weldon j. wilson department of engineering and physics university of central oklahoma edmond, ok...
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Weldon J. WilsonDepartment of Engineering and Physics
University of Central OklahomaEdmond, OK 73034-5209
cyberphysics.com/wwilsonwwilson@uco.edu
Unsolved Mysteries(of Physics)
The Speakable and the Unspeakable
The Speakable
96% of matter/energy is a mystery. It has never been observed even in our best laboratories or observatories!
Dark Energy
Speeding Up !!!
2 20
0
20
0
1 1
2 2
1 1v v
GMm GMmmv mv
r r
GMr r
Should slow down
“Right now, not only for cosmology but for elementary particle theory, this is the bone in our throat.” - Steven Weinberg
“… Maybe the most fundamentally mysterious thing in basic science.” - Frank Wilczek
“… would be No. 1 on my list of things to figure out.” - Edward Witten
“Basically, people don’t have a clue as to how to solve this problem.” - Jeff Harvey
‘This is the biggest embarrassment in theoretical physics” - Michael Turner
The SpeakableDark energy appears to be the dominant component of the physical Universe, yet there is no persuasive theoretical explanation. The acceleration of the Universe is, along with dark matter, the observed phenomenon which most directly demonstrates that our fundamental theories of particles and gravity are either incorrect or incomplete. Most experts believe that nothing short of a revolution in our understanding of fundamental physics will be required to achieve a full understanding of the cosmic acceleration. For these reasons, the nature of dark energy ranks among the very most compelling of all outstanding problems in physical science.
Dark Energy Task Force (DETF) astro-ph/0609591
All the Current Theories of Dark Energy
There are none!
The Speakable
80% of all matter is a mystery. It’s effect is seen only in gravitation.
Fritz ZwickyCaltech Professor of Astrophysics
(1927-1968)Tech Director Aerojet Engineering (1941-1961) – "father“ of modern jet
engine
• 1929 – Introduced “tired light” hypothesis to explain Hubble Red Shift
• 1931 – Introduced idea of exploding star origin of cosmic rays – supernova/neutron star
• 1933 – Introduced idea of Dark Matter• 1937 – Gravitational Lens
1936 – Founded (along with Theodore von Kármán, Frank Malina, Jack Parsons) the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) that in 1943 became the Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL)
1943– Founded (along with Theodore von Kármán, Frank Malina, Jack Parsons) the Aerojet Corporation
19612-1968 – Published a comprehensive six volume Catalogue of galaxies and of clusters of galaxies.
Zwickyvon Kármán
Malina
Parsons
Basic Idea
gravity From this, you can calculate the orbital speed, if you know the mass of the galaxy
(Specifically the mass inside the orbit)
2
2
v
v
F ma
GMmm
R R
GM
R
NGC 3198
Zwicky proposes Dark Matter to explain this discrepancy of theory with observations. But what is it?
MACHO ???
MAssive Compact Halo Objects
Massive Compact HAlo Objects
“Gravitational Lensing”
FarObject You
Intervening Object
Idea:• Compact and dark objects
pervade the galactic halo.• Look at distant stars
(Large Magellanic Cloud).• Try to find when one
spontaneously brightens.
Baryonic Matter Summary:
The amount of dark baryonic matter can only account for about 20% of the dark matter in the Milky Way region.
And then only with substantial modification of galaxy formation dynamics.
Bonds
Manilow
White
Goldwater
Non Baryonic Dark Matter Candidates
Hot Dark Matter
• Hot means high momentum and typically light
• Candidates• Neutrinos (n)
• Discovered in 1998 to have mass
• Recent studies show they can only have 0.3% of needed Dark Matter.
• Exotica• Etc.
Cold Dark Matter
• Cold means low momentum and typically heavy
• Candidates• New variant of neutrino
• New kind of particle (supersymmetric neutralino)
• WIMPS (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles)
Cold Dark Matter: Direct Searches
Very hard to do
• Approximately 1,000,000 pass through you every second.
• If they exist at all.
• The reason they are “Dark” is theydon’t interact much with ordinary matter.
• They will shake atoms when they (rarely) hit one.
• Atoms are always shaking due to heat.
• Your detector must be (nearly) infinitely cold.
WIMPS
Mordehai Milgrom1983
Modified Newtonian DynamicsMOND
What if Newton was wrong?
Newton said that Force was proportional to Acceleration
MOND
Suppose Newton was right for large accelerations, but for small accelerations, his formula breaks down?
• Proposed by Milgrom - 1983• Heavily criticized thereafter
MOND Newton’s Law
MOND Modification
Comments and Thoughts:
How does MOND go from one behavior to the other?
Why hasnt anyone else seen this modification of Newton’s laws?
No Idea….
We’re talking very small accelerations here…1/100,000,000,000 × Earth’s gravity…..
F a
2F a
MOND: Modification of Newtonian Dynamics
What if Newton was wrong?
maF
o
o
o
aa
aa
aa
m
ma
F
2
MOND
MOND: Basic Idea
centrifugal
gravity
centrifugal gravity
22v
o
m
a r
2
MmGr
=
=
2v 1/2
oGMa=
But does it work?
0
am a Fa
Fits to v (r) for both LSB & HSB Galaxies
Tully-FisherRelation
20
222 0 0
2 2
40
v
v
Mm aF ma G m a
r a
Ma Maa G G
r r r
GMa
4vL M
MOND T-F Relation!!
Explanations
• Unseen (and unobserved) exotic matter
• WIMPs• Currently
massive searches underway
• MOND• Needs better
theoretical motivation
Cat Fight
What is the prevailing wisdom?• No honest physicist will tell you
that they know.
• Dark matter is popular because particle physicists are looking for a similar particle (for different reasons)
• MOND needs work. But there is no disputing that it describes galactic rotation curves (and other stuff)
Summary/Speculation• MOND has amazing ability to model data
taken after it was invented• Excellent fits to galaxy rotation curves require
M/L(colour) as from SS theory • Compelling evidence that negligible DM
interior to Sun• Now limiting form of Lorentz covariant theory• MOND really might be the next great step in
physics
The UnspeakableThe unspeakable refers to a “hidden evil whose depth and deceit goes beyond the capacity of words to describe.” - Thomas Merton
Awarded Noble Prize in 1978
Telstar(1962)
• First Private Financed Satellite, (AT&T)• Transponder to relay One TV channel
or 12 multiplexed telephone signals• Frequency - 4 GHz• Solar Powered – 14 Watts!
Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow WilsonDiscover Big Bang 1962
(2.73 K Blackbody Radiation)
Awarded Noble Prize in 1978
Arno Penzias doing real experimental work
COBE, 1989
WMAP, 2001
Telstar, 1962
Absolute Motion Relative to theLocal Absolute Rest Frame
Moving toward Leo at ~375 km/s (0.12% c)
Absolute Motion(relative to background radiation)
????Local Absolute
Rest Frame
All the Current Scientific Discussions and Papers on the CBR Dipole Anisotropy
There are none!
Extra Credit • Propose a model that explains Dark Energy
(Any model will do – reasonable or not)
• Discover what Dark Matter consists of and/or place MOND on good theoretical basis
• Explain CBR Dipole Anisotropy within the
current Paradigm (Any discussion will do – reasonable or not)
Deadline: None.
References• Bekenstein J., Milgrom M. ApJ, 286, 7 (1984).• Milgrom M., ApJ, 270, 365 (1983).• Milgrom M., ApJ, 270, 371 (1983).• Nicolson , Iain , Dark Side of the Universe: Dark Matter,
Dark Energy, and the Fate of the Cosmos, ISBN: 0801885922 , (2007).
• Pendle, George, Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons. ISBN: 015100997X (2005).
• Shaw, Mark, Beneath The Mask of Holiness –Thomas Merton and the Forbidden Love Affair that Set Him Free. ISBN: 0230616534 (2009).
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