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What’s the big deal about nanotechnology?
Featuring Research from the Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
Presentation by Professor Sharon WeissDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
• Just how small is “nano”?• How does nanotechnology affect me now?• How might nanotechnology impact my life in
the future?– Roads and bridges– Light bulbs, solar energy, batteries– Health
• How can I learn more about nanotechnology?
Sharon M. Weiss
AT&T “Bat” Building(188,000 mm)
Basketball PlayerA.J. Ogilvy(2,100 mm)
Quarter(24 mm)
Head of a Pin(2 mm)
Width of Human Hair(80,000 nm)
Red Blood Cell(8,000 nm)
Virus(50 nanometers)
DNA(2.5 nanometers)
1101001,00010,000100,000
nanometers
millimeters
Sharon M. Weiss
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
• Just how small is “nano”?• How does nanotechnology affect me now?• How might nanotechnology impact my life in
the future?– Roads and bridges– Light bulbs, solar energy, batteries– Health
• How can I learn more about nanotechnology?
Sharon M. Weiss
Products Using NanotechnologyProducts Using Nanotechnology
Many sunscreens contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide nanoparticles that
reflect UV light
Babolat VS Nanotube Driveincorporates carbon nanotubesfor extra stiffness,lighter weight,bigger sweet spot
Wilson Double-Core ballsincorporate clay polymer nanocomposites to double the lifetime of the tennis ball
Nano-TexNanostructures on cotton fibers repel stains, block
UV rays, and prevent wrinkles (Nike, Eddie
Bauer, Old Navy)
BMC Pro Machine SLC01Easton carbon nanotube
technology used for 2.33 pound bike frame
Sharon M. Weiss
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
• Just how small is “nano”?• How does nanotechnology affect me now?• How might nanotechnology impact my life in
the future?– Roads and bridges– Light bulbs, solar energy, batteries– Health
• How can I learn more about nanotechnology?
Sharon M. Weiss
Infrastructure improvementsInfrastructure improvements
Conductive concrete that could melt ice and snow
Robust concrete that could last for centuries
Imagine the possibilities…• Concrete is everywhere:roads, sidewalks, houses, bridges, buildings, pipes
• Concrete degrades over time
Pictures taken by Prof. Sanchez around the Vanderbilt campus
Sharon M. Weiss
Carbon Carbon NanofibersNanofibers Improve Concrete Improve Concrete • Carbon nanotubes are ~100 times stronger than steel• Carbon nanotubes can conduct electricity
500 nm
Rebar is one of main causes of concrete
structural degradation
“Nano-rebar” made of carbon nanotubes and
nanofibers can increase durability of concrete
Prof. Florence SanchezCivil and Environmental EngineeringVanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
Energy Efficiency, Generation, & StorageEnergy Efficiency, Generation, & Storage• Energy efficiency
– Enable appliances, light sources, televisions to use less electricity
• Energy generation– Develop new methods to create energy without
relying on coal and fossil fuels– Solar, wind, water, nuclear, biomass
• Energy storage– Develop methods to store excess energy
for use at a later time– Longer lifetime and lighter weight batteries
Sharon M. Weiss
Light Emitting DiodesLight Emitting Diodes• LEDs use less energy and last longer than other lights• Colored LEDs currently used in many applications,
including display signs and traffic lights• White LEDs are an emerging technology
– Cost 2x more than incandescent lamps, 10x more than fluorescents
Signs on Times Square use millions of LEDs
Sharon M. Weiss
1.5
?
Colloidal Nanocrystal Colloidal Nanocrystal LEDsLEDs• Use simple bench top chemistry
instead of expensive equipment
• Emission color changes with nanocrystal size
~ 1.7 - 5.2 nm
Sharon M. Weiss
Colloidal Nanocrystal Colloidal Nanocrystal LEDsLEDs
Concept Vandy DeviceUV LED + Nanocrystals
Commercial Device(Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor)
1.5 nm
Prof. Sandy Rosenthal, ChemistryProf. Sharon Weiss, Electrical Engineering
Vanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
Solar Energy GenerationSolar Energy GenerationThe sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour
than is consumed by all people on the planet in one year
How can we capture and use this energy?
Silicon solar cellsmax efficiency < 30%
Engineered solution Nature’s solution
Photosynthesis
Sharon M. Weiss
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisNature’s 90 Trillion Watt Solar Energy Conversion System
• Photosystem I is a 10 nm protein complex in green plants • >97% efficiency (based on captured photons of light)
Sharon M. Weiss
Engineering Using Plant Proteins Engineering Using Plant Proteins to Create Solar Energyto Create Solar Energy
A solar cell based on PSI:
Light causes current to flow from PSI around a circuit to be used as electrical power.
Prof. Kane JenningsChemical & Biomolecular
EngineeringVanderbilt University
Prof. David CliffelChemistryVanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
PSI Plant Protein CalculatorPSI Plant Protein Calculator
Potentiostat
Mediator solution
PSI-modified working electrode
ITO coated glass counter electrode
Pocket calculator
Ag/AgClreference
Sharon M. Weiss
The Future of Energy Storage?The Future of Energy Storage?
• Runs solely on electric power for 40 miles with a full battery charge
• Costs 2¢ per mile to drive on electricity, and uses less electricity annually than a refrigerator
• Reduce weight of Volt battery packs for same energy storage capacity by ¼ in next decade
• Laptop batteries that are lighter weight and last longer
Lithium ion battery pack• 6 feet long, 375 pounds• Charges in 8 hours (120V)
2011: Chevy Volt – electric car
Imagine the possibilities…
Sharon M. Weiss
Nanotechnology for Improved BatteriesNanotechnology for Improved Batteries
I0 1
= Negatively Charged Nanoparticles (— NP)
= Positively ChargedNanoparticles (+ NP)
Polymer LayerElectrode (Au)
Positive NP
Electrode (Au)Polymer Layer
Goal: SupercapacitorStores more energy in smaller space and weighs less than batteries today
Freestanding carbon nanotube film
Prof. Jay DickersonPhysics & AstronomyVanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
Nanotechnology in Health CareNanotechnology in Health Care
Infection (1-10,000 nm)
GOAL: Improved Health CareFaster identification and more effective localized treatment of
infections and diseases
Unexpected change in DNA sequence may
indicate disease
Infectious viruses and bacteria can make you sick
(human height ~1.7 billion nanometers)
Sharon M. Weiss
““NanoNano””--TherapeuticsTherapeutics
1 hour after infection
Drug delivery
Drug discovery
Fluorescent imaging
Disease detection
CdSe CoreZnS ShellPolymer Coating
Bio-Specificity
Iron OxideNanocrystals
Dextran/Drug
Iron OxideNanocrystals
Dextran/Drug
YY
YY
YY
YY
MAb orProteolyticEnzyme
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
YY
MAb orProteolyticEnzyme
Prof. Sandy Rosenthal, ChemistryProf. David Wright, Chemistry
Vanderbilt University
Prof. David Cliffel, ChemistryProf. Todd Giorgio,
Biomedical EngineeringVanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
““NanoNano””--DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Particle Detection, Sizing, Surface Charge Density
Ioni
c C
urre
nt
Time
Δi
τIoni
c C
urre
nt
Time
Δi
τ
DNA sequencing can identify people’s genetic code and determine whether they are likely to develop a
specific disease in the future
When DNA base passes through nano-hole or nano-channel, a distinct ionic current is produced that identifies the particular base
T
A
G
G
C
C
Prof. Deyu LiMechanical Engineering
Vanderbilt University
Sharon M. Weiss
““NanoNano””--DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Prof. Sharon WeissElectrical EngineeringVanderbilt University
~ 10 mm
~ 0.0005 mm
Enable more sensitive, accurate, and faster detection of infections
10,000x
• Imagine being able to place a porous silicon sensor on top of a wound and know within seconds if it is infected
• Imagine exposing your fresh vegetables, nuts, or meats to a porous silicon sensor and knowing instantaneously whether the food is contaminated
Sharon M. Weiss
Topics of DiscussionTopics of Discussion
• Just how small is “nano”?• How does nanotechnology affect me now?• How might nanotechnology impact my life in
the future?– Roads and bridges– Light bulbs, solar energy, batteries– Health
• How can I learn more about nanotechnology?
Sharon M. Weiss
For More InformationFor More Information……
• General nanotechnology information– http://www.nano.gov– http://www.nanotech-now.com– http://www.howstuffworks.com
• Vanderbilt University research– http://www.vanderbilt.edu/vinse
Sharon M. Weiss
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements• VINSE Researchers
– David Cliffel, Jay Dickerson, Todd Giorgio, Kane Jennings, Deyu Li, Sandy Rosenthal, Florence Sanchez, David Wright
• Nashville Adventure Science Center– Sharon Mendonsa (Educational Team Leader)
• Vanderbilt Students– Vanderbilt-Fisk Student Chapter of the Materials Research
Society (Jon Gosnell, President) – Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science (VSVS)
• Nanoscale Informal Science Education (NISE) Network• National Science Foundation, Army Research Office
(Weiss research funding)
Sharon M. Weiss
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