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Catch-Up Program 2008
1
Heritage HouseLuang Prabang
UNESCO's World Heritage Site
Impacts of landscape dynamics on Impacts of landscape dynamics on biodiversity and environmental servicesbiodiversity and environmental services
Khamla NanthavongMay Cherief
Anousith Keophoxay Jean-Christophe Castella
NTFP management across the Nam Khan WatershedNTFP management across the Nam Khan Watershed
1‐ Landscapes analysis 2‐ Assess biodiversity in different landscapes3‐ Local uses of forest products by farmers
Objectives
Landscapes Biodiversity and Local useLand use
HabitatsPlants
?
Landscapes analysis•Structure
•Fragmentation
•Heterogeneity
Floristic surveyFocus group – InterviewsAbout Local use of Forest products
Catch-Up Program 2008
2
Sites
LUANG PRABANG
Tin Pha
Long LetroadHighlands villages
Downstream village
Nam Khan
Houay yen Gnai
Nong Di
Access to market
MethodsLand Use -> Landscape Analysis
Highland village
Downstream village
Remote sensing data• Aerial pictures 1998
• Quick Bird Image 2005
Land Use/Cover Maps from:
1998
Quick Bird Image 2005
• Spot Image 2006
Field surveys• Field pictures 2008
• GPS Points 2008
2006
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3
Methods Biodiversity assessment- Floristic survey
Habitats surveyedHabitats surveyed
Forest
Regenerating forest
Fallow 4-9 years
26 plots
Fallow 4 9 years
Fallow 1-3 years
Plantations
Methods Biodiversity assessment- Floristic survey
• Data collectedPlot
• Age
• Topographic information
• Plot history
Plants
• Local name of plants• Local name of plants
• Diameter
• Height
Soil condition
Catch-Up Program 2008
4
MethodsBiodiversity assessment
• Minimal area method
64 m²
128 m²
1 m²
2 m²
4 m²
8 m²
16 m²
32 m²
Methods Biodiversity assessment
Principal Components Analysis
which factors ?• village• habitat• age• soil condition…soil condition…
explain floristic composition and structure
Catch-Up Program 2008
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Methods Local uses of biodiversity
• Interviews of plot owner during floristic inventory g y
• Focus Group (6 groups)
• 5 persons per groups• Groups of women• Groups of men
• Data collection on NTFP• Product namesProduct names• Place collected• Who collects / time spent• Use• Ratio consumption ‐ sold
Preliminary ResultsLand Cover 2008
ForestOld FallowYoung FallowAnnual cropTree plantation
River
Poor-diversity forest
Patchy forest
Short rotation system
Teak tree plantations
Permanent agriculture
Rich-diversity forest
Larger forest cover
Long rotation system
Two stages in the development process only a few km apart from each others
Catch-Up Program 2008
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Preliminary ResultsBiodiversity
Teak tree plantation => low biodiversity
Age of fallows and forest explains differences in differences in floristic structure and composition
Local use of Forest products
25
30
ts
Number of NTFP collected for selling and consumption
selling
0
5
10
15
20
25
Houayyen Longlet
(Accessible area) (Remote area)
Num
ber o
f produ
ct
Consumption
• More NTFP species are collected in remote area than in accessible area– Accessible area : NTFP are collected for selling more than consumption
– Remote area : NTFP are consumed more than sold
• Food security issues => animal proteins– Wildlife almost disappeared in accessible areas. Wild vegetable are sold daily on the market to
buy meat. In remote areas more dependent on wildlife for proteins.
( ) ( )
Catch-Up Program 2008
7
12
14
sold
Number of NTFP sold by use
Access to market influences the species of NTFP sold
0
2
4
6
8
10
Houayyen Longlet
(Accessible area) (Remote area)
Num
ber o
f produ
ct s Food
Non food
• Villagers in Houayen sell more NTFP species than in Longlet and more food productsbecause they can access to the market easily (not because more NTFP species are availablein the landscape)
• Villagers in Longlet sell more nonfood species because of limited access to market, so theyconsume more than they sell
Times spent on NTFP collectionand income generated
100,00
Relative time spent on NTFP collection for selling and
consumption14 000 000
Income from NTFPper focus group (kip/year)
0,0010,0020,0030,0040,0050,0060,0070,0080,0090,00
G1 (Rich Women)
G2 (Poor Women)
G3 (Men)
G4 (Women)
G5 (Men)
G6 (Women)
Houayyen Tinpha Longlet
Time (%
)
Groups
0
2 000 000
4 000 000
6 000 000
8 000 000
10 000 000
12 000 000
G1 (Rich Women)
G2 (Poor Women)
G3 (Men)
G4 (Women)
G5 (Men)
G6 (Women)
Houayen Tinpha Longlet
Amou
nt (K
ip)
Groups
% Time collect for selling% Time collect for consumption
Non food Firewood Food
• Women spent more time than men to collect NTFP for family consumption• People in downstream village as Houayen generate more income from NTFP than in upland villages as Tinpha and Longlet• Poor women in Houayen sell firewood but rich women don’t• H’Mong women in Tinpha don’t sell any food products they sell only non food NTFP (tradition?)
Catch-Up Program 2008
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Gender differences in NTFP collection
14
16
s
NTFP collection between men and women in TinPha village (H’Mong)
14
16
s
NTFP collection between men and women in LongLet village (Khamu)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Num
ber o
f produ
ct
The use 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Num
ber o
f produ
ct
The use
G3 (Men.TP) G4 (Women.TP) G5 (Men.LL) G6 (Women.LL)
• Men collect more NTFP species than women because they go far from the village and into the forests• Women collect bigger quantities.• The pattern of NTFP collections does not differ significantly between H’Mong and Khamu groups• In both ethnic groups, more NTFP are collected for food than for other uses.
Place of NTFP collection
90,00
100,00
How important are the different landscape unitsfor NTFP collection
Gardens
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
ayyen
npha
nglet
ayyen
npha
nglet
ayyen
npha
nglet
ayyen
npha
nglet
Percen
tage (%
)
Teak plantation
Permanent agriculture
Upland rice
Fallow 1‐3 years
Fallow 4‐9 years
Forest
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Food Marketable Non food consumption
Firewood The use
• Food collection in upland villages relies mainly on forest and old fallows while people in downsteam village have to collect food‐NTFP in agricultural landscapes
Catch-Up Program 2008
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Place of NTFP collection
90,00
100,00
How important are the different landscape unitsfor NTFP collection
Gardens
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
Percen
tage (%
)
Teak plantation
Permanent agriculture
Upland rice
Fallow 1‐3 years
Fallow 4‐9 years
Forest
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Food Marketable Non food consumption
Firewood The use
• The product sold by upland villagers are mainly from forest and fallows but they areincreasingly domesticated in downstream villages (posa, khem, etc.)
Place of NTFP collection
90,00
100,00
How important are the different landscape unitsfor NTFP collection
Gardens
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
Percen
tage (%
)
Teak plantation
Permanent agriculture
Upland rice
Fallow 1‐3 years
Fallow 4‐9 years
Forest
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Food Marketable Non food consumption
Firewood The use
• The NTFP collection strategies do not differ significantly between villages for construction ortools. As the area of forest and old fallows is very low in downstream villages => copingmechanisms: increased exchanges between villages and emerging market between upstreamand downstream villagers
Catch-Up Program 2008
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Place of NTFP collection
90,00
100,00
How important are the different landscape unitsfor NTFP collection
Gardens
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
ayyen
inph
a
onglet
Percen
tage (%
)
Teak plantation
Permanent agriculture
Upland rice
Fallow 1‐3 years
Fallow 4‐9 years
Forest
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Hou
a Ti Lo
Food Marketable Non food consumption
Firewood The use
One observe a transition in the firewood collection strategies:‐ In remote area, as Longlet, firewood is collected in the forest and old fallows,‐ In intermediary zones, access to forests is limited but long fallows provide large quantities of wood from upland fields,‐ In most accessible areas, burnt wood from the upland field is not sufficient and villagers have to rely on the last patches of forest for firewood collection or to go long distances to the limits of the village.
NTFP collection for food in Houayen
31,5%28,5%
16,5%
23,5%
10,0%15,0%20,0%25,0%30,0%35,0%
The main NTFP collected for food in Houayen
Percen
tage
(%)
0,0%5,0%
Bamboo shoot (No mai) Edible fern (Phak kout) Water cress (Phak nam) Other vegetables
50 0%
100,0%
age
(%)
Important are different land scape units for NTFP collentionfor food in Houayyen
Fallow 1-3 years
Fallow 4-9 years
• The main NTFP collected for food are bamboo shoots and edible fern.• Important places to collect these products are forest and fallows, but these land coverare disappearing from the landscape => buying at the market or domestication
0,0%
50,0%
Bamboo shoort (No mai) Edible fern (Phak kout) Water cress (Phak nam) Other vegetables
Perc
enta
Forest
Catch-Up Program 2008
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90,00
100,00
Importance of the different landscape units for NTFP collection related to income generation
Houayyen
NTFP collection for income generation
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
Forest Fallow 4‐9 Fallow 1‐3 Upland rice Permanent Teak Gardens
Percen
tage (%
)
Localisations
Tinpha
Longlet
• The income generate from NTFP in upland villages mainly depends on forest and fallowresources
• Less forest in downstream village make them rely more on agricultural land for NTFPcollection and domestication, like for food NTFP
agriculture plantation
Conclusions• Proximity of market influences landscape structures,
biodiversity and local use of NTFPs
LUANG PRABANG
Houay yen
Tin Pha
Long Letroad
Biodiversity
Nam Khan
Houay yen Gnai
Nong Di
Marketing of forest products
Catch-Up Program 2008
12
Conclusions• Integration of conservation – development at the
watershed scale
LUANG PRABANG
Houay yen Gnai
Tin Pha
Long Letroad
Development
Conservation
Payment for environmental services
Nam Khan
Gnai
Nong DiResettlement
• Increased exchanges across the watershed require some kind coordination: changing scale ‐ watershed management committee?
• Sustainable management and marketing of forest products• Protection of wildlife and biodiversity• Better access to education in remote areas and environmental awareness in accessible areas
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