winning the future with gmos
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Winning the Future with Genetically Modified Crops
Sameer Khanal
hobbyfarmblog.com
World’s farmland under GM crops
3.7 billion acres Arable land worldwide
376 million acres
In top five countries
$15 BNGlobal value of GM seed
in 2012
44 million acresRest of the world
420 millionacresof GM crops
worldwide
Isaaa.org, nature.com
The global picture (2012)
Isaaa.org, nature.com
Top 5 GM-crop producers
Other GM-crop producers
CanadaUSA
Brazil
Argentina
India
Soybean Cotton Corn Canola0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
81%
81%
35%
30%
Major GM crops of the world
Mill
ion
acre
sConventional
GM
Isaaa.org, nature.com
GM crops are growing
1996 2000 2004 2008 20120
50
100
150
200
250
Mill
ion
acre
s
Herbicide tolerance
Herbicide tolerance + Insect resistance(Stacked)
Insect resistance
Year Isaaa.org, nature.com
Farmers like GM cropsGM soybean adoption in the US
1996 2000 2004 2008 20120
20
40
60
80
100 Soybean
georgiamagazine.com , usda.gov
Prop
ortio
n of
tota
l cul
tivat
ed a
rea
Year
Farmers like GM cropsGM cotton adoption in the US
1996 2000 2004 2008 20120
20
40
60
80
100 SoybeanCotton
nature.com, usda.gov
Prop
ortio
n of
tota
l cul
tivat
ed a
rea
Year
Farmers like GM cropsGM corn adoption in the US
1996 2000 2004 2008 20120
20
40
60
80
100 SoybeanCottonCorn
ishratnazir.com, usda.gov
Prop
ortio
n of
tota
l cul
tivat
ed a
rea
Year
Increase in yield from GM
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Bt
Non-Bt
0
900
720
540
360
180
3,080
1,080
Fibe
r yie
ld
(lbs/
acre
)
Hake, 2013
GM cotton adoption increased yield
GM cotton introduction
Farmers profit from GM crops2004 increase in farm income from GM crops
(US $ million)
Soybean Maize Cotton Canola Total0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Incr
ease
in fa
rm in
com
e
GM crop Brooks and Barfoot, 2005
Farmers profit from GM crops1996-2004 increase in farm income from GM crops
(US $ million)
Incr
ease
in fa
rm in
com
e
GM crop Brooks and Barfoot, 2005
Soybean Maize Cotton Canola Total0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Yield ceiling is a fact!
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Yiel
d (lb
/acr
e)
Non-GM Corn yield in France and Italy (in thousand pounds)
2
4
6
8
10
12
ItalyFrance
Troyer,2006; epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
Yield ceiling, not yet!
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Yiel
d (lb
/acr
e)
Corn yield in the USA (in thousand pounds)
2
4
6
8
10
12
US
USDA.gov; Troyer,2006; epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
ItalyFrance
Why against GM crops?
climatevoices.files.wordpress.com1.bp.blogspot.com,independent.co.uk,
Protests
GM controversies
Ecological effects
Séralini et al., 2012, fineartamerica.com
Health risks
Super weeds
Biodiversity loss
projects.nfstc.org, anbg.gov.au, crops.org,
Messing up with genetics
Plant improvement methods
Traditional breeding
Less likely More likelyUnintended genetic consequences
Genetic consequences of breeding
nap.edu, nunhems.com
Crossing
Plant improvement methods
Traditional breeding
Tissue culture
Less likely More likelyUnintended genetic consequences
Genetic consequences of breeding
nap.edu, technologyofplanttissueculture.blogspot.com
Tissue culture
Plant improvement methods
Traditional breeding
Tissue culture
Genetic modification
Less likely More likelyUnintended genetic consequences
Genetic consequences of breeding
nap.edu, earthtimes.org
Plant improvement methods
Traditional breeding
Tissue culture
Genetic modification
Induced mutation
Less likely More likelyUnintended genetic consequences
Genetic consequences of breeding
nap.edu, scienceisntfiction.blogspot.com
People are fine with the mutants
whiskiesofscotland.com , bottlerocket.com ,texasweet.com , giordanofoods.com
Pasta durum wheatRio Star grapefruit
Golden promise barley
Bt corn kills butterflies
Losey et al., 1999; fineartamerica.com; news.cornell.edu
Monarch butterfly Larva
Monarchs feed on weeds with Bt corn pollen
Non-Bt
Bt
Bt does not kill butterflies
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Surv
ival
(%)
Survival of Bt or non-Bt pollen fed larvae
20
40
60
80
100
120
Stanley-Horn et al., 2001
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time (days)
GM corn “wiped out the bees”
mygeni.org
?
GM not linked to colony collapse
scientificbeekeeping.com; gardenworld.in; Hendriksma et al., 2011
Heliconiapollen(toxic)
Non Bt pollen
Bt pollenBee larvae thrive well on Bt pollen
100
80
60
40
20
06 7 8 9 10 11
Time (days)
Surv
ival
(%)
Does Bt affect off-target?Study: cotton, corn, and potato
jaqstone.blogspot.com www.123rf.com visualphotos.comWelfenbarger et al., 2008
Does Bt affect off-target?
Off-target organisms
ent.iastate.edu, plantwise.org, firstlook.pnas.org, energyskeptic.com
Target insects
Does Bt affect off-target?Result: No difference in effect between Bt or non-Bt
Bt NonBtblog.daum.netWelfenbarger et al., 2008,
Non-BtBt
Bt does not affect off-target
I instar II instar III instar IV instar New-born
012345678
Lozzia et al. 1998; chonps.org
Deve
lopm
enta
l tim
e (d
ays)
Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV New-born
Aphids feeding on Bt corn
Aphids
Preborn stages
Profits from Bt corn
Profit calculation:
1 bushel = $6
US corn = 96 million acres annually
Profit = 96 x 6 = 576 million/yearusda.gov, genuity.com
GM-crops and “super-weeds”Glyphosate resistant weed
www.nature.com
How herbicide resistance evolve?Plants evolve
• Naturally and under human influence
arkansasagnews.uark.edu, pioneer.com
Herbicide applicationResistant
weed
Herbicide resistant weeds
After GM:11.5 cases/year
Before GM: 13 cases/year
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
Unique cases of herbicide resistant weedsin the world
400
350300
250200150
100
Uni
que
case
s
Heap, 2013, weedcontrolfreaks.com
Smart ways to combat “super weeds”
• Diversified weed management• Crop rotation
Corn Soybean
kellysluckyyou.com, infiniteunknown.net
Smart ways to combat “super weeds”
• Diversified weed management• Herbicides with different modes of action
rightinginjustice.com, foginfo.org
Smart ways to combat “super weeds”
• Diversified weed management• Traditional strategies
extension.umn.edu, kress-landtechnik.de
Mechanical weeding Deep tillage
Herbicide-tolerant crops
Advantages• Easier weed management
motherjones.com karensgarden.net
Herbicide-tolerant crops
Advantages• Less frequent application
-200
-150
-100
-50
0Q
uanti
tySoybean Corn Cotton
Reduced herbicide chemicals1996-2011 (in million pounds)
natureform.com , Brookes and Barefoot, 2013
Herbicide-tolerant crops
Advantages• Less frequent application• Relatively safe herbicides
0
4
8
12
16
Soybean Corn Cotton
Positive environmental impactEnvironmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)
Impa
ct (E
IQ)
natureform.com , Brookes and Barefoot, 2013
GM corn causes tumors
Séralini et al., 2012
Séraline’s 2012 paper
GM corn as foodWe experienced GM for over a decade
cache.boston.com, cute-n-tiny.com, foodprocessing-technology.com, izifunny.com, bloggingfoodforthought.blogspot.com
GM corn does not cause cancerEurope refutes Séraline’s paper
Countries: Belgium Denmark France Italy Netherlands Germany
Are GM crops threat to biodiversity?
4photos.net , myrighttosafefood.blogspot.com
Bt eggplant debate
Monoculture leads to varietal erosion
Eggplant diversity Eggplant
Varietal diversity is increasingEggplant varieties in the US:
1981 and 2004
0
25
50
75
100
125
1981 2004Year
No.
of v
arie
ties
Heald and Chapman, 2011
GM does not erode varietal diversity Field corn varieties in the US:
1981 and 2004
1981 2004Year
No.
of v
arie
ties
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Heald and Chapman, 2011
A book on science?
• Misrepresentation
• Hearsays
• False claims
• Cherry picking poor science
• Propaganda Smith, 2007infowarsshop.com,
A movie on science?
Summary
• The world is accepting and adopting GM crops
• Science is winning against propaganda
• GM crops are better than non-GM conventional systems
• GM crops are the future of agriculture
Thank youharvest-pr.com
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