victory in europe
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VICTORY IN EUROPE
Situation 1943 Allies had invaded
Italy Halted by German
army Soviets began pushing
Germany back across Eastern Front
Allies began massive bombing campaign Industrial centers Cities
Stalingrad German attacks failed
Stiff Soviet resistance Focused attacks
toward oil fields in the South Had to capture key
points Very symbolic
Germany throws huge force into SG Surrounded and
destroyed Beginning of end
Questions Based on the
previous slides’ photos what was the fighting like at Stalingrad?
What was the impact of the battle of Stalingrad?
Allied Bombing Not ready to invade
Germany Will contribute by
destroying German economy
Bomber raids over Germany Important factories Transportation centers Also, bomb cities
Firebombing of Hamburg
Results of Allied Bombing 1.5 million tons of
bombs dropped by U.S. 80,000 Americans lost 10,000 planes lost Many cities mostly
destroyed Cologne 61% Hamburg-50,000 killed
in single bombing 305,000 killed 780,000 wounded 7.5 million homeless
Question Why did the British
and the Americans execute such a massive bombing campaign against German targets?
Was such a strategy acceptable? Why or why not?
Invasion By 1944, U.S. and Britain
ready to recapture Europe Stalin had been
clamoring for such Germany greatly
weakened by Soviets Must attack somewhere
along Atlantic Wall Decided to attack
Normandy Tricked Germany into
thinking attack would come at Calais
Operation Fortitude
D-Day Allied invasion of
occupied France Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 Dwight D.
Eisenhower American, British,
Canadian forces 5 beach heads
Four taken relatively easily
One fiercely fought Omaha Beach
D-Day (cont’d) First 24,000 paratroopers
Disrupt 160,000 soldiers pour
ashore v. 10,000 Germans Nearly 7,000 ships 5000+ American
causalities Mostly at Omaha beach
All objects eventually captured Much longer than hoped
Drive to defeat Germany had begun
Questions: What was D-Day? Why were the
Allies successful? What were the
American beaches?
What beach was the most fiercely contested?
Advance Allies are advancing on
all Fronts From Normandy Eastern Front Southern France
By end of 1944, had mostly pushed Germans back into Germany
Germany was near collapse
Were not quite defeated yet
German Counterattack Saved forces for one
last-ditch effort Drive back the allies in
the West Would attack in the
dead of winter Cut off and destroy
American and British Stock piled resources
for the attack Launched Dec. 16,
1944
Battle of the Bulge Hit American and British hard
Through Ardennes Drove them back
Created a “bulge” in their line Bad weather helped Germans
No air support Germany used all reserves
Men, fuel, etc. Eventually ran out Attack halted by US 3rd Army
Patton Germany had exhausted itself
Questions What was the goal
of the Germans in attacking in late 1944?
Why were they able to obtain early success in the winter of 1944-5?
What eventually resulted in their defeat?
Collapse German army failing on all
fronts Americans cross the Rhine
into Germany Control much of it
Soviets pushing toward Berlin
Germany surrenders May 8, 1945 Wanted to surrender to
U.S. and Brits, not U.S.S.R. Upon occupation, true
extent of Holocaust becomes known
Final ArmyPositions
Questions: Why was Germany
unable to win WWII?
What did the U.S. contribute to the Allied victory?
What did the Soviets contribute?
Who ultimately deserves credit for “winning the war”?
Conclusion of War In Europe
Most destructive conflict in human history Much of Europe
destroyed Bombing and fighting
Tens of millions of casualties Russia 30 million killed Poland over 6 million Germany over 5.5 million
Start of rivalry between U.S. and Soviets
Assignment: As a soldier write a letter describing your
experiences or emotions as the war in Europe ends. Can be focused on: Liberation of a concentration camp Joy the war is over Destruction How you have been received by German
people Fear/worry about being sent to Asia Thoughts on what the future may hold (for
yourself, your country, Germany, or the world)
VICTORY IN ASIA/PACIFIC
U.S. Strategy Focused on 2 main
theatres Central Pacific Southwest Pacific
U.S. Navy would attack C. Pacific Admiral Chester Nimitz
U.S. Army would attack S.W. Pacific General Douglas
MacArthur Overall plan- “Island
Hopping”
Island Hopping U.S. selected key islands
to attack Those too heavily
defended were bypassed
Japan had to defend all of Pacific Would not/could not
know where U.S. would attack
“Finest hour” of the U.S. Marine Corps Had become amphibious
assault specialists
Questions: Why do you think
the U.S. opted for an “island hopping” strategy in the Pacific in World War II?
Why do you think such a strategy ultimately paid off?
Battle of Tarawa First U.S. offensive in the
C. Pacific Nov. 20-23rd, 1943
Needed as an airbase against the Marianas
First heavy causalities suffered in landing Botched landing
All but 17 of 4,836 killed Why?
3,166 Americans casualties For seemingly
unimportant island
Marine General Holland Smith
"Was Tarawa worth it?" "My answer," he said, "is unqualified: No. From the very beginning the decision of the Joint Chiefs to seize Tarawa was a mistake and from their initial mistake grew the terrible drama of errors, errors of omission rather than commission, resulting in these needless casualties." Thought Smith, "[We] should have let Tarawa 'wither on the vine.' We could have kept it neutralized from our bases on Baker Island, to the east, and the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, a short distance to the southeast.
Fighting in the Pacific Very, very brutal as
compared to Europe Racial hatred Japanese valued death
in combat over the disgrace of surrender Also, Americans
typically did not allow Japanese to surrender
Result, fights in Pacific were fights to the death
Questions: Why was the
fighting in the Pacific so incredibly brutal?
Why did many question the value of fighting over islands such as Tarawa?
Southwest Pacific Headquartered in
Australia Attacked toward
the Philippines Guadalcanal Solomon Islands New Guinea Dutch Indies
Very fierce fighting in jungle terrain
Philippines Sore spot for Americans
Had surrender in early 1942 MacArthur was determined to
take back Landed on Leyte Oct. 20,
1944 Filipinos desired and support
American attack Japan lost 350,000 men in
defense Most killed
U.S. lost fewer than 14,000 killed
U.S. had complete superiority Air, sea, numbers, etc.
Battle of Leyte Gulf Largest naval battle in
history Fought Oct. 23-26, 1944
Off Philippines Japanese sent virtually all
of large vessels Destroy and halt U.S.
invasion Last, best Japanese effort
Many ships destroyed Lost dozens of ships, 500
planes, and 10,000 killed Confirmed U.S. control of
Philippines
Questions: Who was the overall
commander of the U.S. forces in the S.W. Pacific?
Why was it important for the U.S. to capture the Philippines?
What were the Japanese hoping to accomplish at Leyte Gulf?
Iwo Jima First attack on Japanese
Home Island Feb. 19, 1945
Extremely fierce fighting 18,000 Japanese
defenders well entrenched Only 216 prisoners taken
American victory was assured
Nearly 20,000 wounded and 7,000 killed
On Marine battle with higher causalities
Question: Why is this image
so famous? What does it
represent? Why would the flag
have been raised on Mt. Suribachi in the first place?
Battle of Okinawa 340 miles from Japan U.S. needed to launch
bombing raids Attack began April 1,
1945 Lasted 82 days
More than 100,000 Japanese defenders killed
U.S. lost more than 50,000 total casualties Most costly campaign of
war for Navy
Okinawa (cont’d) Japanese launched
large scale Kamikaze attacks
Tens of thousands of civilians killed Forced ritual suicide?
Reports of widespread rape Committed by both
sides U.S. victory
Had base to attack Japan
Bombing of Japan Began after 1944
Entrance of B-29 Japan could offer no
effective resistance Mar. 9-10, 1945
334 B-29s launched Destroyed 25% of Tokyo Killed estimated
100,000 Countless more injured 1 million homeless Destroyed 16 sq. miles
Tokyo Bombing
Questions: What are kamikazes? Why did Japan resort
to such savage strategies?
What does the battle of Okinawa show the U.S.?
Why does the U.S. bomb Japanese cities?
Are such actions acceptable?
Operation Downfall Planned Allied invasion of
Japan Japan clearly losing
Refused to surrender Casualty estimates
extremely high More than a million allied
soldiers Tens of millions of
Japanese Expected that Japan
would sacrifice entire population Civilians would fight Would not surrender
Dropping of Atomic Bombs Projected casualties for
invasion made such unappealing
Summer of 1945 U.S. finished developing atomic weapons Bomb that could level an
entire city Aug. 6, 1945- Hiroshima
Approx. 100,000 killed Aug. 9, 1945- Nagasaki
Approx. 70,000 killed Japan formally surrendered
Aug. 15th
War was over
A Japanese report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as "like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing".
Hiroshima: Before and After
Questions: Why did the U.S.
drop the atomic bombs over Japan?
After dropping the first, why did they drop the second?
Given the alternatives, was this an appropriate decision?
Assignment: One thing that is going to define the Post-
War World is the rivalry that develops between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Given this, how will the U.S. going about “fixing” the problems that must that exist. Start by creating a list of at least 10 problems that exist after WWII and then describe possible solutions to each.
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