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Worldwide regulations forFusarium mycotoxins
Hans van Egmond and Marco Jonker, Beijing, 11 December 2006
Research for man and environmentNational Institutefor Public Health
and the Environment
2Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Y = 3.112 X - 6130
3Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Mycotoxin - regulating countries
3156
7799
0
40
80
120
160
1960 1980 2000 2020
year
countries
Y = 3.112X - 6130R2 = 0.99SE = 3.29
1981 - 1987 - 1995 - 2003
4Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
5Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Translation of oldest food law
“Thou shalt not taint the fat or the bread of thy neighbour, neither shalt thou bewitchthe fat or the bread of thy neighbour”
6Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Swiss food regulation, 13th century
“Fish which cannot be sold, can bedeclared as such, and is allowed tobe sold to foreigners only “
7Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
8Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
9Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
10Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
11Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data
12Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
JECFA and EFSA: hazard assessment
13Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
JECFA: Fusarium toxin evaluations in food
• JECFA: FAO/WHOJoint Expert Committeeon Food Additives
• Hazard identification and characterization: TDI values
• Fusarium toxins evaluated: - zearalenone (2000) - DON (2001) - T-2 and HT-2 toxins (2001) - fumonisins B1, B2 & B3 (2001)
14Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
EFSA: Fusarium toxin evaluations in feed
• Scientific panel : Contaminants in the Food and Feed Chain• W.G. undesirable substances in animal feed - mycotoxins• Tasks: preparing scientific opinions (assessments) on a.o.
ZEA, DON, FUM in feed (all published).• Contents of scientific opinions: introduction, analysis,
legislation, occurrence, intake, effects, kinetics, metabolism, carry-over, human dietary exposure
• Data used in decision-making process of setting guideline limits
15Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data
16Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
SCOOP: Scientific Cooperation onProblems relating to Food
SCOOP TASK 3.2.10
“COLLECTION OF OCCURRENCE DATA OFFUSARIUM
TOXINS IN FOOD AND ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY
INTAKE BY THE POPULATION OF EU MEMBER STATES”
Final Report
17Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis
18Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Committed to the development and validation of methods of sampling and analysis, and improvementof analytical quality assurance
• “Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens”deals with mycotoxins
• “Official Methods of Analysis ” for Fusarium toxins -DON: 1 TLC method and 1 GC method
- ZEA : 2 TLC methods & 1 ELISA - Fumonisins: 2 LC methods & 1 ELISA
19Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Standardization of methods for mycotoxin determination• Performance criteria approach, usually based on interlaboratory
validation studies• Most methods also approved by AOAC International• 2 LC methods for FUM in maize & maize-based foods• In progress: methods for DON & ZEA in grain cereals, baby food
and animal feed• To come: methods for FUM in baby food and animal feed• Later to come: review and update performance criteria
TC 275/WG 5“biotoxins”
TC 275/WG 5“biotoxins”
20Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Techniques used in mycotoxin regulatory analysis
TLC
minicolumn
LC
GC
GC/MS ELISA
fluorometry
frequency of techniques
21Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods
22Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Consumption data influence setting of limits
02468
101214161820
daily maize consumption [g]
limit [mg FUM/kg maize]
TDI curve
100 300 40010
regulatory limit
regulatory limit
23Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods• Trade contacts with other countries
24Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods• Trade contacts with other countries
25Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Worldbank Report 2001
“Global trade and food safety: winners and loosers in a fragmented system” (Wilson and Otsuki, 2001)
- Estimations made on the relationship of aflatoxin B1 regulatory standards and trade flow
- Scenario studies for cereals and nuts predictsignificant losses for exporting countries (Africa) ifstringent standards are adopted
26Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Worldbank Report 2005
“Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards, Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports” (Worldbank, 2005)
- Actual experience: much different than projected; e.g. African share of EU market for dried fruit increased!
- Border rejections irritating to exporters, but someproducing countries got an increase of their EU market share
27Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations
• Availability of toxicological data• Availability of survey analytical data• Availability of methods of sampling and analysis• Consumption data of certain foods• Trade contacts with other countries
• Sufficiency of food supply
28Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Food shortages in the world
29Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
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OH
H3C
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CH2OHCH3
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30Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
31Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
The mycotoxin regulatory puzzle
TOXICITY
OCCURRENCE
TRADE
ANALYSIS
SAMPLING FOOD SUPPLY
32Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Weighing the various factors: not trivial
33Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
34Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Inquiries on mycotoxin regulations
• Worldwide inquiries: 1981, 1987, 1995 & 2003, resulting in various publications
• Inquiry 2003 published as FAO FNP 81 (2004)
• Chinese, French and Spanishtranslations have appeared
35Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
International inquiry 2002/2003
• Inquiry 2002/2003: FAO-contracted activity of RIVM• Information: Agricultural Services of Dutch Embassies and
personal contacts in various countries• Details asked a.o. about tolerance limits, legal bases,
responsible authorities, methods of sampling and analysis, handling contaminated lots
Questionnaire February 2002For an Update of
“Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995”FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 64
36Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Results of the 2002/2003 inquiry
• Responses received from approx. 90 countries+ info from previous inquiries
• # of countries with known regulations formycotoxins in food and feed: approx.100 (90 % of world’s inhabitants)
• Significant increase of specific regulations forvarious Fusarium toxins, in particularDON, zearalenone, T-2 toxin and fumonisins
37Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
38Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Africa
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FOOD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FEED
• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce
• ZEA regulated in Morocco
• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce
• ZEA regulated in Mozambique
%
%
39Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Asia/Oceania
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FOOD
• DON regulated in 5 countries
• Most detailed regulations: Iran
• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce
• Mainly trichothecenes regulated0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FEED
%
%
40Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Latin America
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FOOD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FEED
• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce
• No harmonization yet in MERCOSUR
• Regulations for Fusarium toxins scarce
• Uruguay: various limits for DON
%
%
41Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
North America
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FOOD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FEED
• Both countries payattention toFusarium toxins
• Both countries payattention toFusarium toxins
%
%
42Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Europe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FOOD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DON ZEA FUM T-2 HT-2 DAS
FEED
• Limits forDON in 37 countries
• Regulations forZEA and T-2 toxinrapidly increasing
• Current regulationsrelatively scarce
• EU very active in preparing newregulations
%
%
43Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
44Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
45Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
DON in wheat(flour) and other cereals
1
3
28
6
1
2
1
300 µg/kg
700 µg/kg
750 µg/kg
1000 µg/kg
1100 µg/kg
1200 µg/kg
2000 µg/kg
number of countries
46Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Zearalenone in maize and other cereals
1
1
2
5
8
50 µg/kg
60 µg/kg
100 µg/kg
200 µg/kg
1000 µg/kg
number of countries
47Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
T-2 toxin in cereals and cereal flours
7
1
100 µg/kg
300 µg/kg number of countries
48Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Fumonisins in maize
4
1
1
1000 µg/kg
2000 µg/kg
3000 µg/kg
number of countries
49Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
50Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
European mycotoxin developments
• Newer Fusarium regulations
• European Research and Networking Projects
• Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed
• Mandate of European Commission to CEN
• Creation of CRL for mycotoxins
51Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Mycotoxin Fusarium regulatory situation in the EU
• 39 nations with known regulations (99 % of inhabitants of the region)
• EU food limits in force for Fusariumtoxins: DON and (partly) zearalenone. In 2007: fumonisins regulated
• EU food limits discussed for T-2/HT-2 toxins
• EU feed guidance values exist for some Fusarium mycotoxins
52Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
European research and networking projects
MONIQAMONIQA
• IP Food Quality & Safety, 2005-2009• New biotech-based methods:
e.g. transcriptomics & sensors• Includes WP on trichothecenes
• NoE Food Quality & Safety, 2007-2011• Focus on harmonization of methods
to monitor food hazards as mycotoxins• Includes evaluation of economic impact
of new regulatory methods
53Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
RASFF in the EU
• Quick information-exchange in the EU on risks to human health
• Allows MS to identify potential problems and take measures
• In 2005: 993mycotoxin issues
54Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
RASFF 2005: information notifications
rest27%
path. micro-organisms
14%
mycotoxins40%
vet. medicine products
6%components
7% food additives6%
55Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
RASFF 2005: alert notifications
path. micro-organisms
27%
vet. medicine products
4%components
19%
food additives10%
mycotoxins9%
rest31%
56Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
cereal(s) coffee baby fruits & herbs & milk nuts & products food veg. spices products products
Mycotoxin Notifications [RASFF 2005]
fumonisins
patulin
ochratoxin A
aflatoxins827
1
1
5
2
7
3
2
4
48
12
66
17
57Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
cereal(s) coffee baby fruits & herbs & milk nuts & products food veg. spices products products
Mycotoxin Notifications [RASFF 2005]
fumonisins
patulin
ochratoxin A
aflatoxins827
1
1
5
2
7
3
2
4
48
12
66
17
58Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
EU mandate addressed to CEN
• Establish standardized mycotoxin methods to enable compliance withEU legislation in a harmonised way
• Methods for DON, zearalenone and fumonisins in various specified foods
• Review performance criteria for methods of analysis of mycotoxins
59Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
The CRL on mycotoxins
25 NRLs
1 CRL
>> RFLs
• Provide NRLs with methods
• Coordinate comparative testing
• Organise training courses
• Technical assistance to the Commission
• Collaborate with labs in thirdcountries
EC
60Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
• Introduction• Factors influencing mycotoxin regulations• International inquiries on mycotoxin regulations• Regulations for Fusarium toxins: “Tour-du-monde“• Limits for DON, ZEA, T-2 toxin and fumonisins• European developments• Summary
Outline of presentation
61Fusarium toxin regulations, Van Egmond and Jonker, Beijing 2006
Summary
• Various factors influence mycotoxin regulations• Mycotoxin regulations exist in approx. 100 countries and
include various Fusarium toxins• Harmonization takes place, yet regulatory limits remain
substantially different across countries• Harmonized limits not always beneficial for
equal health protection• Several developments in EU• Details of 2002/2003 inquiry published
by FAO in FNP 81
Worldwide regulations forFusarium mycotoxins
Hans van Egmond and Marco Jonker, Beijing, 11 December 2006
Research for man and environmentNational Institutefor Public Health
and the Environment
thank you for your attention!
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