using secondary data-lecture 8
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Lecture 8: Contents
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Data that already have been collected for
some other purpose;
The data can be used in a variety of ways
to provide the main data set; to provide longitudinal (time-series data);
to provide area-based data;
to compare with research findings.
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Documentary written and non-written
Multiple source secondary data
documentary , survey, or an amalgam ofboth
* times series for longitudinal studies
* Area-based data sets
Surveys including
censuses,
regular and
ad hoc
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Source: Saunders et al. (2006)
Figure 8.1 Types of secondary data
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Finding the secondary data required is a matter
of detective work.
...... a two stage process
1. Ensuring Availability : establishing that the
required secondary data is available:
i.e. Primary, secondary or tertiary sources (Next
Slide.....)
2. Finding the data: Locating the precise data
required
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Flow of information from primary to secondary or tertiary sources, less detailed
and authoritative but more easily accessable.
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Sources
References in publications (books, journal articles)
Within organisations (unpublished sources)
Tertiary literature
( indexes and catalogues in archives or online)
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Finding secondary data
References in published guides (Table 7.1)
Data held by organisations
Data on the Internet (Table 7.2)
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Advantages
Fewer resource requirements
Unobtrusive
Longitudinal studies may be feasible
Provision of comparative and contextual data
Unforeseen discoveries may occur
Generally permanent and available
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Disadvantages
Purpose of data collection may not match theresearch needs
Access may be difficult or costly
Aggregations and definitions may be unsuitable
No real control over data quality
Initial purpose may affect data presentation
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Ensure that data sources .....
enable the research question(s) to be answered
enable research objectives to be met
have greater benefits than their associated costs
allow access
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Evaluating potential secondary data sources
Source: Saunders et al. (2009)
Figure 8.2 Evaluating potential secondary data sources
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Overall suitability: points to consider
Measurement validity: Often measures used do notquite match
e.g. a manufacturing firm may record monthly sales
while you are interested in monthly orders
Coverage and unmeasured variables: ensuring thatthe data cover the population, time and variables that
may answer your research questions and meet the
objectives;
- ensure exclusion of unwanted data
- ensure sufficient data remain for analysis
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Overall suitability: points to consider
Precise suitability, including reliability and validity, i.e.
Functions of the method by which the data werecollected and the source;
assessment of collection methods
clear explanation of collection techniques
Measurement bias and deliberate distortion; Deliberate or intentional distortional of data
Changes in the way data are looked
Costs and benefits
Costs include both time and financial resources
Benefits are the extent to which they will enable you to meetyour objectives by answering the research questions
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Checklist Box 8.9
Complete the Checklist in
Box 7.1, pp229-230
to help you evaluate your secondary datasources
Saunders et al. (2009)
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Regress CGPAL on CGPAB, CGPAFA, CGPAMA, FYS,
MYS, TUITION, PHPD,
that is:
CGPAL = f(CGPAB, CGPAFA, CGPAMA, FYS, MYS, TUITION, PHPD)
Note: Take your notes on the Use of t-statistic;
this is part (c) of your Assignment 7
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Assignment - 71. Define the concepts ofOveralland Precise Suitabilityof data in
terms of materials provided in previous slides as well as in Box7.1.
2. Prepare a list of Internets/websites giving Business related
information/data, including the ones given in Tables 7.2 and 7.3
(business-related ones only). Also include business-relatedwebsites of the Government of Pakistan providing secondary
data (searching on www.pakistan.gov.pk)
3. Write down the procedure adopted for SPSS exercise carried out
on regression, and explain the importance and use of t-statistics.
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