upscaling the dissemination of solar water...

1. SODIS – The Method

2. Global Promotion

3. Experiences from Kenya

4. Establishing Regional Reference Centers

www.sodis.ch

Catherine Mwango, KWAHO Regula Meierhofer, Eawag/ Sandec Martin Wegelin, Eawag/ Sandec

WHO – HWTS Network Meeting, 29.-31. October 07 Addis Abeba, Ethiopia

Upscaling the dissemination of Solar Water Disinfection

SODIS at Eawag

The Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) took up research on SODIS in 1991.

Sandec (Department of Water and Sanitation in Dev. Countries at Eawag) is involved in the following activities:

- Research -Microbiological efficiency -Health Impact Assessment -Material testing -Diffusion of innovations

- Intern. advocacy & networking- Global Promotion & Diffusion - Fund raising

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

SODIS –an alternative water treatment method

• Sunlight disinfects the water by the : - radiation in the UV-A spectrum - increased water temperature

• SODIS disinfects diarrhoea causing bacteria, viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Plastic bottles filled with contaminated water are exposed to full sunlight for 6 hours

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Can PET-bottles cause cancer?

Can PET bottles be used for SODIS without concern or do possibly leaking substances pose adverse health effects?

1. Study at the EAWAG about photooxidation of the bottles in 2000:

-> Photoproducts are formed at the outer side of the bottle.

-> There is no diffusion of Formaldehyde or Acetaldehyde into the water

2. Study in collaboration with the EMPA (Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Testing) 2003 about the diffusion of Phtalates and Adipates:

-> The maximum concentration of plasticizers (DEHA, DEHP) is much lower than WHO guidelines for drinking water

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Epidemiological Health Impact Studies:

Kenya; Masaai children in the 90ies: - 16-24% diarrhoea reduction among children below 5 - 86% reduction of cholera cases

Bolivia; 2000-2003 HIS of the Swiss Tropical Institute on 200 children: - >35% diarrhoea reduction

India; 2006 HIS of Univ. of Uppsala Sweden and Christian Medical College Vellore, India on 100 children: - 40% diarrhoea reduction

Health Impact Studies

Project Evaluations:

Usbekistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Kenya, Indonesia: ~50% diarrhoea reduction

At present, SODIS is used in more than 28 countries in Latin Amerika, Asia and Africa by more than 2 Million users

Worldwide use of SODIS

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

SODIS Program Latin America

establishedin 2001

Projects

Governments andCooperation Agencies

EawagSandec

FundaciónSODIS

Country Coordinators in Bolivia, Peru,Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and

Nicaragua

Implementing Partners

more than 100 NGOs

SODIS Users > 300’000

local ReferenceCenter in LA

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

India, Assam U.120‘000 users

SODIS Projects in Asia

• Projects in 11 countries • total approx. 1.7 million SODIS users

Uzbekistan, JDA250‘000 users

Pakistan, CAP200‘000 users

Nepal, Enpho75‘000 users

Cambodia, ADRA1‘175 users

South India, LEAD175‘000 users

Bhutan, Unicef70 schools

Indonesia, YDD 180’000 users

Sri Lanka, Helvetas30’000 households

Philippines, Dept. of Health32’000 households

VietnamCERWASS, WU80’000 households

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

IntroductionResearchFinancial AspectsGlobal PromotionOutlook

SODIS Projects in Africa

Projects started in:• Guinea• Senegal• Benin• Cameroun• DR Congo• Uganda• Zimbabwe

KWAHO, Kenya > 150’000 users

MAMADO,Tanzania

KENYAN SITUATION ANAYLSIS – Housing Conditions

• 95% of the people live below the poverty line earning less than 1 $ per day

• Lack of infrastructures such as:- Water supply- Waste management- Sanitation & electricity

Poor Water Supply

• Water is supplied through private water kiosks, few community tanks & stand pipes and Nairobi river

• Supply is insufficient, unreliable, sporadic and the water is of low quality

• Price variations significant, unreliable than in the rich parts of the city

Health Situation

• Waterborne diseases particularly in children below 5 years are affected by diarrhoea

• Mortality is high

THE SODIS PROJECT IN KIBERA SLUM KENYA

• The project started in 2004

• Local partner: KWAHO (Kenya Water for Health Organization)

Aim• Awareness building• Train people in household

water treatment (SODIS)• Improve hygiene

behaviour

SODIS PROMOTION AT COMMUNITY AND SCHOOL LEVEL

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT BY END OF 2007

• 11 SODIS promoters and 25 Peer promoters trained

• 33 teachers and 255 students trained in 7 schools

• 3 groups for bottle collection established

• About 250,000 people reached and use SODIS

KWAHO SODIS HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION

• Carried out in Summer 2006 through Sandec and Dept. Social Psychology Univ. Zurich

• SODIS users:69% of the trained households use SODIS for the treatment of their drinking water

• More than 70,000 users in Kibera

HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION : Diarrhoea

SODIS Users Users that don’t apply SODIS

DiarrhoeaNo diarrhoeaDiarrhoea

59%41%

29%

71%42 % reduction

HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION: HYGIENE

SODIS users Users that don’t apply SODISCleanness inthe household

very cleanquite cleandirty

44%

56%

12%

78%

10%

3-4x improvement of hygiene

LESSONS LEARNEDKey role of the promotersInvolvement local leadersAvailability of PET bottles visibility of the methodWater testsEnabling Govt policies i.e. water Act, Information dissemination through various channels:

- Community education - Mass media - Theater, puppet plays - Demonstrations (health centers) - Schools - Posters, Pamphlets

SODIS Reference Centers- at Eawag

Goal:Have SODIS and other methods for household water treatment established internationally and at national level in DCs.

Activities of the SODIS RC:• Advocacy & Networking• Information Dissemination• Establishment of local RC• Project Implementation• Fundraising

The Board of Eawag has decided to run a SODIS Reference Center under the umbrella of Sandec for at least the next 3 yearsSODIS – The Method

Global PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Objective of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center

Key Strategy:Establishment and operation Regional Reference Centers for Household Water Treatmentin Latin America, Asia, and Africa

Fundación SODIS in Bolivia

KWAHO in Kenya

Dev.Alternatives in India

Partner Organisations in S-Asia and E-Africa still to be identified

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Activities of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center

• Establish local HWTS Reference Centers in Latin America, Asia and Africa & build their capacity

• Document past and ongoing research activities and identify research gaps in relation to SODIS

• Conduct advocacy, networking and information dissemination activities to promote HWTS/ SODIS at international level

• Supervise Projects in DC; build capacity in local RC to take up the supervision of projects

• Maintain the network of sponsors supporting the promotion of SODIS in DC

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Objective of the Eawag SODIS Reference Center

Key Strategy:Establishment and operation Regional Reference Centers for Household Water Treatmentin Latin America, Asia, and Africa

Fundación SODIS in Bolivia

KWAHO in Kenya

Dev.Alternatives in India

Partner Organisations in S-Asia and E-Africa still to be identified

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

SODIS TEAM ON A FIELD DAY

SODIS – The MethodGlobal PromotionKenya ExperiencesReference Centers

Catherine Mwango, KWAHO Regula Meierhofer, Eawag/ Sandec

Martin Wegelin, Eawag/ Sandec