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4/3/2014
1
Welcome to Biology 101
1. Name
2. Major/Program of study
3. Favorite living organism
4. Preferred email
5. What do you hope to learn from the course? What are your learning goals?
6. List any other college level science courses you have taken.
Write on the
scrap paper
Learning Goals
Compare and contrast science to other
disciplines
Describe properties of living things
Understand the scientific process and
be able to design a sound experiment
Recognize the four unifying theories of
biology
Become familiar with how biologists
classify/organize the diversity of life
4/3/2014
2
Group discussion:
“ How does science
differ from other ways
of knowing or
thinking about
things?”
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
4/3/2014
3
Research Questions • Testable (measurable)
• Well defined
• Interesting– builds upon our scientific knowledge
1. Does eating extra kale increase your bone density and strength as much as drinking milk?
2. Are tall people good at basketball? 3. Do animals and trees have an eternal
soul? 4. Are there angels?
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
4/3/2014
4
Hypothesis
• Hypothesis: Explains WHY or HOW we think something works
• Falsifiable
• Testable
• Can a hypothesis proven true?
• NO! We find support for our hypothesis, or find little evidence for it, etc.
Predictions Why do we need predictions if we have a hypothesis?
Proper form of a prediction If……then….
If (the hypothesis is true), then (expectation)
4/3/2014
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Predictions
Example:
Hypothesis: Tall people are
good at basketball
Prediction: IF tall people are
good at basketball, THEN they
will score more points than
shorter players.
Which is the hypothesis?
Which is a prediction?
A. Light is necessary for lettuce seed
germination.
B. Lettuce seeds placed in a dark room
will not germinate.
4/3/2014
6
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
Experimental design
Independent (explanatory) variables
– What are you TESTING? What variable are you manipulating?
– What are your TREATMENTS and “CONTROL”
– Not affected by other variables
Dependant Variable/Response variable
– What are you MEASURING?
– A factor that DEPENDS on the independent variable
4/3/2014
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Experimental design
Control variables: what other things
might influence your response variable
(what you are measuring)?
How can you minimize their effect in the
experiment?
Question
The hypothesis in a seed germination experiment is:
Light is necessary for lettuce seed germination .
Groups of lettuce seeds are placed in light with
warm temperatures and adequate moisture.
Another set of identical seeds is placed in the dark
under the same conditions.
What is the dependent variable?
a. Light
b. Temperature
c. Germination rate
d. Type of plant
4/3/2014
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Elements of a good
Experimental design:
Replication: more than one experimental
unit
Randomization: you must randomly
assign treatments/control
Independence: the replicates MUST be
separate from each other
Example: Is kale good
for strong bones?
HYPOTHESIS:
High levels of calcium in Kale will lead to increases in bone density
PREDICTIONS:
IF High levels of calcium in Kale will lead to increases in bone density, THEN people eating more kale will have higher bone
density than people lacking Kale from their diet.
4/3/2014
9
Following the steps…
Interpretation of Results and Conclusions
Observation of a Scientific Phenomenon
Scientific Research Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Methods/Experimental Design
Data Collection and Analysis/Results
Interpretation of Data
INDEPENDENT!
DEP
END
ENT!
4/3/2014
10
Discussion question
What is the difference between scientific
hypotheses and theories?
What might the graph look
like? Scenario: The hypothesis in a seed germination
experiment is: Light is necessary for lettuce
seed germination . Groups of lettuce seeds are
placed in light with warm temperatures and
adequate moisture. Another set of identical
seeds is placed in the dark under the same
conditions.
1. Come up with a well-defined prediction.
2. Sketch a graph of your prediction for this
experiment, labeling the axes
4/3/2014
11
Group discussion
What qualifies something as “living” versus “nonliving?”
A life-defining property must be exclusive to living things…
~5 min
22
Basic Properties of Life 1. Cells
2. Metabolism
all living things process energy which is used to power other processes
3. Homeostasis
all living things maintain stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes
4. Growth and reproduction
5. Heredity
all organisms pass genetic information across
generations from parents to offspring
4/3/2014
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23
Four Theories Unify Biology as
a Science
Cell Theory
Theory of Evolution
Gene Theory
Theory of Heredity
24
The Cell Theory: Organization of Life
Robert Hooke, 1665
Discovered cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1670s
Discovered single-celled life
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann, 1839
All living organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of life
Later the third tenet of the theory was added
All cells come from other cells
4/3/2014
13
25
Genetic information is encoded in molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genes can encode specific proteins or RNA, or
they can act to regulate other genes
The proteins and RNA encoded by an
organism’s genes determine what it will be like
in terms of form and function
The Gene Theory: Molecular Basis
of Inheritance
26
Figure 1.12 The
gene theory
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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MACROPHAGE
NERVE CELL
INTESTIONAL CELL
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Genes
being
used
MUSCLE CELL
Chromosome Gene
DNA double helix
Nucleotides
All cells contain the same
set of genes, but different kinds
of cells use different genes.The
production of specific proteins
coded for by these genes
determines what the cell is like.
A typical human
chromosome can contain
up to a thousand genes,
arrayed along a linear
piece of DNA.
Each gene is composed of a sequence of several hundred
to many thousands of DNA nucleotides and functions as a
discrete unit of information.
A human cell has 46
chromosomes, containing
some 3 billion nucleotides
of DNA.
1 A human body
contains over 100
different kinds of cells.
4/3/2014
14
27
Genes are passed down in generations
as discrete units
Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise
to the field of genetics
The Theory of Heredity: Unity of Life
28
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life as “descent with modification”
Tomorrows topic!
The Theory of Evolution: Diversity
of Life
4/3/2014
15
Scientific Theory
a. Presence or absence of
oxygen.
b. The bacterium that causes
botulism (Clostridium
botulinum) only grows in
sealed cans.
c. Clostridium botulinum
cannot grow in an
environment where
oxygen is present.
d. Support or reject the
hypothesis.
e. A growth medium with all
the nutrients required by
Clostridium botulinum.
f. Amount of bacteria growth
recorded
Botulism is a rare but serious illness usually caused by improperly canned food. Botulism eventually causes
paralysis of the muscles. Based on the information provided in the concept map, place the letter with the
appropriate question.
What is the
observation?
An experiment is
conducted.
What is the
hypothesis?
What is the
conclusion?
What is the control
variable?
What is the
dependent
variable? What is the
independent
variable?
Scientific Theory Key
a. Presence or absence of
oxygen.
b. Why does the bacterium
that causes botulism
(Clostridium botulinum)
only grow in sealed cans?
c. Clostridium botulinum
cannot grow in an
environment where
oxygen is present.
d. Support or reject the
hypothesis.
e. A growth medium with all
the nutrients required by
Clostridium botulinum.
f. Amount of bacteria growth
recorded
What is the
observation?
An experiment is
conducted.
What is the
hypothesis?
What is the
conclusion?
What is the control
variable?
What is the
dependent
variable? What is the
independent
variable?
Botulism is a rare but serious illness usually caused by improperly canned food. Botulism eventually causes
paralysis of the muscles. Based on the information provided in the concept map, place the letter with the
appropriate question.
b
e
c
f
d
a
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