week 7 the simple sentence

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7

The Simple Sentence

1. Clause Patterns

2. Sentence Elements and their Meanings

3. Concord

4. Negation

5. Questions, Commands, Exclamations

IssuesIssues

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

Clause typesClause types

Clause types transformed

Clause TypesClause Types1

1/2

Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

Clause typesClause types

S, V, O, C, AThey appointed him head of office last week. S V O C A

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

Clause typesClause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

Obligatory clause patterns are those which are required for the complementation of the verb.

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

Clause typesClause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

I put the book on the table (SVOA) vs. I put the book.He resembled his father (SVO) vs. He resembled. (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully).He is eating (the cake).

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types7 Clause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

1. SVA Mary is in the house.2. SVC Mary is kind.3. SVO Somebody caught the ball.4. SVOA I put the vase on the table.5. SVOC She has proved it wrong.6. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike.7. SV The lady smiled.

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types7 Clause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

Passive transformation

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

Clause TypesClause Types1

1/7

Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types7 Clause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

Passive transformation

Many critics disliked the play (SVOd)

The play was disliked by many critics.(S + Vpass + [A])

Clause TypesClause Types1

1/8

Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types7 Clause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

Passive transformation

Mom considered him a genius.(SVOO)

He was considered a genius (by Mom).(SVC [A])

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Clause typesClause types Clause ElementsClause Elements

Obligatory vs. OptionalObligatory vs. Optional

7 Clause types7 Clause types

Clause types transformedClause types transformed

SV, SVC, SVA equivalents

1. SV SVCThe baby is sleeping The baby is asleep

2. SV SVATwo loaves will suffice Two loaves will be sufficient

3. SVC SVA He is jobless He is without a job.

Clause TypesClause Types1

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Which clause type does each of the following

sentences belong to?

1. He’s getting angry.

2. He got through the window.

3. He’ll get a surprise.

4. He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. He got himself into trouble.

6. He got her a splendid present.

Clause TypesClause Types1

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1. SVC He’s getting angry.

2. SVA He got through the window.

3. SVO He’ll get a surprise.

4. SVOC He got his shoes and socks wet.

5. SVOA He got himself into trouble.

6. SVOO He got her a splendid present.

One verb can belong to a number of different classes.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Sentence elements syntactically defined

Subject

Object

Complement

Adverbial

See Quirk, pp170

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty It

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/3

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

She opened the door.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/4

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The key opens the door.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/5

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The door opens.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/6

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

ITShe has a new shirt.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/7

Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

This room accommodates 20 people.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

Tomorrow is my birthday.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

IT

The meeting ended successfully.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Subject

agentive

recipient

affected

instrumental

locative

temporal

eventive

Empty ITIt’s wonderful to meet you.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/11

We opened the door.

He invented the telephone.

We passed the building.

Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

effected

locative

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Object

Od Oi

affected

recipient

We paid him a visit.

We gave him some money.

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

2/13

He is tired.

He becomes tired.

Semantic Roles of the Object

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

Sentence elements and their meaningsSentence elements and their meanings2

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Semantic Roles of the Complement

Cs Co

Current attribute

Resulting attribute

We found the room empty.

They left the room empty.

ConcordsConcords3

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CONCORDS Grammatical concord

Notional Concord

Concord by Proximity

Concord with coordinated subject

ConcordsConcords3

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Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

ConcordsConcords3

3/3

Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

SUBJECT sing/plur VERB sing/plurThis dish is dirty/ These dishes are dirty.

SUBJECT (clause) VERB singWhat they are doing now is my concern.

ConcordsConcords3

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Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

The child was an angel.

The children are angels.

ConcordsConcords3

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Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

He injured himself.

ConcordsConcords3

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Grammatical Concord Subject - Verb

Subject - Complement

Subject - Object

Pronoun

The boy likes his toys

ConcordsConcords3

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Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

NoneThe verb agrees with the idea of plural rather than the actual singular form of the noun

ConcordsConcords3

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Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

None

What he says isn’t true. (= The thing he says isn’t true)What they like best are tea and coffee. ( The things they like…)

ConcordsConcords3

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Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

NoneThe cabinet are having a rest.(All members of the cabinet…)

The cabinet has reached an agreement.(The cabinet as a whole)

ConcordsConcords3

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Notional Concord Nominal clause

Collective noun

None

None of the students like Grammar.None of the cheese is fresh.

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

The verb tends to agree with whatever noun or

pronoun closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the subject

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

One in ten take drugs.

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… orThere are two chairs and a desk there.There is a chair and two desks there.

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord by Proximity Set phrases

Existential sentence with ‘there’

Either… or

Either my brother or I am to blame for the error.Either the teacher or the students need to do this.

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord with coordinatedsubject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the samething/ person

normally takes a plural verb

ConcordsConcords3

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Concord with coordinatedsubject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the samething/ person

The hammer and the sickle was flying on top of the building.

ConcordsConcords3

3/17

Concord with coordinatedsubject

Coordinated subject representing a single entity

When the NPs refer to the samething/ person

His lawyer and former college friend, Max Weber, was withhim at his death.

NegationNegation4

4/1

The negation of a sentence is accomplished by inserting not between the operator and the predication.E.g.

The attempt has succeeded.The attempt has not succeeded.

We may win the match. We may not win the match.

NegationNegation4

4/2

1. Assertives vs. Non-assertives

2. Negative intensification

3. Alternative Negative elements

4. Scope of negation

5. Focus of negation

6. Relationship between scope and focus of negation

7. Main verb negation vs. Auxiliary negation

NegationNegation4

4/3

Assertives Non-assertives

Some

Someone

Somewhere

Somehow

To some extent

Already

A great deal

Too

A long way

Too

A long time

Any

Anyone

Anywhere

In any way

At all

Yet

Much

Either

Far

Very

Long

Non-assertive forms = itemsthat do not naturallyoccur outside negative,interrogative, andconditional sentences.

E.g.I saw him somewhere.I didn’t see him anywhere.

(Quirk p.184)

NegationNegation4

4/4

Negative Intensification = ways to give emotive intensification to a negative.

I found nothing at all the matter with him.

I have no excuse whatever.

I'll never, never go there again.

I've never in all my life seen such a crowd.

She has never spoken to me even a single word.

NegationNegation4

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Alternative Negative Elements (Instead of the verb, another element may be negated)

An honest man would not lie -> No honest man would lie.

I didn't see any birds -> I saw no birds.

NegationNegation4

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Scope of NegationNormally extends from the negative word itself to the end of the clause.

E.g.I definitely didn’t speak to him.

(It’s definite that I did not.)I didn’t definitely speak to him.

(It’s not definite that I did.)

= The stretch of language over which the negative

meaning operates

NegationNegation4

4/7

Focus of Negation 1.‘JOHN doesn’t love Mary.

Somebody loves Mary but it’s not

John.

2. John doesn’t ‘LOVE Mary.

John likes Mary but it’s not love.

3. John doesn’t love ‘MARY.

John loves somebody else but

it’s not Mary.

The contrastive nuclear stress falling

on a particular part of a clause

indicates that the contrast of

meaning implicit in the negation is

located at that spot and the rest of

the clause can be understood in a

positive sense.

NegationNegation4

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Scope & Focus of Negation I didn’t LISTEN all the time.

(I listened none of the time.)

I didn’t listen ALL the time.

(I listened some of the time.)

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of

the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope

NegationNegation4

4/9

Scope & Focus of Negation In each of the following case,

does John love Mary or not?

John doesn’t LOVE Mary

because she is a teacher.

John doesn’t love Mary because

she is a TEACHER.

The scope must include the

focus, and by the position of

the focus we can realize the

extent of the scope.

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb NegationThe scope of negation includes the meaningof the auxiliary itself

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. can’t (in all sense)You can’t be serious.

(It is not possible that…)You can’t go swimming.(You are not allowed…)She can’t ride a bicycle.(She is not able to…)

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation2. Needn’tYou needn’t pay that fine.(You are not obliged to…)

It needn’t be my fault.(it is not necessary that…)

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation3. May not ( = permission)You may not go swimming.(You are not allowed to…)

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Auxiliary Negation Main Verb Negation1. May not (=possibility)They may not bother to come if it’s wet.

(It is possible that they will not bother to come.)

NegationNegation4

4/16

Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

Don’t worry. I won’t interfere (I’m willing not to interfere.)

He won’t do it (He insists on not doing it.)

They won’t have arrived yet (I predict that they’ve not arrived yet.

NegationNegation4

4/18

Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

Don’t worry, you shan’t lose your reward.(I’m willing to see that you don’t lose your reward.

NegationNegation4

4/19

Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

I shan’t know when you return (I predict that I shall not know…)

NegationNegation4

4/20

Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

You mustn’t keep us all waiting (You’ll oblige me for not keeping…)

NegationNegation4

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Main verb negation vs.Auxiliary negation

Main Verb NegationWill not/ won’t

Shall not/ shan’t

Must not/ mustn’t

Ought not/ oughtn’t

You oughtn’t to keep us waiting (obligation)

He oughtn’t to be long (necessity)

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/1

Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/2

Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Sentences in which the subject is always present and generally precedes the verb.

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsGeneral Yes – No questionsHas the boat left?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Has the boat left already?

Yes-no questions with positive orientation:Hasn’t the boat left yet?

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsTag questions• Rising tone = neutral assumption• Falling tone: Positive assumption + positive expectation Negative assumption + negative expectation

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsDeclarative Questions

You’ve got the explosive?

He didn’t finished it?

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative QuestionsExclamatory QuestionsNegative Y-N

Hasn’t he grown!Wasn’t it good!Positive Y – N

Am I hungry!Do I look annoyed!

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

Wh- word pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose• Who went there with her? (Wh-word = S)• Who(m) did he talk to? (Wh-word = Od)• Which book have you lent him? (Wh-word = premodifier)• Whose beautiful antiques are they? (Wh-word = determiner)• Who did you lent to book to? (Wh-word = Oi)

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/10

Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

Wh- word adverbs: when, where, how, why, how + adj/adv• When will you come back? (A time)• Where should I put these? (A place)• Why aren’t they coming? (A reason)• How did they mend it? (A manner)•…

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Questions

Yes – No Questions Wh - Questions Alternative Questions

Would you like tea, coffee, or milk?

Which ice cream would you like. Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry?

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/12

Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamationssentences that make use of the imperative mood in the main,

or sometimes of questions with the initial modal - particularly with invitations or requests.

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Be reasonableNegative: Don’t make noise

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’‘You’ as subject Infinite pronoun S

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’‘You’ as subject-You there be quiet!-You come here, Jack, and you come over there, Mary.- Will you come in and sit down?

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/17

Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’Indefinite Pronoun SPositive: Somebody open the door! Everybody shut their eyes!Negative: Don’t anyone say anything!

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/18

Commands Without subject

With subject

With ‘let’

Positive: Let’s go out./ Let each man decide for himself.Negative: Let’s open the door/ Don’t let him lose heart.

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

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Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamation

What an enormous crowd came!How delightful her manners are!

Questions, Commands & ExclamationQuestions, Commands & Exclamation5

5/21

Types of simple sentences Statements

Questions

Commands

Exclamations

Full exclamation

Short exclamationWhat a book!

How wonderful!

That’s the end of unit 7.