u.s. presidents 1952-2007. living presidents cold war presidents 1952-1980
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U.S. Presidents
1952-2007
Living Presidents
Cold War Presidents 1952-1980
President Eisenhower
• 1952-1960
• Republican
• Commander of the Allied forces in World War II
Domestic Policies
• Eisenhower attempts to cut back on Federal government size and spending
• Eisenhower prosperity and consumer spending
Baby Boom
• Baby Boom - Population explosion occurred after the war - 1946-1964
• 25 million children born (1945 – 1960)
• Boom leads to an increase in housing and the growth of suburbs
Transportation
• The Highway Act 1956 provides funding for a 44,000 mile network of interstate highways
Television
• Television became the leading form of popular entertainment
Renewed struggle for Civil Rights
• Brown v. Bd. Of Education – ends segregation
• Little Rock –sends in the National Guard to enforce integration
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
• Continues the policy of Containment
Foreign Policy in the Middle East
• Eisenhower Doctrine- the U.S. pledged to help Middle Eastern countries resist communism
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
• “Massive Retaliation”
• U.S. would consider nuclear weapons to halt aggression
Arms Race begins
Policies of Eisenhower
• Brinkmanship • The U.S. must be
ready to go “to the brink of war” in order to preserve the peace
Sputnik
• Soviet Union successfully launces Sputnik which starts a space race.
Changing relations with the U.S.S.R.
• Peaceful Coexistence
• Change of leadership in the Soviet Union marks an easing of tensions between the superpowers
Eisenhower and Khrushchev
The U-2 incident
• U-2 Incident – Soviets shoot down an American Spy plane
• Soviets demand an apology; U.S. refuses
John F. Kennedy
• 1960-63
• Democratic Senator from MA
• Youngest elected president
• First Catholic President
• Assassinated Nov.22, 1963
Domestic Policies• “New Frontier”…
• Aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal and civil rights
• Spending for defense & space exploration (committed to a moon landing)!!
• Began the Peace Corps
Foreign Policy
• Containment:
• Alliance for Progress (economic development in Latin America)
• Berlin Wall is built after Kennedy refused to pull US troops out of West Berlin
• Involvement in Vietnam
Cuba
• Bay of Pigs
• Failed revolution to overthrow Castro & his communist regime (failed)
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviet missiles in Cuba threaten U.S.
• U.S. blockade works to stop threat of attack by the Soviets
Soviet Medium Range Missile
Launch sites in Cuba taken from a US spy plane
Castro
Lyndon Johnson• 1963-1968
• Democratic senator from Texas
Domestic policy• War on Poverty - $ for
head start, literacy training, vocational ed.), EOE Act
• Great Society Reforms - $ for Medicare, Medicaid, to poor school districts, arts, higher education, public housing, crime prevention, environment & automobile regulation.
Domestic Policy• Civil Rights Act of
1964 & 1965
• -made segregation illegal
• Enforced desegregation in schools
• EOE Act
• 24th Amend. - abolish poll tax
• Voting Rights Act - ends literacy tests
Foreign Policy• Escalation of the War in
Vietnam
• GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION - gave the Pres. Power to attack an enemy & prevent future aggression
• Tet Offensive - Vietcong launch all-out surprise attack on South Vietnam
Richard M. Nixon
• Republican
• 1968 - 1974
Nixon’s Domestic Policies
• New Federalism (revenue sharing) - shift social programs from federal to state levels (ex. welfare)
• Stagflation - slow economic growth & inflation
• 90 day wage & price freeze, 10% tax on imports (tariff)
• Increase Social Security benefits
• Voting Age lowered to 18 (26th Amendment)
Domestic Policies• Roe v. Wade (pro-abortion
ruling)
• Watergate Scandal leads to Nixon’s resignation
• War Powers Act - Congress had to approve any military action lasting more than 60 days. (reverses Gulf of Tonkin)
“I am not a crook” - President Nixon
Nixon’s Foreign Policy
• “Vietnamization” - gradually withdrawal troops from Vietnam543,000 troops in 1969300,000 troops in 1972
Foreign Policy
• Nixon Doctrine - Asian allies receive $ but not ground support
• Paris Peace Accords - armistice & cease-fire in Vietnam
• Détente - reduction of Cold War tensions
• SALT I - strategic arms limitations talks (reduce arms buildup in US & Soviet Union)
Gerald Ford
• Republican from Michigan
• 1974 - 1976
• Only President to never be elected to the Presidency or Vice-Presidency
• Granted a full pardon to Nixon in his first month of office
President Ford & First Lady Betty Ford
Ford’s Domestic Policies
• Fiscally conservative
• Lower Inflation (WIN)
• Economy marked by stagflation
• High Unemployment 9%
• Pardoned Nixon & offered amnesty to men who avoided military service during Vietnam
Ford’s Foreign Policies
• Saigon Falls, Rest of Vietnam falls to Communism (1975)
• Continue détente w/ Soviets
• Withdrew last troops from Vietnam
James Carter
• Democrat from Georgia
• 1976 - 1981
• Vice President: Walter Mondale
Carter’s Domestic Policies• Stop Inflation (up 13%)
• Began EPA (environmental protection agency)
• Oil Shortages
• 3 Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant accident (Carter supported nuclear energy as an alternative to oil and coal).
• Tried to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (failed when it went to the states for approval)
Carter’s Foreign Policies• Human Rights (stop
apartheid)
• Panama Canal Treaty - give canal to Panamanians
• Camp David Accords - peace settlement between Egypt & Israel
• Iran Hostage Crisis
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan to control Persian Gulf
• SALT II
• Helinski Accords - Carter would withhold aid from nations who violated human rights.
Hostage Crisis
Modern Presidents 1980-2016
President Ronald Reagan
• Republican
• 1980 - 1988
• Vice President - George Bush
Reagan’s Domestic Policies
• Reaganomics / Trickle Down or Supply Side Economics
• Tax cuts for big business & wealthy would benefit everyone.
• Control Inflation
• Control illegal immigration
• Balanced Budget (made deep cuts in federal spending)
Reagan’s Foreign Policy
• Increase military spending
• Star Wars (intercept soviet missiles)
• Containment in Central America (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Grenada)
• Iran-Contra Affair
• Questioned détente??
George Bush
• Republican
• 1988 - 1992
• Only served one term
Bush’s Domestic Policy
• Increased Taxes
• Rising Unemployment
• Recession
• Urban Violence (LA Riots)
Bush’s Foreign Policies
• Invasion of Panama to capture famous drug lord Manuel Noriega
• Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) - Iraq invades oil rich Kuwait. US sends in troops
Bill Clinton
• Democrat
• 1992 - 2000
• Vice President - Albert Gore
Clinton’s Domestic Policies
• Gays in the military
• Health Care Reform
• Revising Social Security (the graying of America)
• Impeachment
• Economic growth and prosperity
Clinton’s Foreign Policies
• North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• War in Bosnia (US tries to stop the ethnic cleansing)
• Involvement in Kosovo (Serbs were massacring Albanians)
• NATO expansion (Poland, Czech Republic & Hungary become members).
George W. Bush• Republican
• 2000 - present
• Vice - President - Dick Cheney
Bush’s Domestic Policies
• Education Reform - No Child Left Behind Act
• Tax Cuts (to jump start the economy)
• Social Security Reform
• Revision of Health Care
• Dept. of Homeland Security
• High gas prices
• Hurricane Katrina
Bush’s Foreign Policies
• War on Terror
• War in Iraq
• Capture of Saddam Hussein
• Nuclear weapons in North Korea and Iran
Barack Obama
• 2008 – Present
• First African-American President
• Vice President
• Joe Biden
Domestic Policy
• Health Care – Obama Care
• Bailouts – GM
• Economic Stimulus package
Foreign Policy
• End to military presence in Iraq and Afganistan
• Capture/Death of Osama bin Laden
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