twenty-sixth annual commencement exercises
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Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of LawLARC @ Cardozo Law
Pre-2019 Commencement Programs Graduation
6-1-2004
Twenty-Sixth Annual Commencement ExercisesBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Follow this and additional works at: https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/pre-19-programs
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Recommended CitationBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, "Twenty-Sixth Annual Commencement Exercises" (2004). Pre-2019 Commencement Programs.25.https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/pre-19-programs/25
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Yeshiva University
TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL
COMMENCEMENT EXERC ISES
TUESDAY
JUNE FIRST
TWO THOUSAND FOUR
AVERY FISHER HALL
LINCOLN CENTER
NEW YORK CITY
Order of Exercises
PROCESSIONAL
Herbert C. Dobrinsky, EdD Vice President for University Affairs
Yeshiva University
HERALD
Michael E. Herz, JD Professor of Law
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
HEAD MARSHAL
PRESIDING
Morton Lowengrub, PhD Vice President for Academic Affairs
Yeshiva University
CHIEF MARSHAL
Richard M. Joel, JD President
Yeshiva University
NATIONAL ANTHEM
Cantor Ira W. Heller, PsyD
Yeshiva College 1983
Ferkauf Graduate School
of Psychology 1985
INVOCATION
Rabbi Ozer Glickman Rosh Yeshiva
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan
Theological Seminary
Yeshiva University
WELCOME
David Rudenstine, JD Dean
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
REMARKS
Kathryn 0. Greenberg, JD Chairman, Board of Directors
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Class of 1982
CONFERRING OF HONORARY DEGREE AND COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS
DOCTOR OF LAWS
The Honorable Sandra Day O'Connor, LLB Associate Justice
United States Supreme Court
ALUMNI GREETINGS
Howard Leib, JD Class of 1983
DISTINGUISHED ALUMNUS AWARD FOR CONTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC SERVICE
Gary J. Galperin, JD Assistant District Attorney and Chief
Special Projects Bureau, New York
County District Attorney's Office
Class of 1980
STUDENT REMARKS
Michael P. Glasser Class of 2004
AWARDS AND HONORS
Laura E. Cunningham, JD, LLM Senior Associate Dean
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
CONFERRING OF MASTER OF LAWS (LLM) DEGREES
CONFERRING OF JURIS DOCTOR (JD) DEGREES
President Joel
Dean Rudenstine
HATIKVAH
Cantor Heller
RECESSIONAL
Please remain seated until the
Recessional is completed.
This program lists candidates for degrees and honors from July 2003-June 2004; it is not an official roster of graduates.
Degree Candidates
Master of Laws as of September 30, 2003
Sohyun Chung LLB, Myong Ji University-Korea LLM, Yonsei University-Korea
Master of Laws as of January 30, 2004
Leonid Bershiski JD, New York Law School
Kinga M. Biernat LO, Lodz University-Poland
Leyda Sughei Castillo LO, University Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco-Mexico
Ruey-Yuan Chao LLB, National Taiwan University
Maria T. Gonzalez LO, Universidad Libre-Colombia
Christopher M. Gorman-Evans BA, MA, University of Oxford-England
Alexander M. Haag LO, Universitat Bayreuth-Germany
Gergana H. lgnatova LO, University of the City PlovdivBu/garia
Berna N. Karaahmetoglu LO, Istanbul University-Turkey
Bernard H. Maister JO, William Mitchell College of Law MD, University of Cape Town-South Africa
Martha M. Rumore BS, St. John's University MS, Long Island University JO, CUNY School of Law PHARMO, St. John's University
Susan M. Sch lesinger BA, Fairfield University JO, Yeshiva University
Svetlana B. Vinogradova LO, St. Petersburg State Univ-Russia
Yoshihiko Wakida LLB, Kanan University-Japan
Master of Laws as of June 1, 2004
lngvil Andersen LO, University of Oslo-Norway
Stephanie Andrea Bonk LO, Universitat Munster-Germany
Marcela Cascia ni LO, University of Buenos AiresArgentina
Levente Csengery LO, Szeged University-Hungary
Marcus Danisch LO, University of Munich-Germany
Va laya Dipongam LLB, Thammasat University-Thailand
Gary Morris Emmanuel LLB, University of London-England
Adam P. Forman BS, University of Florida JD, Brooklyn Law School
Giovanny Xavier Gomez LLM, Universidad Andina-Ecuador
Jens M. Grasser State Exam 1 and 2, University of Munich-Germany
Efraim Harari LLB, Bar-flan University-Israel
Joshua S. Katzman BA, Brandeis University
Seema Lal BA, Rutgers University-New Brunswick JO, Pennsylvania State University
Susan J. Latham BS, University of Delaware JD, Florida State University
Annie Makutonin MAIT, L/C, University de Paris I-France
Anna M. Mizzi BA, LLD, University of Malta-Malta
Juan C. Monteza Castro LO, University San Martin de PorresPeru
Demem Kaine Ajashi Nzeribe LLM, Uppsala University-Sweden
Elif E. Sa llorenzo JO, New York Law School
Elod ie Silia rt MAIT, University de Paris I-France LLB, University of London-England
David Ste in AB, Brandeis University JO, George Mason University
Tiffany D. Tant BA, University of the South JO, Washburn University of Topeka
Nicola Tasco Nikoll Nikci LO, University of Rome-Italy BA, Fordham University
Carl Maria Reinier Van Der Zandt Abraham D. Raab LO, University of AmsterdamNetherlands
Sa vita Veeru bhotla BCOM, Chinai College-India LLB, Government Law College-India
Carlotta Sophie von Dannenberg State Exam 1, Humboldt UniversityGermany
Jingliang Wang BS, LLB, Beijing University-China
Lorenz Wolffers LO, University of Bern-Switzerland
Nilesh Savio Zacharias LLB, University of Bombay-India
Juris Doctor as of September 30, 2003
Cary L. Kleiner BS, Georgia Institute of Technology
Jesse G. Kulp BA, Colorado College
Juris Doctor as of January 30, 2004
Gur Altberg BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Raphael S. Berlin
Lorelei Boylan BA, CUNY-Hunter College
Simcha B. Dornbush
Ehud Fried BA, Yeshiva University MPA, New York University
David M. Gross
Stacy S. Hong BS, St. John's University
Kaanji L. Irby BS, Georgetown University
Grace Y. Kim BA, University of Virginia
Geofrey C. Liu MTS, Boston University AB, Washington University
Jennifer C. Negron BA, SUNY-Stony Brook
Stuart J. Riemer BA, SUNY-Albany
Hara A. Robrish BS, University of Florida
Joshua L. Seltzer BA, SUNY-Albany
Diane J. Shim AB, Cornell University
Alexa nder J. Wolf BA, Amherst College
Juris Doctor as of June 1, 2004
Elissa R. Aaronson BA, University of Maryland
Deena Y. Abel BA, SUNY-Binghamton
James H. Allert BA, SUNY-Binghamton
David C. Althoff BA, York College of Pennsylvania
Angela M. Angel BA, Hampton University
Melissa N. Arana BA, Brandeis University
Lawrence E. Arturo BA, University of PittsburghGreensburg MA, University of Minnesota
Alexey Bakman BA, Pace University
Bryan E. Balaci BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Clymer D. Bardsley BA, Middlebury College
Sarah E. Barrows BA, Oberlin College
Thomas M. Beam BA, University of Maryland
Oren Bechor AB, BS, University of Georgia
Jason D. Behfarin BBA, Emory University
Matthew H. Behrens BA, Tufts University
George Benaur BA, Lafayette College
Degree Candidates
Susan J. Berkowitz BA, MBA, Duke University
Stephanie F. Berman BBA, Emory University
Jennifer H. Bernstein BA, New York University
Mark I. Bernstein BA, University of Michigan
Jeremy J. Beyda BA, University of Pennsylvania
Andrew T. Binstock BA, Columbia University
Maya Blanc BA, University of Wisconsin
Joshua M. Blumenfeld BA, Columbia University
Dimiter N. Blyangov LO, Sofia University-Bulgaria
Meridith H. Bogart BS, Cornell University
Timothy M. Bogen BA, Haverford College PhD, University of Michigan
Kimara G. Bonhomme BA, Washington and Lee University
Andrew E. Borteck BA, University of Michigan
Daina Clare Borteck BA, University of Michigan MA, University of Surrey-England
Yaacov M. Brisman
Alexander Burekhovich BBA, CUNY-Baruch College
Alisa M. Cahan BJ, University of Texas
Sheryl L. Calabro BA, Santa Clara University
Kelly R. Camamis BA, Columbia University
Cara M. Cardinale BS, Cornell University
Brooke S. Causanschi BA, University of Michigan
Michael W. Cavino BA, Johns Hopkins University
Mark Cermele BS, Tufts University
Ilana Faith Kameros Chalfin BA, MA, Brandeis University
Andrew J. Chamberlain BA, MED, Rutgers University
Chia-Yu Chang BS, National Taiwan University-Taiwan MS, Columbia University MS, Indiana University
Sonya A. Charatz BA, University of Rochester
Sheema Q. Chaudhry BA, Barnard College, Columbia University
Shagun Chawla BA, University of Wisconsin
Connie L. Chen BA, University of Pennsylvania
Hyun Soon Cho BS, MS, Seoul National UniversityKorea MS, Brandeis University
Cheryl R. Cillo BA, Yeshiva University
Beth H. Citron BBA, Emory University
Joanna L. Cohan BS, Union College
Dina M. Cohen BA, CUNY-Hunter College
Gerald M. Cohen BA, University of California-Los Angeles
Carla M. Comisso BA, New York University
Emily Beth Compton BA, University of Richmond
Cristina Cruz BA, Wesleyan University
Jason A. Cubert BA, Georgetown College
Jonathan A. Danziger BA, George Washington University
Waleed S. Diab BS, University of Maryland
Tai E. Dickstein BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Gillian B. Dinstein BA, University of Michigan
Jared G. Dokovna BA, Skidmore College
Evan R. Drachman BA, University of Vermont
Naomi J. Drucker BA, Emory University
Ian M. Dumain BA, Hamilton College
Mark E. Dumas BA, Boston College
Lindsey Morgan Eldred BA, Wells College
Montgomery E. Engel BA, Wesleyan University
Shal lom Engel
David A. Epstein BA, American University
Rachel Blumenthal Epstein AB, Barnard College, Columbia University
Angel I. Falcon BA, SUNY-New Paltz
Roy S. Fenichel BA, Syracuse University
Robert S. Fernez BA, Hofstra University
Allison N. Fihma BA, University of Vermont
Michele A. Filorimo BFA, New York University
Daniel H. Fink BS, University of Maryland
Jordana L. Fishman BA, Brandeis University
Michael N. Fleischman BA, Georgetown University
Catherine P. Flores BA, Boston College
Deirdre Fox BA, Hofstra University
Jennifer S. Frank BBA, Emory University
Howard A. Freeman BS, Cornell University
Chana Leah Frid BA, Touro College
Lauren E. Friedman BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Holly R. Froum BA, Lehigh University
Dan I. Frysh BS, University of Southern California
Julia A. Fuld BA, University of Wisconsin
Brisette Gantt BA, SUNY-Stony Brook
Aliza J. Ganz BS, Barnard College, Columbia University
Elliot M. Gardner BA, Columbia University
Daniel R. Gati BA, Columbia University
Elizabeth F. George-Cheniara BA, MPA, Columbia University
Katrina M. Giedt BA, University of St. Thomas
Timothy P. Gillen BA, SUNY-Albany
Olga Giller BA, MA, University of New Mexico
Peter L. Giunta BS, Seton Hall University
Michael P. Glasser BS, Cornell University
Jennifer L. Glickman BA, New York University
Emily D. Goldberg BA, Amherst College
Lauren J. Goldberg BA, University of Florida
David M. Goldstein BA, Rutgers University
Tamar Goldstein BA, Rutgers University
Carlos Gonzalez BA, CUNY-York College
Andrew R. GraBois BS, Cornell University
Tonya N. Green BA, New York University
Hannah Greer BA, Yale University
David Gross BA, CUNY-Queens College
Robert A. Gross BJ, SUNY-Empire State College
Miriam Cheryl Grossman BA, Yeshiva University
Seth A. Grossman BS, Syracuse University
Tanja Grzeskowitz BA, Columbia University
Ally Hack BA, University of New Mexico
Degree Candidates
Dwayne A. Hamblin Hillary Katz Leah Lederberger Rachel B. Mazer BA, Middlebury College BA, University of Wisconsin BA, Thomas A. Edison State College BS, University of Florida
Erina M. Hammond Meir D. Katz James C. Lee Alexandra B. McTague BS, University of Minnesota BA, Yeshiva University BA, SUNY-Binghamton AB, Cornell University
Yale Han Tamar L. Keil Jodi B. Leibowitz Heather T. Mehler BS, Bucknell University BA, Smith College BA, Boston University BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Craig A. Hanlon Jennifer E. Kellman Jonathan F Lenzner Danielle R. Mendelsohn BA, University of Delaware BA, Barnard College, Columbia BA, Trinity College BBA, George Washington University
Peter H. Hanna University
Carrie A. Lerner Marisa D. Mercandetti BEE, The Cooper Union Indira Devi Khan BA, Emory University BA, University of Richmond
Kelsey M. Hanrahan BA, Fordham University
Jessica H. Levine Mbambu llenda Miller BA, Iowa State University Melissa S. Kho BS, Carnegie Mellon University BA, Amherst College
Travis M. Harper AB, Dartmouth College
Menachem Z. Levoritz Michelle A. Miller BS, Centre College Jae K. Kim BS, Polytechnic University BA, University of Pennsylvania PhD, University of Arizona BA, SUNY-Geneseo
Jennifer R. Levy Paula L. Miller Joshua H. Harris Nayoung Kim BA, University of Pennsylvania BA, University of Pennsylvania BS, Brown University BA, Bryn Mawr College
Seth H. Lieberman Svetlana Mirkis David Harrison Philip Z. Kimball BA, James Madison University BA, Barnard College, Columbia
Miriam C. Healy BA, Yale University
Jessica Lin University
BS, Boston University Melanie Cheri King BA, International Christian University- Sadat Mirza
Jason M. Herbst BA, Howard University Japan BA, CUNY-Hunter College
BA, Columbia University John W. Kirkland Daniel B. Linson Yael Mizrahi
Rebecca G. Herman BA, Rutgers University BA, Brandeis University BSBA, Washington University
BA, Yeshiva University Rachel Aviva Klein Scott A. London Jerry J. Monaco
Sharon J. Hirsch BA, CUNY-Queens College BA, CUNY-Hunter College BA, New School for Social Research
BA, SUNY-Binghamton Joni H. Kletter Jacqueline T. Lopardo Christina S. Monteiro
Dana H. Hong BA, Yale University BS, Vanderbilt University BA, Fairfield University
BA, Boston University Allison Brooke Kochman Benjamin Lowin Abraham M. Muchnick
Carolyn J. Horan BS, Emory University BA, Brandeis University BA, CUNY-Queens College
BA, Rutgers University David A. Kochman Shira J. Lyons Amitab M. Mukerjee
Steven J. Huntzinger BA, Emory University BS, New York University BA, Vassar College
BA, SUNY-Geneseo Jonathan T. Koevary Lauren Marcello Kurt D. Mundorff
Avi B. Israeli BA, Columbia University BBA, George Washington University BA, University of Oregon
BA, University of Arizona Melanie Adler Kosloff Natalie S. Marcus Deborah Murad
Shelley Ivan BA, Georgetown University BA, Barnard College, Columbia BA, Barnard College, Columbia
BA, MA, CUNY Hunter College Rachel L. Kugel University University
Rachel T. Marks Stephen P. Murray Vivek Jayaram Nadia L. Kule BA, University of Florida BA, SUNY-Albany BA, University of Wisconsin BA, University of Michigan
Matthew R. Maron Anthony M. Musillami Lyonel Jean-Pierre, Jr. Joshua Jacob Kunis BA, Emory University BA, Lake Forest College BA, Brandeis University BA, Columbia University
Rachael S. Kafrissen Maite Martinez Javaid Nayyar
James E. Lahm BA, Rutgers University BA, CUNY-Queens College BA, Brandeis University BA, Ohio State University
Dina M. Kameros Peter R. Massa Jennifer A. Nelson
James F. Lampidis BA, Lehigh University BS, Cornell University BS, Cornell University BA, Fairfield University
Leor J. Kaplan MA, Ohio State University JayJ. Massaro Masahiro Noda
BA, SUNY-Binghamton Joanna Maria Lane BA, SUNY-New Paltz BA, University of Michigan
Menachem Kaplan BA, Drew University Sarah E. Mathison Sarah E. O'Connor
BA, University of Notre Dame BA, SUNY-Purchase
Gina E. Kapustin Luz Laulo BA, Rutgers University Eldar Mayouhas Liezl Irene Q. Pangilinan
BA, Skidmore College BA, Yeshiva University AB, Cornell University MSW, New York University
Degree Candidates
Alice Park BA, New York University
Yong-M i S. Park BA, Boston University
Daniel A. Pearlman AA, Simon's Rock College of Bard BA, Columbia University
Anna S. Peckham BA, Pepperdine University
Avi M. Peison BA, MA, CUNY-Brooklyn College
Shulamis Peltz BS, Touro College
Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer BA, Regis University
Daniel S. Peretz BA, University of Wisconsin
Jordan Cain Pilevsky BA, Yeshiva University
Steven K. Platzek
Karen M. Praport BA, University of MassachusettsAmherst
Erik P. Raines BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Greta Ravitsky BA, Columbia University
Rockwell Robert Reid, Jr. BS, West Virginia University
Jessie K. Reider BA, Emory University
Benjamin A. Reynolds BS, University of Michigan
Taryn L. Reynolds BA, University of Michigan
Sasha B. Rieders BS, Haverford College AM, Columbia University
Jason C. Robbins BS, Tulane University
Omar Osbourne Rogers BA, University of the West Indies
Stephanie E. Romano BA, University of Michigan
Spencer V. Rosenbaum BA, Brigham Young University
Max Lavit Rosenberg BA, Fordham University
Natalie M. Rosenberg BA, University of California-San Diego
Barry I. Rosenhouse BA, Emory University
Paul S. Roslyn BA, Rice University
Yulia Rubin BS, Yeshiva University
Maria Rubinos BA, Columbia University
Jody E. Saltzman BFA, New York University
Marianna E. Salz BA, New York University
Joshua B. Sandberg BA, University of Michigan
David H. Sandler BA, Columbia University
Liza V. Schaeffer BA, University of Virginia
Jonathan J. Scheinberg BA, University of Pennsylvania
Stephanie Schloss BA, Yeshiva University
Bree M. Schonbrun BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Dana L. Schuessler BS, University of Florida
Dennis Z. Schwartz BA, University of Florida
Stephen E. Schwartz BA, Rutgers University
Robert Seigal BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Darren R. Seilback BA, SUNY-Binghamton .
Jessica Selinkoff BA, Brandeis University
Madeleine Severin BA, Sarah Lawrence College
Alissa N. Shapiro BA, George Washington University
Michael J. Shep pea rd BS, Eastern Kentucky University
Michael P. Sheridan BA, Syracuse University
Timothy S. Shin BA, University of Southern California
Andrew W. Shiue BA, Ohio State University
Kami\ Shoikhetbrod BA, SUNY-Buffalo
David S. Shor BA, Yeshiva University
Estee Forspan Shor BA, CUNY-Queens College
David Dov Shteingart BA, SUNY-Binghamton
David R. Shyer BA, University of Michigan
Karen C. Sinai AB, Washington University
Jaime A. Sinrich BS, SUNY-Binghamton
Dara R. Smal l BA, Barnard College, Columbia University
Susan L. Smollens BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Susie C. Sohn BA, MA, Cornell University MA, University of Notre Dame
Matthew J. Solow BS, Cornell University
Boris M. Sominsky BSC, Santa Clara University
Jonathan M. Spiegel BA, Skidmore College
Shannon J. Stallings BA, Emory University
Paulina Angela Stamatelos BA, Barnard College, Columbia University
Eric M. Stein BS, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Shoshana R. Stein BA, Brandeis University
Cara G. Sterman BS, Cornell University
Avery P. Strickoff BA, CUNY-Queens College
Elizabeth S. Strott BA, Duke University
Joshua Summers BA, Yeshiva University
Jenna M. Sunderland Barresi BA, College of New Rochelle
Joanna L. Swyers BA, Wittenberg University
Steven E. Sykes BA, Colgate University
Ben W. Taylor BA, Reed College
Chelsea W. Teachout BA, Otago University-New Zealand
Steven Tishco BA, University of Maryland
Jordan D. Tolman BA, University of Pennsylvania
Margaret E. Roca Tomkins BS, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Daniel T. Totillo BA, Ohio State University
Pamela N. Troy BBA, Hofstra University
Anthony M. Truchard BA, University of California-Santa Barbara
Amy H. Tsai BCOM, University of British Columbia
Amy C. Tucci BA, Brown University
Sou lafreda Va lass is BA, Trinity College
Beth M. Va love BA, Tufts University
J. Gibson Verkuil BA, New York University
Roopesh Vijayan BS, New York University
Joseph Villani BA, SUNY-Binghamton
Michelle K. Waller BA, University of Wisconsin
Phillip H. Wang BA, University of Pennsylvania
Joshua L. Warren BS, Cornell University
Lionel D. Warshauer BA, Haverford College
Kevin B. Waterson BA, University of California-Santa Barbara
Evan M. Wegrzyn BA, SUNY-Stony Brook
Brian S. Weiss BS, SUNY-Binghamton
Gregory S. Weiss BA, George Washington University
Ilyssa Jill Wellikoff BS, University of Florida
Frederick L. Wesner BS, University of Wisconsin
Degree Candidates
Pamela J. Wessmann BFA, New York University
Al li son S. Wexler BA, Amherst College
Kenneth E. Widerka
Amanda L. Wolfe BA, Tulane University
Matthew B. Wolin BA, Indiana University
Jason T. Yang BA, Columbia University
Peter Thomas Young BA, New York University
Mark D. Yudell BA, Pennsylvania State University
Caryn F. Yukelson BS, Cornell University
Samantha R. Zenack BA, University of California-Santa Cruz
Abiga il R. Zucker BA, Emory University
Awards and Honors
FACULTY AWARDS
Felix Frankfurter Award
Ian M. Dumain
Louis Henkin Award (LLM)
Alexander M. Haag
Dr. Samuel Belkin Award
Michelle K. Waller
John D. Appel Award
Craig A. Hanlon
Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award- Best Written Work for Publication
Allison S. Wexler
Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Written Work for Civil Advocacy
Evan R. Drachman
Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Written Work for Criminal Justice
Jonathan F. Lenzner
Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Course/Independent Research Paper
Ian M. Dumain
Distinguished Performance in the LLM Program
Gary Morris Emmanuel Susan J. Latham Elodie Si liart
Archie A. Garfinkel Award
Bree M. Schonbrun
Jonathan A. Weiss Award for Public Interest Law
Rachael S. Kafrissen
Charles Ballon Writing Award
Susan J. Latham
Steven Eric Tanenbaum Leadership Award
Michael P. Glasser
New York State Bar Association Law Student Legal Ethics Award
Gerald M. Cohen
Stanley H. Beckerman Public Interest Award
Olga Giller
National Association of Women Lawyers Award for Outstanding Graduate
Joni H. Kletter
Andrew S. Zucker Award
Tai E. Dickstein
ALI-ABA Scholarship and Leadership Award
Meir D. Katz
Cardozo Service & Achievement Awards
Angela M. Angel Michele A. Filorimo Dwayne A. Hamblin Steven J. Huntzinger Avi B. Israeli Vivek Jayaram Melissa S. Kho Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer Joshua L. Warren
Monrad Paulsen Award
Earle I. Mack
JACOB BURNS MEDALS
Outstanding Contribution to the Law School
Clymer D. Bardsley Montgomery E. Engel Olga Giller Michael P. Glasser Carolyn J. Horan Vivek Jayaram Meir D. Katz Joni H. Kletter David A. Kochman Seth H. Lieberman Liza V. Schaeffer Stephen E. Schwartz Amy H. Tsai Abigail R. Zucker
ORDER OF THE BARRISTERS For Moot Court Performance
Jennifer H. Bernstein Ke lly R. Camamis Gerald M. Cohen Travis M. Harper Vivek Jayaram Joni H. Kletter Matthew R. Maron Shu lamis Peltz David H. Sandler Shannon J. Sta lli ngs
HEYMAN SCHOLARS Elissa R. Aaronson Oren Bechor Michael W. Cavino Craig A. Hanlon Ilana Faith Kameros Cha lfin John W. Kirk land Daina Clare Borteck Allison S. Wexler
CLERKSHIPS
US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Allison S. Wexler
District of Columbia, Court of Appeals
Seth A. Grossman
US District Court, Eastern District of New York
Joni H. Kletter
US District Court, Northern District of New York
Steven J. Huntzinger
US District Court, Southern District of New York
Peter L. Giunta Jodi B. Leibowitz Michelle K. Waller
US District Court, District of New Jersey
Timothy M. Bogen Daina Clare Borteck
US Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Alabama
Eric M. Stein
Montana State Supreme Court
Anna S. Peckham
Supreme Court of Texas
Elliot M. Gardner
Connecticut Superior Court
Miriam Cheryl Grossman
New Jersey Superior Court
Andrew J. Chamberlain Michele A. Filorimo Michelle A. Miller
Tax Court of New Jersey
Jody E. Saltzman Stephen E. Schwartz
New York State Unified Court System
Ange la M. Angel Matthew R. Maron
Supreme Court of Israel
Or.en Bechor
CERTIFICATE IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION Angela M. Angel Cara M. Cardina le Andrew R. GraBois Philip Z. Kimba ll Luz Laulo Seth H. Lieberman Marisa D. Mercandetti Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer Barry I. Rosenhouse Darren R. Seilback Susie C. Sohn Kenneth E. Widerka
Awards and Honors
CARDOZO LAW REVIEW Third-Year Students
Meir D. Katz Editor-in-Chief
Ian M. Dumain Executive Editor
Meridith H. Bogart Managing Editor
Andrew E. Borteck Seth A. Grossman Jodi B. Leibowitz Bree M. Schonbrun Notes Editors
Steven J. Huntzinger Administrative Editor
Sheryl L. Calabro Taryn L. Reynolds Ilana Faith Kameros Chalfin Jonathan T. Koevary Sasha B. Rieders Madeleine Severin Supervising Editors
Peter H. Hanna Avi B. Israeli Benjamin Lowin Amitab M. Mukerjee Chelsea W. Teachout Allison S. Wexler Articles Editors
Peter L. Giunta Production Editor
Gregory S. Weiss Submissions Editor
Michelle K. Waller Symposia Editor
Elliot M. Gardner Book Note Editor
Matthew H. Behrens Jeremy J. Beyda Daina Clare Borteck Tai E. Dickstein Mark E. Dumas Rachel T. Marks Paula L. Miller Natalie M. Rosenberg Yulia Rubin Dana L. Schuessler Cara G. Sterman Staffers
CARDOZO ARTS &
ENTERTAINMENT LAW JOURNAL Third-Year Students
Michael P. Glasser Editor-in-Chief
Paul S. Roslyn Managing Editor
Amy H. Tsai Executive Editor
Sarah E. Barrows Eldar Mayouhas Acquisitions Editors
Connie L. Chen Alexandra B. McTague Karen C. Sinai Production Editors
Deena Y. Abel Internet Editor
Julia A. Fuld John W. Kirkland Liezl Irene Q. Pangilinan Notes and Comments Editors
Michele A. Filorimo Deborah Murad StuartJ . Riemer Symposia Editors
Gillian B. Dinstein Allison Brooke Kochman Jaime A. Sinrich Susie C. Sohn Joseph Villani Articles Editors
Howard A. Freeman Miriam Cheryl Grossman Ally Hack Matthew J. Solow Staffers
CARDOZO WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL Third-Year Students
Olga Giller Editor-in-Chief
Elissa R. Aaronson Jody E. Saltzman Senior Managing Editors
Jessie K. Reider Executive Editor
Natalie S. Marcus Articles Editor
Tamar Goldstein Daniel S. Peretz Stephen E. Schwartz Managing Editors
Emily D. Goldberg Karen M. Praport Dara R. Small Notes and Comments Editors
Andrew T. Binstock Lyonel Jean-Pierre, Jr. Stephen P. Murray Annotations Editors
Jennifer S. Frank Symposia Editor
Jessica H. Levine Production Editor
Raphael S. Berlin Margaret E. Roca Tomkins Staffers
CARDOZO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Third-Year Students
Montgomery E. Engel Editor-in-Chief
Mark I. Bernstein Jonathan F. Lenzner Executive Editors
Erik P. Raines Managing Editor
Roy Fenichel Greta Ravitsky Phillip H. Wang Senior Articles Editors
Sharon J. Hirsch Steven E. Sykes Notes and Comments Editors
Lauren J. Gold berg Production Editor
Nayoung Kim Subscriptions Editor
Lorelei Boylan Daniel Feinman Michael N. Fleischman Daniel A. Pearlman Steven Tishco Articles Editors
Jonathan A. Danziger Hara A. Robrish Symposia Editors
Alexey Bakman Aliza J. Ganz Avi M. Pei son David Dov Shteingart Staffers
Awards and Honors
CARDOZO JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Third-Year Students
Seth H. Lieberman Editor-in-Chief
David C. Althoff Lionel D. Warshauer Executive Editors
Lauren E. Friedman Managing Editor
Pamela N. Troy Symposia Editor
Ilyssa Jill Wellikoff Senior Articles Editor
Masahiro Noda Senior Internet Editor
Brooke S. Causanchi Anthony M. Musillami Benjamin A. Reynolds Joshua B. Sandberg Articles Editors
Craig A. Hanlon Senior Notes Editor
James H. Allert Stephanie F. Berman Jordana L. Fishman Shira J. Lyons Notes Editors
Michael J. Sheppeard Jonathan J. Schein berg Digital Copy Editors
Andrew R. GraBois Kaanji L. Irby Philip Z. Kimball Associate Editors
CARDOZO PUBLIC LAW, POLICY, AND ETHICS JOURNAL Third-Year Students
Clymer D. Bardsley Editor-in-Chief
Abigail R. Zucker Managing Editor
Emily Beth Compton Katrina M. Giedt Executive Editors
Jared G. Dokovna David R. Shyer Supervising Editors
Waleed S. Diab Kurt D. Mundorff Notes and Comments Editors
Cristina Cruz Menachem Kaplan Sarah E. Mathison Articles Editors
David A. Kochman Caryn F. Yukelson Symposia Editors
Rachael S. Kafrissen Circulations Editor
Evan M. Wegryzn Production Editor
Abraham M. Muchnick Internet Editor
MOOT COURT HONOR SOCIETY Third-Year Students
Vivek Jayaram Editor-in-Chief
Jennifer H. Bernstein Competitions Editor
David H. Sandler Managing Editor
Matthew R. Maron Executive Teams Editor
Kelly R. Camamis Jennifer R. Levy Daniel R. Gati Yael Mizrahi Memorandum of Law Editors
Christina S. Monteiro Shannon J. Stallings National Team Oralists
Gerald M. Cohen National Team Editor
Andrew J. Chamberlain Leor J. Kaplan Marisa D. Mercandetti Soulafreda Valassis Brisette Gantt Joni H. Kletter Shulamis Peltz Travis M. Harper Joshua Jacob Kunis Liza V. Schaeffer Dina M. Kameros Danielle R. Mendolsohn Avery P. Strickoff Editorial Board
Angela M. Angel Maite Martinez Staffers
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
ADMINISTRATION
David Rudenstine , JD Dean
Laura E. Cunningham, JD, LLM Senior Associate Dean
Matthew S. Levine, MBA Associate Dean for Business Affairs
Robert L. Schwartz, JD Associate Dean for Admissions
Arthur F. Fama, Jr., JD Assistant Dean for Career Services
Judith Mender, JD Assistant Dean for Student Services
Lynn Wishart, AM LS, JD Director, Dr. Lillian and Or. Rebecca Chutick Law Library
Barbara Birch , MBA Director, Alumni Affairs
Susan L. Davis, MA Director, Communications and Public Affairs
Toni M. Fine, JD Director, Graduate and International Programs
Amy Gillenson, MA Director, Development
Leslie S. Newman, MA, JD Director, Legal Writing Program
Jeanne Widerka, JD Director, Admissions
Isabel K. Balson , MA Associate Registrar
Tom Curtin, BA Associate Director, Student Finance
Lee Bollinger, JD, LLM Executive Director, Intellectual
Property Law Program
FACULTY
Paris R. Baldacci Clinical Professor of Law and Supervising Attorney, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic
BA, 1965, University of Scranton PhD, 1974, Marquette University JD , 1978, CUNY Law School
Barton Beebe Assistant Professor of Law
BA, 1992, University of Chicago PhD, 1998, Princeton University JD, 2000, Yale University
J. David Bleich Herbert and Florence Tenzer Professor of Jewish Law and Ethics
BA, 1960, Brooklyn College MA, 1968, Columbia University PhD, 1974, New York University
Lester Brickman Professor of Law
BS, 1961 , Carnegie-Mel lon University JD, 1964, University of Florida LLM, 1965, Yale University
David Gray Carlson Professor of Law
BA, 1974, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara JD, 1977, University of California-Hastings
Daniel A. Crane Assistant Professor of Law
BA, 1991, Wheaton College JD, 1996, University of Chicago
Susan P. Crawford Assistant Professor of Law
BA, 1984; JD, 1989, Yale University
Laura E. Cunningham Professor of Law
BS, 1977, University of California-Davis JD, 1980, University of California-Hastings LLM, 1988, New York University
Edward de Grazia Professor of Law
BA, 1948; JD, 1951, University of Chicago
Mitchell L. Engler Associate Professor of Law
BA, 1987; JD, 1990; LLM, 1991 , New York University
Toni M. Fine Lecturer in Law
BA, 1983, Harpur College , SUNYBinghamton JD, 1986, Duke University
E. Nathaniel Gates Professor of Law
BA, 1978; JD, 1987, Yale University
Myriam Gilles Associate Professor of Law
BA, 1993, Harvard College JD, 1996, Yale University
Toby Golick Clinical Professor of Law, Director of Clinical Legal Education, and Director, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic
BA, 1966, Barnard College JD, 1969, Columbia University
Peter Goodrich Professor of Law
LLB , 1975, University of Sheffield PhD, 1984, University of Edinburgh
Minasse Haile Professor of Law
BA, 1950, University of Wisconsin JD, 1954; MA, 1957; PhD, 1961, Columbia University
Malvina Halberstam Professor of Law
BA, 1957, Brooklyn College JD, 1961; MIA, 1964, Columbia University
Marci A. Hamilton Paul R. Verkuil Chair in Public Law and Director, Intellectual Property Program
BA, 1979, Vanderbi lt University MA, 1982; MA, 1984, Pennsylvania State University JD, 1988, University of Pennsylvania
Eva H. Hanks Dr. Samuel Belkin Professor of Law and Society
Referendar, 1951, Freie Universitat Berlin, Faculty of Law LLB , 1960, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles LLM , 1962; JSD, 1969, Columbia University
John L. Hanks Professor of Law
BS, 1966; JD, 1968, Rutgers University MA, LLM , 1972, Columbia University
Michael Eri c Herz Professor of Law
BA, 1979, Swarthmore College JD, 1982, University of Chicago
Justin Hughes Assistant Professor of Law
BA, 1982, Oberlin College JD, 1986, Harvard University
Kyron James Huigens Professor of Law
AB, 1981 , Washington University JD, 1984, Cornell University
Arthur J. Jacobson Max Freund Professor of Litigation and Advocacy
BA, 1969; JD, 1974; PhD, 1978, Harvard University
Melanie Leslie Professor of Law and Co-Director, Progam for Family Law, Policy, and Bioethics
BA, 1983, University of Oregon JD, 1991, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University
Lela Porter Love Professor of Law and Director, Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution and Mediation Clinic
BA, 1973, Harvard University MEd, 1975, Virginia Commonwealth University JD, 1979, Georgetown University
Peter Lushing Professor of Law
BA, 1962, LLB , 1965, Columbia University
Leslie S. Newman Professor of Law and Director, Legal Writing
AB, MA, 1975, Brown University JD, 1978, Boston University
Jonathan H. Oberman Clinical Professor of Law
BA, 1974; MA , 1976; MPhil, 1979, Columbia University JD, 1982, Northeastern School of Law
Monroe E. Price Joseph and Sadie Oanciger Professor of Law and Director, Howard M. Squadron Program in Law, Media and Society
BA, 1960; LLB , 1964, Yale University
Michel Rosenfeld Justice Sydney L. Robins Professor of Human Rights and Co-Director, Floersheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy
BA, 1969; MA, 1971; MPhil, 1978; PhD, 1991, Columbia University JD, 1974, Northwestern University
David Rudenstine Or. Herman George and Kate Kaiser Professor of Constitutional Law
BA, 1963; MAT, 1965, Yale University JD, 1969, New York University
Leslie Salzman Clinical Professor of Law and Supervising Attorney, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic
BA, 1978, Tufts University JD, 1981, New York University
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Barry C. Scheck Professor of Law and Co-Director, Innocence Project
BS, 1971 , Yale University JD, MCP, 1974, University of CaliforniaBerkeley
Jeanne L. Schroeder Professor of Law
BA, 1975, Williams College JD, 1978, Stanford University
William Schwartz University Professor of Law
AA, 1952; JD, 1955; AM, 1960, Boston University LHD, 1996, Hebrew Col lege LHD, 1998, Yeshiva University
Scott J. Shapiro Professor of Law
BA, 1987; MPhil, 1992; PhD, 1996, Columbia University JD, 1990, Yale University
Pau l M. Shupack Professor of Law
AB, 1961 , Columbia Un iversity JD, 1970, University of Chicago
Jonathan L.F. Silver Professor of Law
BA, 1969, Yale University JD, 1973, University of Pennsylvania
Kevin M. Stack Assistant Professor of Law
BA, 1991, Brown University MLitt, 1996, University of Oxford JD, 1997, Yale University
Edward Stein Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director, Program for Family Law, Policr, and Bioethics
BA, 1987, Wil liams College PhD, 1992, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JD, 2000, Yale University
Stewart E. Sterk H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law
BA, 1973; JD, 1976, Columbia University
Martin J. Stone Professor of Law
BA, 1982, Brandeis University JD, 1985, Yale University BPhil, 1988, Oxford University PhD, 1996 Harvard University
Suzanne Last Stone Professor of Law
BA, 1974, Princeton University JD, 1978, Columbia University
Peter Tillers Professor of Law
BA, 1966, Yale University JD, 1969; LLM, 1972, Harvard University
Pau l R. Verkui l Professor of Law
AB, 1961, College of Wi lliam and Mary LLB, 1967, University of Virginia MA, 1971 , New School for Social Research LLM , 1969; JSD, 1972, New York University
Richard H. Weisberg Walter Floersheimer Professor of Constitutional Law and Co-Director, Floersheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy
BA, 1965, Brandeis University PhD, 1970, Cornell University JD, 1974, Columbia University
Lynn Wishart Professor of Legal Research and Director, Dr. Lillian and Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library
AB, 1969, West Virginia University AMLS, 1971, University of Michigan JD, 1977, Washington University
Charles M. Yablon Professor of Law and Director, The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance
BA, 1972, Columbia University JD, 1975, Yale University
El len C. Yaroshefsky Clinical Professor of Law
BA, 1969; JD, 1975, Rutgers University
Edward A. Zelinsky Professor of Law
BA, 1972; MA, JD, 1975; MPhil , 1978, Yale University
VISITING FACULTY
Richard A. Bierschbach Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, 2003-04
BA, 1994; JD, 1997, University of Michigan
David L. Franklin Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, 2003-04
BA, 1990, Yale College JD, 1997, University of Chicago Law School
Uriel Procaccia Visiting Professor of Law, Fall 2003
LLB, 1967; LLM , 1969, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem SJD, 1972, University of Pennsylvania
Renata Salecl Visiting Professor of Law, Spring 2004
BA, 1986; MA, 1988; PhD, 1991 , University of Ljubljana
Alex Stein Visiting Professor of Law, 2003-04
LLB, 1983; LLM, 1987, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem PhD, 1990, University of London
Frank M. Tuerkheimer Visiting Professor of Law, Spring 2004
BA, 1960, Columbia College LLB, 1963, New York University
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
ADJUNCT FACULTY LEGAL WRITING INSTRUCTORS
Harold Abramson Burton N. Lipshie David Axinn
Wayne Alpern Arthur S. Linker David Battat
Michael A. Bamberger Susan Mackenzie Marshall B. Bellovin
Roger J. Baneman Nancy Marks Sarah Berger
Simeon H. Baum Kenneth Mccallion Maureen Dwyer
Roger Berkowitz Howard McCormack Ralph Fabrizio
Andrew S. Berkman Robert A. Meister David Feuerstein
Paul Bloom Matthew Morreale Robert Hammer
Blaine H. Bartnick Stanley Neustadter Julie A. Interdonato
David Bowker Raymond W. Patterson William Jaffe
Morris E. Cohen Judge Andrew J. Peck Randal Jeffrey
Robert Collins Arnold H. Pedowitz David Jonathan Katz
Alvin Deutsch Curtis Pew Michael Krauss
Frank S. DiGiglio Eric Rayman Caroline Levy
Bennett Ellenbogen Kenneth Rivlin Burton N. Lipshie
Yassin EI-Ayouty Robert M. Rosh Ann M. Lipton
Inna Fayenson Malcolm Ross Ross Morrison
Maranda E. Fritz Michael Ross Leslie Newman
GaryJ . Galperin Lucille Roussin Lawrence D. Norden
Elizabeth S. Goldman Ben Rubinowitz Vincent O'Reilly
Jeffrey Haas Frank J. Scardilli Michael Pantazakos
Zvi Hahn Daniel Shapiro Kevin E. Pogue
Joelle Halperin Daniel Silverman Mae C. Quinn
Gary T. Holtzer Peter L. Skolnik Devin A. Rice
Moshe Horn Carlton Smith Leonard Ritz
Mark lzeman Leslie Srager Michelle Roth-Parker
James Kornbluh Charles J. Tejada Michael S. Schreiber
David Korzenik Jonathan Todres Jolie Schwell
Carolyn Kubitschek Evan Torgen Joel Shafferman
Michael Lang John E. Tsavaris Cynthia Sheps
Jeffrey I.D . Lewis Daniel M. Weitz Joyce Shulman
Rosalind Lichter Leon Wildes Olga Statz
Alan Wolf Danielle Gentin Stock
Daniel J. Young Alan Weiler
. Hadassah Weiner
David Wirtz
Russell M. Yankwitt
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Kathryn 0. Greenberg Chairman
Earle I. Mack Chairman Emeritus
Mark S. Lieberman Rachel L. Warren Vice Chairmen
Barry A. Shenkman Treasurer
Ronnie Heyman Secretary
Harvey R. Blau
Leon H. Charney
Hon . Sandra J. Feuerstein
Morris Goldfarb
Shimmie Horn
E. Billi lvry
Richard M. Joel
Stephen Judlowe
Nate Kacew
Steven W. Katz
Ira Kukin
Jonathan Kukin
Hon. Frank R. Lautenberg
Thomas H. Lee
Jeffrey H. Loria
Lawrence Ruben
Stephen J. Schulte
James E. Schwalbe
Stephen B. Siegel
Sheldon H. Solow
Ronald P. Stanton
Bonnie Steingart
Terence A. Todman, Jr.
Stephen A. Weiss
Honorary Directors
Joseph Appleman
Louis Henkin
Samuel J. Heyman
Edgar J. Nathan Ill
Romie Shapiro
COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Peter L. Ferrara, MA Chairman
Judith B. Bacher, MA
Isabel Balson , MA
Barbara Birch, MBA
Paulette Crowther, BA
Susan L. Davis, MA
Arthur F. Fama, Jr., JD
Toni M. Fine, JD
Amy Gaudet, MA
Matthew Levine, MBA
Ilene Mates, MPA
Judy Mender, JD
Robert L. Schwartz, JD
Lynn Wishart, JD
FACULTY MARSHALS
Michael Eric Herz, JD Head Marshal
Paris R. Baldacci, PhD
Richard A. Bierschbach, JD
Toni M. Fine, JD
Myriam Gilles, JD
Marci A. Hamilton, JD
Justin Hughes, JD
Kyron James Huigens, JD
Arthur J. Jacobson , PhD
Melanie Leslie, JD
Burton N. Lipshie, LLB
Lela Porter Love, JD
Leslie Salzman, JD
Stewart E. Sterk, JD
Lynn Wishart, JD
Ellen C. Yaroshefsky, JD
Yeshiva University
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Ronald P. Stanton Chairman
David S. Gottesman
Robert M. Beren Chairmen Emeriti
Ira Kukin Vice Chairman
Sy Syms Vice Chairman
Morry Weiss Vice Chairman
Ludwig Bravmann Vice Chairman
Bernard L. Madoff Treasurer
Burton P. Resnick Chairman Executive Committee
David J. Azrieli
Jayne G. Beker
Jack A. Belz
Julius Berman
Marvin S. Bienenfeld
Marjorie Diener Blenden
SenderZ. Cohen
David Eshaghian
Jeffrey J. Feil
Aaron Feuerstein
Felix L. Glaubach
Alan E. Goldberg
Fanya Gottesfeld-Heller
Kathryn 0. Greenberg
Ronnie Heyman
Lance L. Hirt
E. Billi lvry
Michael Jesselson
Richard M. Joel
Marcos D. Katz
Mordecai D. Katz
Norman Lamm
Earle I. Mack
J. Ezra Merkin
Joshua L. Muss
Vivian Glueck Rosenberg
David I. Schachne
Jay Schottenstein
Irwin Shapiro
Moshael J. Straus
Joseph Wilf
David Yagoda
Honorary Trustees
S. Daniel Abraham
Hal H. Beretz
Samson Bitensky
J. Morton Davis
Eugene Ferkauf
Gerald Furst
Jacob E. Goldman
Emanuel Gruss
Joseph Segal
Marty Silverman
Elie Wiesel
Jay H. Zises
ADMINISTRATION
Richard M. Joel , JD President
Norman Lamm, PhD Chancellor
Hillel Davis, PhD Vice President for University Life
Herbert C. Dobrinsky, EdD Vice President for University Affairs
Daniel T. Forman, MS Vice President for Development
Morton Lowengrub, PhD Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dominick P. Purpura, MD Vice President for Medical Affairs
Sheldon E. Socol , JD Vice President for Business Affairs
Martin H. Bockstein , LLB General Counsel
Peter L. Ferrara, MA Director of Communications and Public Affairs
Edward P. Fox, MBA Deputy to the President
The Academic Procession
AN HISTORICAL SKETCH BY THE LATE PROFESSOR MORRIS SILVERMAN, UNIVERSITY REGISTRAR
Since colonial times, American
colleges and universities have held
annua l graduation ceremonies
known as commencement exercises.
While their nature has changed a
great deal over the past three
centuries, they have always featured
the academic procession, in which
the graduates, faculty, and
administration march to the
scene of the exercise.
Traditional ly, graduates receiving the
lowest degrees march first (after the
marshal), followed by those receiving
higher degrees in the order of
importance of the degree; then
come the faculty, and here, too,
those of highest rank march last; last
come the administrative officers,
board of trustees, and recipients of
honorary degrees, the president and
chairman of the board at the end.
Degrees are awarded in the order of
the procession . At the recessional
closing of the exercises, participants
withdraw in reverse order; the
president marches first (after the
marsha l), and the recipients of the
lowest degrees march last.
The persons in charge of ceremonies
at the commencement exercises are
called the marsha ls. As symbols of
their authority, they carry batons,
which are descendants of the war
clubs carried by the original
marshals, who were military officials.
At Yeshiva University, the Chief
Marshal carries a silver mace, a gift
to the university from the late Stanley
E. Stern, its friend and supporter,
and the other marshals carry silver
batons or wear gold epaulets.
The most colorful feature of the
procession is the academic attire
worn by all participants. A direct
survival from medieval days, the
costume originated about the twelfth
century, when almost everyone wore
long flowing robes with hoods even
indoors, as protection against the
cold. Persons of different social
standing and occupation were
distinguished by the shape and color
of their robes and hoods; university
students and graduates, therefore,
also were awarded special attire.
In 1895, an intercollegiate
commission established a uniform
academic costume system for
American col leges and universities.
This code has been reviewed and
amended periodically by the
American Counci l on Education.
Principal features of the standard
academic dress are the gown, the
cap, and the hood. The gown is
black for all degrees. Bachelor's
gowns have long pointed sleeves;
Master's have either long sleeves,
square and closed at the bottom
with slits near the elbows through
which the arms are placed, or
oblong sleeves, open at the wrist;
and Doctor's gowns have round
open sleeves. For the Bachelor's
and Master's degrees, the gown has
no trimmings; for the Doctor's
degree, it is faced down the front
with velvet and has three bars of
velvet across the sleeves, either in
black or the color of the hood's
border.
The square cap is known as a
mortarboard and is black for all
degrees. The tassel is gold for the
Doctor's degree and black for all
others. At Yeshiva University
commencements, the tassel is worn
on the right side by candidates for
the Bachelor's degree unti l the
degree is conferred, when it is
moved to the left. Those receiving
higher degrees wear it at the left
throughout the exercises, since
they have already received a
Bachelor's degree.
The hood is also black, but its
shape, trim, and lining vary to show
the level of the degree, the subject
of the degree, and the school
conferring it. In medieval times
hoods were worn over the head in
bad weather, but they are now
thrown over the shoulders. Those
receiving Bachelor's degrees wear
no hoods; Master's hoods are three
and one-ha lf feet long; and Doctor's
hoods are four feet, with added
panels at the sides. (Those with
Bachelor's degrees who are not
members of the graduating class
may wear a hood three feet long.)
The trim or binding of the hood is
velvet, and the higher the degree the
wider the trimming. The color
indicates the subject of the degree.
Colors most frequently seen at
Yeshiva University commencements
are white, for arts, letters, and
humanities (such as Master of Arts);
ye llow, for science (Bachelor of
Science and Master of Science);
citron, social work (Master of Social
Work); dark blue, philosophy (Doctor
of Philosophy); light blue, education
(Doctor of Education); scarlet,
theology (Doctor of Divinity); green,
medicine (Doctor of Medicine); and
purple, law (Juris Doctor). Many of
these colors have symbolic
meanings. For example, white
stands for the purity of the liberal
arts, yellow for the golden wealth
which scientific research has
brought to the world, scarlet for the
burning zeal of the dedicated
clergyman, and green for the
medicinal herbs of the physician.
The lining of the hood shows the
institution conferring the degree. If a
school has two offic ial co lors, it may
use one or divide them in a variety of
ways. Yeshiva University's co lors are
blue and white , and we use a solid,
light blue hood lining. To distinguish
them, the President and the Chief
Marshal wear special robes.
Participants who are not in the
graduating class-faculty,
administration, etc.-wear costum es
indicating their alma maters and
highest academic attainments. This
diversity, blending with the more
uniform appearance of the
graduates, affords added beauty to
the commencement scene.
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