using clinical information systems to support population based care paul wallace md care management...
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Using Clinical Information Systems to Support Population Based Care
Paul Wallace MD
Care Management Institute
Kaiser Permanente
May 12, 2003
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Managing Chronic Conditions: Delivering Health
• Process and experience oriented
• Local and tribal
• Clinician treating patients and curing acute conditions
• Access: to Clinicians and Visits
• Knowledge Management — Paper and Recall
• Outcome and knowledge oriented
• National and global
• Teams — including members — managing chronic conditions
• Access: to what you need, whenever you need it
• Knowledge Management — Electrons and Judgment
Healthcare Health
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Systems of Care: Is there Evidence that They Work? Questions to be addressed...
What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems?– Types of system support– Impact on performance
Are systems affordable?
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Kaiser Permanente: National Scope
8.4 million members Membership growth 2002: ~120,000 Services offered in California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii,
Maryland, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Washington, and the District of Columbia.
29 medical centers 423 medical offices (315 owned, 108 leased) 123,000 Kaiser HealthPlan and Hospitals employees 11,345 Permanente physicians (not including affiliated
networks) ~$21 billion 2002 operating revenues
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Care Management Institute Strategy
Identify the right thing Promote and embed evidence-based medicine within systems
to support practice Leverage measurement to guide performance improvement Implement better and best practices Deliver member centered and culturally competent care
Make the right thing easier Hire and support people to lead and engage in local
implementation work Identify, develop, and implement effective and innovative
models of care Leverage technology to support population-based care
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Incremental Cost of Chronic Conditions
“Incremental costs” are the annual “extra” healthcare costs per member with the chronic condition, over and above the healthcare costs of a member who does not have the chronic condition.
Est. mbrs. Total Estimated2001 affected Incremental Cost
prevalence 2002 ($ millions 2002)
Asthma 2.1% 142,654 $2,468 352.1
CAD 2.7% 183,040 $10,264 1,878.7
Depression 4.1% 365,267 $1,966 718.2
Diabetes 6.7% 451,575 $5,035 2,273.5Heart Failure 1.2% 83,646 $16,503 1,380.4
Total Incremental Cost of Chronic Conditions in "CMI Portfolio": 6,603.0
Estimated Incremental Cost($/year/member)
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What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems? Types of system support Registries and databases Clinician support
Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders Rosters
Patient support Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders
System evaluation and improvement Outcomes reports and benchmarking Performance improvement Value demonstration
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What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems? Types of system support Registries and databases Clinician support
Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders Rosters
Patient support Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders
System evaluation and improvement Outcomes reports and benchmarking Performance improvement Value demonstration
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Registries: How many patients with diabetes are there? And, who are they?
A B C D E F G H I KP
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The increasing prevalence of diabetes...
Maturation of the diabetes cohort (additional years to identify members)
National changes in biochemical thresholds for diagnosis of diabetes
Expanded inclusion criteria for identification of members with diabetes
Aging of the membership (older members have a higher likelihood of having or developing diabetes)
True increases in the prevalence of diabetes among KP membership.
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Age Related Prevalence of Chronic Conditions Within Kaiser Permanente
02468
101214161820
18-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+
Age
Per
cen
tag
e o
f co
nti
nu
ou
sly
enro
lled
mem
ber
s in
ag
e g
rou
p
wit
h c
on
dit
ion
CAD
HF
Diabetes
Depression
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Co-morbidities are common
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Hospital Day Rates Among KP Members, 2001
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Day
s p
er 1
000
mem
ber
s
Among KP Members with Diabetes
without Depression
Among KP Members with Diabetes
and Depression
Co-morbidities… implications
Among OverallKP Membership
Source: CMI 2002 Diabetes Outcomes Source: CMI 2002 Diabetes Outcomes Report Report
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Leverage of Registry Information
Facility Performance Feedback
Panel Feedback
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
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What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems? Types of system support Registries and databases Clinician support
Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders Rosters
Patient support Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders
System evaluation and improvement Outcomes reports and benchmarking Performance improvement Value demonstration
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Information-Seeking Activities of Kaiser Permanente CliniciansHolly Jimison, PhD, Mina Monroe, MPH, Mary-Anna Rae, PhD ABD, Aaron Snyder, MD
Methodology
Observed clinical day for 20 KP clinicians– 4 Regions (CO, NW, NC, SC)– 1 Physician consultant in each region– 1 expert computer user in each region– 1 Physician novice computer user in each region– 1 Physician Assistant or Nurse Practitioner in each region– 1 Medical specialist in each region
Data – Ethnographic Notes– Pictures– Artifacts
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Desk Close-Up
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Stickies wereubiquitous
Labels with patient Information and pre-visit summaries are also used as reminders
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Need for Information at the Point of Care
Clinicianscarry
frequently used
informationresources with them
Information systems goal: Empty the lab coat pocket
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Why Were Questions Unanswered?
Features of the environment
Time Memory (short-term
and long-term) Pervasive irritation
with handling information
Risk-aversion (economics of time invested)
Barriers Design
Incomplete Data Incomplete Access difficulties Time issues Communications
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The Computer in the Exam Room...
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Member Summary Print-out Sheet
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Member Summary Print-out Sheet…cont’d
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Leveraging IT to Deliver Evidence Based Medicine
The allure... If you make it easier to do the right thing, the right thing
will probably happen
The additional implications… If you do make it easier, it had better be the right
thing...
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Knee
Knee A+PKnee Series
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If you do make it easier, it had better be the right thing...
Knee AP/Lat Knee Series
Knee Complete Knee Limited
Before... After...
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What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems? Types of system support Registries and databases Clinician support
Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders Rosters
Patient support Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders
System evaluation and improvement Outcomes reports and benchmarking Performance improvement Value demonstration
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Internet Tools: Self-Care
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Automated Telephonic Outreach
000000_02050919332
4.wav
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Current Smoker Taking Aspirin(among
members withDiabetes and
CVD)
Good toExcellent
Overall HealthStatus
Satisfactionwith Overall
Quality of Care
1997
2001
Among 6,000 randomly sampled KP adult members Among 6,000 randomly sampled KP adult members with diabetes with diabetes
Perc
en
tag
e o
f P
erc
en
tag
e o
f R
esp
on
den
tsR
esp
on
den
ts
Self-Reported Responses Self-Reported Responses Among Among
KP Adult Members with KP Adult Members with Diabetes Diabetes
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What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems? Types of system support Registries and databases Clinician support
Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders Rosters
Patient support Knowledge base access Alerts and reminders
System evaluation and improvement Outcomes reports and benchmarking Performance improvement Value demonstration
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
HbA1c Testing HbA1c Control LDL-C Testing LDL-C Control
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Among KP’s 420,000 adult members with Among KP’s 420,000 adult members with diabetes diabetes
1996-2001 Performance 1996-2001 Performance Measures for Measures for
KP Adult Members with KP Adult Members with Diabetes Diabetes
% o
f A
ll M
em
bers
wit
h
% o
f A
ll M
em
bers
wit
h
Dia
bete
s
Dia
bete
s
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0
5
10
15
20
AMIHospitalization
StrokeHospitalization
MetabolicComplicationsHospitalization
Amputation
1998
1999
2000
2001
Among KP’s 420,000 adult members with Among KP’s 420,000 adult members with diabetes diabetes
Incidence Rates Among Incidence Rates Among KP Adult Members with KP Adult Members with
Diabetes Diabetes R
ate
s p
er
1000 K
P
Rate
s p
er
1000 K
P
Ad
ult
Mem
bers
wit
h
Ad
ult
Mem
bers
wit
h
Dia
bete
s
Dia
bete
s
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Cost Trends in the Care of Diabetes and other Chronic Conditions
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
HbA1c Testing HbA1c Control LDL-C Testing LDL-C Control
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Incr
emen
tal c
ost r
atio
No Chronic Condition
CAD
Diabetes
Heart Failure
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Evidence* indicates that performance improvements to date amongst KP’s 450,000 members with diabetes would be expected to yield: 1,300 fewer MIs1
1,800 fewer other cardiovascular events2
1,100 fewer cases of neuropathy3
1,500 fewer cases of retinopathy3
2,100 fewer cases of nephropathy3
* Including:1 LIPID Study Group NEJM 339:1349-57.2 4S Study Diabetes Care 20(4):614-620.3 DCCT Research Group including Diabetes 46:271-86.
Impact...
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Summary: Is there Evidence that Systems of Care Work?
What can you get by leveraging scale to acquire systems?– Types of system support– Impact on performance
Are systems affordable?
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Kaiser Permanente’s investment in the information enabled future...
The first people to cross the quality chasm will be
individuals.
The goal has to be to get entire populations across.
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