unit 7 the body. i. the human body plan body tissue – collection of cells that work together to...

UNIT 7

THE BODY

I. The human body plan

• Body Tissue– Collection of cells that work together to perform a

particular function– 4 Main Types1. Muscle2. Nervous3. Epithelial4. Connective

1. Muscle Tissue

• Cells that can contract– 3 types1. Skeletal: moves bone *voluntary*2. Smooth: uncontrolled movements *invol*• Ex: movement of food

3. Cardiac: heart muscle *invol*

2. Nervous Tissue

• Cells receive and transmit messages• Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves• Also in some sensory organs

3. Epithelial Tissue

• Layer of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surface

• Various thicknesses• Skin: layer of dead cells

4. Connective Tissue

• Binds, supports, and protects structures in the body

• Most abundant and diverse– Ex: bone, cartil., tendons, fat, blood, lymph

• Matrix: intercellular substance; solid, semisolid, liquid

II. Organs and Organ Systems

• Body Cavities– Protect delicate internal organs from injury– 4 Main body Cavities

1. Cranial: encases brain2. Spinal: surrounds spinal cord3. Thoracic: heart, esophagus, and respiratory organs4. Abdominal: digestive, reproduct, excretory organs

• Diaphragm: muscle that separates thoracic and abdom

I. Skeletal System

• About 206 bones• Axial Skeleton: skull, ribs, spine, sternum • Appendicular skeleton: arms, legs, scapula,

clavicle, pelvis• Function

1. Rigid frame work2. Store minerals for metabolic process3. Produce RBS and some WBC

II. Bone Structure (206)

• Makes up less than 20% of body mass• Moist living tissue

1. Periosteum: tough membrane, covers bones surface; contains vessels and nerves

2. Compact bone: hard material, thicker layer• Osteocytes: living bone cells– Osteoblasts: bone forming– Osteoclasts: bone destroying (Allow to Grow)

3. Spongy Bone: hard and strong• Bone marrow: – Red: produce RBC– Yellow: fat cells (nrg reserve); can be

converted to RBC

• Fracture: if circul is maintained and periosteum survives healing will occur

III. Joints

• Where 2 bones meet• 3 types of joints

1. Fixed 2. Semimovable3. Moveable (most)

1. Fixed

• Prevents movement– In the skull

2. Semimovable

• Limited movement– Vertebrae, ribs

3. Movable (most)

• Hinge joint– Move forward and backward. Ex: elbow, knee

• Ball-and-Socket– Move up, down, forward, backward, rotate in

circle. Ex: shoulder• Pivot joint– Side to side, “yes, no” Ex: top 2 vert

• Saddle Joint– Rotate and grasp Ex: ankle

III. Joints - continued

• Joint Structure– Ligaments: holds bone to bone (LBB)– Synovial fluid: lubric substance helps protect the

ends of the bones from damage by function– Arthritis: painful, swollen joints

1. Rheumatoid arthritis: immune syst attacks body2. Osteoarthritis: degen joint disease

Bone Test

• Phalanges• Carpal• Metacarpal• Sternum• Xiphoid process• Costal Cartilage• Calcaneus • Talus• Femur• Tibia• Fibula

• Radius• Ulna• Tarsals• Patella• Scapula• Clavicle• Humerus• Metatarsal

Bone Test - Continued

• Coccyx• Ilium • Pubis• Ischium• Sacrum

• Foramen magnum• Temporal bone• Maxilla• Mandible• Zygomatic bone• Frontal Bone• Nasal Bone• Mastoid Process• Occipital Bone• Parietal

Ligaments Test

Ankle / high ankle• Anterior talofibular

ligament• Tibiofibular ligament

Knee • Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)• Posterior Cruciate Lig. (PCL)• Tibial Collateral Lig.• Fibular Collateral Lig.• Lateral meniscus• Medial meniscus

I. Muscular System

• 1/3 of weight (33%)

II. Muscular Movement of Bones

• Tendon: attach muscle to bone (TMB)• Origin: point where muscle attaches to the bone

“Stationary” ex: scapula• Insertion: point where muscle attaches to the bone

“moving” ex: forearm• Muscles arranged in opposing pairs– Flexor– Extensor

• Move bones by pulling (sarcomere shortens in length)

III. Muscular Fatigue

• Physiological inability of a muscle to contract• Nrg– Glucose, glycogen, fat

• Fatigue 1. Glycogen is converted into lactic acid2. As the acid accumulates pH lowers3. Muscle loses ability to contract

Muscle TEST

• Trapezius• Gastrocnemius• Gluteus Maximus• Latissimus dorsi• Deltoid• Biceps brachii• Triceps brachii• Pectoralis major• Rhomboid• Iliacus• Internal Intercostals

• Rectus abdominis• External oblique• Diaphragm• Sternocleidomastoid• Sartorius• Biceps femoris• Soleus• Rectus femoris• Masseter

I. Integumentary System

• Skin, hair, nails1. Protect body from outside world2. Retain body fluids 3. Protect against disease4. Eliminate waste5. Regulate body temp

A. Skin

• One of the largest organs• 2 layers

1. Epidermis 2. Dermis

1. Epidermis

• Outer layer of skin• Mostly dead cells• Keratin: protein, gives skin rough, leathery,

waterproof quality• Melanin: brown pigment– Absorbs harmful UV radiation– Amounts depend on 2 factors (heredity, UV exposure)– Increase is a response to injury by UV– UV can damage DNA and lead to skin cancer

2. Dermis

• Inner layer of skin• Living cells and specialized structures

1. Sensory neurons2. Blood vessels3. Muscle fibers - - “Goose bumps”• Hair rise to look bigger• Increase amount of air between hairs to increase

body temp

4. Glands • Sweat: cool body• Oil: soften skin, water proofing

5. Fat (right below dermis)• Nrg reserve• Protective layer• insulation

3. Nails and Hair

• Nails– Composed mostly of keratin– 1 mm / wk– Shape, structure, and appearance may be an indicator of

disease or poisoning• Hair– Protect and insulates body– Produced by Hair follicles– Dead keratin filled cells– Oil is secreted to keep hair from drying out– Hair color: melanin “hereditary”

4. Glands

• Sweat: cooling system by evapor• Oil: – Sebum: prevents water loss, moistens skin and

hair, mildly toxic to bacteria