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Wireless Test World 2009
Wireless Test World 2009 Agilent, Your Partner in AdvancingNew Wireless Communications
Page 1Page 1Page 1
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
© Copyright 2009 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 2Page 2
Agenda
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Who Put the “G” in 3G and 4GLTE and LTE-Advanced timelineLTE and IMT-Advanced Performance GoalsSystem Architecture EvolutionHow to meet these goals
• Multiple antenna techniques– MIMO– Beam Forming– Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse• Relays• Femtocells• Clustered DFT-S-OFDM Uplink
Wireless Test World 2009
IS-136TDMA PDCGSMIS-95A
cdma
Wireless evolution 1990 - 2010
2G
Incr
easi
ng e
ffici
ency
, ban
dwid
th a
nd d
ata
rate
s
2.5G
3G
3.5G
3.9G
4G
HSCSD iModeGPRSIS-95Bcdma
LTE-Advanced Rel-9/10
802.16m
E-GPRSEDGEcdma2000 W-CDMA
FDDW-CDMA
TDDTD-SCDMALCR-TDD
HSUPAFDD & TDD
1xEV-DORelease B
1xEV-DORelease A
1xEV-DORelease 0
HSDPAFDD & TDD
Edge Evolution HSPA+
802.11g
802.11a
802.11b
802.16dFixed
WiMAXTM
802.11n
802.11h
WiBRO
Page 3
LTERel-8
802.16eMobile
WiMAXTMUMB
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
ITU – the source of the “G” in Wireless
International Mobile Telephony
International Telecommunications Union
ITU-Radio Working Party 8F (now 5D)
IMT-2000 “3G” IMT-Advanced “4G”
All “IMT” technologies have access to designated IMT spectrum
Page 4Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
IMT Spectrum
3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
20252110 2170 26901710
100 500 600 700 800 900 1000200 300 400
5150 470 890915925960
806450 790698
New for IMT in some countries ofRegions 1 & 3
NewRegion 2
NewGlobal
ExistingIMTidentified
IMT bands can be used by all IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced technologies
Page 5Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 6Page 6
Agenda
Who Put the “G” in 3G and 4GLTE and LTE-Advanced timelineLTE and IMT-Advanced Performance GoalsSystem Architecture EvolutionHow to meet these goals
• Multiple antenna techniques– MIMO– Beam Forming– Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse• Relays• Femtocells
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 7
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
First GCF UE certification
Rel-7 Feasibility study
Rel-8 Test development
2011 2012
Rel-8 Specification development
GCF Test validation
First Trial Networks
FirstCommercial
NetworksFurther
Commercial Networks
LSTI Proof of Concept
LSTI IODT
LSTI IOT
LSTI Friendly Customer Trials
LTE timeline
LSTI = LTE/SAE Trial Initiative GCF = Global Certification ForumConcepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
LTE-Advanced timeline
Page 8Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 9
3GPP UMTS standards evolution (RAN)
1999
2010
Release Functional Freeze
Main feature of Release
Rel-99 March 2000 UMTS 3.84 Mcps (W-CDMA FDD & TDD)
Rel-4 March 2001 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
Rel-5 June 2002 HSDPA
Rel-6 March 2005 HSUPA (E-DCH)
Rel-7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL). LTE & SAE Feasibility Study
Rel-8 Dec 2008 LTE Work item – OFDMA air interface
SAE Work item, New IP core network
Edge Evolution, more HSPA+
Rel-9 Dec 2009? UMTS and LTE minor changes, LTE-Advanced feasibility study
Rel-10 TBD LTE-Advanced (4G) work item
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 10Page 10
Agenda
Who Put the “G” in 3G and 4GLTE and LTE-Advanced timelineLTE and IMT-Advanced Performance GoalsSystem Architecture EvolutionHow to meet these goals
• Multiple antenna techniques– MIMO– Beam Forming– Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse• Relays• Femtocells
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
IMT-2000 3G requirement
Major focus on data transmission
• 2048 kbps for stationary user
• 384 kbps for low mobility
• 144 kbps for high mobility
No requirements on spectral efficiency
Specs were per user, not per any channel size• Led to 3x cdma2000 to meet the rate spec
Page 11Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
IMT-Advanced requirements – 4G
• A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner;
• Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
• Capability of interworking with other radio access systems;
• High quality mobile services;
• User equipment suitable for worldwide use;
• User-friendly applications, services and equipment;
• Worldwide roaming capability; and
• Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research) .
Page 12Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
LTE-Advanced spectral efficiency requirements
Page 13
Item Sub-category
LTE (3.9G) target
LTE-Advanced (4G) target
IMT-Advanced (4G) target
Peak Spectral Efficiency(b/s/Hz)
Downlink 16.3 (4x4 MIMO) 30 (up to 8x8 MIMO)
15 (4x4 MIMO)
Uplink 4.32(64QAM SISO)
15 (up to 4x4 MIMO)
6.75 (2x4 MIMO)
Downlink cell spectral efficiency
b/s/Hz 3km/h500m ISD
2x2 MIMO 1.69 2.4
4x2 MIMO 1.87 2.6 2.6
4x4 MIMO 2.67 3.7
Downlink cell-edge user spectral
efficiency b/s/Hz 5 percentile 10 users
500M ISD
2x2 MIMO 0.05 0.07
4x2 MIMO 0.06 0.09 0.075
4x4 MIMO 0.08 0.12
ISD is Inter Site Distance 2x to 4x efficiency of Rel 6 HSPA
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 8th May 2008
Spectral Efficiency bits / sec / Hz
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015Average efficiency Peak efficiency
AMPSGSM
GPRSEDGE
W-CDMA
HSDPA1xEV-DO
LTE802.16e
IS-95C
1xEV-DO(A)EGPRS2 1/3
W-CDMA (R99)EGPRS 4/12 (R99)
Growth in peak and average spectral efficiency
HSDPA (R7)HSDPA (R5)
LTEtarget
EGPRS 1/3 (R99)
Peak efficiency lies around this line
Average efficiency and hence capacitygrowth of deployed systems lags well behind and will level off due to inter-cell interference
But the pursuit of peak efficiency is massively driving up air interface cost &complexity
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Emphasis for IMT-Advanced
Average spectral efficiency and cell-edge most important
Peak performance less important
Page 15Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 16Page 16
Agenda
Who Put the “G” in 3G and 4GLTE and LTE-Advanced timelineLTE and IMT-Advanced Performance GoalsSystem Architecture EvolutionHow to meet these goals
• Multiple antenna techniques– MIMO– Beam Forming– Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse• Relays• Femtocells
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 17Page 17
Logical high level architecture for SAE Evolved Packet Core with multi-RAT integration (Rel 8)
TR 23.882 Figure 4.2-1
HSS - Home subscriber server
IMS - IP multimedia subsystem
Inter AS anchor - Inter access system anchor
MME - Mobility management entity
Op. IP Serv. - Operator IP service
PCRF - Policy and charging rule control function
UPE - User plane entity
WiMAX could connect here
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009 Page 18Page 18
Agenda
Who Put the “G” in 3G and 4GLTE and LTE-Advanced timelineLTE and IMT-Advanced Performance GoalsSystem Architecture EvolutionHow to meet these goals
• Multiple antenna techniques– MIMO– Beam Forming– Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
• Fractional Frequency Reuse• Relays• Femtocells
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
LTE-Advanced solution proposals
• Simultaneous uplink transmission of control and data• Self optimizing networks
• A new more flexible uplink transmission scheme “clustered”Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
• Bandwidth aggregation – Up to 100 MHz in 20 MHz channels• Higher order MIMO and beamsteering
• 8x8 in downlink, 4x4 in uplink• Cell-edge interference co-ordination and cancellation• Co-operative MIMO - Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)• In-channel relay• Femtocells
Page 19Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
C/I – another way of stating the problemCarrier to Interference ratio
Page 20
Isolated CellHigh DensityIn Building
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Variation due to fading and variable interference
Page 21
Most macrocell activity takes place in this
region
Variation in the frequency domain not
shown
Real life performance 2x2 MIMOα,β are correlation of antenna at cell, UE
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
MIMO and Beamsteering – Increase C in C/I
Page 22
Rel-8 LTE UELTE-A UE
• Multiple antennas used for MIMO can also be used for beam forming
• LTE-A can go up to 8x8
• Must be backward compatible with Rel-8 –has limited 4x4 steering
• Must have dedicated Reference Signals
• Control is a Challange
Beamsteering is defined in LTE with 4 cell antennas –it is being extended to 8 in LTE-Advanced
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Cell Edge Interference Avoidance Fractional Frequency Reuse – Decrease I in C/I
Yellow – Use all frequencies
Red, Green, Blue – Use some frequencies – different for each
The cell centers are further awayfrom neighbors, get good C/I
The cell edges (red, blue, green) getinterference reduction by frequency clearance
Page 23Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Coordinated Multi-Point - CoMPCo-operative MIMO or Network MIMO
• Requires high bandwidth backhaul
Page 24
Different data from two different cell sitesCombine for one link
Requires lots of wireline network capacity
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
CoMP simulation by NTT DoCoMoreference: NTT DoCoMo 3GPP R1-091484
10 UE’s per cell
CoMP initiated for C/I = 3 dB, 2 cells only
6 ray typical urban fading model
Random motion
500 meter ISD, 3 cells per node B
10 MHz system bandwidth
Scheduling Algorithm is Proportional Fairness
Page 25
Source: NTT DoCoMo R1-091484
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
CoMP Cell-edge users and cell throughput with full data buffers
Cell-edge user throughput
Cell Throughput
Single Cell Transmission
0.672 MbpsRef
20.21 MbpsRef
CoMP with 8 RE’s
0.778 Mbps+15.8%
20.20 Mbps0%
CoMP with 12 RE’s
0.769 Mbps+14.4%
19.98 Mbps-1.1%
CoMP with 16 RE’s
0.753 Mbps+12.1%
19.29 Mbps-4.5%
Cell-edge user throughput
Cell Throughput
Single Cell Transmission
0.743 MbpsRef
20.54 MbpsRef
CoMP with 8 RE’s
0.866 Mbps+16.6%
21.13 Mbps+2.9%
CoMP with 12 RE’s
0.854 Mbps+14.9%
20.98 Mbps+2.1%
CoMP with 16 RE’s
0.840 Mbps+13.1%
20.25 Mbps-1.4%
Page 26
2 x 2 MIMO with CoMP 4 x 2 MIMO with CoMP
• Scheduler holds data rate for cell-edge users roughly constant with various channel configurations
• Impact to cell throughput is minimal• Improvement to cell-edge performance modest• Probably not worth the impact to network complexity
RE is Resource Element which is an OFDM sub-Carrier for one symbol
Source: NTT DoCoMo R1-091484
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
CoMP is more effective with light cell loading
Page 27
0
1
2
3
4
5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22Cell throughput (Mbps)
Cel
l-edg
e us
er th
roug
hput
(Mbp
s)
2-by-2fD = 5.55 HzOn/off traffic
Joint transmission (8 REs per RB)Joint transmission (12 REs per RB)Joint transmission (16 REs per RB)Single-cell transmission
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Cell throughput (Mbps)C
ell-e
dge
user
thro
ughp
ut (M
bps)
4-by-2fD = 5.55 HzOn/off traffic
Joint transmission (8 REs per RB)Joint transmission (12 REs per RB)Joint transmission (16 REs per RB)Single-cell transmission
2 x 2 MIMO Configuration 4 x 2 MIMO Configurationregion of 1st sim
Source: NTT DoCoMo R1-091484
A drop in Cell Throughput is used a measure of data reduction. 100% ~ 20 MB/s
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
In-channel relayRF backhaul to improve coverage
Page 28Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Femtocells – Not unique to LTE-Advanced (Rel 9)
Page 29
Preserves network resources:SpectrumBackhaul
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Femtocell Attributes
Page 30
Attribute Traditional Cellular FemtocellsInfrastructure cost $10,000 - 100,000 $100 - 200Infrastructure finance
Operator End User
Backhaul Expensive leased T1/E1 lines
Existing broadband internet
Planning Operator End user (no central planning)
Deployment Operator truck roll End user one touchQuality of Service Operator controlled Best EffortControl Operator via O&M Operator via InternetMobility Good/excellent Nomadic/best effortData throughput Limited Excellent
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
New Uplink structure in LTE-Advanced
How to define channel coding for bandwidth aggregation
How to minimize PAPR
The choice is Clustered DFT-S-OFDM
Not selected were OFDM or N×SC-FDMA
Page 31Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Block diagram for N×SC-FDMA
Page 32
3 parallel data paths for 3 clusters of 20 MHz each
Not used in LTE-AdvancedSource: Motorola R1-083820
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Block Diagram for Clustered DFT-S-OFDM
Page 33
The Mapping Function goes to all clusters in parallelSource: Motorola R1-083820
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
CM comparison of proposed uplink access schemes for 16-QAM
Page 34
0
1
2
3
4
5UL Access Scheme CM Comparison - 16-QAM
Cub
ic M
etric
N=2
N=2
N=5
N=5
OFDMANxSC-FDMAClusteredDFT-S-OFDM
Source: Motorola R1-083820
Cubic Metric (CM) is similar to Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in dB
N is number of 20 MHz clusters
Concepts of LTE-Advanced
Wireless Test World 2009
Conclusions
LTE-Advanced has many important features
Meeting 3 bps/Hz looks impractical
Still lots of smoke and mirrors
Peak data rates are even less meaningful than in earlier standards – How can you get below zero?
Competition for the marketplace is HSPA Plus, then LTE
Softer competition from 1xEV-DO
Page 35Concepts of LTE-Advanced
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