towards carbon neutrality: hsbc partnership in environmental innovation
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1
CRedcarbon reduction
Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Partnership in
Environmental Innovation
Newcastle: November 23rd 2006
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvEnergy Science Director:HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
School of Environmental Sciences
CRed
Decarbonising Culture
2
CRedcarbon reduction
Issues to consider
Education
Technical
Management
Cultural Behavioural
Economic
LegislativePolitical
Climate
Resources
Geology
Earth Systems CO2
today
3
CRedcarbon reduction
The Climate Dimension
Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960
Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960.
Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6.
To a safari suite ~ 0.5.
Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment.
Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot.
Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2004
Heating
Cooling
Index 1960 = 100
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CRedcarbon reduction
• Car: 5 door Toyota Yaris
• Real performance is best at ~ 50 mph. Saves up to 15% in fuel consumption cf 70 mph.
• Driver 1 has a fuel consumption 8% higher over mid range of speeds
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Average Speed (mph)
(m
pg)
Driver 1
Driver 2
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0.5
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1.5
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3.5
4
02/Jun 22/Jun 12/Jul 01/Aug 21/Aug 10/Sep 30/Sep
km/lt
r
Driver 1
Driver 2
Driver behaviour trials at Banham Poultry
• Driver behaviour affects performance• Driver 2 uses 13.8% more fuel
The Transport Dimension: Behavioural Issues
Yaris: Journey Norwich to Newcastle & return
Driver 2 would save ~ 10+% or 4+ litres of petrol
Extra time per journey < 20 minutes
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CRedcarbon reduction
• Distance each tonne has travelled has increased by:– 223% since 1960– 20% since 1990
• Is this increase in movement of freight conducive to optimum economic growth, energy security, and carbon reduction?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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100
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003
Tran
spor
t of g
oods
km
/tonn
e
Car travel (2004 statistics):• 679 billion passenger kilometres• 398 billion vehicle kilometres
Average occupancy 1.71. (cf 1.81 in 1980)
Raising occupancy to 1980 level would save 3.71 Mtonnes CO2
Raising occupancy to 2 would save 9.9 Mtonnes CO2
The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues
www.liftshare.com
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CRedcarbon reduction
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
annual car distance (km)
tota
l ann
ual d
ista
nce
(km
)
UK
D
More use of car > more total distance travelled.
Greater distance by train > greater use of car.
Compare UK with Germany
switch UK car journeys to public transport at German levels. CO2 saving by train 1.01 M tonnes CO2 saving by bus 0.74 M tonnesReducing mobility desire 9.22 M tonnesSuggests overriding issue is increased desire for mobility in UK
rather than significant switching of mode of transport.
8000
8500
9000
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11000
600 700 800 900 1000
train distance (km)
car
dist
ance
(km
)
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UK
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7000
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9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Train distance (km)
Car
dis
tan
ce (
km
)
D
UK
The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues Personal Mobility: Does Public Transport reduce car travel?
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CRedcarbon reduction
Providing Public with more information
• Impact of carbon emissions
• Petrol receipt from Denmark
• Individuals often go for budget airlines for the cheap weekend break in Europe. Is this rational?
• e.g. Paris for weekend break
29th Sept - 2nd Oct 27th Oct - 30th Oct
BMIBaby EasyJet Eurostar BMIBaby EasyJet Eurostar
Return Tickets £95.00 £86.18 £124.00 £9.00 £56.58 £79.00
Airport Taxes £55.20 £14.50 £55.20 £14.50
London>Airport £8.00 £22.40 £8.00 £22.40
CDG > Gare du Nord £13.00 £13.00 £13.00 £13.00
Total £171.20 £136.08 £124.00 £85.20 £106.48 £79.00
Total Time 04:05 04:15 03:00 04:05 04:15 03:00
Prices as per respective WEB Sites on 19th Sept. 2006
The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues
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CRedcarbon reduction
air, 11.92 tonnes
car, 1.08 tonnes
train, 0.78 tonnes
other, 0.12 tonnes
air
train
car
other
• Analysis of Journeys made by Researchers in School of Environmental Sciences (November 2005).
• Total accountable travel (Nov 2005) = 127326 km
Total accountable CO2
(Nov 2005) = 13.93 t
For UEA for whole year ~ 1335 t Alternative estimate ~ 1424 t
air, 93842 km
train, 26134 km
other, 1364 km
car, 5985 km
air
train
car
other
The Transport Dimension: UEA’s performance
9
• Should University be debited with Gross Emission or Incremental Emission?
• Example - Journey Norwich to London
– By car ~ 31 kg CO2
– A train consumes 2600kWh and emits 1350 kg CO2
– With average passenger loading > 6.9 kg per passenger
» a saving of 24.1kg?
• But train still runs and if journey is not made reduction in CO2 emitted for the journey is 0.44kg
– i.e. the true saving from choice for UEA is 31 – 0.44 or 30.5 kg
• Who should account for public transport emissions?
• Should an organisation merely be debited with the incremental Emission
• What are the boundaries?
The Transport Dimension: Accounting Issues
Society as a whole???
10
0
5000
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15000
20000
25000
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
tonn
es C
O2
Gas Oil Imported Electricity
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
ton
nes
CO
2
• UEA is penalised under EU-ETS for generating its own electricity on site.
• Travel element based on survey in November 2005 of auditable travel. Assumes gross emission for train travel
Gas
Imported Electricity
UEA Carbon Dioxide emissions
Travel
11
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Hea
t Ene
rgy
(Mw
h)
Floor AreaClimateBaselineActual
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
Sav
ing
co
mp
ared
to
bu
sin
ess
as u
sual
• Heat Energy delivered increased by 16.5%
However• 2005 – 06 was 13.0% colder
than 2001 – 02• Floor area increased by
16.7% over period• Heating Energy consumption
per unit area normalised for climate reduced by 12% or 2.6% per annum
UEA Space Heating Energy Requirements 2001 - 2006
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CRedcarbon reduction
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000CHP
Import
Export
1999 - 00 2000 - 01 2001 - 02 2002 - 03 2003 - 04 2004 - 05
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
UEA Electricity Generation and Imports 2001 - 2006
0
1000
2000
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7000
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
ton
nes
CO
2
changes inemission factor
based on 1999emission factor
CO2 emissions from electricity imports
As fuel mix for generation has changed, CO2 emissions are even worse
Year runs from August - July
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1999_00 2000_01 2001_02 2002_03 2003_04 2004_05 2005_06
IMp
ort
ed
Ele
ctr
icit
y (
MW
H)
Baseline CHP difference heating difference
Sports Park personnel floor area
reduction from bau BAU Net Import
UEA Electricity Imports 2001 - 2006
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Loa
d F
acto
r
average
max
min
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
The Technical Dimension: Tackling Carbon Reduction in 2005 - 2006
• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP
• Provides most of chilling requirements in summer
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Estimated to save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
A 1 MW adsorption Chiller
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The Management Dimension:
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6000
0 100 200 300 400
Degree Days
Hea
t Req
uire
men
t (M
Wh)
• Good Management will analyse data and use bands to identify anomalous behaviour.
• Management Quality Index 1 – standard deviation/mean
0% - very poor control100% - perfect control
• UEA: Low amount of scatter Management Quality index: 88%
• Office in Norwich: 72%• Other Offices in East Anglia: 57%,
69%.
UEA Heat Demand
Office Building in Norwich
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0 100 200 300 400
Degree Days
Co
ns
um
pti
on
(k
Wh
)
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• Many facets need tackling on road to Carbon Reduction
• Technology alone will not be sufficient
A necessary and important first step
• Behavioural and Cultural Issues need to be addressed
• Methodological Issues relating to Boundaries exist in carbon accounting in many areas
• UEA has made strides by making noticeable reductions in carbon intensity, but continuation of effort is required.
Conclusions
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
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