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Welcome!HappyAtomsisaphysicalanddigitalchemistryteachingtoolthatallowsstudentstolearn,see,andexploretheworldofchemistry.
GettingStartedBeforeyoucanuseHappyAtomswithatabletdevice,youwillneedtocompletethefollowingsteps:
1. DownloadtheHappyAtomsapp2. Calibratetheapp
a. Whenyouopentheappforthefirsttime,youwillbeaskedwhichHappyAtomsmodelingsetyouhave
i. IntroductorySet?OrCompleteSet?b. Youwillthenhavetocalibratetheappusingatomscontainedinthesetyouhave.c. Followtheinstructionsonthescreentocalibrateyourapp.d. Thisstepshouldonlytakeafewminutes,andwillonlyneedtobedoneonce.Afterthis,
yourHappyAtomsappisreadytobeused.3. Havingyourstudentscompletethisstepwillbeagreatwaytohelpfamiliarizestudentstothe
featuresoftheapp.
PlayTheHappyAtomsappissetupasanopeninquirytooltoworktogetherwithguidedinstruction.Whenyoufirstshowtheapptostudents,givethemtimetomakeafewmolecules,snaptheirpicture,andlearnabouttheintuitivefeaturesoftheapp.AllowstudentstousethisinitialexposuretotheapptoreadthroughtheinstructionsfromHarperandAndee.
HaveFun!EnjoytherestofyourschoolyearusingtheHappyAtomsapp!
WestEd developed these example lesson plans as part of a subcontract from Schell Games under IES SBIR grant #ED-IES-15-C-0025. Special thanks to the teachers who developed the original lesson plans (Jonathan Fong, Ann Shioji, Leigh-Anne Ecklund) and the
teachers who helped pilot the lesson plans (Kathleen Ravano, Pamela Yang, Tessa Eckenfelder).
AtomicStructureLessonGuide
1
BigIdeaAtomsconsistofanucleuswithprotonsandneutronsandelectronsaroundthenucleus.Theconfigurationofelectronsintheoutermostshellofanatomdetermineschemicalpropertiesofelements.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:1. Understandthatorbitalsthatarenotyetstablecontainvalenceelectronsbycounting
thevalenceelectronsonthephysicalHappyAtomselements.2. Observethatvalenceelectronsdeterminehowmanybondsanatomcanmakeby
makingmoleculesusingalltheatomsinagroup.3. Understandthatelectronconfigurationisonewayofidentifyinganelement,aswellas
showingwhichelementsare“related”toeachother(i.e.,sharesimilarchemicalproperties)bycomparingthemolecularbondingpatternsofatomsacrossgroupsandperiods.
StandardsAddressed1. Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon
thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1)2. Eachatomhasachargedsubstructureconsistingofanucleus,whichismadeofprotons
andneutrons,surroundedbyelectrons.(HS-PS1-1)3. Astablemoleculehaslessenergythanthesamesetofatomsseparated;onemust
provideatleastthisenergyinordertotakethemoleculeapart.(HS-PS1-4)4. Thestructureandinteractionsofmatteratthebulkscalearedeterminedbyelectrical
forceswithinandbetweenatoms.(HS-PS1-3)5. ScienceandEngineeringPractice:DevelopingandUsingModels:Useamodeltopredict
therelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.6. CrosscuttingConcept:SystemsandSystemModels:Modelscanbeusedtopredictthe
behaviorofasystem,butthesepredictionshavelimitedprecisionandreliabilityduetotheassumptionsandapproximationsinherentinmodels
7. CrosscuttingConcept:Patterns:Differentpatternsmaybeobservedateachofthescalesatwhichasystemisstudiedandcanprovideevidenceforcausalityinexplanationsofphenomena.
Vocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsProtonNeutronElectronValenceelectron-magnetsStabilityThephysicalatomsonlyshowvalenceelectrons,whilethePeriodicTablewithintheappshowsallelectronscirclingthenucleusofeachatom.Forexample,studentsmaywonderwhyboththeCarbonandSiliconatomshave6magnets(representingvalenceelectrons)whenChas6electronstotal,andSiliconhas14.
AtomicStructureLessonGuide
2
Materials- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- AtomicStructureStudentWorksheet
AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:
-AtomicStructureWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset
AtomicStructureLessonGuide
3
ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoaHappyAtomsatom(5-10minutes)
1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. Haveeverystudenttakeanatom(anyatom)fromtheHappyAtomssettoholdonto
duringthisdemonstration.3. Reviewthefollowingterminology,asitrelatedtotheHappyAtomsset.While
reviewingtheseterms,havestudentssharewiththeirpartnerorgrouphowthetermrelatestotheatomtheyareholding.
a. Elementsymbolb. ValenceElectronsc. Nucleus(protonsandneutrons)d. BondingSite
PartI:IdentifyingElements(15-20minutes)
1. Assigneachstationagroupofelementstoworkwith:Period1orPeriod2(plusHeandH).IfyouhavenotreviewedtheorganizationofthePeriodicTablewithyourstudents,youcantellthemwhichelementstoworkwith:
a. Period1:H,He,Li,Be,C,N,O,F,Neb. Period2:H,He,Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl,Ar
2. InstructstudentstocompletetheAtomicStructureWorksheet,usingtheHappyAtomsmodelingsetandapp.
PartII:PatternsandQuestions(15-20minutes)
1. Partnergroupswhocompletedthetablefordifferentelements.2. Instructstudentstosharetheirobservationsandlooksforpatternsacrosstheirdata
table3. InstructstudenttoworktogethertocompletethePartIIPatternsandQuestions
sectionoftheworksheet.WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)
1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoincludeexamplesfrombothPeriodsinyourdiscussion.
2. Mostimportantly,reviewsomeofthepatternsinvalenceelectronsacrossaperiodanddownagroupinthePeriodicTable.
a. Examplesmayinclude:valenceshellelectronpatterns,totalnumberofelectronpatterns,stableoutershellpatterns.
b. YoucanrefertotheimagesintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTableasanadditionalresource.
AtomicStructureWorksheet
1
Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-Valenceelectronsaretheoutermostelectronsaroundthenucleusofanatomthatdeterminemanyoftheelement’schemicalcharacteristics.-Totalelectronsreferstothetotalnumberofelectronsaroundthenucleusofanatom,includingtheoutermostvalenceelectrons.-HappyAtomselementshavebondingsites,orspotsonthenucleusthatrepresentthenumberofbondsthatcanformaroundtheelement.-Elementsareconsideredtobestablewhentheyhaveafulloutershellofelectrons.ThiscaneasilybeseenusingthePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsapp.
AtomicStructureWorksheet
2
PartI:IdentifyingElementsCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkit.YoucanalsousethePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsappforadditionalinformation.
ElementNameChemicalSymbol
AtomicNumber
Nucleus Totalnumberofelectrons
Numberofvalenceshell
electrons
Totalnumberofelectronsneededaroundnucleusto
bestable
Numberofelectronsatoms
givesuporneedstobestableProtons Neutrons
Hydrogen
2
AtomicStructureWorksheet
3
PartII:PatternsandQuestions1. Explainthedifferencebetweenthevalenceelectrons,andthetotalnumberofelectronsforanygivenelement.
Valenceelectron-
Totalelectrons-
Ex.DescribethedifferencebetweentotalandvalenceelectronsfortheelementSilicon.2. Yourteacherwillpairyouwithagroupthatcompletedthetableusingdifferentelements.Listtwo(2)similaritiesandtwo(2)differences
betweenOxygenandSulfur,usingtheinformationinyourtable,andtheothergroups’table.YoucanalsouseyourphysicalatomsandthePeriodicTableintheappasareference.Similarities1.2.
Differences1.2.
3. Whatpatternsdoyounoticeaboutthetotalnumberofelectronsandthenumberofvalenceelectrons?YoucanlistpatternsacrossthePeriodTable,orrelationshipsbetweenthetotalandvalenceshellelectrons.ProvideevidencefromtheHappyAtomsmodelingapporsetthatallowsyoutocometothisconclusion.1.2.3.
4. WhatdoyounoticeaboutArgonandNeon?ProvideevidencefromtheHappyAtomsmodelingapporsetthatallowsyoutocometothisconclusion.
PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide
1
BigIdeaTheperiodictableisorganizedinrowsbyincreasingatomicnumber,suchthatelementswithsimilaratomicstructureandchemicalpropertiesaregroupedasverticalcolumns.Increasingordecreasingtrends,suchasatomicsize,numberofvalenceelectrons,orelectronegativity,canbeobservedintheperiodictableacrossaperiodordownagroup.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:
1. Understandhowatomicsizechangesdownagroupbyvisuallydrawingthetrendwhenprovidedwithablankperiodictable.
2. Understandthatelementswithinthesamegrouphavesimilarchemicalpropertiesandatomicstructure,anddemonstratethatunderstandingbyidentifyingthatelementswiththesamenumberofvalenceelectronsalsoresideinthesamegroup.
3. Understandthatelementsfromdifferentgroupshavedifferentchemicalpropertiesandatomicstructurebyidentifyingthedifferenceinthenumberofvalenceelectronsacrossaperiodintheperiodictable.
StandardsAddressed1.Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon
thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1.)2.Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreaction
basedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2.
3.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:Developingandusingmodels4.CrosscuttingConcept:StructureandFunctionVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsGroupPeriodAtomicsizeAtomicsizeacrossaperiodisnotwellrepresentedintheHappyAtomssetandapp.Studentsoftendon’tunderstandthattheNobleGasesarelargercomparedtotheHalogensbecauseatomicsizegenerallydecreasesasyoumovefromlefttorightinaperiod.Studentssometimesthinkitisamistakeintheirbookoraskifthisisamistakeinthemodels.AdiscussionofthepropertiesofNobleGasesandtheOctetrulewouldhelpwiththis.Noblegaseshaveacompleteoutershellofelectrons.Thesizeofeachatomislargerbecausethereismoreelectronrepulsion.BecauseNobleGaseshaveallthevalenceelectronstheyneed,theyareverystableanddon’tparticipateinmanychemicalreactions.Themodelscanbeusedtodiscussthemisconceptionthatthevalenceelectronsdonotrepresentalltheelectronsofanatom.Youcannotethatthenoblegasesdonothaveanyvalenceelectrons:itmightseemlikeitwouldbejustafreefloatingnucleus,butrathertheyhavefulloctetofelectrons.Usethistoguidestudents,alongwiththeuseoftheHappyAtomsapplication,toshowthatthemagnetsarejustshowingthevalenceelectronsandnotthetotalnumberofelectronsinanatom.
PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide
2
Materials
- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- AtomicStructureStudentWorksheet
AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:
-AtomicStructureWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset -HappyAtomsmodelingsetwhitemat
PeriodicTrendsLessonGuide
3
ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoaHappyAtomsatom(5-10minutes)
1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. DemonstratetostudentswheretheycanfindthePeriodicTableintheapp.
a. ItisimportanttopointoutthedifferencesbetweenthePeriodicTableintheapp,andtherealPeriodicTableofElements,toavoidanyconfusion.
PartI:IdentifyingDifferentTypesofElements(5-10minutes)
1. Studentswillcompletetheirworksheet,fillingoutthedifferenttypesofelementclassifications(fromapp)ineachbox.
PartII:IdentifyingValenceElectrons(10-15minutes)
1. StudentswillusetheHappyAtomsPeriodicTablemattophysicallylayoutalloftheelements.Aftertheyhavedonethis,andhaveansweredthequestions,youcansuggestthateachgroupfindanothergrouptodiscussthepatternsthattheynoticedacrossanddownthePeriodicTable.
2. YoumaywanttoconsiderhavingadiscussionabouttheperiodictrendsasaclassbeforehavingstudentsvisuallyrepresenttheirtrendsattheendofPartII.
PartIII:Electronegativity(10-15minutes)1. Studentswillcompletethetableaboutinnerelectrons,valenceelectrons,and
electronegativity.ExplaintostudentsthedifferenceinelectronegativitiesofOandF.Youcanusethephysicalatomstodemonstratethis.
WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)
1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoreviewtheelectronegativitytable,asthiswillbenew.
2. SummarizethedifferenttrendsthatgroupsnoticesinthePeriodicTable.3. Mostimportantly,reviewsomeofthepatternsinvalenceelectronsacrossaperiod
anddownagroupinthePeriodicTable.a. Examplesmayinclude:valenceshellelectronpatterns,totalnumberof
electronpatterns,stableoutershellpatterns.b. YoucanrefertotheimagesintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTableasan
additionalresource.
PeriodicTrendsWorksheet
1
Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-ElementsareorganizedinaPeriodicTableofElements.ThePeriodicTablealsoguidesyouinidentifyingpatternsandinformationabouteachelementdependingonitspositioninthetable.-Electronegativityistherelativetendencyofanatomtoattractelectronstoitselfinachemicalbond.Thegreateranatom'selectronegativity,thegreateritsabilitytoattractelectronstoitself.PartI:IdentifyingDifferentTypesofElementsUsethePeriodicTableintheapptoclassifyeachtypeofelementintheHappyAtomsPeriodicTable.
Group1A
Group2A
HGroup2A
Group4A Group5A Group6A Group7A
He
Li Be C N O F Ne
Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar
1. Whatpatternsdoyounoticeaboutthemetalsandnonmetals?WhereiseachcategoryofelementslocatedonthePeriodicTable?
PeriodicTrendsWorksheet
2
PartII:IdentifyingValenceElectronsUsethePeriodicTableMattolayoutoneofeachatomonthemat.Makesureyouhaveenoughspace.
1. WhatpatternsdoyounoticeasyoumovedownperiodsinthePeriodicTable?Whatisyourevidence?HowcanyousummarizethepatternofvalenceelectronsasyoumovedownperiodsinthePeriodicTable?
2. WhatpatternsdoyounoticeasyoumoveacrossgroupsinthePeriodicTable?Whatisyourevidence?HowcanyousummarizethepatternofvalenceelectronsasyoumoveacrossgroupsinthePeriodicTable?
Usethespacebelowtovisuallysummarizethesepatterns.Youcanwriteinyourpatternsonthearrows.PartIII:Electronegativity
Group1A Group
2A
H Group2A Group
4AGroup5A
Group6A
Group7A He
Li Be C N O F Ne
Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar
PeriodicTrendsWorksheet
3
Exceptforhydrogenandhelium,mostelementswanttofilltheirorbitalssothattheyhaveastableOctet(8electronsintheiroutermostshell).Atomsdothisbybondingtootheratoms.ReviewtheHappyAtomsapporphysicalmodelsforeachatomlistedbelowtodeterminehowmanyvalenceelectronseachatomhasandhowmanyitneeds.
ChemicalSymbol
NumberofInner
ElectronsNumberofValence
Electrons
Thenumberofelectronsanelementwilldonateorloseinordertoachievestability
TotalNumberofValenceElectronsinaStable
ConfigurationH 1
He 2 Stable
Li 2 1
Be
C
N
O Needs2moreelectrons
F 7
Ne
Na
Mg 10
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
1. Writeonesentencebelowdescribinghowelectronegativitychangesasyoumovefromlefttorightontheperiodictable.
2. Writeonesentencebelowdescribinghowelectronegativitychangesasyoumovedownagroupontheperiodictable.
IonicandCovalentBonding
1
BigIdeaAnelement’satomicstructureandchemicalpropertiesdeterminethetypesofbondsthatelementwillformwithotherelements.Differentnumbersofvalenceelectronswillcauseelementsinthesameperiodtohavedifferentproperties.Elementsinthesamegroupwillhavesimilarchemicalpropertiesbecausetheyhavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:
1. Visualizethatthechemicalpropertiesofionicandcovalentcompoundsarecausedbytheirbondtypes.Studentswilldemonstrateanunderstandingbyidentifyingsimilaritiesincompoundswithionicbonds,anddifferenceswhencontrastingionicandcovalentcompounds.
2. Understandthatelementsinaperiodwillhavedifferentchemicalpropertiesandbondingtypesbyidentifyingthatelementsacrossaperiodcontaindifferingnumbersofvalenceelectrons.
3. Understandthatelementsinagroupwillhavesimilarchemicalpropertiesandbondingtypesbyidentifyingthatelementswithinagrouphavethesamenumberofvalenceelectrons.
StandardsAddressed1.Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedonthepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1.)2.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:Developingandusingmodels3.CrosscuttingConcept:StructureandFunctionVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsIoniccompoundCovalentcompoundCationAnionStudentsmaytrytobreaktheoctetrulewithagroup5A,6A,or7AelementbecausetherearemanymagneticconnectorswiththeHappyAtomsmodelingset.SinglebondsmodeledusingHappyAtomscanbemistakenbystudentsasdoublebondsbecausetherearetwoflexiblearmsinvolved.Sinceeachatomissharingonevalenceelectron(presentattheendofeachflexiblearm),theatomsareonlysharingonepairofelectrons,whichisthedefinitionofasinglecovalentbond.Thereisamisconceptionthathydrogenwillalwaysmakeacovalentbondinacompoundbecauseitisanonmetal.Hydrogen,ifactingasahydrideanionwhenpairedwithametalcation,willmakeanionicbond.Studentsmaythinkthathydrogencanmakemorethanasinglebond.Studentshavetriedtocreatedoubleortriplebondstoahydrogenatominacompound.
IonicandCovalentBonding
2
IntheHappyAtomsphysicalmodels,ionicbondsandcovalentbondsaremodeledsimilarly.StudentsmaybeconfusedthatelementslikeNaorLiarenotgivinguptheirelectronbecauseitisstillattachedtotheelementwhenmodelingtheionicbondwithHappyatoms.TeacherscanclarifythisbyexplainingthatGroup1Aand2Aelementsdonothavemagneticbondingsites,andcannotparticipateinacovalentbond.Materials
- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- ChemicalFormulasandBondingWorksheet
AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:
-ChemicalFormulasandBondingWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset
IonicandCovalentBonding
3
ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroductiontoBonding(5-10minutes)
1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andhavethemgotoastationwiththeirgroup.2. HaveeverystudenttaketwoHydrogenatoms(thereshouldbeenoughineachsetfor7students
tofollowalong)andhavethemfollowalongasyoudemonstratebonding.3. Reviewthefollowingterminology,asitrelatedtotheHappyAtomsset.
a. ValenceElectronsb. BondingSite
PartOne:AllAboutHydrogenCompounds(15-20minutes)
1. AssignaperiodinthePeriodicTabletoeachgroupofstudents.Theywillcompletethefirstpartoftheirworksheetwiththeseelements.
a. Period2:Li,Be,C,N,O,Fb. Period3:Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl
2. StudentswillusetheHappyAtomsphysicalmodelingsettomakemoleculeswithhydrogen.Studentswillthentakeapictureoftheirmolecules,andidentifyit’sname,andidentifywhetheritisionicorcovalent.HappyAtomsdifferentiatesbetweenionicandcovalentbondsinboththephysicalmodels,andintheapp.
a. Period2groupswillmake:LiH,BeH2,CH4,NH3,H2O,HFb. Period3studentswillmake:NaH,MgH2,SiH4,PH3,H2S,HCl
3. Whenstudentsarefinishedwiththefirsttable,havethempartnerwithagroupthatworkedwithdifferentelements.Together,theywilldeterminethetrendsinbondingwithHydrogen,andanswerthequestionsinPartI.
PartTwo:IonicorCovalent?(15-20minutes)
1. InstructstudentstocontinueworkingonthetableinPartII.Foreachlistedmolecule,studentswillbeidentifyingthechemicalnameandbondtype,chemicalpropertiesofthemolecule,andprovidingasketchofthecompound.
WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)
1. Reviewtheworksheetwithyourstudents,makingsuretoincludeexamplesfrombothPeriodsinyourdiscussion.
2. Mostimportantly,reviewtheconceptsofionicandcovalentbonding,asitreferstotheHappyAtomsphysicalmodels.YoucandemonstrateusingNaCl,andCH4,forexample,toshowtheionicvs.acovalentbond.
IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet
1
Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________PartOne:AllAboutHydrogenCompoundsYourgroupwillexamineeitherPeriod2orPeriod3elements.FindtheatomsfromtheHappyAtomsmodelkitforalltheelementsinthatperiod.Bondoneatomofeachelementinthatperiodtothemaximumnumberofhydrogenatomspossibletomakeeachcompound.Aftermakingthecompound,usetheHappyAtomsapptocompletetherestofthetable.Period2:Li,Be,C,N,O,FPeriod3:Na,Mg,Si,P,S,Cl
Element
MoleculeFormedwhenbondedwithHydrogen
CompoundName
IonicorCovalent
1. Whatdoyouobservethatleadsyoutodeterminewhetheramoleculeisionicorcovalent?Writedownyourevidence.
2. PartnerwithagroupthatcompletedthetablefortheotherPeriodofelements.Worktogethertorecognizepatternsaboutmolecularbondingindifferentgroupofelementsinthetablebelow.
IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet
2
Usethefirstcolumnasaguide.X=anyelementinthegroup
AnyElementFromGroup GroupIA GroupIIA GroupIVA GroupVA GroupVIA GroupVIIA
MoleculeFormedwhenbondedwithHydrogen
X-H
ExampleofaCompoundthatfollowsthispattern
LiH
IonicorCovalent
ionic
1.Whatpatternsdoyounoticefromyourtables?2.Arethechemicalpropertiesofeachcompoundsimilarordrasticallydifferent?Basedonyourmodeling,whatisthecauseofthesimilarityordifference?3.Compareyourresultswithagroupthatexaminedcompoundsfromadifferentperiod(forexample,ifyouexaminedPeriod2compounds,compareyourresultswithagroupthatexaminedPeriod3).Arethechemicalpropertiesofcompoundsinthesameperiodictablegroupsimilarordrasticallydifferent?Basedonyourmodeling,whatisthecauseofthissimilarityordifference?
IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet
3
PartTwo:IonicorCovalent?CompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingset.Aftermakingthecompound,usetheHappyAtomsapptocompletetherestofthetable.
ChemicalFormula
ChemicalName
BondType
(IonicorCovalent)
Sketchcompound(fromapporphysicalmodel)
Ifionic,whatisthecation(positivecharge)andanion(negativecharge)?
Ifcovalent,whattypeofbond
(single,double,triple)?
Oneinterestingfactaboutthecompound
NaCl
NaF
CH4
IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet
4
ChemicalFormula
ChemicalName
BondType
(IonicorCovalent)
Sketchcompound(fromapporphysicalmodel)
Ifionic,whatisthecation(positivecharge)andanion(negativecharge)?
Ifcovalent,whattypeofbond
(single,double,triple)?
Oneinterestingfactaboutthecompound
Mg(OH)2
SiO2
NH3
1. Ioniccompoundsaremadeofa_________________anda_______________________.
2. Covalentcompoundsaremadeofa_________________anda______________________.
3. Ismagnesiumoxideanioniccompoundoracovalentcompound?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.
IonicandCovalentBondingWorksheet
5
4. Isbutaneanioniccompoundoracovalentcompound?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.
5. WhyareHe,Ne,andArmissingfromcompoundsinthisactivity?Provideatleast3piecesofevidence(fromtheperiodictable,fromeachatom’selectronconfiguration,andfromactuallymodelingthecompound)tosupportyouranswer.
LewisStructuresandMolecularShape
1
BigIdeaMoleculescanberepresentedusingaLewisStructuredrawing.Thisrepresentationofamoleculecanbeusedtodeterminethegeometryandshapeofamolecule.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:
1. DrawaLewisstructureofamoleculebasedonthenumberofvalenceelectronsofeachatom.
2. Predictthemolecularshape(geometry)inrelationtothecentralatom’sgrouponthePeriodtablebasedonVSEPTtheory.Studentsbuildmoleculeswherethecentralatomhasdifferentnumbersofvalenceelectrons.
StandardsAddressed1.Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreactionbasedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2.)2.ScienceandEngineeringPractice:DevelopingandUsingModels:Useamodeltopredicttherelationshipsbetweensystemsorbetweencomponentsofasystem.3.CrosscuttingConcept:SystemsandSystemModels:Modelscanbeusedtopredictthebehaviorofasystem,butthesepredictionshavelimitedprecisionandreliabilityduetotheassumptionsandapproximationsinherentinmodelsVocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsLonepair(unsharedpair)ofelectronsBondingpairofelectronsLigandStericnumberStudentmisconceptionsforVSEPRmightinclude:-Thatadoublebondcountsas2ligands.(Remember,itreallycountsas1ligandinVSEPR.)-WhendrawingLewisstructures,studentsoftengetsocaughtupindrawingtheLewisdotscorrectlythattheywillwritethechemicalsymbolincorrectly(“CL”insteadofCl”,forexample).ItisimportanttochecktheirLewissymbolsfrequently.-Sometimes,studentsareunclearastoanatomgaining/losingelectrons,sobesuretocheckforthiswhilecirculating.Watchthisespeciallyinthemetals,asthebondingusingmetalsisdifferentwiththeHappyAtomsmodelset.Thereisonlyone“arm”fromthemetalconnectingtotheotheratom,andthisisnotreciprocated.Themodelssometimesdonotconnectallthewayforcertainmolecules(forexample,inSiO2therubberarmsdonotreachalltheway;however,abondforms).Youcantellthestudentsthatthismightbealimitationofthemodels,orevenaskstudentstocomeupwithlimitationsofthemodels,buttheycanseethereisabondingplaceholder(magnet)withwhich,ifthearmcouldreach,wouldrepresentthedoublebond.
LewisStructuresandMolecularShape
2
Materials
- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeStudentWorksheet
AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:
-LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset
LewisStructuresandMolecularShape
3
ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroduction(5-10minutes)
1. TheValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theoryhelpsustopredicttheshape(ormoleculargeometry)ofmolecules.3-Dmodelsarehelpfulrepresentationstovisualizewhatthesemoleculeslooklike.Amolecule’sshapewillofteninfluenceitsfunctionanduse.
2. Useanoxygenandtwohydrogenatomstomodelhowtomakeawatermoleculeandtocompletethesametasksstudentswilldointheirworksheet.Studentscanfollowalongintheirworksheet.
a. DemonstratehowtodrawaLewisStructureforthismolecule.b. Makethewatermolecule.Usethewatermoleculetodescribethenumberof
ligands(2)andlonepairs(2)onthecentraloxygenatomtothestudents.c. TakeapictureusingtheHappyAtomsapp,imagethemolecule,andshow
studentswheretofindtheinformationaboutmoleculargeometryontheapp.d. Selectthemolecularanglebuttonintheapptodeterminethemolecular
geometryofthemolecule.PartI:LewisStructuresandShapes(2-30minutes)
1. Instructstudentstomakeallthemoleculesontheirworksheets,andtocompletetable.
WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)
1. Brieflyreviewtheworksheetinformationwithstudents,andansweranyclarifyingquestions.
2. Guidethediscussiontogetstudentstorecognizethetrendsbetweenstericnumberandthegeometryandbondangles.
3. Reviewthestericnumbertablewithstudents.Youcanusethisstepasacheckforunderstanding.
4. Mostimportantly,reviewthetrendsinmolecularshape,andhowLewisStructurecanhelpdeterminethis.
LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet
1
Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:-TheValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion(VSEPR)Theoryhelpsustopredicttheshape(ormoleculargeometry)ofmolecules.3-Dmodelsarehelpfulrepresentationsinseeingwhatthesemoleculesreallylooklike.Amolecule’sshapewilloftendetermineitsfunctionanduse.-Lewisstructuresshowbondinginmolecules:astraightlineshowsabondingpair(sharedpair)ofelectrons,andtwodotsrepresentalonepair,ornon-bondingpairsofelectrons.
-Moleculescanbearrangedinthefollowingmolecularshapes:
LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet
2
PartI:LewisStructuresandShapesCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkit.YoucanalsousethePeriodicTableintheHappyAtomsappforadditionalinformation.Usethelasttworowstomakeamoleculenotfoundinthistable.
ChemicalFormula
CompoundName
LewisStructure
Numberof
Ligands
NumberofLonePairs
MolecularGeometry
SpecialCharacteristics
H2O
CCl2F2
PH3
SiH4
CS2
LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet
3
ChemicalFormula
CompoundName
LewisStructure
Numberof
Ligands
NumberofLonePairs
MolecularGeometry
SpecialCharacteristics
H2S
PartII:PatternsandQuestions1. Givetwoexamplesofmoleculeswithbentgeometry.Howmanyelementsareboundtothecentralatom?Howmanylonepairsarearoundthe
centralatom?2. Givetwoexamplesofmoleculeswithtetrahedralgeometry.Howmanyelementsareboundtothecentralatom?Howmanylonepairsarearound
thecentralatom?
LewisStructuresandMolecularShapeWorksheet
4
3. Name1patternyounoticeinyourdatathatwouldbehelpfultounderstandingVSEPR.Citeevidencefromyourdata.4. Thenumberofligandsaddedtothenumberoflonepairsonanatomisequaltothestericnumber.Usethisinformationtocompletethe
followingtableStericNumber
Geometry-0lonepairs Geometry1lonepair Geometry2lonepairs
2
3
4
ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide
1
BigIdeaTherearedifferentpatternsinchemicalreactiontypes.Onekeyfeatureofallchemicalreactionsisthatatomsinmoleculesrearrangetoformtheproducts,thusprovidingthebasisforbalancingreactions.LearningObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:1. PhysicallymodeltheproductsandreactantsofachemicalreactionusingtheHappy
Atomsset,andobservehowbondsbreakandreformtomakenewcompounds.2. Buildacompoundiftheyknowitschemicalformula,anduseittobuildtheproductsof
areactionusingthesameatomspresentinthereactants3. Demonstrateanunderstandingofbalancingchemicalequationsusingphysicalmodels
oftheproductsandreactants.StandardsAddressed1. Usetheperiodictableasamodeltopredicttherelativepropertiesofelementsbasedon
thepatternsofelectronsintheoutermostenergylevelofatoms.(HS-PS1-1)2. Constructandreviseanexplanationfortheoutcomeofasimplechemicalreaction
basedontheoutermostelectronstatesofatoms,trendsintheperiodictable,andknowledgeofthepatternsofchemicalproperties.(HS-PS1-2)
3. Usemathematicalexplanationstosupporttheclaimthatatoms,andthereforemass,areconservedduringachemicalreaction.(HS-PS1-7)
4. Thefactthatatomsareconserved,togetherwithknowledgeofthechemicalpropertiesoftheelementsinvolved,canbeusedtodescribeandpredictchemicalreactions.(PS1.B.3)
Vocabulary,ContentandMisconceptionsReactantProductBalancedEquationVisualizingthenumberofatomspresentinthereactantsandproductsofareactionwillhelpstudentsgainaconceptualunderstandingofbalancingequations.However,somestudentsmayonlymakeonemoleculeofeachproductandreactant.Besuretoremindstudentsthatnumberofatomsonbothsidesoftheequationmustbeequal,thereforetheymightneedtomakemorethanoneofeachmolecule.Remindstudentsthatonceyouwritethechemicalformulastonottouchthesubscriptsinthechemicalformulaswhenbalancingachemicalequation–usecoefficientsonlytobalancethechemicalequation.Notethatatthecombustionreactionstation,groupsmayconstructamodelofthereactionusingdifferentstartinghydrocarboncompounds.Usethisasateachingpointtoexplaintheuniquetrendsincombustionreactions
ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide
2
Materials
- HappyAtomsmodelingset- HappyAtomsapp- ChemicalReactionTypesStudentWorksheet
AdvancePreparationProvidetoeachstudent:
-ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet(doublesided)Providetoeachlabstationgroup: -HappyAtomsappdownloadedontotabletdevice -HappyAtomsmodelingset.Forthislesson,itmaybeeasiertohavestudentsrotatethroughstationsofreactions.Ifthisisthecase,combinethesameatomsfromdifferentHappyAtomsetsinordertohaveenoughofeachatomateachstationtocreatemodelsofthereactions.Beforethelesson,youwillneedtosorttheatomsintotheappropriatesets.
- Station1:Nitrogen,hydrogen(3:1ratio)- Station2:Carbon,oxygen(2:1ratio)- Station3:Magnesium,lithium,hydrogen(1:2:2)- Station4:Magnesium,sulfur,oxygen,hydrogen(1:1:1:1)- Station5:Remainingcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen
ChemicalReactionTypesLessonGuide
3
ExpectedActivityTime:Oneclassperiod(50minutes)DescriptionofLessonIntroduction(5-10minutes)
1. Distributeworksheettostudents,andprovideinformationabouteachofthestations.
2. Havestudentsfollowalonginthefirstrowofthetableasyoudemonstratehowtomodelthefirstreaction.(NH3)
a. Demonstratehowtousethesearchfeatureandsearchforammoniaintheapp
b. Buildthemoleculec. Buildtheproductsbasedonthegivenchemicalequationd. Buildenoughofeachproductandreactanttomodelabalancedequationfor
yourstudents.WorksheetActivity(35minutes)
1. Studentsstartatoneofthe5differentstations(onestationwillbetheNH3reaction),dependingonclasssizeandclassroommanagement,youcanallowstudentstomovefreelyfromstationtostation,oruseatimertoensureeachstudentgetstimeateachstation.
WrapUpandClosingDiscussion(5-10minutes)
1. Reviewtheworksheetwithstudentsandaskiftherewereanyquestions.2. Askdifferentgroupswhat“ChallengeMolecule”theyused,andhavetheentireclass
trytocompletethetableforthesemolecules.3. Mostimportantly,reviewthatthetotalnumberofeachelementsonthereactants
andproductssideofabalanceequationshouldhavethesamenumberofatoms,justarrangeddifferentlyamongmolecules.
ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet
1
Name:___________________________________________________________________________________________ Period#:_________ Date:_________________Background:Duringchemicalreactions,bondsbreakandnewbondsforminordertomakenewstablemolecules.Thenumberofeachmoleculeneededforanyreactiontoproceedwilldependonthemolecule.Generally,thetotalnumberofeachelementonthereactantsandproductssideofareactionmustbeequal.Youcanbuildeachreactantandproduct,andbuildenoughuntiltherearethesamenumberofatomsoneachsideoftheequation.Thatwillhelpyoudeterminehowtobalancetheequation.PartI:IdentifyingElementsCompletethistableusingtheHappyAtomsmodelingkitandHappyAtomsapp.YoucansearchformoleculesbyChemicalFormulaORbyCommonName.Ifyouaren’tsurehowtobuildamolecule,HappyAtomswillhelpyou.
Reactant(s)
Product(s)
BalancedChemicalEquationChemicalFormula CommonName
ChemicalFormula
CommonName
Ammonia à Nitrogengas 2NH3→N2+3H2
C O2 à
Magnesiumhydride
Lithium à
à Magnesiumsulfide Water
à Carbondioxide Water
ChemicalReactionTypesWorksheet
2
ChallengeQuestion:Completethefollowingchallengereactions.RemembertousetheHappyApptofindthemolecule,andlearnhowtomakeit.
Reactant(s)
Product(s)
BalancedChemicalEquationChemicalFormula CommonName
ChemicalFormula
CommonName
CarbonicAcid à
Ethanol à
HCl à SodiumHydroxide
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