unit 2 european invasion history of the west. enter the spanish began arriving in the great plains...
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UNIT 2
EUROPEAN INVASION
History of the West
Enter the Spanish
Began arriving in the Great Plains area around the 1600’s Sought to control the land through “Missions”
Generally scattered many miles apart
There was no separation between church and state These Priest were known to Indians as “Black Robes”
Led by a Catholic Priest who goal was to Christianize and civilize the Indians Catholicism generally more “accepted” by Indians than
Protestantism Ex. Albuquerque, New Mexico
Biggest introduction from Spanish were the horses Acquired through trade and strays
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico (Con’t)
Enter the Spanish (Con’t)
Conchos Indians Lived along the Conchos River
just south of the U.S./Mexico Border Conchos got Spanish horses and metal before any
other tribes Forced them north, creating conflict with the Apaches
Athapascans onto the Great Plains Apaches then moved on the plains after gaining metal
and horses Came to dominate 2/3 of the Great Plains
Conchos and Jumanos
Enter the Spanish (Con’t)
Eastern Apaches Devastated the Caddoans before they got horses and guns Raided them in late winter when groups were the weakest
They took lots of captives Then sold them into slavery with the Spanish at Pueblo
villages
Apaches gain horses and metal By 1500s developed trading/raiding ties that gave them
access to Pueblo goods After 1630 they had enough horses to begin raiding the
Spanish Who they had been friendly with
By 1655-75 horses and metal gave them an advantage over their neighbors
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Under Popé, against the Spanish, a turning point Fought against the use of the Encomienda system
Using Indians as slaves, similar to Dutch and English use of blacks on Plantations
Pueblos turned on one anotherApaches joined in, forming alliances, then
breaking them The result was lots of plunder, horses and guns
Apaches then control the southern Great Plains and Southwest
Spanish Faltering
Utes took advantage of Pueblo Rebellion Joined with Navajos and Apaches in trading/raiding
Pueblos Eventually they gravitated toward more raiding as they
accumulated metal and weapons After 1690 they turned on the Navajos
Took horses and slaves, which they sold to Spain in present-day New Mexico
Acquired horses sometime in the late 1600s In 1707 brought the Comanche to Pueblo trade
Both groups hit the Navajo hard and forced them closer to Spanish for protection
By 1710s the Comanche replaced Apaches as primary raiding problem for Spanish Began dominating the Southern Plains
European Concern Over Competition
Pedro De Villasur Sent by Valverde of Spain to check out the French
presence near present-day Omaha, Nebraska The Spanish expedition parked just across the river from
the Pawnees Apache guide took Villasur and his men to far north
near the wrong Pawnee group Spanish tried to negotiate with them., but they
seemed threatening The night of August 12, 1720, the Pawnees and friendly
Otos attacked the Spanish expedition Nearly wiped out the Spanish
Killed Villasur, 35 of 42 Spaniards Apache guide got away quickly
Pedro de Villasur Expedition
Major trade locations before Europeans
Enter The French
Arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi around the turn of the century Went up the tributaries and began trading
Primarily with Pawnees, Caddoas and other village agriculturalists Guns a major source of trade
Caddoans used the guns against their old enemies Sold Indian slaves to the French
• Nearly 200 at a time
By 1650 stationed near the western edge of Lake Superior Setup trade operations with other tribes
British Beginnings in the Plains
1668 the British Hudson Bay Company (HBC) opened bayside posts The Cree Indians became the middlemen
Used their new guns against the nearest subdivision of Dakotas
By the 1680’s they ally with the Assiniboine Eventually merging into one group
Cree/Assiniboine terrorized neighbors and dominated trade between the HBC and the Mandan/Hidatsa trading post Many tribes pushed westward
Ex. Cheyenne moved from Wisconsin to Black Hills area by 1750
Guns and Horses
French Influence
France into New Orleans in the late 1600’s French Fur traders moved up the Mississippi River
and its tributaries France worried about the Spanish
So they tried to ally with the Apache A retired trader Bourgmont worked hard for the
French in 1723-24 Wanted to help forge ties between Apaches and the
Kansa (Kaw) But failed struggled due to already established fur
traders who feared any changes in existing trade networks Eventually developed strong ties with the Kansa
French Influence (Con’t)
French then tried to ally with the Comanche in 1727 Connected them with the Pawnees and Jumanos
Trade ties then expanded to other Caddoan-speaking tribes About the same time the Comanche acquired many
horses and a few guns In late 1740’s the French thus started expanding
trade relations By 1749 they had made contacts with a greater number
of tribes Comanche, due to French supply of guns, drove the
Ute back into the mountains• Also used them against the Pueblo, Apache, and Spanish• Most Apache went into present-day New Mexico for
protection Comanche then dominate the southern plains
French Influence (Con’t)
Started sending traders into Indian villages The Cree-Assiniboine middle role continued for some
time Slowly, however, Indians lost their exclusive position
in distributing European goods After 1750 British moved into frontier and often traded
directly Outside the earlier trade hubs
In the 1760’s both the French Northwestern Fur Company and the British Hudson Bay Company sent traders into the Mandan-Hidatsa trade center By the last decades of the 18th century, the French had
setup their own trading posts in southern Canada British continued that new method of trade
David Thompson
Worked for the French Northwestern Fur Company Tried to compete with the British Hudson’s Bay
Company First tried to work among the Blackfeet with little
success The Indians were blockading the flow of arms to the
Northwestern Plateau Indians In 1807 he set up Kootenay House and Kullyspell
House Able to bring enough arms to allow the NW Plateau
groups to hunt buffalo again
Comanche Peace of 1785-86
Around 1750’s Comanche still lived north of Arkansas River Raided into Texas
often trading what they took from Texas settlements to the Spanish in Taos
But they also raided the Spanish and slowly moved southward In retaliation the Spanish had a few victories in the
1770’s
In 1774, 600 Spanish and Pueblos attacked a Comanche encampment in New Mexico Over 100 prisoners taken
Comanche Peace of 1785-86 (Con’t)
1779 New Governor Juan Bautiste De Anza gather 500 Spanish and 200 Utes and Apache after a large Comanche encampment Killed a prominent headman Green Horn ( Friend of Toro
Blanco)Coming from a position of strength, Anza put out
the word in the 1780’s that he was ready for peace Headman White Bull led the opposition to peace
Men from the pro-peace faction killed White Bull and rallied behind leader Leather Cape
Governor Anza setup negotiations but encountered the typical problem of Indian political fragmentation
Comanche Peace of 1785-86 (Con’t)
Anza appointed Leader Cape “Commissioner General” In the end the Comanche won some trading rights
Like access to the Taos annual trade fair Anza lifted the ban on alcohol and the Comanche
promised to help against the Apaches Who were not completely drive off the plains yet
Comanche raiding slowed but mostly in New Mexico Only bands who had supported the treaty
Changes in Lifestyle Due to Europeans
Fur post system altered lifestyles Made canoes less important and horses vital
French used to conduct trade in eastern cities Indians traveled to sites with canoes laden with furs
Trapping groups like the Blackfeet, Cree, and Kaw relied on horses to take them to and from posts They became provisioners of posts, bringing in pemmican,
buffalo robes, etc. These groups gradually moved toward a plains lifestyle
More status-conscious More wives Alcoholism Sometimes lost traditional ways of doing things as they became
more and more dependent on European products
Indians lost control of their trade markets
Movement of Horses into Plains
Acquisition of Horses
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