wcdma systems 003
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WCDMA, HSPA and advanced receivers
Readings related to the subject• General readings
– WCDMA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala– HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
• Network planning oriented– Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS – Janna Laiho,
Achim Wacker, Tomás Novosad– UMTS Radio Network Planning, Optimization and QoS Management
For Practical Engineering Tasks – Jukka Lempiäinen, Matti Manninen
Outline• Background• Key concepts
– Code multiplexing– Spreading
• Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
• WCDMA Performance Enhancements– High Speed Packet Access (HSDPA/HSUPA)– Advanced features for HSDPA
Background• Why new radio access system• Frequency Allocations• Standardization• WCDMA background and evolution• Evolution of Mobile standards• Current WCDMA markets
Why new radio access system• Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)• Support for packet data services
– IP data in core network– Wireless IP
• New services in mobile multimedia need faster data transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum
• FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough– TDMA wastes time resources– FDMA wastes frequency resources
• CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly• Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for
UMTS (1997)– (Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
Frequency allocations for UMTS• Frequency plans of Europe, Japan and Korea are harmonized• US plan is incompatible, the spectrum reserved for 3G
elsewhere is currently used for the US 2G standards• IMT-2000 band in Europe:
– FDD 2x60MHz
Expected air interfaces and spectrums, source: “WCDMA for UMTS”
Standardization• WCDMA was studied in various research programs in the
industry and universities• WCDMA was chosen besides ETSI also in other forums like
ARIB (Japan) as 3G technology in late 1997/early 1998.• During 1998 parallel work proceeded in ETSI and ARIB
(mainly), with commonalities but also differences– Work was also on-going in USA and Korea
Standardization• At end of 1998 different standardization organizations got together
and created 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project.– 5 Founding members: ETSI, ARIB+TTC (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1
(USA)– CWTS (China) joined later.
• Different companies are members through their respective standardization organization.
E TS I M em b ers
E TS I
A R IB M em b ers
A R IB
TTA M em b ers
TTA
T1 P 1 M em b ers
T1 P 1
TTC M em b ers
TTC
C W TS M em b ers
C W TS
3 G P P
WCDMA Background and Evolution• First major milestone was Release ‘99, 12/99
– Full set of specifications by 3GPP– Targeted mainly on access part of the network
• Release 4, 03/01 – Core network was extended– markets jumped over Rel 4
• Release 5, 03/02– High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
• Release 6, end of 04/beginning of 05– High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
• Release 7, 06/07– Continuous Packet connectivity (improvement for e.g. VoIP), advanced features for
HSDPA (MIMO, higher order modulation)
WCDMA Background and Evolution
2000 2002 2004 2006 2007200520032001
3GPP Rel -9912/99
3GPP Rel 403/01
3GPP Rel 5 (HSDPA)
03/02
3GPP Rel 6(HSUPA)
2H/04
3GPP Rel 7HSPA+06/07
Further Releases
Japan Europe(pre-commercial)
Europe(commercial)
HSDPA (commercial)
HSUPA (commercial)
Evolution of Mobile standardsEDGE
GPRSGSM HSCSD
cdmaOne(IS-95)
WCDMA FDD
HSDPA/HSUPA
cdma2000
TD-SCDMA TDD LCR
cdma20001XEV - DO
cdma20001XEV - DV
TD-CDMA TDD HCR
HSDPA/HSUPA
LTE
Current WCDMA markets• Graph of the technologies adopted by the wireless users worldwide:
• Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide• GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)• CDMA share is decreasing every year
GSM (80.9%)
CDMA (12%)
WCDMA (4.6%)
iDEN (0.9%)
PDC (0.8%)
US TDMA (0.8%)
Current WCDMA markets
• Over 200 million WCDMA subscribers globally (04/08) (www.umts-forum.org)– 10 % HSDPA/HSUPA users
• Number of subscribers is constantly increasing
Mill
ion
subs
crib
ers
Key concepts• CDMA• Spread Spectrum• Direct Sequence spreading• Spreading and Processing gain
Multiple Access Schemes
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users– example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different users, – example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)– GSM also uses FDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from each other with orthogonal codes
Code
Frequency
Time
12
N…
TDMAFDMA CDMA
Spread Spectrum• Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth– Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
• Benefits– More secure communication – Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
• Classification– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
Spread Spectrum• Where does spread spectrum come from
– First publications, late 40s– First applications: Military from the 50s– Rake receiver patent 1956– Cellular applications proposed late 70s– Investigations for cellular use 80s– IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)– 1997/1998 3G technology choice– 2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA technology
Direct Sequence• In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique
binary sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code– The bits of the channelization code are called chips– Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)– Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other
(cocktail party effect)• Length of a channelization code
– defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus determines the end bit rate
– Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is required• Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
– Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference levels
Direct Sequence• Transmission (Tx) side with DS
– Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal
• Receiving (Rx) side with DS– Spread signal is multiplied with channelization code– Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then integrated (i.e.
summed together)• If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the signal is
meant for the receiver
Direct Sequence
Direct Sequence
Processing gain and Spreading
Frequency
Despread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
W
R
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
atts
/Hz)
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
atts
/Hz)
Frequency
Transmitted signalbefore spreading
Received signalbefore despreading
Interference for the part we are interested in
Processing gain and Spreading
Frequency
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
atts
/Hz)
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
atts
/Hz)
Frequency
Received signalafter despreading butbefore filtering
Received signalafter despreading andafter filtering
Transmitted signal
Interference
Processing gain and Spreading• Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to
processing gain• Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
– G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where ’W’ is the chip rate and ’R’ is the user bit rate• The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain.
The loss is defined as:– Lp = 10*log10k, where ’k’ is the amount of users
• Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is– Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
• High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage
• The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates– Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different
services depending on the radio network planning issues
Processing gain and Spreading• Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness
against self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse the available 5 MHz carrier frequency over geographically close distances.
• Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps– processing gain 10 log10(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB– For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0
dB, so the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called “carrier-to-interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore “5.0 dB minus the processing” = -20.0 dB.
– In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or thermal noise power, and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
– Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 9–12 dB.
Introduction to Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
• Overview• Codes in WCDMA• QoS support• Network Architecture• Radio propagation and fading• RAKE receiver• Power Control in WCDMA• Diversity• Capacity and coverage
WCDMA System• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS
systems• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers
• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
• High bit rates– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL– 384 kbps highest implemented
• Fast power control (PC)=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes the
interference
WCDMA System• Soft handover
– Improves coverage, decreases interference• Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver
– Introduces multipath diversity• Variable spreading factor
– Support for flexible bit rates• Multiplexing of different services on a single physical connection
– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:• real-time
– E.g. voice, video telephony• streaming
– streaming video and audio • interactive
– web-browsing• background
– e-mail download
Codes in WCDMA• Channelization Codes (=short code)
– Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal – Length is dependent on the spreading factor– Used for
• channel separation from the single source in downlink• separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
– Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional scrambling code is needed
• Scrambling codes (=long code)– Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available– Does not spread the signal– Uplink: to separate different mobiles– Downlink: to separate different cells– The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low
• Not fully orthogonal
Codes in WCDMA• For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
SpreadingFactor (SF)
Channelsymbol
rate(ksps)
Channelbit rate(kbps)
DPDCHchannel bitrate range
(kbps)
Maximum userdata rate with ½-
rate coding(approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps64 60 120 90 45 kbps32 120 240 210 105 kbps16 240 480 432 215 kbps8 480 960 912 456 kbps4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3parallelcodes
2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps
Half rate speechFull rate speech
144 kbps384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbol_rate =Chip_rate/SF
Bit_rate =Symbol_rate*2
Control channel(DPCCH) overhead
User bit rate with coding = Channel_bit_rate/2
QoS Support•Key Factors:
– Simultaneous support of services with different QoS requirements:•up to 210 Transport Format Combinations, selectable
individually for every radio frame (10 ms)•going towards IP core networks greatly increases the
usage of simultaneous applications requiring different quality, e.g. real time vs. non-real time
– Optimized usage of different transport channels for supporting different QoS
QoS supportExample:
DownlinkShared Channel
DownlinkDedicated Channels
USER 1
....
10 ms
USER 2USER 3 USER 1 USER 1
USER 4
Data
Rate 2 Mbps
Code 5
Code 4
Code 3
Code 2
Code 1USER 1USER 2USER 3USER 4
USER 2
Time
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Architecture• New Radio Access network
needed mainly due to new radio access technology
• Core Network (CN) is based on GSM/GPRS
• Radio Network Controller (RNC) corresponds roughly to the Base Station Controller (BSC) in GSM
• Node B corresponds roughly to the Base Station in GSM– Term “Node B” is a relic from
the first 3GPP releases
RNC
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
UE
CN
RNC
UE
Uu interface Iub interface
Iur interface
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Architecture• Radio network controller (RNC)
– Owns and controls the radio resources in its domain– Radio resource management (RRM) tasks include e.g. the following
• Mapping of QoS Parameters into the air interface• Air interface scheduling• Handover control• Outer loop power control• Call Admission Control• Setting of initial powers and SIR targets• Radio resource reservation• Code allocation• Load Control
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Architecture• Node B
– Main function to convert the data flow between Uu and Iub interfaces
– Some RRM tasks: • Measurements• Inner loop power control
Radio propagation and fading• A transmitted radio signal
goes through several changes while traveling via air interface to the receiver– reflections, diffractions, phase
shifts and attenuation • Due to length difference of
the signal paths, multipath components of the signal arrive at different times to the receiver and can be combined either destructively or constructively– Depends on the phases of the
multipath components
Radio propagation and fading• Example of the fast fading
channel of a function of time
• Opposite phases of two random multipath components arriving at the same time cancel each other out– Results in a fade
• Coherent phases are combined constructively
• Every multipath component arriving at the receiver more than one chip time (0.26 μs) apart can be distinguished by the RAKE receiver– 0.26 μs corresponds to 78 m in path length difference
• RAKE assigns a “finger” to each received component (tap) and alters their phases based on a channel estimate so that the components can be combined constructively
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
RAKE receiver
Transmitted symbol
Received symbol at each time slot
Phase modified using the channel estimate
Combined symbol
Power Control in WCDMA• The purpose of power control (PC) is to ensure that each user
receives and transmits just enough energy to have service but to prevent:– Blocking of distant users (near-far-effect)– Exceeding reasonable interference levels
UE1UE2
UE3
UE1UE2
UE3
UE1 UE2 UE3
Without PC received power levels would
be unequal
With ideal PC received power levels
are equal
Power Control in WCDMA1. Open loop power control
• Only for the initial power setting of the MS• Based on distance attenuation estimation from the downlink pilot signal
2. Inner loop transmitter power control (CL TPC) at a rate of 1500 Hz• Mitigates fading processes (fast and slow fading)• Tx power is adjusted up/down to reach SIR target• Both in UL and DL• Uses quality targets in MS / BS
3. Outer loop PC at the rate of 100 Hz• Sets the quality target used by the inner loop PC• Compensates the changes in the propagation conditions • Adjusts the quality target• Both in UL and DL
Power Control in WCDMA• Inner loop power control in the uplink
– Outer loop PC (running in the radio network controller, RNC) defines SIR target for the BS.
– If the measured SIR at BS is lower than the SIR-target, the MS is commanded to increases its transmit power. Otherwise MS is commanded to decrease its power
– Power control dynamics at the MS is 70 dB
Power Control in WCDMA• Inner loop power control in downlink:
– Outer loop PC (running in the MS) defines SIR target for the MS– If the measured SIR at the MS is lower than the SIR-target, the BS
is commanded to increases its transmit power for that MS. Otherwise, BS is commanded to decrease its power.
– Power control rate 1500 Hz– Power control dynamics is dependent on the service– There’s no near-far problem in DL due to one-to-many scenario.
However, it is desirable to provide a marginal amount of additional power to mobile stations at the cell edge, as they suffer from increased other-cell interference.
Power Control in WCDMA
• Example of inner loop power control behavior:
• With higher velocities channel fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz power control may not be sufficient
Power Control in WCDMA• Inner loop power control tries to keep the received SIR as close to
the target SIR as possible.• However, the constant SIR alone does not actually guarantee the
required frame error rate (FER) which can be considered as the quality criteria of the link/service.– There’s no unique SIR that automatically gives a certain FER– FER is a function of SIR, but also depends on mobility and propagation
environment.• Therefore, the frame reliability information has to be delivered to
outer loop control, which can tune the SIR target if necessary.
Diversity• Transmitting on a single path only can lead to serious performance
degradation due to fading• As fading is independent between different times and spaces it is
reasonable to use the available diversity of them to decrease the probability of a deep fade– The more there are paths to choose from, the less likely it is that all of
them have a poor energy level• There exists different types of diversity which can be used to
improve the quality, e.g.:– Multipath
• RAKE receiver exploits taps arriving at different times– Macro
• Different Node Bs send the same information– Site Selection Transmit Diversity (SSTD)
• Maintain a list of available base stations and choose the best one, from which the transmission is received and tell the others not to transmit
Diversity– Time
• Same information is transmitted in different times
– Receive antenna • Transmission is received with multiple antennas• Power gain and diversity gain
– Transmit antenna• Transmission is sent with multiple antennas
WCDMA Handovers• WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three different
types • Intra-frequency handover
– WCDMA handover within the same frequency and system. Soft, softer and hard handover supported
• Inter-frequency handover– Handover between different frequencies (carriers) but within the
same system– E.g. from one WCDMA operator to another– Only hard handover supported
• Inter-system handover– Handover between WCDMA and another system, e.g. from WCDMA
to GSM– Only hard handover supported
WCDMA Handovers• Soft handover
– Handover between different Node Bs
– Several Node Bs transmit the same signal to the UE which combines the transmissions• Advantages: lower Tx power needed
for each Node B and UE– lower interference, battery saving
for UE• Disadvantage: resources (code,
power) need to be reserved for the UE in each Node B– Excess soft handovers limit the
capacity– No interruption in data
transmission– Needs RNC duplicating frame
transmissions to two Node Bs
WCDMA Handovers• Softer handover
– Handover between two sectors of the same Node B• Special case of a soft handover• No need for duplicate frames
• Hard handover– The source is released first and then
new one is added– Short interruption in data flow
WCDMA Handovers• Some terminology
– Active set (AS), represents the Node Bs to which the UE is in soft handover
– Neighbor set (NS), represents the links that UE monitors but which are not already in active set
Received signal strength
BS1
BS2
Threshold_1
Triggering time_1
Threshold_2
Triggering time_2
BS2 from the NS reaches the threshold to
be added to the AS BS2 is still after the triggering time above
threshold and thus added to the AS
BS1 from the AS reaches the threshold to be dropped from the AS
BS1 dropped from the AS
Capacity and coverage• In WCDMA coverage and capacity are tight together:
– When the load increases, the interference levels increases, too, and therefore also increased transmit powers are needed in order to keep constant quality.
– Due to finite power resources, the more users Node B serves the less power it has for each UE coverage will decrease
• This leads to cell breathing: the coverage area changes as the load of the cell changes.• Therefore, the coverage and the capacity have to be planned simultaneously
• Radio resource management (RRM) is needed in WCDMA to effectively control cell breathing.
Capacity and coverage• Received power of one user as a
function of users per cell
• Due to finite maximum Tx power of the UE coverage is usually limited by the uplink
• Node B does not have this problem– There is enough Tx power to
transmit very far to a single user if necessary
– However, downlink Tx power is divided between all users and thus capacity is limited by the downlink
WCDMA evolution
•High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)•High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)•Advanced receivers with HSDPA•Advanced HSDPA scheduling•Femto cells with HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept was
added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be
used for traffic with tighter delay requirements.• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4
Mbit/s)• Reduced retransmission delays• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)• Spectrally and code efficient solution
HSDPA features•Agreed features in Release 5
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)• QPSK or 16QAM
– Multicode operation• Support of 1-15 code channels (SF=16)
– Short frame size (TTI = 2 ms)– Fast retransmissions using Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
(HARQ)• Chase Combining• Incremental Redundancy
– Fast packet scheduling at Node B• E.g. Round robin, Proportional fair
•Features agreed in Release 7– Higher order modulation (64QAM)– Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
HSDPA - general principle
• Fast scheduling is done directly in Node-B based on feedback information from UE and knowledge of current traffic state.
Channel quality(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC)
Data
Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
New base station functions• HARQ retransmissions • Modulation/coding selection• Packet data scheduling (short TTI)
UE
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 00 1 20 1 40 1 60- 202468
10121416
Time [number of TTIs]
QPSK1/4QPSK2/4QPSK3/4
16QAM 2/416QAM 3/4
Instan
taneo
us Es
No [d
B]
HSDPA functionality• Scheduling responsibility has been moved from RNC to Node
B• Due to this and the short TTI length (2 ms) the scheduling is
dynamic and fast• Support for several parallel transmissions
– When packet A is sent it starts to wait for an acknowledgement from the receiver, during which other packets can be sent via a parallel SAW (stop-and-wait) channels
Pkt APkt BPkt CPkt DPkt EPkt F
Ack B
HSDPA functionality• UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI
messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
HSDPA functionality• Node B can use channel state information for several
purposes– In transport format (TFRC) selection
• Modulation and coding scheme– Scheduling decisions
• Non-blind scheduling algorithms can be utilized– HS-SCCH power control
HSDPA channels• User data is sent on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-DSCH)• Control information is sent on High Speed Common Control
Channel (HS-SCCH)• HS-SCCH is sent two slot before HS-DSCH to inform the
scheduled UE of the transport format of the incoming transmission on HS-DSCH
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)• Peak data rates increased to significantly higher than 2 Mbps;
Theoretically reaching 5.8 Mbps • Packet data throughput increased, though not as high
throughput as with HSDPA• Reduced delay from retransmissions.• Solutions
– Layer1 hybrid ARQ– NodeB based scheduling for uplink– Frame sizes 2ms & 10 ms
• Schedule in 3GPP– Part of Release 6– First specifications version completed 12/04– In 3GPP specs with the name Enhanced uplink DCH (E-
DCH)
5 codes QPSK
# of codesModulation
5 codes 16-QAM
10 codes 16-QAM
15 codes 16-QAM
15 codes 16-QAM
1.8 Mbps
Maxdata rate
3.6 Mbps
7.2 Mbps
10.1 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
2 x SF4 2 ms10 ms
# of codes TTI
2 x SF2 10 ms
2 x SF2 2 ms 2 x SF2 +
2 x SF4 2 ms
1.46 Mbps
Maxdata rate
2.0 Mbps
2.9 Mbps
5.76 Mbps
Downlink HSDPA• Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps
Uplink HSUPA• Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps• Initial capability 1.46 Mbps
HSPA Peak Data Rates
Performance of advanced HSDPA features
Advanced receivers with HSDPA• UE receiver experiences significant interference from different
sources– In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself– Neigboring base station signals interfere each other– One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal
interference is to use an equalizer before despreadingOwn cell interference
Other cell interference
Own signal
Advanced receivers with HSDPA• In a frequency-selective channel there is a significant amount
of interfering multipaths• Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) equalizer can
be used to make an estimate of the original transmitted chip sequence before despreading – The interfering multipath components are removed– The channel becomes flat again
Advanced receivers with HSDPA• LMMSE equalizer (Equ in the
figure) offers a very good performance for the user especially near the base station
• Using antenna diversity (1x2) the throughput can be doubled compared to a single antenna
• Both techniques increase the cost of a mobile unit
Advanced HSDPA scheduling• Node B has a limited amount of scheduling opportunities• The amount of data transmitted by the network must be
maximized whilst offering the best possible quality of service to all users– The scheduling can be improved by an advanced algorithm
Advanced HSDPA scheduling• An improved scheduling
algorithm (Proportional Fair, PF) offers significant gain over a conventional algorithm (Round Robin, RR)
• PF has a very good price-quality ratio – User equipment needs no
changes– Node B’s need only minor
changes
Femtocells• More and more consumers want to use their mobile devices at
home, even when there’s a fixed line available– Providing full or even adequate mobile residential coverage is a
significant challenge for operators– Mobile operators need to seize residential minutes from fixed line
providers, and compete with fixed and emerging VoIP and WiFi services => There is trend in discussing very small indoor, home and campus
NodeB layouts• Femtocells are cellular access points (for limited access group)
that connect to a mobile operator’s network using residential DSL or cable broadband connections
• Femtocells enable capacity equivalent to a full 3G network sector at very low transmit powers, dramatically increasing battery life of existing phones, without needing to introduce WiFi enabled handsets
Femtocells• The study considers the system performance of an HSDPA network consisting of macro
cells and very low transmit power (femto) cells• The impact of using 64QAM in addition to QPSK and 16QAM in order to benefit from the
high SINR is studied• The network performance is investigated with different portions of users created in the
buildings (0-100%)
Femtocells• Femtocells provide maximum of
15-17 % gain to network throughput already without dedicated indoor users
• The gain is visible with high load in the network and comes directly from the increased number of access points in the network
• Average load of a cell is decreased and users can be scheduled more often
SchemeOffered load
Medium High Congested
Rake 1x1 3 % 8 % 15 %
Rake 1x2 -1 % 19 % 13 %
Equ 1x1 -2 % 18 % 15 %
Equ 1x2 -1 % 3 % 17 %
Table: Network throughput gain of femto cells to macro users
Femtocells• When the amount of dedicated
indoor users increase, the gain of femto cells explodes
• Gain is in the range of hundreds of percents even with small portion of indoor users
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