what drives agroforestry adoption in cameroon? by degrande ann et al
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What drives agroforestry adoption
in Cameroon?
Degrande Ann1, Chiatoh Maryben1, Nimino Godwill1, Ngaunkam Precilia1,
Franzel Steven2 and Place Frank3
(1) World Agroforestry Centre, West and Central Africa/Humid Tropics,
Yaoundé, Cameroon (2) World Agroforestry Centre, Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya.
(3) International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA H
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Outline
• Introduction • Objective of the study • Methodology • Results • Conclusion • Research and Policy Implications
Introduction
• Importance of understanding adoption:
– document progress in disseminating new practices,
– improve efficiency of the technology development and dissemination process,
– provide farmer feedback for improving research and extension programmes,
– help identify policy and other factors contributing to successful technology development and constraints limiting the achievements
Franzel et al. (2001)
• Growing body of literature on adoption:
– biophysical characteristics of technologies,
– individual and household conditions of farmers
– institutional context in which adoption of innovations takes place
• challenging to understand adoption of innovations in a way that would help design better extension systems
Objective of study
Agroforestry technologies in humid forest and savannah zones of
Cameroon:
- Fertiliser trees and shrubs
- Fodder trees and shrubs
- Tree domestication: - Tree propagation
- Tree integration
- Value addition and marketing of tree products
Objectives of study
• to analyse adoption of agroforestry technologies by farmers in humid forest and savannah zones of Cameroon
• to develop recommendations to accelerate adoption
Methodology
Step 1: Division into strata reflecting agro-ecological zone and market access – factors hypothesised to affect adoption of AF
Relay Organizations – Community-Based extension services • boundary-spanning actors (NGOs, CBOs, farmer associations) that link research
organisations like ICRAF, and farmer communities • disseminate innovations to farmers using demonstrations, training and technical
assistance, after which farmers provide feedback and by so doing, help develop the innovations further
Step 2 : Choice of relay organizations (ROs) => In each stratum defined above, at least 1, where possible 2 ROs were selected; giving a total of 12 ROs
Agro-ecological zones Market access
Good Poor Sub-humid savannah: West
region
2 1
Sub-humid savannah: North-West
region
2 2
Forest mono-modal rainfall:
Littoral and South-West regions
1 1
Forest bi-modal rainfall: Centre,
South and East regions
1 2
Step 3: Selection of study villages
2 factors affecting adoption rate of innovations promoted: H1: distance from RO
=> 2 axes, 3 radii (15, 30, 45 km from RO)
H2: extension efforts from RO => 3 villages with intervention (‘project’ village), 3 without intervention (‘control’ village)
30-45km 15-30km 0-15km 0-15km
km
15-30km
km
30-45km
km R
O V3
V2 V1 V4 V5 V6
V = Village RO = Relay organization
X2 X1
X1 = Axis 1 X2 = Axis 2
R3 R2 R1 R2
R3
R = Radius
Step 4: Selection of study households
• List of households residing in village (with key persons and administrative authorities)
• 15 households per village randomly selected
• 10 interviewed per village; total: 720
RESULTS
- What agroforestry practices are adopted? - Who is adopting? - How does dissemination of agroforestry practices take
place?
What AF practices are adopted?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Soil fertilitymanagement
Foddertrees/shrubs
TreePropagation
Integrationof improved
trees
CollectiveAction in
marketing
Post-Harvestof AFTPs
Nu
mb
er o
f re
spo
nd
ents
(%
)
AF Techniques
Project village
Control village
More recently introduced innovations such as collective action in marketing of agroforestry products and post-harvest techniques were more commonly adopted in project villages than in control villages
Who is adopting?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Heard about AF Heard about TD Plantedimproved trees
Nu
mb
er
of
resp
on
den
ts (
%)
Project village
Control village
Action
Awareness
= ‘ADOPTION’
Adoption by gender
• more men than women had heard about agroforestry
• the proportion of men (51%) and women (53%) that heard of tree domestication was not very different
• men adopted tree domestication more than women
• similar trends in project and control villages
Involvement in AF practices
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Soil fertilitymanagement
Foddertrees/shrubs
TreePropagation
Integration ofimproved
trees
CollectiveAction in
marketing
Post-Harvestof AFTPs
% o
f re
spo
nd
en
ts
Agroforestry Practices
All
Male & female adult
Children
Female adult
Male adult
Male dominated AF practices
Female dominated AF practices
Adoption by agro-ecological zone
• Awareness does not automatically lead to planting of improved trees
• Great differences in adoption of specific AF practices between agro-ecological zone – Soil fertility and fodder
shrubs/trees more in humid savannah
– Collective action and post-harvest more in humid forest
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Heard about AF Heard about TD Plantedimproved trees
Nu
mb
er o
f re
spo
nd
en
ts (
%)
Humid Forest Bi-modal
Humid Forest Mono-modal
Humid Savannah West
Humid SavannahNorth-West
How does dissemination takes place?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
% o
f re
spo
nd
en
ts
Sources of agroforestry information
projectvillagewitnessvillage
LOW: GOVERNMENT
HIGH: NGO/RO
HIGH: Fellow farmers
Farmer-to-farmer exchange of knowledge and training
• 86% provided information about AF to others
• 54% trained others • Some AF practices are more
difficult to train others on • Information shared with:
– fellow farmers in the village (72%) or outside the village (14%)
– household (6%) or other family (8%) members
• Men (84%) and women (87%) were equally active in sharing agroforestry information
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% o
f re
spo
nd
ents
wh
o t
rain
ed
Agroforestry Practice
Male
Female
CONCLUSION
• No meaningful differences in terms of age of HH head, HH size, farm size, experience with farming or wealth indicators between adopters and non-adopters
• What facilitated adoption significantly: – membership in farmer organisation,
– Contact with extension services,
– Exposure to agroforestry information.
• Farmers, men and women, share knowledge with fellow farmers within and outside their village, though to different extent depending on technique
Policy Implications
• Importance of grassroots extension mechanisms and farmer-to-farmer dissemination
• Strengthen the role of CBOs in agroforestry extension
• Encourage exchange of information and skills between fellow farmers
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