http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

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An Algae Bioreactor from Recycled Water Bottlesby mfischer on February 1, 2009

Table of Contents

An Algae Bioreactor from Recycled Water Bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Intro:   An Algae Bioreactor from Recycled Water Bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Step 1:   Make Carbon Dioxide Delivery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 2:   Attach Tubing to Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 3:   Mount Carbon Dioxide System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Step 4:   Mount Water Bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Step 5:   Make Algae Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Step 6:   Media Inoculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Step 7:   Growth and Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Related Instructables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Author:mfischerMichael Fischer

Intro:  An Algae Bioreactor from Recycled Water BottlesIn this instructable, we describe how to build a photo-bioreactor that uses algae to convert carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy. The energy that is produced is in theform of algae biomass. The photo-bioreactor is built from plastic recycled water bottles. By designing the apparatus to be compartmentalized, we are able to do manyexperiments in parallel.

Michael Fischermfischer @t stanford.edu

By using algae as a biofuel, we can increase the world's supply of oil while at the same time we decrease the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide used during itsproduction. The resulting product is a sustainable biofuel whose carbon footprint is neutral inasmuch as the CO2 produced on consumption is essentially balanced by theCO2 used in its production. In this instructable, we first make the carbon dioxide delivery system, then mount the water bottles on a rack, and then inoculate the bottleswith algae. After letting the algae grow for a week, we extract the biomass.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Step 1: Make Carbon Dioxide Delivery SystemTo make the carbon dioxide delivery system, connect an eight port sprinkler system manifold to a one inch long PVC pipe. To get good seals, use Teflon tape to tape thethreads before attaching the pieces together. Next, attach the one inch pipe to a T-connector. Block off one end of the T-connector and attach the other end to a foot longPVC pipe.

Step 2: Attach Tubing to ManifoldFor each manifold, cut eight-pieces of flexible tubing and connect each piece to a port of the manifold. The manifold that I am using has a dial on each port to control therate of flow. Make sure all the ports that you use are open and allow approximately the same amount of carbon dioxide to flow through the port.

Step 3: Mount Carbon Dioxide SystemMount the air system to a metal rack using zip ties. Attach the air system to a tank of carbon dioxide.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Step 4: Mount Water BottlesHot glue the water bottles to the metal rack.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Step 5: Make Algae MediaWe next make the medium to grow the algae. Although there are many possible mediums, a standard garden store fertilizer contains all the nitrogen and nutrients thatthe algae need.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Step 6: Media InoculationA good source of algae is pond algae, if available. If not, there are a large number of online vendors that sell batches of algae. To inoculate the culture, measure out afixed amount of algae and add it to the growth medium.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

Step 7: Growth and HarvestingAfter several days of sunlight and CO2 exposure, the algae are much denser. A French press is then used to extract the algae from the solution. The biomass of the driedalgae can then be used as a fuel. As a by-product of this process, a large amount of atmospheric CO2 is sequestered.

By: Michael Fischer, Stanford University, mfischer @t stanford.edu

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

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Photo-Bioreactor forAlgae &AquacultureUsing RecycledBottles byharmane

Solar-poweredalgae bioreactorbymiddlenamefrank

WIP: Scalable,automatic algalbioreactor bypyrosine

Simple AlgaeHome CO2Scrubber - Part1 byegbertfitzwilly

Simple AlgaeHome CO2Scrubber - PartII AlgaeCultures andBreeding byegbertfitzwilly

How To Make anAlgae TestPhotoBioreactor...PartSix by dsieg58

Comments

50 comments Add Comment view all 203 comments

 pashanoid says:  Jun 19, 2011. 10:55 PM  REPLYThank you for this amaizing instructable! I now really want to build one of my own! However, up here in Moscow, Russia we don't get that much sunlight.Should I start with a scaled down model. I have one window in my apt facing west - gets the most sunlight... In any case -- great story, thank you!

 jbuk1 says:  Jun 18, 2011. 9:40 AM  REPLYvisit the our online site http://www.phycotechinc.com/ for more information regarding photobioreactor

 algaemaster says:  Feb 3, 2011. 6:31 PM  REPLYdo the tubes that the co2 passes through go in the plastic bottle through the top?

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

 dawgz031 says:  Jan 15, 2010. 9:10 PM  REPLYwow...this is a really nice step to reduce global warming when connected to the co2 scrubber....the co2 scrubber gets the co2 in the air...then it is feed to the algae......and more  i saw some article about specific algae that can be cultured so it can beused as a fuel or something when it is processed...

but there are still questions about the process on how to transform algae to a fuel.....and how to extract co2 of caustic soda....

can some on please help me???is there some one who know more about caustic soda and algae???

 Pe-ads says:  Dec 2, 2010. 12:21 PM  REPLYIsn't the algae a good enough scrubber? :D

Plants are carbon-neutral, as all the CO2 that gets released when you burn it, gets absorbed when a new plant grows.

 tomas.savage says:  Dec 2, 2010. 2:07 PM  REPLYfossil fuels are technically carbon-neutral as well. they were once plants that took CO2 from the atmosphere.

'carbon neutrality' doesn't apply to specific fuels, it applies to a process of removing the same amount of carbon from the atmosphere as you put in;for whatever good or damage that will do.

 gaiatechnician says:  Dec 2, 2010. 8:59 PM  REPLYPerhaps it should read "biosphere neutral"? Adding fossil carbon to the biosphere changes the composition of the biosphere.Thats the big problem.

 tomas.savage says:  Dec 2, 2010. 10:16 PM  REPLYthat would be a more accurate term since the biosphere remains equipoise.

as for that being the big problem, it's just the popular opinion at this time. popular opinions aren't always right.

CO2 is the primary plant fertilizer. i wouldn't be keen on removing too much of it. i would rather be worried about increasing the O2 supply asthat is becoming dangerously low.

 squenchmeister says:  Dec 3, 2010. 9:52 AM  REPLYBy primary, do you mean limiting plant fertilizer? If so this is not true. Phosphorus and Nitrogen are limiting, and much less abundant. It isthese nutrients that dictate plant growth, and of course carbon consumption. It should not matter how much carbon you pump at aphotosynthetic organism. It will not take up any more than is dictated by these two nutrients. This is why forests would not be adequatecarbon sinks.

I can see this becoming a problem as well. I would imagine that if done at an industrial level, companies only trying to make a buck willpump more and more fertilizers into their algae farms. These are the same chemicals that cause algae growths in streams and lakeswhen they run off from farms, lawns, etc.. Eutrophication is an environmental catastrophe which is destroying aquatic life and resources.The dead zone off the coast of New Orleans is a result of this process and others.

Judging on the fuel industry's track record, I am positive that it will end badly. It is a shame too. This seems like a great biofuel.

 nsupple says:  Dec 3, 2010. 8:43 PM  REPLYThe motivation for a company not too pump too many fertilizers into there algal solution would simply be the cost f fertilizers, thatwould be one of an algae farms biggest costs, and with money on the table you can bet the company will use just the rightamount...Just a thought, perhaps one of these such farms could sit on the Mississippi river and simply feed their algae on the water init, we all know theres plenty of fertilizers within

 squenchmeister says:  Dec 6, 2010. 8:46 AM  REPLYYou would think this is a major motivation, but industry, agriculture, and lawn care enthusiasts f**k this up all the time. This is whythe Mississippi river is so rich in fertilizers. Every time anyone in the Midwest over fertilizes it ends up in the Gulf of Mexico. This ison top of all the other inefficiently used pollutants found in run off, and all the failing sewage treatment plants.

Lets not forget, it would be energy companies (BP, Exxon, Shell, etc.) doing the energy production. They seem to find a ways toscrew up every last detail, and then fight tooth and nail to deny responsibility. Did it make sense for BP to construct a crappy wellthat failed, killed 10 people, lost millions of gallons of valuable crude oil, and lost them over 20 billion dollars? ...Somehow yes.

On the positive side, I think it would be a great Idea to use algae in this way. What about using algae farms as pretreatment forsewage? I wonder what other pollutants could be processed by algae into less harmful chemicals.

 nsupple says:  Dec 7, 2010. 10:25 PM  REPLYYou have good point there, i have often thought, if only we could someone convince farmers that it would be cheaper to useless..... On the waste treatment idea, I don't think algae works very well with waste treatment, the newest system for that(atleast where i live, near the mississippi) seems to be simply open air tanks for a period to kill of bacteria then draining acrossa large field that treats the water over a period until it washes in wetlands....Usually bacteria are better suited for such wastetreatment

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

 squenchmeister says:  Dec 8, 2010. 9:24 AM  REPLYhttp://www.oldcastleprecastonsite.com/algae_wheel_MAIN.html

Check out this site. The only problem with this is the algae use the CO2 produced by the bacteria, not by the later burningof the algae as fuel. Similar symbiotic relationships are found in eutrophication. Do the algae farms discussed in thisinstructable account for this? We are dealing with a more controlled environment, but how easily could the bacteria that eatdead algae contaminate the operation? If they did they would be the primary contributors of CO2 to the algae, and possiblydecrease biomass yields. This might defeat the purpose.

 nsupple says:  Dec 8, 2010. 8:42 PM  REPLYInteresting thought, In the case of this instructional obviously no bacteria is present, though also in reality the farmandprocess depicted in this instructable is only useful as a concept, since, in all likely hood the process above requiresmore energy than it produces....But back to the bacteria i really don't know, that would certainly be something toconsider

 gaiatechnician says:  Dec 2, 2010. 11:48 PM  REPLYDifferent types of plants take up CO2 at different rates. So this "fertilizer" gives some plants a big advantage over their neighbours. Result,extinction of the neighbour! It is also well known that if you boost fertilizer to a plant, you have to boost water supply too in drought areas.Thank you, you have highlighted another of the destructive effects that we have as we boost the CO2 levels in the atmosphere and in thesea and fresh water bodies.

 hargee says:  Dec 3, 2010. 4:45 AM  REPLYThe increase of CO2 in the atmosphere decreases the number of stoma on the plant, thus decreasing the amount of water used bythe plant. More CO2 equals happy planet. There was a time where the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere was much higher thanpresent day - that was the time of 3 foot dragonflies and ferns that dwarfed trees of today.

 tomas.savage says:  Dec 3, 2010. 11:08 AM  REPLY

yes. the percentage of oxygen was much higher as well.

there is a downward oxygen trend and if it goes below 15%, we could have a mass extinction event.

http://www.pnas.org/content/vol96/issue20/images/medium/pq1991262002.gif

 tomas.savage says:  Dec 3, 2010. 2:31 AM  REPLYyou haven't made much of a case. expanding on this logic; reducing CO2 would then give advantage to the plants that absorb CO2more slowly thus driving the plants that absorb it faster to extinction.

fortunately, it doesn't work that way. there are many other environmental factors that determine the success or failure of a particularspecies. you even mentioned one of those factors... availability of water!

 campbellu2002 says:  Sep 6, 2010. 10:39 AM  REPLYAnd here is your transformation :D http://www.instructables.com/id/Convert-your-Honda-Accord-to-run-on-trash/

 Arano says:  Jul 19, 2010. 4:01 PM  REPLYNa2CO3 + water +heat transforms to NaOH+co2 one of the easiest ways to transform your algae into somehting useful would be heating it up whichwould transform the algae into coal and burnable gases

 rbarba says:  Dec 3, 2010. 4:16 AM  REPLYHere is a solution:Dry up the algae then use biomass to make some pellets and finally use algae-pellets into a simple gasifier.See for example this 'open-fire' gasifier: Luciastove at www.worldstove.com

It is possible to put aside most of the woodgas produced while the stove is burning only 5% of it.Luciastove byproduct is biochar that is very good to enrich the soil.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsH_Gh-n2Mg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iy4XXD2N_nY

 yellowcatt says:  Dec 5, 2010. 11:13 AM  REPLYAs I see it there are three ways of using the algae for fuel:1. Dry it and burn it.

2. Extract oil and burn that, you would still have biomass that could be either burnt or used as fertiliser. I suspect that to get a viable yield of oil will requireparticular varieties of algae and possibly careful balancing of the nutrients. To use the oil as a fuel it would need processing from a triglyceride to a methylester.Craig Venter of Synthetic Genomics is working on bioengineered algae for this:http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/jul/14/green-algae-exxon-mobil

3. Use the algal biomass in an anaerobic digester to produce methane, you would still have biomass left which could be used as fertiliser or dried and burntas fuel.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

All are possible but economic and technological factors will decide which are most viable, the algae oil has the most potential but also requires the mostdevelopment to become viable.

 nsupple says:  Dec 3, 2010. 8:34 PM  REPLYI am wondering why pump co2 actively into the solution, why not just put the algae in a larger surface area contained and allow them to do the work?

Another interesting idea, is i recently discovered that a fairly sigifigant amount of algae can be grown only using the co2 and chemicles that leach fromheated plastic bottles, perhaps it would be possible to wholly get rid of the fertilizer, and grow them only on heated, recycled plastic bottles

 michaelkaer says:  Dec 2, 2010. 10:58 AM  REPLYI would like to know how much energy it takes to run the CO2 pumps. Can it be done using solar power or other renewable energy source? I would say yes.Yes we can create oil, but at what cost? It takes a lot of energy that has to come from somewhere. It is a great idea that can be scaled up or down. Why dothey not use some form like this to scrub coal fired generators? Even if it cost some energy to do it, we would have cleaner air. Thanks for your good ideas.

 xapa says:  Dec 2, 2010. 8:16 PM  REPLYI would say yes too, if we use a simple stirling engine and a fresnel lens to heat up the hot side...we've got ourselves a pump! To see some videos justsearch "stirling engine fresnel lens" there's this guy doing this for a long time now, and it seems like a perfect fit for this algae bioreactor.

 michaelkaer says:  Dec 3, 2010. 5:51 PM  REPLYI saw the guy melting concrete and glass like it was nothing! I found one of those TV screens that is just a big fresnel lens and I have used it to heatthings in the summer. That would be enough power to run a few pumps. This is a good idea and it can be worked many different ways to supply uswith oil.

 silveruno says:  Dec 2, 2010. 3:19 PM  REPLYwhat is the production cost, how mutch co2 does the powerplant send out in the air, to produce the power your need to run the compressor, to pump the co2into the bottles ?.

The idea is great, but you need a windmill or something els that does not need any kind of power from a powerplant, if you want a solition that will do anygood.

Bio diesel produced by using power from a powerplant burning cole, oil or natural gas, i´sent realy doing any good. Can´t say if newclear power is any good,since radioactive material i´sent that good either.

That is just my opinion.

 rc jedi says:  Dec 2, 2010. 8:20 PM  REPLYoh, and the power needed to make, ship the nitrogen fertilizer. might be easier and tastier to just plant a garden. but interesting if i ever have a need foralgae.

 dreadengineer says:  Dec 2, 2010. 6:47 PM  REPLYThe energy needed to pump CO2 is going to be small compared to the net energy harvested.

 goonrick says:  Dec 2, 2010. 5:11 PM  REPLYThe solution is solid even if it relies on fossil fuels for processing so long as you get more energy in than you get out, provided the solution is itself carbonneutral. As efficiency improves over time, the ratio to energy out to energy in will increase. Logically, any increase is still an improvement over using onlynon-renewables.

Of course, the goal is to eventually reduce the need for non-renewables to zero, but that will take quite a lot of R&D and time.

 matthewtyler1 says:  Dec 2, 2010. 5:43 PM  REPLYi cant believe that nobody thought to use a large clear plastic contaners with clear straws or something similar to increase surface area and thus increasingefficiency. by doing this would also make the procces much faster, because you wouldnt have to propigate each bottle indivisualy.

 hairybaroque says:  Dec 2, 2010. 1:34 PM  REPLYWhat a fascinating 'able! I was beginning to worry about where the CO2 was coming from but it comes in a box so that's that sorted out. What does one do ifthere isn't a handy tankful of the stuff round behind the laboratory? I suppose you could make it a condition of admission to your house that every caller hasto blow into the tank. Or something. I know I'm being silly but it does seem to negate the exceptionally high level of idealism and usefulness that this projectembodies. The energy you'd have to use to fill the CO2 tank does have to be factored in, when you think about it.

 luke96 says:  Nov 29, 2009. 12:11 PM  REPLYI could not find algae for sale on line.

 Sitnalta says:  Dec 2, 2010. 11:25 AM  REPLYAlgae is abundant anywhere there's water. Find a creek, pond or just leave a bucket of media sitting out in the open for a few days.

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

 photis22 says:  Feb 7, 2009. 8:27 PM  REPLYthis is a good design, being that it recycles the bottles, but a little impractical, the ones I make at home use 2.5 inch clear pvc tubing to grow the algae in, anda small fluorescent tube light inside which is protected by a water-proof cover, this provides maximum lighting, this design also includes a single powerful air-pump which provides high air pressure to feed multiple tubes, i run it on CO2 released from my hot water heater, but eventually you need to stress in tocreate maximum oil content, you also need to think about the species you should use, botryococcus braunii tends to have up to 50% oil content if treatedproperly, but only 2% of that oil, or oil in almost any algae can be used for biodiesel, another algae you might use is chlorrela which is a green algae know tohave heavy nutrient levels, which can be made into fertilizer or health drinks , both spiceis can be purchased at utex.edu, the UT campus website, where oneof the largest algae depositories in the world is located

 michaelkaer says:  Dec 2, 2010. 11:02 AM  REPLYI live in Canada; would UTEX be able to ship it here?

 Nyxius says:  Jan 26, 2010. 8:49 AM  REPLYAwsome tip! Thanks!

 bassfishinfreak05 says:  Dec 2, 2010. 7:58 AM  REPLYOk, you say in your video once you have the algae you centrifuge the algae to get a cake and then press it for the oil. I have a couple centrifuges and haveaccess to a press.. What do you do with the oil once you have it pressed from the cake? Do you just pour it in the tank?

 beehard44 says:  Dec 2, 2010. 8:06 AM  REPLYmaybe you need to use lye to turn it into biodiesel

 Lt.Greg says:  Dec 2, 2010. 6:48 AM  REPLYMichael;Pray tell - just how does this device "increase" the world's supply of oil?You maybe got a couple of dinosaurs in your back pocket?:-)P

 hamraddude says:  Aug 26, 2010. 8:05 PM  REPLYI would just dump the algae on my compost heap... the harvested CO2 would then remain sequestered no?

 OverSaltedFry says:  Dec 28, 2009. 3:51 AM  REPLYI do like this idea

Assuming it would somehow get enough sunlight, would it be possible to put this in the trunk of a car so the exaust bubbles through a bunch of bottles?

 darkknight671 says:  May 25, 2010. 1:46 PM  REPLYIn addition to being too hot, auto-exhaust also contains CO - Carbon Monoxide and NO2 - Nitrous Oxide - both of which would also kill the algae. Badidea.

 tekym says:  Apr 27, 2010. 8:20 PM  REPLYThat'll melt your bottles, along with probably boiling the water and killing the algae.  Exhaust is extremely hot.

 kingmii says:  Jul 6, 2010. 8:19 PM  REPLYwhat if you found away to bottled the exhaust and then added it to the algae at home one it had cooled.

 tekym says:  Jul 6, 2010. 9:29 PM  REPLYAs the comment above mine says, car exhaust contains carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides in addition to carbon dioxide, and CO and NOxwould both be lethal to the algae. This in addition to it being impractical to try to bottle exhaust; cars output literally pounds of the stuff, and tobottle it would require a pressurization system and pressure bottles like many pure gases come in already. It's more complicated than it's worth,even if it would work.

 kingmii says:  Jul 6, 2010. 11:02 PM  REPLYI suppose your right It's just a suggestion i herd in an ethanol documentary. It would be awesome to make this into a carbon negative fuel.

 FlySEED says:  May 15, 2010. 7:17 PM  REPLY Check www.carolina.com

They have quite the selection

http://www.instructables.com/id/An-Algae-Bioreactor-from-Recycled-Water-Bottles/

 RelientOwl says:  May 13, 2010. 1:52 PM  REPLYWhere did you get your eight-port sprinkler system?

 nickk says:  Apr 9, 2009. 12:46 AM  REPLYHello Is algae oil suitable to be used as cooking oil ? does it have any strange taste or odor ? what color is the oil ?

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