlumeGluta coarctata Hookj.large shrub or stilt-rooted tree to 20 m tallbanks of tidal riversPM, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt.

Semecarpus longifolius BlumeSemecarpus gigantifolia Vidalmedium-sized treelowland forest and seashoresPh, Tw.

Semecarpus paucinervius Merr.tree to 20 m talllowlands including seashoresSb, Ph.

ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour.) Merr.Ancistrocladus pinangianus Planch.trailing shrub or lianasandy places, often near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Th, Vt, Rn.

38


APOCYNACEAE

Alyxia reinwardtii Blume var. lucida (Wall.) Markgr.Alyxia lucida Wall.slender climberoften coastalPM, Sp, Bn.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. DonLochnera rosea (L.) Rehb. ex Endl.herbseashores and waste sandy placesPM, Sp, Bo., Paracel Is.Naturalized from Madagascar.

Cerbera manghas L.Cerbera lactaria Bueh.-Ham. ex D. Dietr.small treerocky and sandy coastsPM, Sp, Sk, Th, Bn, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

Cerbera odollam Gaertn.small treemangrove swamps and muddy coastsPM, Sp, Sk, Th, Vt.

Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosberg & SachetOchrosia borbonica auct. non Gmel.Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Sehum.small tree to 10 mon rocky and sandy shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Th, Ph, Spratly Is.

Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.Parsonsia spiralis Wall. ex G. DonParsonsia helicandra Hook. & Am.Parsonsia laevigata (Moon) Alstonvineclimbing on bushes, often near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph, Tw, MC.

Trachelospermum gracilipes Hook.!climbercoastal regionsVt, Tw, MC.

39


ARALIACEAE

Arthrophyllum diversifolium BlumeArthrophyllum ovatifolium Jungh. & de VrieseArthrophyllum congestum Rid!.sparsely branched tree to 14 m tallforest margins or secondary forest in lowlands and hills, frequently coastalPM, Sp, Bo. (Bn).

Gastonia serratifolia (Miq.) PhilipsonGastonia papuana Miq.tree to 20 m tallon the shore or sea cliffs, also inlandPM, Sb, Ph.

Schefflera elliptica (Blume) HarmsSchefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr.Schefflera jukienensis Merr.climber or straggling shrub, often epiphyticlowland and hill forest, also mangroves and on limestonePM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, TW, MC.

Schefflera lanceolata Ridl.climberrocks near the sea, mangrovePM, Sp.

Schefflera littoralis (Miq.) Harmsclimber or straggling shrubcoastal and inlandSk.

Schefflera ridleyi (King) R. Vig. var. ridleyiepiphytic shrub, occasionally epilithiclowland and hill forest, also in mangrovesPM, Sp.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Asclepias curassavica L.herb to 1 m tallopen sandy spotsPM, Sp, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, FjNaturalized from tropical America.

Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aitonshrub 1-5 m tallopen sandy places, often coastalPM, Bn, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

40


Cynanchum atratum Bungeherb 40-80 cm tallsandy places, sometimes near the seaTw, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Cynanchum insularum (Hance) Hemsl. var. lineare (Tsiang & Zhang) Tsiang & Zhangherbseaside grasslandHn, Gd.

Dischidia albiflora Griff.Disehidia eollyris Wall.creeping epiphyte, leaves convexon trees near the seaPM, Bo., Th.

Dischidia complex Griff.slender creeping epiphyte, some leaves pitcher-likelowland forestPM, Sp, Bo.

Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr.Disehidia rafflesiana Wall.creeping epiphyte, some leaves pitcher-likelowland and hill forest, common near the seaPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph.

Finlaysonia obovata Wall.Finlaysonia maritima auet. non Backer & K. Heynethin-stemmed climberback mangroves and banks of tidal riversPM, Sp, Bo., Vt, Ph.

Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm.f) P.S. GreenGymnanthera nitida R. Br.Gymnanthera paludosa (Blume) K. Sehum.liana to 2 m longmangrovesSp, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Hoya coriacea BlumeHoya oeclusa Ridl.stout twining epiphyteforests from mangroves to hill tops, including limestonePM, Sp, Bo., Th.

Hoya coronaria Blumehairy twining epiphytemangroves, lowland forest incl. quartzite and limestone ridgesPM, Sp, Bn, Th.

41


Roya imperialis Lindl.

shrubby climbermangrove and lowland forestPM, Sp, Bo.

Roya obtusifolia Wightstout-stemmed twining epiphytemangrovesPM, Sp, Bo., Th.

Roya verticillata (Vahl) G. Don var. verticillataHoya parasitica Wall. ex WightHoya ridleyi King & Gambleclimbing twining epiphyteoften near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt.

Pentatropis pierrei Costantintwining herbsandy shoresVt.

Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigttwining climber to 2 m longseashore thicketsTh, Vt, Hn, Gd.

Secamone elliptica R.Bf.Secamone micrantha (Decne.) Decne.slender lianaopen places near the seaPM, Sp, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

Tylophora flexuosa R. Br.Tylophora tenuis BlumeTylophora tenuissima (Roxb. ex Schult.) Wight & Am.Tylophora tetrapetala (Dennst.) Sureshslender twinercommon along tidal riversPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

Tylophora indica (Burm.f) Merr.Tylophora asthmatica (Lj) Wight & Am.slender twinersandy places near the sea or riversPM, Sp.

42


AVICENNIACEAE

Avicennia alba Blumetree to 21 m tallmuddy mangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph.

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.Avicennia intermedia Griff.Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Rid!.tree to 12 m tallmangrovePM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Rn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Avicennia officinalis L.tree to 18 m tallmangrove, generally on landward fringePM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph.

Avicennia rumphiana Rallier fAvicennia lanata Rid!.tree to 30 m tallsandier mangrovesPM, Sp, Ph.

BIGNONIACEAE

Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f) K.Schum.Dolichandrone rheedei (Spreng.) Seem.tree to 24 m tall, usually smallermangroves and other muddy areas near the seaPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Rn, Gd.

Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K. Schum.tree to 15 m tallriver banks and coastal forestPM, Ri, Th.

BOMBACACEAE

Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc.tree to 30 m tallmangroves, sandy beachesPh, Bo.

43


BORAGINACEAE

Argusia argentea (L.f) HeineTournefortia argentea L.fMesserschmidia argentea (L.f) LM. Johnst.shrub to 3 m tallsandy coasts of offshore islandsPM, Ph, Vt, Tw, Hn, Paracel Is., Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam.Cordia retusa VahlCarmona mierophylla (Lam.) G. DonEhretia buxifolia Roxb.shrub to 3 m tallsometimes coastalPM, Th, Ph, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Coldenia procumbens L.creeping herb to 40 cm tallbeaches, dry sandy groundPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.Cordia griffithii C.B. ClarkeCordia obliqua Willd.Cordia premnifolia Rid!.tree to 13 m tall, rarely climbinglowland forest, back mangrove, on limestonePM, Sp, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Cordia subcordata Lam.tree to 15 m tallrocky and sandy sea shoresPM, Sb, Th, Ph, Vt, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Ehretia dichotoma BlumeEhretia timorensis auct. non Decne.scrambling shrub or small tree to 16 m talllowland forest, often near the sea, also on limestonePM, Sb, Vt.

Ehretia resinosa Hanceshrub or small treeseashorePh, Tw, Spratly Islands.

Heliotropium marifolium Retz.subshrub to 15 cm talldry sandy beachesTh, Cm, Vt, Hn.

44


Heliotropium strigosum Willd.herb to 30 cm tallsandy places, often near the seaTh, Cm, Vt, Gd, Fj.

Tournefourtia sarmentosa Lam.scandent shrubalong seashorePM, Bo., Vt, Ph, Tw.

BURSERACEAE

Canarium asperum Benth.tree to 30 m tallrocky coasts and inland forestsSb, Ph.

Canarium reniforme Kochummen & Whitmoresmall tree to 20 m tallhill forest, often coastalPM.

Garuga floribunda Decne.tree to 12 m tallcoastal forestPM, Sb, Ph.

CACTACEAE

Opuntia monacantha Haw.succulent prickly shrub to 2 m talldry sandy places, usually near the seaPM.Naturalized from the New World.

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii (Ker Gawl.) L.D. BensonOpuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw.prickly succulent shrubrocky headlandsTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.Naturalized from the New World.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Capparis beneolens Gagnep.shrub to 2 m talloften coastalVt.

45


Capparis floribunda Wight

shrubdry coastal places, often in coastal areasTh, Ph, Tw.

Capparis micracantha DC. ssp. mieracanthashrub or small tree 26 m talllowland forest, sea shorePM, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Hn, MC.

Capparis spinosaL. var. mariana (Jacq.) K. Schum.prostrate shrubdry sites, sometimes coastalPh.

Maerua siamensis (Kurz) PaxNiebuhria siamensis Kurzshrubsometimes coastalTh, Vt.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Polycarpaea arenaria (Lour.) Gagnep.herb to 40 cm tallopen sites at low altitudes, often near the seaCm, Vt.

Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.herbsandy shoresTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Sagina maxima A. Graysmall herbmostly coastalTw, MC.

Si/ene fortunei Vis. var. fortuneiherb to 70 cm tallpebbly places on shores and mountainsTw, MC.

Si/ene fortunei Vis. var. kiruninsularis (Masam.) S.S. Yingcreeping herbcoastsTw

46


CASUARINACEAE

Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.tree to 50 m tallsandy coasts, widely plantedPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Ph, Th, MC, Paracel Is.

CELASTRACEAE

Cassine viburnifolia (Juss.) Ding HouElaeodendron subrotundum Kingshrub or small tree to 10 m tallnear the sea, in mangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph.

Euonymus cochinchinensis Pierretree to 12 m tallcoastal forest, and inland to 1200 mPM, Sb, Cm, Tw, Ph, Hn.

Loeseneriella macrantha (Korth.) A.c. Srn.Hippocratea macrantha Korth.lianalowland forest to 400 rn, often near rivers, also in mangrovePM, Sp, Sk.

Maytenus diversifolia (A. Gray) Ding Houspiny shrubmostly coastalPh, Th, Vt, Hn, Tw, Fj.

Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Houspiny shrub 2-4 m tallmangroves or sea shorePM, Sp, Sb, Tw.

CHENOPODIACEAE

Atriplex maximowicziana Makinolow shrubsandy shoresTw, Fj.

Atriplex nummularia Lindl.shrubsandy shoresTw.

47


Atriplex repens Roth

shrubsandy or muddy beachesHn, Gd.

Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. ssp. virgatum (Thunb.) Kitamuraherb to 60 cmsandy shoresPh, Tw, Vt, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

Halosarcia indica (Willd.) Paul G. WilsonArthrocnemum indicum (Wild.) Moq.herbmuddy places near the seaVt, Hn, Gd.

Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.Suaeda australis (R.Br.) Moq.subshrubsandy and muddy beaches, saltmarshesTh, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Suaeda nudiflora (Willd.) Moq.herbsandy shoresTw, MC.

CHRYSOBALANACEAE

Atuna racemosa Rafin.tree to 45 m talloccasionally found in back mangrovePM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Ph

Chrysobalanus icaco L.shrub to 5 m tallcoastal scrubSpnaturalized from tropical America.

Licania splendens (Korth.) Prancetree to 25 m talllowland forest sometimes on seashoresTh, PM, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Ph.

Maranthes corymbosa BlumeParinarium griffithianum Benth.tree to 39 m tallmostly coastal, but also in the mountainsPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph.

48


COMBRETACEAE

Combretum tetralophum C.B. ClarkeCombretum wrayi Kingscandent shrub or large lianamangroves and riverside forestPM, Sp, Bo., Bn, Th, Vt.

Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) VoigtLumnitzera coccinea Wight & Am.red-flowered tree to 30 m with kneed pneumatophoresback mangroves, sandy shoresPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Rn.

Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.white-flowered tree to 8 m tall without pneumatophoresmangrovesPM, Sp, Rt Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Rn, Gx, Gd.

Terminalia catappa L.pagoda tree 10-35 m tallsandy and rocky shores, widely planted shade treePM, Sp, Bn, Bo., Ph, Tw, Rn, Gx, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Hem.tree 20-30 m talllowland forest, often along the seashorePM, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph.

COMPOSITAE

Artemisia capillaris Thunb.much-branched shrublet 30-100 cm tallseashores and along riversPh, Tw, Gd.

Artemisia fukudo Makinoherb to 50 cm tallnear coastsTw.

Aster subulatus Michx.herb to 1 m tallsalt marshesTw.Naturalized from North America

49


Calotis anamitica (Kuntze) Merr.Caloris gaudichaudii Gagnep.herb coastalVt, Hn.

Cirsium maritimum Makinoherb to 60 cm tallnear seashoresTw.

Crossostephium chinense (L.) Makinoherbrocky shores and cliffs, forests in coastal areasTw,Gd.

Epaltes divaricata (L.) Cav.Poilania laggeroides Gagnep.spreading herb to 30 cm talldry grassy places, often coastalVt, Hn.

Gynura elliptica Y. Yabe & Hayataherb to 35 cm tallsea coastLanyu Island, Tw.Endemic.

Heteropappus hispidus (Thunb.) Less. ssp. oldhamii (F.B. Forbes & Hems!.) Kitarn.erect herb to 100 cm tallcoastal forestsnorthern Tw.Endemic subspecies.

Ixeris japonica (Burm.f.) Nakai ssp. litoralis Kitarn.creeping herbsandy places near the seaTw.

Ixeris repens (L.) A. Graycreeping herbsandy beachesTw, Vt, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.) Sch. Bip. ex KuntzeLaunaea pinnatifida Cass.herbsandy beachesVt, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

50


Pluchea indica (L.) Less.shrub to 1.5 m tallcommon in tidal swampsPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Od.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.erect herbopen sandy waste groundSp.Naturalized from tropical America.

Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) PruskiWedelia ehinensis (Osbeck) Merr.Complaya ehinensis (Osbeck) StrotherTheleehitonia ehinensis (Osbeck) H. Rob. & Cuatrec.creeping herbdamp places near the seaPM, Ph, Tw, Vt, MC.

Spilanthes anactina F. Muell.Spilanthes urens auet. non Jacq.creeping herb to 40 cm tallPM,Bn.

Taraxacum formosanum Kitam.rosette-forming herbgrassy places and sandy shoresTw.

Tridax procumbens L.creeping herbwaste ground, frequent at the back of beachesPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Od, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.Naturalized from tropical America.

Vernonia maritima Merr.herbcoastsPh, Tw.

Wedelia prostrata (Hook. & Am.) Hemsl.long-creeping herbsea shoresTw, Vt, Hn, Ox, Od, Fj.

Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC.Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.scrambling herbcommon in tidal mudPM, Sp, Ph, Tw, Hn, Ox, Od, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

51


Xanthium strumarium L. var. japonicum (Widder) Hara

herb to 90 cm tallriverbanks and seashoresTw, Hn, Gd.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br.herbaceous creeper to I m longsandy shores, coastal dunesTw, Fj.

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.prostrate or erect herbsandy shores, dry open placesPM, Sp, Ri, Ph, Tw, Hn, Paracel Is.

Ipomoea campanulata L.Ipomoea illustris (C.B. Clarke) Prainslightly woody twining vineclimbing on sea shore vegetationPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph.

Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb.Ipomoea stolonifua (Cirillo) I.F. Gmel., nom. illegit.Ipomoea carnosa R.Br.trailing herb to 5 m longsand dunes and beachesPM, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr.twining herbcoastal habitats and inland forestsPM, Ph, Tw, Gd., Paracel Is.

Ipomoea littoralis BlumeIpomoea gracilis auctt. plur., non R.Br.creeping herb, sometimes climbingsandy shoresPM, Sp, Bn, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Spratly Is.

Ipomoea marginata (Desr.) Verdc.Ipomoea sagittaefolia Burm.fIpomoea maxima auctt. plur., non (L.f) Don ex SweetIpomoea sepiaria Koenig ex Roxb., nom. illegit.twining or prostrate vine to 2.5 m longusually near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn.

52


Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br.trailing herb to 30 m longsandy seashoresPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Gx, Fj, Paracel Is., Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L.twining or creeping vinesandy waste placesPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

Ipomoea polymorpha Roem. & Schult.erect or decumbent herb to 60 cm longgrasslands or sandy places near the seaCm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Ipomoea triloba L.twining or creeping vinesandy areas and waste placesPM, Sp, Bo, Gd, Ph.Naturalized from tropical America.

Ipomoea violacea L.Ipomoea tuba (Schltl.) G. DonIpomoea macrantha Roem. & Schult.woody twining vinesea shoresSp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier flarge lianaopen places, often near the seaBo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F. Austin & StaplesMerremia tridentata (L.) Hallier fMerremia hastata (Desr.) Hallier ftwining vine to 2 m longopen grassy places, often near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

CRASSULACEAE

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.herb 30-200 cm tallopen dry places to lOOO m, including rocky shoresPM, Sp, Bo., Ph.Naturalized from tropical Africa.

53


Sedum formosanum N.B. Br.Sedum alfredi auct. non Raneefleshy herb to 15 cm tallseashoresTw, Ph, MC.

CRUCIFERAE

Coronopus integrifolius (DC.) Spreng.herbgrassland near the seaTw,Gd.

Lepidium virginicum L.herb to 80 cmwaste ground, mostly coastalTw.Naturalized from North America

Raphanus sativus L.herb to 80 cm tallcoastal regionsTw.

EBENACEAE

Diospyros jerrea (Willd.) Bakh.Mdba buxifolia Pers.tree to 12 m tallsandy and rocky shores, also on limestonePM, Sp, Th, Tw.

Diospyros maritima Blumetree to 15 m tallalong the seashoreVt, Ph, Tw.

EPACRIDACEAE

Styphelia abnormis (Sond.) J.J. Srn.shrub or small treerocky or sandy beaches or similar substrates inlandSb.

Styphelia malayana (Jack) Spreng.shrub or small treesandy or rocky shores or mountain topsPM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt.

54


ERICACEAE

Rhododendron brookeanum H. Low ex Lindl. var. brookeanumepiphyte or terrestrial shrub to 2 m tallin mangrove or on coastal rocks, extending inland to montane forestBo., Bn.

Rhododendron longijlorum Lindl. var. longijlorumshrub, sometimes epiphyticon mangrove trees or coastal rocks, also inlandPM, Bo., Bn.

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.Vaccinium malaccense WightVaccinium pubicarpum Rid\.shrub or small tree to 6 m tallsandy seashores and mountainsPM, Sp, Ri, Th, Vt, Hn, Gd.

Vaccinium littoreum Miq.Vaccinium hasseltii Miq.shrub, often epiphyticsandy shores, rocky ridges, montane forestPM, Sp.

Vaccinium wrightii A. Gray var. wrightiismall evergreen treemostly coastalTw.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum cuneatum (Miq.) KurzErythroxylum burmanicum Griff.tree to 30 m talllowland and hill forest, common near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha lanceolata Willd.herb to 1 m tallwaste places and sandy shoresPM, Sk, Ph, Hn, Paracel Is., Spratly Is.

55


Acalypha suirenbiensis Yamam.subshrubcoastalTw.Endemic

Austrobuxus nitidus Miq. var. nitidusLongetia malayana (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm.tree to 27 m talllowland forest, coastal forest, swamps, mountainsPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb.

Bridelia parvifolia KuntzeBridelia poilanei Gagnep.small treesand dunesVt.

Chaetocarpus castanocarpus (Roxb.) Thwaitesshrub or treesometimes on sandy sites near the seaPM, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt.

Drypetes formosana (Kaneh. & Sasaki ex Shimada) Kaneh.Liodendron formosanum (Kaneh. & Sasaki ex Shimada) Kengsmall treeforests near the seaTw.

Drypetes littoralis (C.B. Rob.) Merr.small treecoastal, sometimes also inlandSb, Ph, Tw.

Euphorbia atoto G. Forst.Chamaesyce atoto (G. Forst.) Croizatsucculent herb to 60 cm tallsandy seashoresPM, Sp, Sb, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Euphorbia bifida Hook. & Am.Euphorbia vachellii Hook. & Am.Euphorbia serrulata (non Thuill.) Reinw. ex Blumeherbsandy shores and waste groundTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

56


Euphorbia cyathophora MUff.

Euphorbia heterophylla auct. non L.

herbsea shores, waste groundMP, Bo., Tw, MC, Paracel Is.Naturalized from tropical America.

Euphorbia hirta L.Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.herbwaste places including seashoresPM, Sp, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Euphorbia hsinchuensis (Lin & Chaw) c.Y. Wu & I.S. MaChamaesyce hsinchuensis Un & Chawprostrate herbsandy beaches and riversidesTwEndemic.

Euphorbia makinoi HayataChamaesyce makinoi (Hayata) Haraherbsandy shores and waste groundPh, Tw, MC.

Euphorbia sparmannii Boiss.Chamaesyce sparmannii (Boiss.) Hurusawaherbcoral beachesTw.

Euphorbia taihsiensis (Chaw & Koutrik) OudejansChamaesyce taihsiensis Chaw & Koutrikprostrate herbcoral reefs and on cementTwEndemic

Euphorbia thymifolia L.Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp.prostrate herbcultivation, waste ground, sea shoresTw, Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Excoecaria agallocha L.small treemangrove swamps and rocky shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

57


Excoecaria kawakamii HayatashrubTw.Endemic to Lanyu and Lutao islands.

Glochidion littorale Blume var. littoraleshrubcoastsPM, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph.

Glochidion mindorense C.B. Rob.shrub or small treeon rocks, often near the seaSb, Ph.

Glochidion perakense (Miill.Arg.) Airy ShawGlochidion glaberrimum Rid!.shrub or small tree to 6 m tallmainly coastal swampy placesPM, Sp.

Jatropha curcas L.shrubsandy places including beachesHn, Gd, Paracel Is.Naturalized.

Margaritariaindica (Dalzell) Airy Shawsmall treesometimes coastalPM, Sk, Sb, Th, Ph, Tw, Gx.

Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Miill.Arg.large climbing shruboften along seashoresPh, Tw.

Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Miill.Arg.Mallotus papillaris (Blanco) Miill.Arg.shrub or small tree to 7.5 moften coastalMP, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth.annual herb to 30 cm tallopen sandy places near the coastPM, Sp.

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Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Miill.Arg.Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Miill.Arg.herb to 90 cm tallopen sandy places near the seaPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Sauropus bacciformis (L.) Airy ShawAgyneia bacciformis L.Synostemon bacciformis (L.) G.L. Websterbushy herbsaline soils, usually near the seaPM, Sp, Ph, Bn, Sb, Tw, Hn, Gd, Gx, Fj.

Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Miill.Arg. ssp. pacifica (Miill.Arg.) Steenisshrub or small tree to 10 m tallcoastal forestPh.

Suregada aequorea (Hance) Seem.Gelonium aequoreum Raneesmall treeseashoresTw.

Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Baill. var. multifloraGelonium bifarium Roxb.Gelonium glomerulatum Rassk.Gelonium multiflorum Juss.Gelonium tenuifolium Ridl.shrub or small tree to 12 m tallrocky and sandy shores, also inland in rocky places to 750 mPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Ph.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Hemiscolopia trimera (Boerl.) Slootentree to 10 m tallcoastal forest and inlandPM, Vt.

Homalium dasyanthum (Turcz.) Warb.Homalium griffithianum Kurztree to 30 m tallnear the coast, including limestone areasPM, Th, Vt.

Scolopia macrophylla (Wight & Am.) ClosScolopia rhinanthera (Benn. & Br.) Closspiny tree to 9 m talllowlands, usually coastalPM, Bo., Th, Cm.

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Scolopia oldhamii Hance

small treecommon on the coast, also inlandPh, Tw, MC.

GOODENIACEAE

Goodenia pilosa (R.Br.) CarolinCalogyne pilosa R.Br.Calogyne pilosa ssp. chinensis (Benth.) H.S. Kiuherb to 23 cm tallrice fields, waste ground, grasslands near the seaPh, Vt, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Scaevola hainanensis HanceshrubcoastalVt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.Scaevola sericea VahlScaevola koenigii Vahllarge succulent shrubsandy shoresPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

GUTTIFERAE

Calophyllum inophyllum L.tree to 25 m tallrocky and sandy shoresPM, Sp, Bn, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Garcinia celebica L.Garcinia hombroniana Pierretree to 30 m tallmost frequently near the seaPM, Sp, Bn.

Garcinia subelliptica Merr.small tree to 18 m tallin thickets along the shorePh, Tw.

Mammea odorata (Rafin.) Kosterm.small treesandy seashoresPM, Ph.

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Mammea siamensis (Miq.) T. Anders.Ochrocarpos siamensis (Miq.) T. Anders.tree to 15 m tallcoastalTh,Cm.

HERNANDIACEAE

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.Gyrocarpus jacquinii Gaertn.small tree 3-30 m tallrocky shores, also inlandPh, Vt.

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (presl) KubitzkiHernandia peltata Meissn.Hernandia sonora auct. non. Ltree to 18 m tallcoastal and offshore islandsPM, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Spratly Is.

ICACINACEAE

Gonocaryum calleryanum (Baill.) Becc.treelet or tree to 12 m tallfound on coral rocksPh, Tw.

Gonocaryum macrophyllum (Blume) Sleumershrub or small tree to 6 m tallcoastal forestBo., Bn.

Merrilliodendron megacarpum (Hemsl.) Sleumertree to 15 m tallgenerally coastalonce from Palawan, Ph.

LABIATAE

Ajuga pygmaea A. Graytiny stoloniferous herbshoresTw.

Leucas chinensis (Retz.) R. Br.herbsandy beachesTw, Hn.

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LAURACEAE

Beilschmiedia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Ridl.tree to 15 m talllowland forest, often coastalPM.

Cassytha filiformis L.leafless twining parasitic vinecommon on sandy coastsPM, Sp, Bn, Tw, Gd, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

LECYTHIDACEAE

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) KurzBarringtonia speciosa J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.tree to 20 m tall or moresandy shoresPM"Sp, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Spratly Is.

Barringtonia conoidea Griff.sparsely branching shrub or small tree to 4 m talltidal estuariesPM,WK, Bn, Sk.

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.shrub or tree to 20 m tallperiodically flooded forest, back mangrovesPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Tw, Gd, Hn

Barringtonia reticulata (Blume) Miq.Barringtonia sumatrana Miq.shrub or small tree to 10 m tallsandy shores and tidal creeksPM, Sp.

LEGUMINOSAE

Abrus precatorius L.vinehedges and thickets often near the seaPM, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

Adenanthera marina I.C. Nielsenshrub to 3 m tallsandy beachesPM.Endemic.

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Adenanthera pavonina L.tree 25-40 m talllowland forest, usually near the seaoften plantedPM, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt.

Aganope heptaphylla (L.) PolhillDerris sinuata Benth. ex ThwaitesDerris heptaphylla (L.) Merr.scandent shrubtidal riverbanks, coastal areasPM, Bn, Th, MC.

Albizia retusa Benth. ssp. retusaAlbizia littoralis Teijsm. & Binn.tree to 25 m tallsandy beaches on offshore islandsPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th.

Albizia saponaria (Lour.) Blume ex Miq.tree to 15 m tallsecondary forest near the sea and also inlandPh.

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, nom. illeg.prickly liana to 15 m talloften coastal but also found inlandPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

Caesalpinia crista L.Caesalpinia nuga (L.) Ait.prickly liana to 15 m tallsandy beaches, back mangrove and on limestonePM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

Caesalpinia godfroyana Kuntzeclimbing shrubsometimes coastalTh, Cm, Vt.

Caesalpinia major (Medik.) Dandy & ExelllianacoastsBn, Th, Cm, Vt, Gd, Gx, Fj, Spratly Is.

Caesalpinia minax Hancelianasandy beaches and inlandTh, Vt, Tw, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

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Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) ThouarsAtylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth.slender twining vinesandy shores, waste groundTh, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj., Paracel Is.

Canavalia cathartica ThouarsCanavalia microcarpa (DC.) PiperCanavalia turgida Grah. ex A. Graycreeping and climbing vinethickets near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is.

Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC.prostrate twinerseashoresCm, Vt, Tw, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.Canavalia obtusifolia (Lam.) DC.Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Thouarstrailing vinesandy shoresPM, Sp, Bo., Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Christia constricta (Schindl.) T.C. ChenLourea constricta Schindl.shrubopen places, sometimes coastalVt, Hn, Gd.

Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham. ex G. DonCrotalaria bialata Schrank.subshrub to 60 cm tallwaste places, sandy beachesPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Crotalaria laburnifolia L.shrub to 120 cm tallseashores, waste placesTh.

Crotalaria pallida AitonCrotalaria saltiana (non Andr.) Prain ex KingCrotalaria mucronata Desv.shrub to 100 cm tallwaste placesPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.Naturalized from Africa.

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Crotalaria retusa L.shrub to 120 cm tallseashores, waste placesPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Hn, Gd.

Crotalaria uncinella Lam.procumbent herb or subshrubsandy shoresPM, Th, Vt, Tw, MC.

Cynometra iripa Kostel.Cynometra ramijlora L. var. mimosoides Bakershrub or small tree to 8 m tallmainly coastal, but sometimes inlandPM, Th, Ph.

Cynometra mirabilis Meeuwentree 10-20 m tallnear the seashore or along riversPh, Sb.

Cynometra ramiflora L.bushy-crowned tree to 25 m tallriverbanks and swamps, especially near the coastPM, Bo., Th, Ph.

Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) PrainDalbergia torta Grah. ex A. Grayscandent shrub or lianacoastal scrub and mangrovesPM, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, MC.

Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth.Desmodium umbel/atum (L.) DC.shrub 2-3 m tallmuddy and sandy shoresPM, Th, Vt, Tw, MC.

Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.large high-climbing lianalowland forest often near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, MC.

Derris trifoliata Lour.Derris uliginosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Benth.slender lianamangrove swampsPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

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Desmodium rubrum (Lour.) DC.

small shrub to 1 m tallcoastal dunes, waste groundCm, Vt, Hn, Gd.

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.large woody climberriversides, back mangroves and inlandBo., Ph, Vt, MC, Paracel Is.

Entada rheedei Spreng.Entada schefferi Ridl.huge woody climber reaching lengths of 120 mlowland forest to 400 m, often near the seaPM, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, MC.

Erythrina /usca Lour.Erythrina atrosanguinea Ridl.Erythrina ovalifolia Roxb.tree to 25 m talllowland forest, often coastalPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Erythrina variegata L.Erythrina indica Lam.Erythrina rostrata Rid!.Erythrina orientalis (L.) MUff.

tree to 15 m tallrare in the wild on sandy beaches, widely cultivatedPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Gx, Gd, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Glycine dolichocarpa Tateishi & Ohashitwining or prostrate herbwasteland, open places near the seaTw.

Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.Glycine clandestina auct. non Wend!.scandent herbopen grasslands near the seaTw, Gd, Fj.

Indigo/era hirsuta L.shrub to 1.5 m tallsandy seashoresPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

Indigo/era linnaei A1iIndigofera enneaphylla L.herbsandy beachesTh, Vt, Hn, Paracel Is.

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Indigofera litoralis Chun & T. Chenherbsandy shoresHn.

Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Alstonherbsandy shoresTh, Cm, Vt, Hn, Paracel Is.

Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.shrub or small treesandy beachesPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, MC.

Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosbergsmall, multi-stemmed treebrackish swamp forestPM, Bo.

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) KuntzeAfzelia bijuga (Colebr.) A. GrayAfzelia retusa Kurztree to 25 m tallcoasts and tidal reaches of riversPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Lespedeza daurica (Maxim.) Schindl.shrub to 80 cm tallseashoresTw, MC.

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.Phaseolus semierectus L.shrub or climberwaste ground, often near the seaSp, Tw, Gd, Fj.Naturalized from tropical America.

Melilotus indicus (L.) All.herb to 50 cm tallseashoresTh, Tw, MC.

Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.herb 50-90 cm tallseashoresVt, Tw, MC.

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Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC.

large sprawling climberthickets, often near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn.

Ormosia bancana (Miq.) Merr.Ormosia parvifolia Bakertree to 20 m talllowland forest, often near rivers or the seaPM, Sp, Bn.

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. HeynePeltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth.tree to 20 m tallrocky and sandy shores, widely planted inlandPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Gd.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre var. pinnataPongamia glabra Vent. var. typicasmall tree sometimes to 20 m tallsandy and rocky shoresPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Pterocarpus indicus Willd.tree to 30 m tallcoastal, along tidal rivers, extensively plantedPM, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt.

Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.twinersometimes coastalTh, Vt, Tw, Paracel Is.

Rothia indica (L.) DruceRothia trifoliata (Roth) Pers.herb to 20 cm tallsandy shores and fieldsVt.

Serianthes grandiflora Benth.Serianthes dilmyi Fosbergtree to 35 m tall, usually smallermostly on sea shores, commoner on offshore islandsPM, Sp, Sb, Th, Ph.

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) Spreng. ex Steudherbsometimes coastalTh, Cm, Vt., Paracel Is.

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Sesbania chamaleaherbsometimes coastalHn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Sindora siamensis Miq. var. maritima (Pierre) K. Larsen & S. LarsenSindora maritima Pierretree to 15 m tallbeach forestTh, Cm, Vt.

Sindora siamensis Miq. var. siamensistree to 15 m tallbeach forest, also inlandPM, Th, Cm, Vt.

Sophora tomentosa L.silvery shrub to 5 m tallsea shoresPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Tephrosia luzoniensis VogelTephrosia dichotoma auct. non Desv.herbsometimes coastalPh, Paracel Is.

Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.Vigna retusa Walp.trailing or twining vinecommon on sandy shoresPM, Sp, Th, Vt, Tw, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Vigna minima (Roxb.) Ohwi & Ohashislender twining herbgrasslands near the seaTh, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.tree to 45 m talllowland forest inland and near the seaPh

LOGANIACEAE

Fagraea acuminatissima Merr.Fagraea obovata auct. non Wall.epiphytic climber or shrubrocky coasts and inland forests of lowland and hillsPM, Ri, Bo.

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LORANTHACEAE

Macrosolen retusus (Jack) Miq.Elytranthe retusa (Jack) G. Donstout shrubby mistletoe to 60 cm talloften on low trees near the seaPM, Sp.

LYTHRACEAE

Pemphis acidula J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.shrub to 8 m tallrocky and sandy shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Paracel Is.

Sonneratia alba J.J.Sm.Sonneratia griffithii auct. non Kurztree to 30 m tallmangrovesPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.Sonneratia acida L.ftree to 15 m tallmangroves, tidal river banksPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Sonneratia griffithii Kurztree to 20 m tallmangrovesvery rare, a few locations.Th, PM.

Sonneratia hainanensis W.e. Ko et al.treemangroveHn.Endemic.

Sonneratia ovata Back.Sonneratia alba auct. non J.J.Sm.tree to 8 m tallmangroves, tidal creeksPM, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Th, Cm, Vt, Hn.

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MALPIGHIACEAE

Hiptage corymbifera Arenesshrub to 5 m tallcoastalVt.

Ryssopteris timoriensis (DC.) Juss.liana to 10 m longcoastal regionsPh, Tw.

Tristellateia australasiae A. Rich.slender liana to 10 m longback mangroves, also widely cultivatedPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw.

MALVACEAE

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.tree to 30 m tallsea shores, rocky coasts and river banksPM, Sp, Ri, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Sida chinensis Retz.shrubfrequent on sandy beachesTw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Sida cordifolia L.herb to 1 m tallsandy open places, often coastalPM, Sp, Ph, Th, Tw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Sida pusilla Cav.Sida parvifolia DC.shrubsandy beachesPh (Babuyan Is.), Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correatree to 15 m tallsandy and rocky shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

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MELASTOMATACEAE

Memecylon caeruleum Jackshrub or small tree to 12 m talllowlands near the seaPM, Sp.

Memecylon edule Roxb. var. eduletree to 12 m talllowland forest, often near the seaPM, Sp, Bo.

Memecylon edule Roxb. var. ovatum (Srn.) C.B. ClarkeMemecylon laxiflorum Wall. ex Ridl.tree to 18 m tallopen places, often near the sea, also on limestonePM, Sp, Bo.

Ochthocharis javanica Blumeshrub to 2 m tallmangroves and other tidal areasPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph.

Plethiandra sessiliflora (Cogn.) Ridl.epiphytic shrub to 1 m tallmangroves or on limestonePM, Sp.

MELIACEAE

Aglaia cucullata (Roxb.) Pellegr.Amoora cucullata Roxb.tree to 30 m talltidal rivers, back mangrove, lowland forestPM, Sp, Bo., Bn, Th, Vt.

Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth.Aglaia formosana (Hayata ex Matsumura & Hayata) Hayatamedium-sized treethickets along the seashore, also inland to 1000 mSk, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw.

Chisocheton erythrocarpus Hierntree to 25 m talllowland forest, often near the seaPM, Sp, Bo.

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Sandoricum beccarianum Baill.Sandoricum emarginatum Hierntree to 35 m talllowland forest, sometimes near the seaPM, Sp.

Xylocarpus granatum J. KonigCarapa moluccensis auct. non Lam.tree to 15 m tallmangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem.Carapa obovata auct. non Blumetree to 18 m tallmangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Vt, Ph.

Xylocarpus rumphii (Kostel.) Mabb.tree to 12 m tallrocky headlandsPM, Sp, Ph.

MENISPERMACEAE

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC.Cocculus ovalifolius (Vahl ex Pers.) DC.Cocculus elegans (Ridl.) Ridl.slender lianasandy shoresPM, Ph, Tw, Gd.

MORACEAE

Ficus callosa Willd.tree to 33 m talllowland forest, often near the seaPM, Ba., Th, Ph.

Ficus consociata Blume var. murtoni Kingstranglerlowland forests and seashoresPM, Ri, Ba., Th.

Ficus cucurbitina Kingscramblerusually near the seaPM, Sb, Ph, WK.

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Ficus deltoidea JackPicus diversi/olia Blume var. deltoidea (Jack) Ridl.shrub to 2 m tall, sometimes epiphyticseashores to mountain topsPM, Bo., Ri, Sk, Sb, Th.

Ficus globosa Blumescramblersea coasts to mountainsPM, Ri, Bo., Th.

Ficus kurzii Kingscramblerrocks near the seaPM, Th.

Ficus microcarpa L.f var. crassifolia (Shieh) Liaoerect or scandent shrubon coastal limestone rocksPh, Tw.

Ficus microcarpa L.f var. microcarpascrambling shrub or treecommon on coastal rocksPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, MC, Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

Ficus pedunculosa Miq. var. mearnsii (Merr.) Cornerscandent shrubcoastal rocksPh, Tw.

Ficus superba Miq.big treerocky coastsPM, Ri, Th.

Ficus tinctoria G. Forst.big tree with many aerial rootslowlands, often on rocky coastsPM, Bo., Ph, Th, Tw, Hn.Represented by several subspecies.

Ficus vaccinioides Hems!. & Kingcreeping shrubon coastal rocks or inlandTw, MC.

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MYOPORACEAE

Myoporum bontioides A. Graysmall evergreen shrub to 1.5 m tallseashoresTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

MYRISTICACEAE

Knema globularia (Lam.) Warb.Knema missionis (Wall. ex King) Warb.tree about 10 m tallusually coastalPM, Sp.

Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC.tree to 20 m tallbeach forestPM, Sk, Ph, Vt.

MYRSINACEAE

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) BlancoAegiceras majus Gaertn.small tree to 5 m talltidal mud, river estuariesPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Aegiceras floridum Roem. & Schult.small treemangrove?Bo., Vt, Ph.

Ardisia elliptica Thunb.Ardisia littoralis Andr.shrub to 3 m talltidal areas, sea shoresPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Tw.

Rapanea porteriana Wall. ex A. DC.Myrsine avenis (Blume) DC.Myrsine porteriana Wall. ex A. DC.Myrsine umbellulata (Wall.) DC.shrub or small tree to 10 m tallcoasts, lowlands, hills and mountains to 1700 mPM, Sp, Th.

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MYRTACEAE

Melaleuca cajuputi PowellMelaleuea leueadendron L. sensu latoshrub or tree to 24 m tallswampy ground near the seaPM, Sk, Th, Vt.

Osbomia octodonta F. Muell.small treemangrove fringesBo., Vt, Ph.

Psidium guajava L.small treecommon on waste ground, often near the seawidespreadNaturalized from tropical America.

Syzygium campanulatum Korth.Eugenia myrtifolia (non Salisb.) Roxb.Eugenia oleina Wight nom. nudosmall treecoastalPM, Sp, Bo., Ph.

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.Eugenia grandis Wighttree to 30 m tallsandy and rocky coasts, also widely plantedPM, Sp, Bo., Th.

Syzygium gratum (Wight) S.N. MitraEugenia grata WightEugenia spieata auet. non Lam.small treeoften coastalPM, Th, Ph.

Syzygium helferi (Duthie) P. Chantaranothai & J. Parn.Eugenia helferi Duthietree to 18 m tallrocky forest, often near the seaPM, Bn, Th.

Syzygium leucoxylum Korth.Eugenia leueoxylon (Korth.) Miq.Eugenia vereeunda Duthietree to 15 m tallsea coasts and tidal riversPM, Sp.

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Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M. Cowan & J.M. Cowan var. oblatumEugenia oblata Roxb.Eugenia limnaea Rid!.Eugenia laxiuscula Rid!.Eugenia brantiana M.R. Hend.shrub or tree to 24 m talllowland forest, mostly near the seaPM, Bo., Th, Vt.

Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. PerryEugenia densiflora (Blume) Miq.tree to 21 m talllowland forests, seashoresPM, Sp, Sk, Bo., Th.

Syzygium subdecussatum (Wall. ex Duthie) I.M. Turner var. subdecussatumEugenia subdecussata Duthietree to 30 m talllowland forest and rocky shoresPM, Sp, Sk.

Syzygium syzygioides (Miq.) Merr. & L.M. PerryEugenia syzygioides (Miq.) M.R. Hend.Eugenia cymosa auct. non Lam.Eugenia pseudosyzygioides M.R. Hend.tree to 30 m talllowlands, often near sandy coastsPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt.

Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.Eugenia zeylanica (non Willd.) WightEugenia spicata Lam.Eugenia longicaudata Rid!.shrub or tree to 18 m tallsea shores and river banks, rarely in the mountainsPM, Sp, Bo., Th,Vt, Gx, Gd.

Tristaniopsis merguensis (Griff.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh.Tristania merguensis Griff.Tristania subauriculata KingTristania maingayi Duthietree to 21 m tallrocky coasts to mountainsPM, Sp, Bo. (Bn).

NYCTAGINACEAE

Boerhavia diffusa L.Boerhavia crispa Heynecreeping or erect herb to 1 m talldry sandy open places, often coastalPM, Sp, Bo., Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Rn, Gx, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

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Pisonia aculeata L.

thorny scrambling liana reaching to 20 mseashores and inlandPM, Sb, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Pisonia grandis R.Br.shrub or tree to 30 m tallcoastalPM, Sb, Ph, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst.) Seem.shrub or tree to 28 m tallforest, often coastalPM, Bo., Ph, Tw, Vt, Hn

OCHNACEAE

Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E. AmaralGomphia microphylla Rid!.Gomphia sumatrana JackGomphia oblongifolia Rid!.Gomphia serrata (Gaertn.) KanisOuratia serrata (Gaertn.) RobsonOuratia striata (Tiegh.) Lecomtetree to 25 m talllowland and hill forest to 1000 m, common near the seaPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr.Ochna grandis Rid!.shrub or small tree to 12 m tallsandy beaches, swampy places, also inland to 1200 mTh, Cm, Vt, Hn.

OLACACEAE

Olax scandens Roxb.shrubdry rocky places, frequently near the seaPM, Th, Vt.

Ximenia americana L.sprawling shrub or small tree to 10 m tallsandy shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Hn.

78


OLEACEAE

Olea brachiata (Lour.) Merr.Olea maritima Wall. ex Dontree to 10 m tallrocky shoresPM, Ri, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Hn, Gd.

ONAGRACEAE

Oenothera littoralis Schlecht.herbsandy beachesGd, Fj.

OPILIACEAE

Cansjera rheedei I.F. Gmel.Cansjera zizypholia Griff.liana or shrub to 5 m talloften in coastal vegetationPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Ph, Hn, Gx, Gd.

Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr.Champereia griffithii Planch. ex Kurzshrub or small tree to 10 m talllowland forest, sometimes coastalPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Ph, Tw.

Opilia amentacea Roxb.woody climber or erect shrubin dry forest, often on the seashoreSb, Ph, Th, Vt.

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone mexicana L.erect herbcoastal areas, dry sandy placesPh, Tw, Gd.Naturalized from the Caribbean

Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) Pers.tuberous herbwaste places near the coastTw, MC.

79


PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora foetida L.slender hairy vinewaste places - common on beachesthroughoutNaturalized from tropical America

PIPERACEAE

Piper arboricola C. DC.creeperlowland thickets often near the seaTw, Hn.

Piper retrofractum VahlPiper officinarum C. DC.scandent shrubcoastal scrubPM.

PITTOSPORACEAE

Pittosporum ferrugineum Ait.shrub or tree to 15 m tallcommon near rocky or sandy shores, also inland on mountainsPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Ph.

Pittosporum moluccanum (Lam.) Miq.shrub or small treeoccurs near the sea, but mostly inlandPh, Tw.

Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr.small treesea shores and secondary growthPh, Tw, Hn.

Pittosporum tobira Ait.evergreen shrubcoastal, rocksTw, Gx, Gd, Fj.

80


PLUMBAGINACEAE

Limonium sinense (Girard) Kuntzeherb 15-60 cm tallsandy shores and salt marshesVt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj.

Limonium wrightii (Hance) Kuntzeshrubby plantamong rocks on the seashoreTw.

POLYGALACEAE

Salomonia ciliata (L.) DC.Salomonia oblongifolia DC.herb to 25 cm tallopen sandy places, sand dunesSk, Bn, Sb, Ph, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

POLYGONACEAE

Rumex maritimus L.herb to 55 cm tallwasteground and seashoresTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca oleracea L.succulent herbwaste places, sandy shores, often cultivatedPM, Bo., Ph, Cm, Vt, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Portulaca pilosa L.succulent herbdry waste places including beachesTw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

PRIMULACEAE

Anagallis arvensis L.prostrate herb 10-30 cm longcoastal and inland grasslandTw, Gd, Fj.

81


Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr.rosette-forming herbgrassy places, often near the seaVt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Fj, Gd.

Lysimachia formosana Hondaherbgrassy places near the seaTw.

Lysimachia mauritiana Lam.herb to 50 cm tallcoastal coral rocks and beaches, also inlandPh, Tw, Gd, Fj.

RHAMNACEAE

Colubrina asiatica L. ex Brongn.shrub to 3 m tallsandy and rocky shoresPM, Sk, Sb, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Gx, Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

Smythea lanceata (Tul.) Summerh.Smythea pacifica Seem.lianaseashoresPM.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) BlumeBruguiera caryophylloides Blumetree to 23 m tallmuddy mangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Savignytree to 36 m tallmangroves, usually to the landward fringePM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Bruguiera hainesii e.G. Rogerstree to 33 m tallinland edge of mangroveTh.

82


Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Am. ex Griff.tree to 24 m tallinner side of mangrove forestsPM, Sp, Sb, Sk, Th, Vt, Ph.

Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.Bruguiera eriopetala Wight & Am. ex Am.tree to 33 m tallmangroves, usually to the landward fringePM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob.small tree to 15 m tallmangrovePM, WK, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Ceriops tagal (Pers.) C.B. Rob.Ceriops candolliana Am.tree to 15 m tallmangrovePM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn. Gx, Gd.

Kandelia candel (L.) DruceKandelia rheedei Wight & Am.shrub or small tree to 7 m tallbanks of tidal riversPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Rhizophora apiculata BlumeRhizophora conjugata auct. non L.stilt-rooted tree to 30 m tallmangrove gregarious on soft estuarine mudPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Rhizophora mucronata Lam.stilt-rooted tree to 30 m tallgregarious mangrove of muddy or sandy shoresPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw.

Rhizophora stylosa Griff.stilt-rooted tree to 10 m tallsandy and rocky shoresPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd.

ROSACEAE

Eriobotrya bengalensis (Roxb.) Hook.!shrub or large tree to 27 m talloffshore islands, limestone hills and mountainsPM.

83


Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Lind!. var. subrotunda (C. Koch) Masam.small shrubTw (Lanyu Island), ?MC.

Rosa bracteata Wend!. var. scabricaulis Lind!. ex Koidz.erect or scandent shrubseashores and sandy hillsTw, MC.

RUBIACEAE

Canthium cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.shrub or small treeopen areas and rocky places near the seaPM.

Gardenia florida L.shrubback mangroveVt.

Guettarda speciosa L.tree to 10 m tallsea shoresPM, Sp, Th, Tw, Hn, Od, Sprat!y Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Hedyotis strigulosa Bart!. var. parvifolia (Hook. & Am.) YamazakiHedyotis coreana auct. non Lev.herb 8-15 cm tallseacoastsPh, Tw.

Hedyotis herbacea L.Oldenlandia heynei (R.Br. ex Wight & Am.) G. DonOldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.bushy herb to 60 cm tallopen sandy places, often near the seaPM.

Hedyotis pachycarpa Rid!.herb to 30 cm talldamp forest near the seaPM.

Hedyotis racemosa Lam.herb 15-30 cm tallgrassy places near the seaTw.

84


Hydnophytum formicarum Jacklarge tuberous myrmecophytic epiphyteforest near the sea, also in the mountainsPM, Sp, Bo.

Hymenodictyon orixense (Roxb.) Mabb.Hyrnenodictyon excelsurn (Roxb.) Wall. ex DC.tree to 12 m talllowland forestPM.

Morinda citrifolia L.tree to 9 m talllowland forests and rocky coasts, often cultivatedPM, Sp, Tw, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracells., Pratas Is.

Morinda umbellata L.climbersea shores to mountainsPM, Sp, Ph, Tw, Hn, Od.

Myrmecodia tuberosa Jackspiny ant-inhabited tuberous epiphytelowland forest, usually near the seaPM, Sp, Bo.

Oxyceros hoaensis (Pierre ex Pitard) Tirveng.Randia hoaensis Pierre ex Pitardshrubback mangroveVt.

Oxyceros longiflora (Lam.) T. Yamaz.Randia longiflora Lam.very thorny scrambling shrubcommon along rivers and near the seaPM, Sp.

Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum. ssp. malayana (Rid!.) IT. Johanss.Prisrnatorneris rnalayana Rid!.shrub to 3 m tallrocky shores, lowland forest, limestonePM, Ri.

Psychotria maingayi Hook.!slender climberlowland forest, often near the seaPM.

85


Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea c.P. Gaertn.

tree to 6 m tall, sometimes with stilt rootssea shores and mangrove swampsPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Spermacoce articularis Lj.Borreria articularis (L.f) F.N. Will.Borreria hispida auct. non (L.) K. Sehum.rough wiry herbsandy waste ground, common near the seaPM, Sp, Tw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Timonius compressicaulis (Miq.) Boerl.Timonius finlaysonianus Hook.jshrub or small tree to 7 m tallsandy and rocky shoresPM, Sp.

Wendlandia ternifolia Cowanshrub to 5 m tallrocky coastsPM.

RUTACEAE

Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC.spiny shrub to 6 m tallrocky and sandy coasts, dry open placesPM, Sp.

Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka var. mauritianaGlycosmis rupestris Ridl.shrubusually on limestone, but also coastalPM.

Limnocitrus littoralis (Miq.) SwinglePleiospermium littorale (Miq.) Tanakashrub to 2 m tallbrackish swamps and beachesVt.

Merope angulata (Willd.) SwingleMerope longispina Hook.jspiny shrub or small treemangrove swampsPM, Sp, Sk, Sb.

86


Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenoresmall shrubseashoresPh, Tw, MC.

Severinia disticha (Blanco) Swingleshrub or tree to 10 m tallbeach forestSb, Ph.

Severinia paniculata (Warb.) Swing1eshrub or small treebeach forestSb, Ph.

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.scandent shrubsecondary forest and waste ground near the seaPh, Tw, Hn, Gd.

SALVADORACEAE

Azima sarmentosa (Blume) Benth. & Hook!shrubmuddy beachesHn.

SANTALACEAE

Dendrotrophe buxifolia (Blume) Miq. var. buxifoliaHenslowia buxifolia Blumeyellowish hemiparasitic shrubby twinerdry open forest often near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, Bo., Th, Cm, Vt.

SAPINDACEAE

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. including vars. glaber Corner, limosus Corner, marinusCorner, velutinus Corner and villosus CornerAllophylus fulvinervis (Blume) BlumeAllophylus glaber Roxb., nom. illeg.Allophylus ternatus Lour.Allophylus villosus (Roxb.) BlumeAllophylus scandens Ridl.shrub or small tree to 15 m talllowland forests, often coastal on sandy beaches and rocky shoresPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Ph, Th.

87


Alectryon glaber (Blume) Radlk.

shrub or small treeforest margins and coastal vegetationSb, Ph.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.trailing or climbing vinecultivated ground, waste places near the seaPM, Sk, Sb, Tw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.shrub or small tree to 6 m tallsandy shores, also inlandPM, Sk, Sb, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Ganophyllum falcatum Blumetree to 24 m tallforest, sometimes coastalPM, Sk, Ph, Tw.

Lepisanthes rubiginosa (Roxb.) Leenh.Erioglossum edule (Blume) BlumeLepisanthes hirta Rid!.tree to IQ m tallinland and coastal forest, widely cultivatedPM.

Mischocarpus sundaicus BlumeMischocarpus lessertianus Rid!.tree to 6 m tallsandy or swampy coastal forest, also inlandPM, Sk, Sb, Hn, Gd.

SAPOTACEAE

Manilkara kauki (L.) DubardMimusops kauki L.tree to 23 m tallrocky shoresPM, Th, Vt.

Mimusops elengi L.tree to 15 m tallrocky headlands, widely plantedPM, Ri, Bo., Th, Ph.

Palaquium formosanum Hayatatree to 20 m talltidal forestsPh, Tw.

88


Pouteria linggensis (Burck) BaehniChrysophyllum curtisii King & GambleSideroxylon littorale Rid!.Planchonella linggensis (Burck) Pierretree to 20 m tallrocky coasts and hill forestPM, Sp, Sk, Ph.

Pouteria obovata (R.Br.) BaehniSideroxylon ferrugineum Hook. & Am.Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierretree to 25 m tallrocky and sandy shores, also on limestonePM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Xantolis maritima (Pierre) P. Royenspiny shrub or small tree to 8 m tallsandy beachesVt.

SIMAROUBACEAE

Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Noot.Samadera indica Gaertn.tree to 20 m talltidal swampsPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Vt, Ph.

Soulamea amara Lam.shrub or small tree to 5 m tallsandy beaches and behind coral reefsWK, Sk, Sb.

STERCULIACEAE

Heritiera littoralis Dryand.small bushy tree to 15 m tallsea shores, mangrove swampsPM, Sp, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Sterculia foetida L.tree to 30 m talllowland forest, often near the seaPM, Sp, Sb, Ph.

Waltheria arenaria Ridl.wiry creepersandy places near the seaPM.

89


Waltheria indica L.shrub to 1 m tallsea shoresPM, Sp.

SURIANACEAE

Suriana maritima L.shrub to 3 m tallsandy beaches, mostly on small islandsPh, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

THYMELAEACEAE

Gonystylus brunnescens Airy Shawtree to 36 m talllowland forest, often near the seaPM.

Linostoma pauciflorum Griff.liana to 30 m longlowland forest margins, often near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th.

THEACEAE

Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makinoshrub or small treeon rocks near the seaTw, Fj.

TILIACEAE

Brownlowia argentata KurzBrownlowia riedelii Hems!.shrub or small tree to 18 m tallmangroves, tidal channelsPM, Sp, WK, Bn, Sb.

Brownlowia tersa (L.) Kosterm.Brownlowia lanceolata Benth.shrub to 5 m tallmangrovePM, Sp, WK, Sk, Bn, Th, Ph.

90


Colona serratifolia Cav.Columbia serratifolia (Cav.) DC.small tree to 15 m tallnear the seaPM.

Grewia piscatorum Hanceshrub to 3 m tallseashores and inlandTw, Hn, Fj.

Triumfetta grandidens Hanceprostrate shrubletsandy shoresPM, Hn, Od, Paracel Is.

Triumfetta procumbens O. Forst.herbsandy beachesSpratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Triumfetta repens (Blume) Merr. & RolfeTriumfetta subpalmata So!. ex Hems!.prostrate shrubsandy shores and waste placesPM, Ba., Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

UMBELLIFERAE

Glehnia littoralis Schmidt ex Miq.low herbalong the seashoreTw, Hn, Od, Ox, Fj.

Peucedenum japonicum Thunb.herbcoastalTw, Fj.

VERBENACEAE

Callicarpa kotoensis Hayatasmall shrubnear the coastTw.

91


Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Oaertn.scandent shrubsandy and muddy shoresPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Ox, Od, Fj, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Gmelina elliptica Srn.Gmelina villosa Roxb.thorny scrambling shrub to 8 m tallopen country near the seaPM, Bo., Ph.

Phyla nodiflora (L.) OreeneLippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.creeping herbsandy places near the sea, waste groundPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Premna serratifolia L.Premna littoralis King & GamblePremna angustior (C.B. Clarke) Rid!.Premna integrifolia L. nom. illeg.Premna obtusifolia R.Br.Premna corymbosa Rott!' & WiIld.sea shore creeper or small shrub, also inlandPM, Sp, Bo., Tw, Ox, Od, Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Vitex negundo L.shrubusually near the coast, also cultivatedPM, Ph.

Vitex rotundifolia L.f.Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicijolia Cham.prostrate shrub to 2.5 m tallsandy shoresPM, Ph, Bo., Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Ox, Od, Fj, Paracel Is.

ZYOOPHYLLACEAE

Tribulus cistoides L.decumbent herbsandy beaches and coastal dunesPh, Hn, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Tribulus terrestris L.creeping herb to I m longsandy shoresVt, Tw, Hn, Ox, Od, Fj, Paracel Is.

92


LILIOPSIDA

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Crinum asiaticum L.Crinum northianum BakerCrinum deflexum auct. non Ker Gawl.herb to 2 m tallsandy places, coastal and riverine forestPM, Sp, Bn, Sk, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Pratas Is.

Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb.Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. ex Schult.bulbous herb to 30 cm tallsandy and rocky places near the seaPM, Th, Ph.

ARACEAE

Aglaodorum griffithii (Schott) SchottAglaonema gr(ffithii Schottcreeping herb to 40 cm tallin tidal swamps, often among nypah palmsPM, Sp, Bo., Vt.

Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schottaquatic herbback mangrove and on tidal mudPM, Sp, Sk, Vt.

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaitesprickly herbswampy forest, including those under slightly brackish conditionsPM, Sk, Bn, Sb, Vt.

ASPARAGACEAE

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.erect, procumbent or climbing herbcoastal limestone, also inlandVt, Ph, Tw, MC.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina attenuata Koen. ex Vahltufted creeping herbsandy shoresSp.

93


Commelina auriculata Blumeherbseashores, riverbanks and roadsidesTw.

COLCHICACEAE

Gloriosa superba L.herbaceous climber to 2 m tallsandy beaches and dunes, waste ground inlandTh, Vt (garden escape elsewhere).

CYMODOCEACEAE

Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hempr. ex Asch.sea-grassPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Ph, Hn.

Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Asch. & Magnussea-grassPM, Sp, Sb, Ph.

Halodule pinifolia (Miki) Hartogsea-grassPM, Sp, Sb, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn.

Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Asch.sea-grassPM, Sp, Sb, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn., Pratas Is.

Syringodium isoetifolium (Asch.) Dandysea-grass on muddy bottomsPM, Sp, Sb, Vt, Ph, Gd, Pratas Is.

Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) Hartogsea-grass to 45 cm tallshallow waterPh.

CYPERACEAE

Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. Koyamastoloniferous herbbrackish wetlandsTw.

94


Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) CB. Clarkeherbsea shorePM, Sp, Bo., Bn, Ph, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Bulbostylis puberula (Poir.) CB. Clarkeherbsea shorePM, Sp, Ri, Bn, Bo., Th.

Carex brownii Tuckerm.tufted herb to 70 cm tallopen damp placesTw.

Carex kobomugi Ohwicreeping herb to 1 m longsand dunesTwo

Carex makinoensis Franchodensely tufted herb to 80 cm tallopen grasslands including those near the seaTwo

Carex metallica Lev.tufted herb 30-70 cm tallgrasslands near the seaTw.

Carex pumila Thunb.tufted, stoloniferous herbsandy places near the seaTw, Gd.

Carex scabrifolia Steud.short-creeping herb to 50 cm talltidal estuaries and lagoonsTwo

Carex wahuensis CA. Mey. ssp. robusta (Franch. & Sav.) To Koyamatufted herb 20-80 cm tallsandy and rocky shoresTwo

Cladiumjamaicense Crantz ssp. chinense (Nees ex Hook. & Am.) T. KoyamaCladium mariscus (L.) Pohl ssp. jamaicense (Crantz) Kiik.herb 1-3 m tallwet places near the coast, also on mountainsTw.

95


Cyperus compactus Retz.Mariscus microcephalus Pres]Mariscus compaetus (Retz.) Bold.herb usually about 50 cm tallswamps and other wet places up to 500 mcommon near rivers and the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Tw, MC.

Cyperus dubius Rottb.Mariseus dregeanus KunthMariseus dubius (Rottb.) Kiik.small herb up to 50 cmsandy beaches, also inlandPM, Sp, Ri, Th, Ph, MC.

Cyperus javanicus Houtt.Mariseus albescens Gaudich.Mariseus javanieus [non Kuntze] (Houtt.) Merr. & F.P. Metcalfherb to about 70 cm tallmangrove, sea shore, occasionally inlandPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Cyperus malaccensis Lam.herb to nearly 200 cmmostly on tidal mudPM, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Hn, Gd.

Cyperus monophyUus VahlCyperus malaeeensis var. brevifolius Boeck.herb to 1.5 m tallon muddy beachesHn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Cyperus procerus Rottb.Pyereus punetieulatus auet. non Neesherb to about 125 cm tallopen damp or wet places, often near the seaPM, Th, Vt, Gd.

Cyperus radians Nees & Meyen.herb about 30 cm tall when floweringsea shoresPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Vt, Tw, MC.

Cyperus stoloniferus Retz.creeping herb to 50 cm tallsandy shores and tidal mudPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Fj, Gd, Paracel Is.

96


Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult.tufted herb to 30 cm tallsometimes coastalPM, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Gd.

Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahlsmall tufted herb to 10 cmdamp hollows near the seaPM, Th, Cm, Vt.

Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br.Fimbristylis spathacea Rothdensely tufted herb to 50 cmon muddy, sandy or rocky shoresPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is.

Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) VahlFimbristylis polytrichoides auct. non R.Br.tufted herb to 80 cmmuddy wet places near the seaPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Hn, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f) Kerntufted herb to 40 cm tallopen grassland and sandy shoresBo., Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R.Br.herb to 30 cm tallopen wet places, usually near the seaPM, Th, Ph.

Fimbristylis sericea R.Br.herb to 30 cm tallsandy shoresPM, Sk, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj.

Fimbristylis sieboldii Miq. ssp. sieboldiiherb to 40 cm tallseacoastsTh, Tw.

Fimbristylis sieboldii Miq. ssp. anpinensis (Hayata) T. Koyamaherb to 65 cm tallseacoastsTw.

97


Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.herb to 40 cm talldamp grassy places to 1500 m, common near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Parace1 Is.

Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) Beauv.Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.herb to about 60 cmdamp open places to 1800 m, frequent near the seaPM, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is.

Remirea maritima AubI.Cyperus pedunculatus (R.Br.) KernMariscus pedunculatus (R.Br.) T. Koyamacreeping herb to 15 cm tallsandy beachesPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) GaleRhynchospora glauca Vahl var. chinensis c.B. Clarkedensely tufted herb to 75 cm tallsandy places near the sea or mountain topsPM, Ri, Bo., Bn, Th, Ph, Gd.

Schoenus apogon Roem. & Schult.slender herb 20-40 cm tallopen wet grasslands near the seaTw.

Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr.Scirpodendron costatum (Thwaites) Kurzpandan-like planttidal swamps and along riversPM, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph.

DRACAENACEAE

Dracaena breviflora RidI.nearly stemless shrubtidal mudPM.

ERIOCAULACEAE

Eriocaulon poilanei Moldenkestemless herb to 5 cm tallgrassy places near the seaVt.

98


FLAGELLARIACEAE

Flagellaria indica L.climber 2-15 m longcommon in damp forest near the sea, but also inland to 1500 mPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, Cm, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gd.

GRAMINEAE

Acroceras munroanum (Balansa) HenrardAcroceras ridleyi (Hack. ex Rid!.) Stapf ex Rid!.stoloniferous herb to 50 cm tallcoastal sands, moist shady placesPM, Bo., Th, Ph.

Arundo formosana Hack.bamboo-like grassmostly growing hanging on cliffsTw.

Bothriochloa kwashotensis (Hayata) OhwiCapillipedium kwashotensis (Hayata) C. Hsudensely tufted herbcoastal regionsTw, Ph.

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.spreading herbsandy places, common near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn.

Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov.tufted herbdry open places, in Malaysia restricted to island bird coloniesPM, Th.

Chrysopogon orientalis (Desv.) A. CamusChrysopogon wightianus (Nees ex Steud.) Thwaitescreeping herb to 80 cm tallon limestone or coastal sandPM, Th, Vt.

Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.tufted herb to 60 cm tallwaste places to 2000 m, sandy beaches and dunesPM, Bo., Ph.

99


Digitaria fuscescens (presl) Henr.mat-forming herbsandy places including beaches and dunesPM, Bo., Ph.

Digitaria henryi Rendleslender prostrate herbinland and common near the seaVt, Tw, MC, Pratas Is.

Digitaria heterantha (Hook.!) Merr.Digitaria barbata auct. non Willd.Digitaria dispar Henrardcreeping herb to 80 cm talllocally common on sandy beachesPM, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Gx, Gd, Spratly Is.

Digitaria marianensis Men.spreading herb to 60 cm tallgrassy places including beachesPh.

Digitaria mollicoma (Kunth) Henrardmat-forming herb to 50 cm tallopen sites in the lowlands, sometimes coastalSp, Bo., Ph, Tw.

Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin.Eragrostis interrupta auct. non (R.Br.) P. Beauy.herb 60-120 cm tallsand bars and beachesPM, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, MC.

Eriachne triseta Nees ex Steud.Massia triseta (Nees ex Steud.) Balansatufted herb to 80 cm talldry sandy places, often near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph.

Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.B. Hubb.Eriochloa annulata (Fltigge) Kunthherb 60-150 cm tallwaste ground, especially near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Vt, Tw, Hn, MC, Paracel Is.

Eulalia ridleyi (Hack.) A. Camuscreeping herb to 45 cm tallcoastal sand dunesPM.

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Heteropholis cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton var. chenii (c. Hsu) Sosef & de KoningThaumastochloa chenii C. Hsuherb 15-30 cm tallbeachesendemic to southemmost Tw

Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.tufted herb 25-100 cm tallsandy coasts and inlandPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, MC, Paracel Is.

Imperata conferta (l Presl) OhwiImperata exaltata auct. non Brongn.rhizomatous herb to 200 cm tallopen places usually near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Ph.

Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. var. major (Nees) C.E. Hubb. ex C.E. Hubb. & R.E.VaughnImperata arundinacea Cirillorhizomatous herb about 100 cm tallfrequent colonizer of bare ground in lowlands and mountains, common near the seaPM, Sp, Ba., Th, Ph, Tw, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Ischaemum aureum (Hook. & Am.) Hack.herb 20-30 cm tallcoastal regionsTw.

Ischaemum muticum L.long-creeping herb 15-40 cm tall, often turf-formingcommon particularly near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th, Tw.

Ischaemum setaceum HondaherbcoastalTw.

Lepturus repens (G. Forst.) R.Br.creeping herb to 50 cm tallcoastal sandsPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Tw, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Melinis repens (Willd.) ZizkaRhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb.Tricholaena rosea Neesherb to 70 cm tallsandy places, waste ground, common near the seaPM, Sp, Bo., Ph, Tw, Gd, Paracel Is.Naturalized from tropical Africa.

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Mnesithea geminata (Hack.) Ridl.tufted herb to 60 cm tallcoastal areasPM, Th.

Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.!densely tufted herb to 3 m tallon estuarine or coastal mudMP, Th, Vt.

Panicum repens L.creeping herb to 90 cm tallopen places including sandy and muddy shoresMP, Sp, Ri, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Paspalum vaginatum Sw.Paspalum distichum auct. non L.stoloniferous herb 25-50 cm tallopen places near the sea, rare inlandPM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Perotis indica (L.) KuntzePerotis latijolia Aitontufted herb to 75 cm tallsandy ground near the seaPM, Ba., Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is.

Perotis rara R. Br.herb to 40 cm tallsandy places including beachesVt, Tw, MC.

Schizachyrium sanguineum (Retz.) AlstonSchizachyrium semiberbe Neestufted herb 50-120 cm tallsandy places, inland and near the seaPM, Sp, Ba., Th, Ph.

Spartina alternifolia Loisel.tufted herb to 1.5 m tallsalt marshes and mudflatsGd.

Spinifex littoreus (Burm.!) Merr.Spinijex squarrosus L.stiff creeping bushy herbsandy coastsPM, Ph, Ba., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Fj.

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Sporobulus virginicus (L.) Kunthtufted herb to 50 cm tallseashoresSp, Sk, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Fj, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Stenotaphrum micranthum (Desv.) C.E. Hubb.Stenotaphrum subulatum Trin.herbtop of sandy ?corraline beachesSpratly Is., Paracel Is.

Thuarea involuta (G. Forst.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.Thuarea sarmentosa Pers.creeping herb 5-10 cm tallsea shoresPM, Sp, Ba., Th, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. var. matrellaZoysia pungens Willd.mat-forming herb to 35 cm tallsandy shores above high tide linePM, Sp, Ba., Ph, Th, Vt, Tw, Hn, Gx, Gd, Paracel Is.

Zoysia matrella var. pacifica Goudswaardmat-forming herb to 35 cm tallsandy shores above high tide linePh, Tw.

HYDROCHARlTACEAE

Enhalus acoroides (L.f) RoyleEnhalus koenigii Rich.sea-grassgrowing to depths of 4 mPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Halophila beccarii Asch.sea-grassonly uncovered at extreme low tidesPM, Sp, Sk, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd.

Halophila decipiens Ostenfeldsea-grass growing to depths of 85 mTh, Sb.

Halophila minor (Zoll.) HartogHalophila ovata Gaud.sea-grassto depths of 2 mPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Ph, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is.

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Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.jHalophila ovata auet. non Gaudich.sea-grassto at least 10 m underwaterPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Halophila spinulosa (R.Br.) Asch.sea-grassdown to 15 mPM, Sp, Ri, Ph.

Najas graminea Del.aquatic herbsometimes in slightly brackish waterPh, Tw, Hn, Paracel Is.

Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch.sea-grasscommonly on coral sandPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Spratly Is., Pratas Is.

ORCHIDACEAE

Acriopsis liliiflora (1. Konig) OrmerodAcriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blumeepiphytesometimes in mangrovesMP, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph, Vt.

Aerides odorata Lour.lowland epiphytecommon on trees near the seaPM, Th, Vt, Ph.

Arachnis flosaeris (L.) Rchb.jArachnis moschifera Blumescrambler on limestone rocks, or mangrove epiphytePM, WK, Sb, Ph, Th.

Arachnis hookeriana (Rchb.j) Rchb.jArachnis alba (Rid!.) Schltr.scramblerin scrub near the seashorePM, Sp, Ri, Sk, Bn, Sb, Cm, Vt.

Arachnis maingayi (Hook.!) Schltr.scandent herbusually near the seaPM, Sp, Ri, Sb.

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Bulbophyllum acuminatum (Ridl.) Ridl.Bulbophyllum stenophyllum Rid!.

creeping epiphyteon old mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Ba.

Bulbophyllum blumei (Lindl.) J.J.Sm.creeping epiphyteon mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Ba., Ph.

Bulbophyllum botryophorum Ridl.creeping epiphyteon mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Ba.

Bulbophyllum cheiri Lindl.Bulbophyllum megalanthum Griff.epiphyteon trees near the seaPM, Ba., Ph.

Bulbophyllum concinnum Hook.!epiphyteon mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Ba., Th, Vt.

Bulbophyllum nigropurpureum Carrepiphyteon mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp.

Bulbophyllum purpurascens Teijsm. & Binnend.Bulbophyllum rhizophoreti Rid!.

epiphytesometimes on mangrove treesMP, Ba., Th.

Bulbophyllum restrepia Ridl.epiphyteon old mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp.

Bulbophyllum striatellum Ridl.epiphyteold mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Ba.

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Bulbophyllum vaginatum (Lindl.) Rchb.fepiphytemangroves and inland forestsPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th.

Bulbophyllum vermiculare Hook.!creeping epiphyteon lowland trees including mangrovesPM, Sp, Bo., Ph.

Bulbophyllum vesiculosum I.I.Sm.Bulbophyllum corneri Carrepiphyteon old mangrove treescollected once from Chua Chu Kang, Sp.

Cleisostoma halophilum (Ridl.) GaraySaccolabium halophilum Rid!.Ascochilus teres Rid!.Sarcanthus halophilus (Rid!.) I.I.Srn.pendulous epiphyte about 30 cm longon lowland trees, often near the seaPM, Sp, Sk, Sb.

Cleisostoma subulatum BlumeSaccolabium secundum (Griff.) Rid!.Sarcanthus subulatus (Blurne) Rchb.fepiphyte to 30 cm tallon lowland trees, often near the seaPM, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Ph.

Cleisostoma williamsonii (Rchb.f) GaraySaccolabium sacculatum (Rid!.) Rid!.Sarcanthus sacculatus Rid!.epiphyte about 30 cm longTh, Vt, Sb.

Coelogyne mayeriana Rchb.!epiphyte about 30 cm tallon old trees near the seaPM, Bo.

Coelogyne rochussenii de Vrieseepiphyte about 30 cm talllowland forest, sometimes in mangrovesPM, WK, Sk, Bn, Sb, Th, Ph.

Cymbidium bicolor Lindl.Cymbidium pubescens Lind!.epiphyteon exposed trees often near the seaPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Cm, Vt, Ph, MC.

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Cymbidium jinlaysonianum Lindl.epiphyte often forming large masseson exposed lowland trees or coastal rocksPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Dendrobium cruentum Rchbf.epiphytesometimes near the coastTh (endemic).

Dendrobium crumentatum Sw.epiphytecommon on trees in the open and near the seaMP, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, MC.

Dendrobium flexile Ridl.epiphyte about 12 cm longon old mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Sk, Th.

Dendrobium helvolum J.1. Srn.epiphytemangrovesWK.

Dendrobium indivisum (Blume) Miq. var. indivisumepiphyteinland and mangrove forestPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Ph.

Dendrobium korthalsii U. Srn.epiphytemangrovesWK, Sg Njerakut.

Dendrobium pensile Ridl.pendulous epiphyte to 120 cm longon old mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Sb.

Dendrobium secundum (Blume) Lindl.epiphyte to 1 m longlowland epiphyte, often on exposed trees near the seaPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Dendrobium spegidoglossum RchbfDendrobium flavidulum Rid!. ex Hook.fepiphyte about 60 cm longon old mangrove treesPM, Sp, Ri, Sb, Th.

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Dendrobium spurium (Blume) I.I.Sm.Dendrobium euphlebium Rchb.f ex Lindl.about 30 cm longon limestone rocks or old mangrove treesPM, Ph.

Dendrobium subulatum (Blume) Lindl.epiphytesometimes on mangrovesMP, Bo., Th.

Dendrochilum longifolium Rchb.jPlatyclinis longij"olia (Rchb.f) Hems!.creeping epiphyteon old mangrove treesPM,Bo.

Diplocaulobium longicolle (Lindl.) KraenzlDendrobium longicolle Lind!.epiphyte, occasionally terrestrial, to 40 cm talloften on old mangrove treesPM, Bo.

Dipodium paludosum (Griff.) Rchb.ftufted herb to 1 m tallopen sandy places near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Eria bractescens Lindl.epiphyte about 15 cm tallmontane forest and lowland trees near rivers or the seaPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph.

Eria javanica (Sw.) Blumeepiphytelowland to montane forest, sometimes in mangrovesPM, WK, Sk, Sb, Th, Ph.

Eria longerepens Ridl.long-creeping epiphyte to 30 cm tallon mangrove treesPM, Bo.

Eria neglecta Ridl.epiphyte to 30 cm talloften on mangrove or riverside treesPM, Ri, Bo., Th.

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Eria obliqua (Lindl.) Lindl.tufted epiphyte to 10 cm tallon mangrove and riverside treesPM, Bo.

Eria ornata (Blume) Lindl.epiphyte or epilithsometimes on coastal rocksMP, Bo., Th, Ph.

Eria pubescens (Hook.) Steud.Eria albidotomentosa (Blume) Lind!.epiphyte or epilithsometimes on coastal rocksMP, Th, Vt, Hn.

Eria pudica Ridl.epiphyte about 15 cm tallon old mangrove and riverside treesPM, Sp, Sb.

Eria pulchella Lindl.epiphyteforests, sometimes on coastal rocksPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th.

Eria triloba Ridl.epiphytemangroves and lowland forestSk.

Eulophia andamanensis Rchbf.Eulophia keithii Rid!.herbon rocks, sometimes coastalTh, Cm, Vt.

Eulophia graminea Lindl.weedy herb to 80 cm tallopen places in the lowlands, including seashoresPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Th, Vt, Tw, MC.

Flicklingeria comata (Blume) A.D. HawkesDesmotrichum criniferum Lind!.Dendrobium comatum (Blume) Lind!.much-branched epiphyte to 60 cm talllowland forests including mangrovesPM, ?Ph.

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Flickingeria laciniosa (Ridl.) A.D. HawkesDesmotrichum lacinosum (Rid!.) Kraenz!.Dendrobium laciniosum Rid!.epiphyte about 30 cm longprobably on mangrovesknown only from typeP. Seletar, Sp.

Flickingeria xantholeuca (Rchb.f) A.D. HawkesDesmotrichum lonchophyllum Hook.I.Desmotrichum pallidiflorum (Rid!.) Rid!.Dendrobium xantholeucum Rchb.jmuch-branched epiphyte 15-30 cm talllowland trees including mangrovesPM, Sp, Ri, Bo., Th.

Grammatophyllum speciosum Blumeenormous epiphytesometimes on mangrove treesMP, Sp, Bo., Ph, Th.

Liparis gibbosa FinetLiparis disticha auct. non (Thouars) Lind!.creeping epiphyte to about 20 cm talllowland to montane forest at 1500 m, including mangrovesPM, Th, Vt.

Luisia antennifera Blumeerect epiphytecoastal forestPM, Sk, Th, Vt.

Luisia zollingeri Rchbf.tufted herbsometimes on coastal rocksBo., Th, Vt.

Microsaccus javensis Blumeepiphyte to 15 cm longon lowland trees including mangrovesPM.

Microsaccus griffithii (C.S.P. Parish & Rchb.f) Seidenf.Microsaccus brevifolius I.I.Srn.epiphyte to 10 cm longon mangrove and riverside trees, also on limestonePM, Sp, Th, Vt, Ph.

Oberonia ciliolata Hook.fepiphyte to 20 cm talllowlands, including mangroves and limestone, and mountainsPM.

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Oberonia marina 1.B. ComberOberonia rhizophoreti (non Schltr.) J,J.Sm.tiny epiphyte barely 5 cm tallon riverside treesPM.

Paphiopedalum bullenianum (Rchb.f) Pfitzerepiphyte or growing on leaf littermangroves and inland forests?PM, Sk.

Pholidota imbricata Hook.herbon limestone rocks, sometimes coastalTh, Vt, MC.

Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.fPlocoglottis porphyrophylla Rid!.herb to 100 cm or more talldamp lowland forest, commoner near the seaPM, Bo., Th.

Podochilus similis BlumeepiphytemangrovesSk.

Pomatocalpa latifolia (Lindl.) J.1.Sm.Saccolabium latifolium (Lind!.) Schltr.Saccolabium hortense Rid!.epiphyte, sometimes long-stemmedlowlands, including mangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th.

Pteroceras pallidum (Blume) HolttumSarcochilus caligaris Rid!.small epiphyte to 10 cm tallcoastal forestPM, Sp, WK, Th.

Pteroceras unguiculatum (Lindl.) H.A. Peders.Sarcochilus unguiculatus Lindl.Sarcochilus pallidus auct. non (Blume) Rchb.fepiphyte about 30 cm tallmangroves, rocky seashores, inland forestPM, Sb.

Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl.long climbing epiphytelowlands often on rocks near the seaPM, Sp, WK, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th.

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Renantherella histrionica (Rchb.f) Ridl. ssp. histrionicaRenanthera histrionica Rchb.fepiphyte to 60 cm long, often hangingon old mangroves or trees and rocks in the hillsPM, Th.

Renantherella histrionica (Rchb.f) Ridl. ssp. auyongii (Christenson) Senghasepiphytetrees near the seaSk.

Schoenorchis secundiflora (Ridl.) J.J.Sm.Saccolabium secundiflorum Rid!.small epiphyte to 10 cm tallon old riverside and mangrove treesPM, Ba., Th.

Taeniophyllum obtusum BlumeTaeniophyllum serrula Hook.!tiny leafless epiphyte with flat green roots, about 2 cm tallexposed lowland trees including mangrovesPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt.

Thelasis carinata Blumeepiphyte to about 30 cm tallmangrove, lowland and hill forestPM, Sk, Sb, Ph, Th.

Thelasis pygmaea (Griff.) BlumeThelasis elongata BlumeThelasis triptera Rchbfepiphyte to 25 cm tallon old riverside and mangrove trees or inlandPM, Th, Vt, Ph, MC.

Thrixspermum carinatifolium (Ridl.) Schltr.Dendrocolla carinatifolia (Rid!.) Rid!.epiphyte about 20 cm longon trees near the seaPM.

Trichoglottis bipunctata (C.S.P. Parich & Rchb.f) T. Tang & F.T. WangTrichoglottis misera (Rid!.) Holttumepiphytesometimes in the mangrovesTh.

Trichoglottis geminata J.J. Srn.climbing epiphyte or on rocks near the seaSb, Ph.

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Vanda hastifera Rchb.j var. hastiferamonopodial epiphyteforest including mangroveSk, Sb.

Vanda lamellata Lindl.forest epiphyteoften coastalSb, Ph.

PALMAE

Calamus burkillianus Becc. ex Ridl.clustering rattan climbing to 20 mforming thickets near the seaPM.

Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) J. Dransf.Calamus aqautilis Rid!.robust thicket-forming rattanbacks of mal)grove swamps, coastal sand barsPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Ph.

Cacos nucifera L.large feather palm to 25 m tallsandy shores, widely plantedthroughout.

Nypa fruticans Wurmbrhizomatous rosette feather palm to 6 m tallgregarious in tidal reaches of estuariesPM, Sp, Sk, Bn, Th, Vt, Ph, Hn.

Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.Oncosperma jilamentosum Blume20 m-tall spiny feather palm growing in many-stemmed clumpscommon near the seaPM, Sp, Th, Ph.

Phoenix paludosa Roxb.clumping feather palm to 6 m tallinland edge of mangrove forestsPM, Th, Vt.

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PANDANACEAE

Freycinetia formosana Hemsl.climber to 10 m tallnear the seaTw

Pandanus affinis KurzPandanus aurantiacus Rid!.shrub to 5 m tallfreshwater or brackish swampsPM, Sp, Sk.

Pandanus dubius Spreng. var. dubiuserect stout-trunked plantsrocky and sandy shoresPM, Sb, Sk, Ph.

Pandanus epiphyticus Martellilarge shrub, often epiphyticlowland forests along rivers, also on rocks near the seaPM, Sk, Bn, Sb.

Pandanus horizontalis St Johnshrub to 1.5 m tallbeachesPM, Vt.

Pandanus odoratissimus L.fPandanus fascicularis Lam.Pandanus tectorius auctt. plur. non Parkinson ex Du RoiPandanus tectorius var. sinensis Warb.large prop-rooted shrubthe common seashore pandanPM, Sp, Sk, Sb, Th, Cm, Vt, Ph, Tw, Hn, Gd, Spratly Is., Paracel Is., Pratas Is.

Pandanus polycephalus Lam.shrubbeachesPM.

Pandanus rostratus MartelliPandanus corneri Kaneh.stems to about 2 malong streams near the seaPM, Sp.

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PRORMIACEAE

Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.Dianella parvijlora Rid!.tufted herb to 1 m tallsea shores and open forest to 3000 mPM, Sp, Bo., Th, Vt, Tw, Rn.

POSIDONIACEAE

Posidonia australis Rookj.sea grassRn.

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Ruppia maritima L.submerged herbbrackish waterTw, Rn, Gx, Gd, Fj, Pratas Is.

RESTIONACEAE

Leptocarpus disjunctus Mast.rhizomatous sedge-like herb to I m tallsandy places, often near the seaPM, Th, Cm, Vt, Rn, Gx.

SMILACACEAE

Heterosmilax borneensis A. DC.Heterosmilax indica auct. non A. DC.slender vine to 3 m longthickets near the seaSp.

STEMONACEAE

Stemona curtisii Rook.!Stemona tuberosa auct. non Lour.vine to 3 m longthickets near the sea, sometimes on limestonePM.

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TACCACEAE

Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) KuntzeTaeea pinnatifida J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.Taeea ehantrieri auet. non Andretuberous herb to nearly 2 m tallsandy places near the seaPM, Sp, Ba., Th, Tw.

ZANNICHELIACEAE

Zannichelia palustris L.submerged herbbrackish and freshwaterTw.

ZINGIBERACEAE

Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) RoscoeAlpinia melanoearpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Rid!.Languas melanoearpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Burkillherb to 2 m talllocally common near the seaPM, Ba.

ZOSTERACEAE

Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebnersea-grassVt, Tw, Gd.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our thanks to Dr D.G. Frodin for kindly providing information on Schefflera ofthe South China Sea Region, Dr l.F. Veldkamp for sharing agrostological data and Ms ChewPing Ting for translating from Chinese.

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an annotated check-listof the vascular plants of …

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