unit b ecosystems and population change
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Unit B Ecosystems and Population Change
Ecosystems and their Diversity
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Community
Population
Organism
Studying Ecosystems Ecosystem
Community of populations together with its abiotic and biotic factors that surround and affect it
Small (lichen covered boulder on a hill side) or large (hill side)
Aquatic and terrestrial
Components of ecosystem
Transition between Ecosystems Ecotone
grey area between ecosystems Transition area where organisms from both
ecosystems interact Lots of species diversity in this region
pond ecotone field
Types of Ecosystems Artificial Ecosystems
Living community is planned or maintained by humans
School yard, local parks, farms, managed forests Natural Ecosystems
Living community is free to interact with physical and chemical environment
not untouched just not planned or maintained by humans
Lakes, rivers, forests, deserts, meadows
Case Study page 88
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada Canada has:
2 major Aquatic biomes1. Freshwater
2. Salt water/marine
4 major Terrestrial biomes1. Taiga (most)
2. Tundra (north)
3. Temperate Deciduous Forest (great lakes)
4. Grasslands (prairies)
Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems in Alberta Alberta’s aquatic ecosystems fit into the freshwater
Lakes, rivers, streams, ponds etc Alberta’s terrestrial ecosystems fit into the Taiga
and grassland biomes Taiga (boreal forest) Muskeg (bogs in boreal forest) Grassland Parkland, Foothills (ecotones) Deciduous
Who’s Who and What’s What Use the table of some of abiotic and biotic factors found
in the four major ecosystems of Alberta Take a piece of chart paper and divide the paper into four
quarters and label appropriately
Place each factor in the quarter where you think it belongs be sure to justify
When finished give a brief description of each ecosystem
Taiga GrasslandMuskeg Deciduous Forest
Alberta Ecosystems Ecosyste
mAbiotic factors Biotic community
taiga ● northern and central ● changeable weather● soil contains some water and is acidic● precipitation 50–250 cm/a
black and grizzly bearswolverineweaselsmoosedeergrouseowlsspruce and pine treesshrubs, ferns, mosses, and lichens
muskeg ● cold temperatures ● short growing season ● permafrost layer beneath soil ● low precipitation: 50–150 cm/a
black bearcaribouptarmiganrapidly flowering plants, moss, and lichens
grassland ● central and southern ● more sunlight and warmer temperatures than muskeg or taiga
ecosystems ● rich, fertile soil ● precipitation 25–100 cm/a
bisondeerrabbitshawksyellow-bellied sapsuckersfescue grassesgrasshoppers
deciduous forest
● central ● more sunlight and warmer temperatures than muskeg or taiga
ecosystems● rich, fertile soil ● precipitation 75–250 cm/a
black bearsweaselsmoose deerwoodpeckersdeciduous treesshrubs
Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems Worksheet
How are we doing so far Quiz?
Ecology Now! Magazine Article
Populations A group of organisms of one species that interbreed
and live in the same place at the same time (e.g. deer population).
Studying Populations in Ecosystems
Ecologists sample random populations within ecosystems to collect data that helps them better understand the species Sampling Populations
Count species of a few samples of entire population then average them
TransectsQuadrants
Yeast Population Study
Features of PopulationsPopulations have a number of attributes that may be
of interest to ecologists and we that we can measure during sampling:
Migration Distribution and Abundance Composition Dynamics
Migration Movement of individuals into (immigration) and out
(emigration) of population Affects density, distribution, dynamics and
composition of a population
Population Distribution and Abundance
Tells us more about the numbers of the pop
Density-# of organism per unit area (avg number of individuals per quadrant and dividing by size of quadrant) Total abundance can be determined from this
Distribution-Location of individuals within an area (random, clumped or uniform)
Carrying Capacity-max # of individuals that can be supported
Population CompositionData that enables up to determine whether the pop is
declining or increasing
Sex ratios-# of organisms of each sex Population fertility-reproductive capacity of the females Age structure-# of organisms of different ages Capacity for survival-# of offspring that reach
reproductive age Length of reproductive life-age of sexual maturity & # of
years the individual can reproduce
Biotic Potential What is it?
Population DynamicsInformation that helps us understand what is happening
within the pop
Growth Rate-change in the total population per unit time Birth Rate- # of organisms born per unit time Mortality Rate- # of organisms dying per unit time Breeding Frequency-# of times that a organism
reproduces each year Birth Potential- # of offspring per birth
Population Worksheet
Studying Individual Organisms in Ecosystems
Ecologists study the following to find out more about specific species within a population:
Habitat and Range Ecological Niche Factors that limit growth
Abiotic and biotic factors
Habitat A place or area with a particular set of
characteristics, both biotic & abiotic Each species is found in a specific habitat that its
physical, physiological and behavioural adaptations equip it to survive and reproduce
One large area or a bunch of small areas that are similar
Range Geographical area where the species is found Species will only be found where its habitat is
present
Ecological nicheFunctional position of an organism in its
environment, comprising of its habitat and resources obtained there, and the periods of time which its active
Habitats and Niches in AB ecosystems
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems can support a diversity of organisms because they have a variety of habitats and niches
Terrestrial Niches/habitats Aquatic Niches/habitats
Terrestrial
Canopy
Understorey
Forest floor
Terrestrial Niches/Habitats Canopy
Upper area of vegetation, lots of sunlight, diverse number of birds
Sub canopy Usually shrubs and smaller trees, many browsers such as
deer and moose
Forest floor Lowest area, continuous shade, shelter nesting sites,
supports many types of insects, shade loving plant
Soil Temperature levels determine decomposition & organic
matter
Aquatic Niches/Habitats
Benthic zone
Aquatic Niches/Habitats (lake) Littoral zone
Shallow, most productive part of the lake, plants and algae take full advantage of sunlight for photosynthesis
Limnetic zone Enough light for photosynthesis to occur, plankton is the food
for the higher level consumers
Profundal zone Not enough light for photosynthesis, not alot of oxygen, carp
and other invertebrates that can handle low o levels
Benthic zone The :ground”, rooted and bottom dwelling organisms, amount
of sunlight and temperature depend on depth of water
What Am I? Worksheet
Factors that affect Ecosystems Web
Limiting Factors Abiotic and biotic conditions that limit the number
of individuals Species cannot grow in an unlimited fashion for a
sustained period of time Control the growth, distribution, survival of a
species Anything in short supply (e.g. nutrients or sunlight)
Abiotic Limiting Factors Soil
Provides nutrients for all plants that grow on land
Determined by nature of rock in which it was formed, nature of plants & H2O acidity
Water (availability, depth of water table, pressure)Organisms need water to surviveDetermined by amount & type of ppt, how
much collects then stays in soil, depth of water
TemperatureAffects other abioitc and biotic factorsVary throughout year
SunlightProvides energy to systemDepends on closeness to equator, seasons
and location in ecosystem Chemical Nutrients
Important to survival of organismsDetermined by seasons, soil, temperature,
, amount dissolved
Biotic Limiting Factors Competition
Intraspecific= members of same population compete with each other for limited resource (food, water, sunlight, mates, shelter, breeding sites etc)
Interspecific= members of two different populations compete (exotic species) resulting in extinction of one or both of the populations
Predators Parasitism=one organism (parasite) derives its
nourishment from another organism (host) which is harmed in some way
Yellow Perch Case Study
How are we doing so far quiz?
Classifying Organisms Scientists use classification system to understand
similarities and differences between species Science of classifying =Taxonomy (Taxonomists)
Levels of Taxa 7 levels of classification
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Kingdom General characteristics Cell wall Representative organisms
Eubacteria ● simple organisms lacking nuclei (prokaryotic)
● either heterotrophs or autotrophs ● all can reproduce asexually● live nearly everywhere
often present (contains peptidoglycan)
bacteria, cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria ● prokaryotic ● heterotrophs ● live in salt lakes, hot springs, animal
guts
present (does not contain peptidoglycan)
methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles
Protista ● most are single celled; some are multicellular organisms; eukaryotic
● some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs, some are both
● reproduce sexually and asexually ● live in aquatic or moist habitats
absent algae, protozoa
Fungi ● most are multicellular ● all are heterotrophs ● reproduce sexually and asexually ● most are terrestrial
present mushrooms, yeasts, bread moulds
Plantae ● all are multicellular ● all are autotrophs ● reproduce sexually and asexually ● most are terrestrial
present mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Animalia ● all are multicellular ● all are heterotrophs● most reproduce sexually ● live in terrestrial and aquatic habitats
absent sponges, worms, lobsters, starfish, humans
Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Carl Linneaus as a way to
scientifically name and classify organisms Based on physical and structural features (anatomy,
embryology, and ancestry) More features in common the closer the relation 2 part name (usually Latin)
Genus species
Pg 139
Using a Dichotomous Key Classification manuals that are constructed to help
conduct their identification work A series of choices about the structure of the
organisms must be made and each choice leads to a new branch
If each choice is made correctly then the end result will be the organisms name
The Key1. (a) baleen plates
(b) teeth Go to 2.Go to 4.
2. (a) dorsal fin (b) no dorsal fin
Go to 3.bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
3.(a) long pectoral fin (b) short pectoral fin
humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangline)blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)
4.(a) no dorsal fin (b) large dorsal fin
Go to 5.killer whale (Orincus orca)
5.(a) small nose (b) large projection from nose
Go to 6.narwhal (Mondon monoceros)
6.(a) mouth on ventral surface (underside) of head(b) mouth at the front of head
sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
Pg 162
Creating and Using a KeyWorksheet
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