zeyaur khan- icipe- climate smart push-pull farming
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Climate-Smart Push-Pull: An agricultural innovation for enhancing food security and
environmental sustainability in Africa
ZEYAUR R. KHAN International Centre of Insect Physiology
and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
www.icipe.org www.push-pull.net
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HUNGER, POVERTY AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA Africa faces increasingly serious problems in its
ability to feed its rapidly growing population, resulting in high hunger and poverty incidences.
Africas productivity is the lowest in the world (around 1t/ha compared with 2.4t/ha in South Asia, 3.2t/ha in Latin America and 4.5t/ha in East Asia and Pacific)
The major production constraints are degraded soil, accompanied by weeds and pests.
These constraints are expected to increase as a result of climate change.
Africa needs ecologically sound agricultural innovations that could continuously improve soil health and sustainably manage weeds and pests.
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STEMBORERS AND STRIGA WEED ON CEREAL CROPS
Striga weeds threaten the lives of over 230 million people in SSA and infests >50 million ha. of arable land causing an annual loss of 14 billion dollars.
Cereal stemborers cause 30-80% yield loss causing an annual ecocomic loss of 15 billion dollars.
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Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Napier grass is a perennial fodder grass of African origin and of economic importance for livestock farmers in Africa.
Many varieties of Napier grass were found to be preferred for stemborer oviposition as compared to maize. However, Napier grass does not allow development of stemborer larvae to their adulthood. Napier grass
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Desmodium Desmodium uncinatum
Perennial fodder legume Important cattle feed in eastern Africa
Can fix~ 110-160 Kg N/ha/year Repels stemborers and controls striga weed
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The Push-Pull Strategy- an agricultural innovation The Push-Pull strategy is an innovation in pest
management which uses a repellent intercrop and an attractive trap plant. Insect pests are repelled from the food crop and are simultaneously attracted to the trap crop. The repellent crop also attracts natural enemies.
Attract naturalenemies
Moths are pushed away
Attract moths
Trap Crop
Main Crop
Cook, Khan and Pickett (2007) Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52 : 375-400 (www.push-pull.net)
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Push-Pull Strategy: An agricultural innovation
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Integrating push-pull with livestock production Integration of Push-Pull with livestock
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NITROGEN FIXATION WITH VARIOUS INTERCROPS AFTER THREE YEARS
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Maize Monocrop Maize +Desmodium
Maize + Soybean Maize + Sunhemp Maize + Cowpea
Intercrops
Tota
l N (g
) / 2
50 g
Soi
l
a
b b b b
Khan et al. 2006. Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, CRC Press
b
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Collembola Acari Microarthropods
So
il fa
un
a p
er
plo
t
Maize monocrop
Maize-Desmodium
Beneficial Soil Fauna in Maize Mono Vs Maize-Desmodium
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On-Farm Validation and Economics of Push-PullTechnology
Khan et al. 2008. Field Crops Research 106: 224-233
5
10
15
20
25
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
1
2
3
4
2003 2004 2005 2006
30
No. of emerged striga/63 maize plants
% stemborer damaged plants
Maize Yields (t/ha)
*
****
****
* * *
Maize monocrop fieldsPush-pull fields
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Trans Nzoia Suba Bungoma Busia
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ret
urn
to la
bou
r (U
SD
/man
day)
Return to Labour
Gro
ss b
enef
its
(US
D/h
a)
Gross benefits
Push-pull system Maize/bean intercrop Maize mono
Districts*Data averages of five years in each district
Khan et al. 2008. Crop Protection 27: 976-987
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Benefits of Push-Pull Technology
Sustainable Development Gender & Social Equity
Stemborers and striga
control
Increased fodder
production
N-fixation and reduced soil erosion
Increased forage seed production
Conservation of biodiversity
Increased crop yields
Improved cattle health
Improved soil health
Increased household
income
Technological Empowerment of farmers
Improved human health
Empowerment of women
Improved dairy
production
Improved FYM
Production
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Before
After
Push-pull effectively controls Striga and stemborers and improves soil fertility. > 96,000 farmers have adopted the technology in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somaliland and Nigeria.
60% of adopters are women farmers because of its ease of use.
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Push-Pull and Climate Change
With funding from EU, the push-pull technology has now been adapted to increasingly dry and hot conditions associated with climate change in Africa to ensure its long term sustainability. The climate-smart push-pull technology has provided a relevant and effective agricultural innovation for cereal-livestock smallholders living in those areas.
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SELECTION OF NEW DROUGHT TOLERANT COMPANION PLANTS
Brachiaria cv mulato Brachiaria CV Mulato
Screening for drought tolerant grasses and desmodium for use in Climate-Smart push-pull for drier areas of Africa
Screening for drought and temperature resistance Desmodium intortum
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Increased yield of maize and sorghum in climate-smart push-pull technology
Sorghum millet
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Adapted Push-Pull
Control Adapted Push-Pull
Control
Maize plot Sorghum plot
Yiel
d, K
g/ha
On-farm results of maize and sorghum yields from push-pull plots planted with the drought tolerant companion plants: Brachiaria c.v.Mulato II as the trap plant and Greenleaf desmodium as the intercrop plant.
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ADOPTION OF PUSH-PULL IN EASTERN AFRICA
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
ADOPT Conventional Push-pull
Total: 96,000 Climate-Smart Push-Pull: 32,650
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Increase in cereal
production
Decrease in striga
infestation
Increase in soil fertility
Increase in fodder
production
Decrease in stemborer infestation
Cereal and fodder
production
Increased milk
production
95% 90% 90% 91%
87%
67% 65%
97% 97% 96% 94%
85% 82%
62%
Benefits of push-pull technology to farmers in eastern Africa (N=461)
Male
Female
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PUSH-PULL AND GREEN REVOLUTION IN AFRICA
The African green revolution will come from adoption of simple, environmentally sustainable and low cost platform innovations like push-pull. Push-Pull is addressing food security and livelihood of smallholders without requiring extra resources for crop protection and soil improvement without causing any ecological and social harm.
By 2020 we aim to eliminate hunger and poverty for 10 million people by extending the Push-Pull technology to 1 million households
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THANK YOU
We do science for their better future ...
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