world organizations the united nations igos & ngos
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WORLD ORGANIZATIONS
THE UNITED NATIONS IGOs
& NGOs
THE UNITED NATIONS• Founded in 1945 to: -Provide a forum for disputes among
nations -Promote universal human rights -Support economic development -Work towards world peace
Declaration of Human Rights"All human beings are born with equal and inalienable rights" Promotes human dignity worldwide Eleanor Roosevelt championed the Declaration Adopted by UN in 1948
Millennium Development Goals of the UN
• End Poverty/Hunger• Universal Education• Gender Equality• Child Health/Maternal health• Combat HIV/Aids• Environmental Sustainability• Global Partnerships
Organizational Structure
• General Assembly - Main body• Security Council - Elite subgroup• Secretariat - International
leadership• Economic & Social Council -
functional agencies• International Court of Justice
General Assembly• Main “parliamentary” body• One country, one vote• Grown from 51 to 192 members• 2/3 are developing countries• Oversees budget and subsidiaries• Elects non-permanent members to
Security Council• Makes recommendations or
resolutions
Security Council• 5 permanent members - US, UK, France,
China and Russia• 10 Non-Permanent – Azerbaijan, Colombia,
Germany, Guatemala, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Portugal, South Africa, Togo. (2yr terms) (no veto power)
• Secret ballot voting (2/3) by Gen Assem. – each geographic region represented
• 9 votes required on substantive matters, including all 5 permanent members
• Great power – unanimity or veto power
Security Council Functions
• Military Ops• Economic sanctions• Weapons inspections• Election monitors• Peacekeeping Ops
The Secretariat• International in character• Should not be dominated by one
country or region• Carries out the day-to-day work of
the UN• Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon• World leader -personally steps in to
resolve international disputes or draw attention to an issue.
Secretary General
Ban Ki Moon (ROK)Nominated by Gen. AssemblyApproved by Security Council5 Year terms-Was recently re-elected for 2nd term
Behind the Scenes - A Day in the Life of Ban Ki-Moon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUR0gzFg2ss
• Click for Video Motorcades and Dictator Disneyland, NYT
U.N. Headquarters in New York City
European U.N. Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
U.N. role in Palestinian Statehood?
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-22-2011/west-bank-story
International Court of Justice
• Established by UN charter• Sits in The Hague, Netherlands• Legal disputes between states• Provides legal opinions• 5 SC nations have veto power
International Criminal Court
Created in 2002Prosecutions of individuals accused of genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity.Operates independently of UNThe US does not submit to the ICCMaximum sentence – life imprisonment
IGOs
• Inter-Government Organizations are Funded by Member Nations
• May be established for a specific purpose
• May be UN Agencies oUnicefoUN High Commission for Refugees17
Goal of UN IGOs
• Raise Awareness of Problems• Increase Local Capability• Train Local Personnel• Rarely Carry Out Programs on the
Ground
International Institutions
Large and Powerful Organizations Make PolicySet the Rules Promote and Facilitate Globalization• World Bank• IMF• World Trade Organization
The World Bank
Provides low interest loans to developing countries for education, agriculture and business projects.Goal is to promote “inclusive, sustainable growth.”
International Monetary Fund
Monitors currency marketsProvides loans to developing countries to stabilize marketsGoal is to “facilitate international trade, while promoting economic development.”
World Trade Organization
Establishes global rules of trade between nationsFramework for trade policy:Non-discrimination (all members treated equally)Binding enforceable commitmentsTransparencyNot part of UN systemPredecessor was GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Protests Target WTOLabor Unions Environmental Groups Human Rights Advocates Animal Rights Groups
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949
Inter - Governmental Military Alliance Reflects Cold War divisions Response to threat from Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact countries) Mutual defense if attacked by outside power• Afghanistan
Intervention - Military Training - Disaster Relief• Kosovo• Libya
The European Union 1993Union of 27 European States • Single market - 26% of global GDP• Open borders• Common environmental policy• Cooperation on security matters• Reciprocity between court systems• European Parliament & Court of Justice
The Euro• Common currency 1999• 17 of 27 members and other non-members (not
UK)• Central Bank
Non-Governmental Organizations
• NGOs are many and varied – civil society organizations that operate outside of gov’t.
• Some well known NGOs areo The Red Crosso Habitat For Humanityo Amnesty Internationalo Doctors Without Borders o CAREo Oxfamo Green Peaceo Grameen Bank
What is the Advantage of NGOs?
• More Flexible • More Focused• More Streamlined• Work Directly With the People “on the
ground”• Can Be More Critical of Human Rights
Abuses
Relationship With The UN
• Must adhere to the humanitarian principles and practices of the UNo Must have transparent accounting practices
The Work of NGOs
• Social Justice• Humanitarian Aid• Economic Development• Environmental Preservation
Social Justice• Amnesty International
o Unlawful imprisonmento Torture
• Caritas (Catholic Charities) o Victims of violence, rape, kidnappingo Eviction or displacement of the poor
• Save the Children o Support for familieso Education
• The Girl Effect – to end poverty among women http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIvmE4_KMNw
Humanitarian Aid
• Red Cross/Red Crescent• Doctors Without Borders -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73zMcdGfXGE
Economic Development
• Microfinance - A new approach to economic development
• Small loans to needy individuals in developing areas
• Goal is to promote entrepreneurship• How is this sustainable development?
Economic Development
• KIVA oMicrofinance ProjectsoCreates a positive imageoNo starving babiesoPoor people who work hard to
support themselvesohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MXk4GUGXNTQ
KIVA Entrepreneur
Economic Development• Grameen BankoFounded by Muhammad Yunus
(won Nobel Peace Prize)oGrameen – “rural” in BengalioMicrocredit – small loans to poor
people (esp. for women)ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=veaVikY3u98
Environmental Preservation• GreenpeaceoWorks to change attitudes and
behaviors regarding the environmentoClimate and energy (oil, nuclear)oPromotes safe fishing & anti-whalingoSustainable agriculture (against toxic
fertilizers & use of Genetically Modified Organisms)
ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVu9eawb1QY
Funding for NGOs
• Foundations o Grants
• Donations o Fundraisers
• Dues or memberships o Special interests (AARP)
• Bequests o Tax advantages
Problems With Funding
• NGOs are not immune to fundraising and other financial scandals
• A scandal in one organization taints the entire field
• Fundraising for NGOs is a field in itself
Bill Clinton on NGOs
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-17-2009/exclusive---bill-clinton-extended-interview-pt--1
Bill Clinton on North Korea
http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/thu-september-17-2009/exclusive---bill-clinton-extended-interview-pt--2
Tim in Vietnam with NGO field staff.
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