x-ray diffraction spectroscopy raman microwave. what is x-ray diffraction?

X-Ray DiffractionSpectroscopy•RAMAN

•Microwave

What is X-Ray Diffraction?

X-Ray Diffraction and The Bragg’s Law

Max Von Laue William Lawrence Bragg William Henry Bragg

BRAGG’S LAW

BRAGG’S LAW

COMPONENTS OF XRD MACHINE

HOW DIFFRACTION WORKS?

HOW DIFFRACTION WORKS?

Applications of XRD

Find structure to determine function of proteins

Distinguish between different crystal structures with identical compositions

Study crystal deformation and stress properties

Study of rapid biological and chemical properties

Crystallographic applications

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. It originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Spectroscopy is the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength.

SPECTROSCOPY

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Raman Spectroscopy is a technique that uses scattered light resulting from photon–molecule collisions to investigate molecular properties.

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

RAMAN SCATTERING

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Stokes Lines: Energy shifted down

Anti-Stokes: Energy shifted up

Raman scattering is governed by the polarizability of the electron cloud of the sample

A MODERN RAMAN SPECTROMETER

BASIC APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Identification of compound by matching the

spectrum of unknown with reference spectrum

(fingerprint). Determination of molecular composition of

surfaces. Identification of all type of inorganic compounds

in solid and aqueous solution. Detection of molecular impurites and additives.

MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY

Microwave rotational spectroscopy uses microwave radiation to measure the energies of rotational transitions for molecules in the gas phase.

MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY

▪ It is mainly used to get information about gas molecules, such as

▪ 1. Accurate bond lengths and angles.▪ 2. Electric dipole moments.▪ 3. Centrifugal distortion constants.▪ It can also be used to study dielectric

constants, dipole moments in liquids and solutions, and potential energy barriers to rotation

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