with your host…ms. turner! biology semester 2 final review! this does not prepare you for every...
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With your host…Ms. Turner!
Biology Semester 2 Final Review!
This does not prepare you for EVERY question on the final. You must consider questions that are related to the topics presented.
DO WORK
Central
Dogma
Reproduction
Karyotypes &
Genetics
Evolution, Cladistics,
Classification
Miscellaneous
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
Central Dogma : 10
Draw a sketch of how DNA replication occurs using the following “strand” of
DNA.
ANSWER
A T
T A
T A
G G
C C
A A
Central Dogma : 10 - Answer
A
T
T
G
C
A
A T
T A
T A
G G
C C
A A
T
A
A
G
C
A
A T
T A
T A
G G
C C
A A
A T
T A
T A
G G
C C
A A
What is this mode of replication called?What enzymes are involved in this process? How is this different from
transcription?
Central Dogma : 20
Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between
DNA and RNA.
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 20 - Answer
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.
DNA is replicated entiredly, RNA is only transcribed for genes.
DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA transcription happens many
times.
Central Dogma : 30
Draw a quick sketch of the following and label which processes are occurring
where.
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 30 - Answer
DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.
Can you name all of the
structures?
Central Dogma : 40Using the following sequence of DNA,
what would the polypeptid
e be?
ANSWERA T G G G G A C C A A
T
Central Dogma : 40 - Answer
A T G G G G A C C A A T
U A C C C C U G G U U A
Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu
Central Dogma : 50
Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use the
following correctly: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome,
codon, amino acid, peptide bond
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 50 - Answer
mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule
matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid. Amino acids are
bonded together with peptide bonds.
How do these peptide bonds form?
Reproduction : 10
True or False: Cancer cells have a controlled rate of
cell division.
ANSWER
Reproduction : 10 - Answer
False: All cells should have a controlled rate of cell division.
Cancer cells have lost the ability to control division. Mutations
have occurred within the genes that code for genes that regulate cell division. Can you remember
which genes these are?
Reproduction : 20
How is binary fission different from mitosis?
What kinds of organisms undergo each process
type?
ANSWER
Reproduction : 20 - Answer
Binary fission –
prokaryotes
Mitosis – eukaryotes
(division of the nucleus and its
contents)
Reproduction : 30
Explain/draw & label the following (what is it and when is it in this form?):
ChromatinChromatids
Tetrads
ANSWER
Reproduction : 30 - Answer
Chromatin = DNA in relaxed form in Interphase
Chromatid = half of a replicated chromosome, once separated (in
Anaphase of Mitosis and Anaphase II of Meiosis) from sister no longer a chromatid
Tetrad = pair of homologous chromosomes in Meiosis, separated in Anaphase I
Reproduction : 40
What is the correct sequence that describes
the development of a baby?
Baby, Embryo, Fertilization, Fetus,
Zygote ANSWER
Reproduction : 40 - Answer
Fertilization, Zygote, Embryo, Fetus, Baby
How do cells become the variety of cells you have now?
Reproduction : 50
Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. Include the
following:
ANSWER
Characteristics
Type of Cell
Number of Stages (does not include Interphase or Cytokinesis)
Number of Daughter Cells
Relative (to parent cell) Amount of Genetic Information (# of chrom.)
Daughter Cells Haploid or Diploid
Reproduction : 50 - Answer
Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis
Type of Cell Somatic (Body cell) Gamete (Sex cell)
Number of Stages (does not include Interphase or Cytokinesis)
4Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
8 Prophase I & II, Metaphase I & II,Anaphase I & II,Telophase I & II
Number of Daughter Cells
2 4
Relative (to parent cells) Amount of Genetic Information (# of chrom.)
Identical Half
Daughter Cells Haploid or Diploid
Diploid Haploid
Karyotypes & Genetics : 10
In Nicotiana plants, the allele for green leaves (G) is dominant
over the allele for yellow leaves (g). Make a Punnett square to show the cross for a GG plant and a Gg plant and write the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 10 - Answer
G g G GG GgG GG Gg
Genotypic Ratio – 2:2:0 or 1:1:0
Phenotypic Ratio – 4:0 or 1:0
Karyotypes & Genetics : 20
In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant to white hair (g).
Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are dominant to red eyes (b).
Use a Punnett square to show a cross between a male rabbit
with the genotype GGbb with a female rabbit with the
genotype ggBb.ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 20 - Answer
Gb Gb Gb GbgB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBbgB GgBb GgBb GgBb GgBbgb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbbgb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb Ggbb
Karyotypes & Genetics : 30
What sex is the individual and what genetic disorder do they have? How do you
know?
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 30 - Answer
They are female.
They have Down
Syndrome (Trisomy
21)
Karyotypes & Genetics : 40In rabbits, grey hair (G) is dominant to white hair (g).
Also in rabbits, black eyes (B) are dominant to red eyes
(b).What would be the possible gametes for a rabbit with the
genotype Ggbb?
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 40 - Answer
Gametes for Ggbb:Gbgb
(use FOIL to make sure you get all the combinations)
Karyotypes & Genetics : 50
If the mother of a family is ‘normal’ but carries the recessive gene for cystic fibrosis and the father is also normal
and does not carry the gene for cystic fibrosis, what are the chances of them having a child with a cystic fibrosis?
Cystic Fibrosis (has C.F. Disease) (f)Normal (no C.F. Disease) (F)
ANSWER
Karyotypes & Genetics : 50 - Answer
Mother: FfFather: FF
They have a 0% chance of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis because
you need to have the genotype ff to express that trait.
F f F FF FfF FF Ff
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 10
Name the levels of taxonomic groups from most broad to most
specific.Which two are used for an organism’s scientific name?
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 10 - Answer
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus Species
Genus and species used for scientific name.
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 20
How does variation arise?(name 2)
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 20 - Answer
Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis, fertilization)
MutationsGenetic Drift (chance)
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 30
ANSWER
Use the Peppered Moths to explain how natural
selection can lead to the population changing over
time.(Must represent all 3 tenets)
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 30 - Answer
1. The population of peppered moths grows larger than the environment can support (reaches/surpasses carrying capacity). They compete for resources.
2. Some are better suited for the environment: pre-industrial revolution, light colored moths were more fit, post-IR the dark moths blended in better to the
dark bark (differential survival).3. The dark color was caused by a mutation BEFORE THE
IR (IR doesn’t cause the muation) which provided the population variation in color. This trait is heritable and is passed to the next generation and becomes more
common thanks to differential reproduction.
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 40
Describe an example of artificial selection. Who acts as the
“environment” in this situation?
ANSWER
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 40 - AnswerDog breeding, selecting for
specific traits in crops
Humans are the manipulators – they act as
the “environment”
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 50
ANSWER
Based on the number of amino acid differences,
which organism is most closely
related to the human?
Name 3 other pieces of evidence
scientists could use to suggest
common ancestry.
Evolution, Cladistics, Classification : 50 - Answer
The macaque – it only has 8 different amino acids whereas
the dog (the next closest) has 32.
Other possible evidence: Fossils, homologous structures, vestigial structures, emryology
Miscellaneous: 10
How is variation important for Darwin and Wallace’s
Theory of Natural Selection?What could happen if there is no variation in a population?
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 10 - Answer
Populations have variation for traits that allows some to be advantageous depending on the
environment and those traits enable the organism to survive, reproduce, and pass on that beneficial trait to the next generation.
Over time those traits become more common.
If there is no variation it is possible that a population/species go extinct if the
environment changes and the population cannot adapt.
Miscellaneous: 20
ANSWER
Who committed the crime? How do you know?
Miscellaneous: 20 - Answer
Bubba – his DNA fingerprint matches the DNA from the crime scene
Miscellaneous: 30
Name three properties that affect the rate of
movement of molecules through agarose gel.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 30 - Answer
SizeChargeShape
Molecular Weight
Miscellaneous: 40
Draw a representation of the cell cycle labeling the various stages. Circle the
stage in which DNA is replicated.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 40 - Answer
Miscellaneous: 50
Name the 6 kingdoms and an important characteristic for
EACH.
ANSWER
Miscellaneous: 50 - Answer
Eubacteria - Archaebacteria - Protista - Plantae - Fungi - Animalia -
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