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Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
Dr. José Luis Amorós and Dr. Carlos Feliu
The Spanish Ceramic Tile Cluster
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Tile Cluster
The Ceramic Tile Cluster comprises the group of activities related to ceramic tile manufacturing, from floor and wall tile
fabrication, complementary activities such as frit and ceramic colour production, machinery building, and other commercial activities (raw materials supply, manufacture of trims, design
studios, etc.) to business support activities (public and private institutions)
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic tile consumption and production
Data for 2004 on the major ceramic tile manufacturing countries
0
500
1000
1500
2000
P.R
. Chi
na
Spai
n
Italy
Bra
zil
Indi
a
Indo
nesi
a
Turk
ey
Mex
ico
Viet
nam
Thai
land Ira
n
USA
UE2
5-It-
Sp
Production Consumption
Source: ASCER
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Tile Cluster. Geographic concentrationSpain Castellón cluster
Num
ber o
f com
pani
es
Tiles Frits and pigments
294
28
223
260
50
100
150
200
250
Source: ITC, ASCER, ANFFECC
300
10 miles
Mediterranean Sea
Borriol
La Pobla
Vila-real Onda
L'Alcora
Nules
Almenara
Figueroles
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Tile Cluster. Distribution of employment Castellon distribution of employment 2003
> Number of employees: 226,300 Unemployment rate: 5.94%
Source: INE. Instituto Nacional de Estadística
Machinery 4.10%
Frits and pigments
9.00%
Tiles 86%
Number of employees: 36,326
Industry30.9%
Agriculture 6.50%Building11.8%
Services 49.7%Ceramic tile
Industry 12,7%
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Cluster. Industrial Investments
Although the investment in 2003 by the ceramic sector was the lowest in the last 7 years, it accounted for 64.5% of the total industrial investment in Castellón province and 11.3% of the entire Valencia Region.
Source: ASCER
Industrial Investments1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Ceramic Tile Sector 53,54 78,18 126,33 122,31 180,48 91,14 46,48Total 373,31 435,77 557,17 535,73 861,68 520,13 411,41% 14,3 17,9 22,7 22,8 20,9 17,5 11,3
Million €
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Cluster. Evolution of frit and pigment production
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
Turn
over
(mill
ion
€)
ExportNationalSource: ANFFECC
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Cluster. Evolution of tile production
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
19931994
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
2005
Year
Turn
over
(mill
ion
€)
Source: ASCER ExportNational
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Cluster. Evolution of tile production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04
64.2%
1%9%
3.7%
36.9%
1%44.1%25.1%
1984 1998Year
Prod
uctio
n (m
illio
n m
2 )
Total productionEvolution of firing processing
Single-fire floor tileSingle-fire wall tile
Fast twice-fire wall tileTraditional twice-fire wall tileSource: ASCER
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Main factors contributing to the success of the ceramic sector in Castellón:
> High sectoral cohesion> Highly skilled human resources> Optimal use of technological resources> Existence of public and private
institutions supporting sector innovation
Innovation System Model
Local Innovation System Model
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Tile Cluster. Innovation System ModelInnovation and technology development are the result of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities, government and research institutes
Enterprises
EnvironmentInfrastructures
Public-Private R&D systemAdministration
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic Cluster. Innovation System ModelPu
blic
bod
ies
Publ
ic b
odie
s
Town CouncilsTown Councils
MinistryMinistryof Commerceof Commerce
Ministry of Ministry of IndustryIndustry
Regional Regional GovernmentGovernmentGeneralitatGeneralitatValencianaValenciana
UniversityUniversityJaume IJaume Iof Castellónof Castellón
County CouncilCounty Council
ICEXICEX
Technological Policy Technological Policy
CDTI / DGpymeCDTI / DGpyme
Dep
tsD
epts
EnvironmentEnvironment
IndustryIndustry
EducationEducation
AAOAAAOA FP IIFP II
IMPIVAIMPIVA
SEPIVASEPIVAIVEXIVEX
Chemical Chemical Engineering DeptEngineering Dept
Chamber of Chamber of CommerceCommerceQUALICERQUALICERLab. CSCLab. CSC
ITC ALICER
Ind. Ind. EngEng. . AssAss..
I P CI P C
CerCer. . TechniciansTechnicians’ ’ AssAss..
ASCERASCER
ANFFECCANFFECC
ASEBECASEBEC
CEVISAMACEVISAMA
Com
pani
esC
ompa
nies
The Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Structure
University Institute for Ceramic Technology
“Agustín Escardino”
Both institutions jointly use the premises, facilities, equipment, material, and staff that make up their research infrastructure
Ceramic Industry Research Association
Concert AgreementAICE - UJI
5th November 2001
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
ITC general overviewMain objective:
> “The Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica’s mission is to foster and develop whatever technical activities may contribute to enhancing the competitiveness of the ceramic sector, both in thedomestic and international marketplace”
Over 30 years’ experience in research and technology development, always working closely with companies to meet industry needs
Providing more than 360 companies world-wide (90% of which are SMEs) with scientific and technological services
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
1969: Creation of the Instituto de Química Técnica. University of Valencia
ITC historical overview
1975: All activities are focused on ceramics
1984: Establishment of the Ceramic Industry Research Association (AICE). Agreement between AICE and Instituto de Química Técnica.
1993: The name changes and becomes Instituto de TecnologíaCerámica (ITC). Integration of ITC at University Jaume I (UJI) of Castellón.
1997: Official opening of the new ITC building on UJI campus grounds.
2006: Integration of ALICER
1993: Establishment of Industrial Ceramic Design Association (ALICER) from ITC Design Department
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
ITC main factsHighly qualified team – 23 university lecturers, 53 graduates, 27 technicians, and 27 support staff
8000 m2 of laboratories, pilot plant, meeting rooms, offices, lecture rooms, and stores
6 million euro in scientific instruments and equipment
450 analyses and tests relating to ceramic materials or the manufacturing process
600 R&D Projects ∼ Revenue of 12.5 million euro
17 European R&D Projects
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Organisation
Production 79.2%
22 PhD holders54 4 or 5 yr degree
holders/Engineers4 3 yr degree holders/Tech. Engin.23 Vocational training and Arts &
Crafts graduates
Support 20.8%
2 4 or 5 yr degree holders8 3 yr degree holders/Tech. Engin.17 Medium-level qualifications
Total Staff: 130Total Staff: 130(Equivalent 108 full(Equivalent 108 full--time staff)time staff)
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Organisation
28 Persons engaged in 20.7%the University
3 Full Professors10 Associate Professors 1 PhD-holding Assist. Prof.9 Assistant Professors1 PhD-holding administrative
and service staff4 Administrative and service
staff
Total Staff: 130Total Staff: 130(Equivalent 108 full(Equivalent 108 full--time staff)time staff)
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
ITC Number of associated companiesAverage in the last 10 years: 284 companies
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
year
No. of associates
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Novel
technology
resources
+
Qualified
human
resources
Financial resources (capital)
+
ITC contribution to Industrial Innovation
Industrial Innovation
Novel technology resources
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
ITC activities> R&D+i and technological consultancy
> Technology Transfer
> Training and educating
> Technological service
> Design and Architecture
> Competitive Intelligence service
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Ceramic subsector activityRevenue from ceramic subsectors
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Ceramic tiles
Raw materials
Frits and glazes
OtherSanitary ware/Artware
Brick & Roof tiles
Machinery and Consultancy
Euros
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
R&D activityRevenue from R&D projects
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
1.600.000
1.800.000
2.000.000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Spanish Administration-related R&D
European Union-related R&D
Company-related R&D
Year
Euros
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1972-1976 1977-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996 1997-2001 2002-2006
Areas of work
Raw materials
Frits and Glazes
Manufacturing process
Energy and Environment
Measurement and control techniques
Technical ceramics
Number of papers in scientific journals
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
R&D+i and technological consultancyR&D+i and Technological Consultancy activities are carried out to meet he demands of the ceramic sector
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Technology transferThe work involved is aimed at directly applying or, when required, adapting technologies from other industrial branches to the ceramic sector to satisfy specific industrial needs
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Technological serviceAnalyses and Tests accredited laboratories
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Design & Architectural applicationsFrom this area actions are undertaken to generate new applications of ceramics in architecture, aimed at recovering ceramics as functional and decorative, yet also innovative elements for architects and designers
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Competitive Intelligence System
Center for Information and documentation generating andcoordinating studies, reports, and events concerning the market; industry; consumer; trends in product design in related sectors; technology watch and product development
Qualified Human Resources
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
Offer in Castellón of specialised training in ceramics (regulated)
Chem. Degree, specialtyin Industrial Chemistry
From 88/89to 98/99
Chemical EngineeringDegree Since 93/94
Vocational training
School of art and design Ceramic tile design
Industrial ceramics84/85 (Castellón)00/01 (Onda)
88/89
Schools of ceramics Diploma in Ceramics 00/01 (Manises)05/06 (l´Alcora)
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
University graduatesUniversity graduates from UJI with a specialty in ceramic materials technology
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Industrial Chemistry(283)
Chemical Engineering(400)N
r gra
duat
es
year
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
ITC contribution to the training of qualified technical personnelAttendance by industrial technicians to ongoing training courses
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
year
Num
ber
of te
chni
cian
s
2604 technicians in 174 courses since 1990
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
No
ITC contribution to the training of qualified technical personnel137 technicians with higher education or medium-level qualifications hired by companies, after postgraduate training at ITC
year
Transforming traditional industry into a leader: The tile industry in Castellon
OECD/IMHE Supporting the contribution of higher education instituttions to regional development. Copenhagen 16-17/10/2006
The INSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA CERAMICA
DISEÑO Y ARQUITECTURA
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