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USA [The Nation-State]

Concert of Democracies International Agencies

Security [I]Classical Realism

[2] Liberal Realism

[3] Global Justice

Law [4] Pax Americana

[5] Pax Occidenta

[6]Liberal Institutionalism

Democracy [7]Democratic Globalism

[8]Western Imperialism

[9]Cosmopolitan Democracy

National Security Strategy 2002

• “we will be prepared to act apart [from our allies] when our interests and unique responsibilities require”) (National Security Strategy 2002, p. 31).

• U.S. oil production has fallen approximately 40 percent since 1985, while U.S. consumption has grown more than 30 percent.

Lawrence WilkersonColin Powell, Sec of State Chief of Staff• SPIEGEL: Do you ever think that Powell was

set up?• Wilkerson: Well I am increasingly convinced

that, for a part of the Bush administration, the argument “weapons of mass destruction” was just a camouflage, just subterfuge for their real goals and reasons of the war.

• SPIEGEL: What are they?

Lawrence Wilkerson (contd.)• Wilkerson: I am convinced that the vast oil resources of

Iraq weigh heavier for me now when I do the strategic analysis as reasons for the war than I thought back then.

• SPIEGEL: Who do you mean specifically? George W. Bush?

• Wilkerson: I am not sure. But I would be very interested to look at the documents chronicling Dick Cheney’s pre-war conversations with leading figures of the energy business and with oil magnates. Maybe one day historians will be able to get their hands on those documents and come to a judgment about that -- if and when the classified documents become open to the public.

Matthew Simmons• is oil behind our policies in the Middle East, like the Iraq

War? • No. Well … If Saddam Hussein hadn’t had access to oil

revenues, we would have paid as much attention to him as we do to Darfur. I know there are people who passionately believe [that the war was a design to grab Iraqi oil], but it doesn’t have a lick of truth to it. But we do need desperately to find some different ways to live that don’t take us back to the Stone Age or create World War III. Just pray that out there someplace is a sustainable new form of energy that will allow us to continue to have people move around and move goods. Because if we can’t do that, we’re going to have a very different and messy, painful society

Matthew Simmons• if we don’t create a solution to the enormous potential gap

between our inherent demand for energy and the availability of energy, we will have the nastiest and last war we’ll ever fight. I mean a literal war.

• Like the Middle East versus the United States?• Or the U.S. versus Canada. The U.S. and China. Or Europe

and Russia. If energy weren’t very important then it wouldn’t matter that you have a need for 100 and a supply of 70. But since energy is the one thing that makes our entire global economy work ... when you start having that sort of mismatch, the bullies get to the front of the line and take it first. The urgency of this blows away this sort of vague worry about global warming

“Strategic Culture”

Europe is turning away from power, or to put it a little differently, it is moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation.--Robert Kagan (2002)