towards a democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future

@KoljaKleinebergkajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com

Towards ademocratic, scalable, and sustainable

digital future

Kaj Kolja Kleineberg

When I was 13 years old...

56k modem... I got my first

now, less than 2 decades later...

online social network users2+ billion

internet users3+ billion

networked devices by 202050 billion

could lead to

Collective Intelligence

but also toMonopolies of Information

vision of our digital future.

We need a

democratic,scalable,

sustainable

We need a Democratic (diverse) Scalable (decentralized) Sustainable (robust) Digital Future

Self-organization of the digital world cancreate and sustain a desirable digital future

Democratic Scalable Sustainable

Digital diversity(no monopolies)

Efficient searchand navigation

Robust/resilient toperturbations

Decentralization(people in control)

Only rely on local knowledge

Ability to recover from losses

Digital ecology Geometry of multiplexes

Social Bitcoinincentive

Digital ecology: is digital diversitypossible?

Evolution of isolated online social networks unfoldson top of underlying social structure

Online social network layer

Traditional contactnetwork layer

ActiveOnline & offline

PassiveOnline & offlineSusceptibleOnly offline

Mass media activation Viral activation

Deactivation Viral reactivation

Digital ecosystem is formed by multiple networkscompeting for the attention of individuals

Underl.network

ActivePassiveSusceptible

Partial states}

Virality sharedistribution

between OSNsλi = ωi(ρ

Rich-get-richermore active

networks obtainhigher share

Here: ωi = [ρai ]σ/

∑j [ρ

aj ]σ

σ: activity affinity

Does rich-get-richer effect always lead to thedomination of a single network?

Digital ecosystem is formed by multiple networkscompeting for the attention of individuals

Underl.network

ActivePassiveSusceptible

Partial states}

Here: ωi = [ρai ]σ/

∑j [ρ

aj ]σ

σ: activity affinity

Does rich-get-richer effect always lead to thedomination of a single network?

Coexistence is possible in a certain parameter regiondespite the rich-get-richer mechanism

StableUnstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

Coexistencedespite rich-get-richer

Digital diversityis fragile

StableUnstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

StableUnstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Digital diversity is possible but fragile

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Increases routingperformance

Social Bitcoin+ReputationStable

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

PRX 4, 031046Sci. Rep. 5, 10268Sci. Rep. 6, 25116

Scalable Sustainable

Is digital diversitypossible?

Search and navigationwith local knowledge

Incentives sustain diversedecentralized digital world

Network evolution &competition

Geometric correlations,mutual greedy routing

Digital diversity ispossible but fragile

Routing perfected byusing many networks

Digital diversity becomesrobust & routing improves

s Nature Physicsdoi:10.1038/nphys3812

arXiv:1604.08168

Social Bitcoins as incen-tive to route information

A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Digital diversity is possible but fragile

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

Scalable

Geometric correlations in realmultiplexes:

scalable and efficient navigation

Hidden metric spaces underlying real complex networksprovide a fundamental explanation of their observed topologies

Nature Physics 5, 74–80 (2008)

Hidden metric spaces underlying real complex networksprovide a fundamental explanation of their observed topologies

We can infer the coordinates of nodes embedded inhidden metric spaces.

Constituent network layers of real multiplex systemsare embedded separately into hidden hyperbolic space

Internet IPv4 network Internet IPv6 network

Constituent network layers of real multiplex systemsare embedded separately into hidden hyperbolic space

Internet IPv4 network Internet IPv6 network

Are coordinates of same nodes in different layerscorrelated?

Radial and angular coordinates are correlatedbetween different layers in many real multiplexes

50100150200

How do discovered geometric correlations affectsearch and navigationwith local knowledge?

Radial and angular coordinates are correlatedbetween different layers in many real multiplexes

50100150200

How do discovered geometric correlations affectsearch and navigationwith local knowledge?

Mutual greedy routing allows efficient navigationusing several network layers with only local knowledge

Forward messageto contact closestto target in metric

Messages switchlayers if contact hasa closer neighbor in

another layer

Delivery failsif message runs into

a loop (definesuccess rate P )

Geometric correlations determine the improvement ofmutual greedy routing by increasing the number of layers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.0Hyperbolic routing

1 2 3 40

Layers

opt. correlateduncorrelated

Angular correlations

Reduction of failure rate

Routing is perfected by using many networkssimultaneously if correlations are present.

Geometric correlations determine the improvement ofmutual greedy routing by increasing the number of layers

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.0Hyperbolic routing

1 2 3 40

Layers

opt. correlateduncorrelated

Angular correlations

Reduction of failure rate

Routing is perfected by using many networkssimultaneously if correlations are present.

A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Diversity improves performance of search and navigation

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

Sustainable

Could a »Social Bitcoin« sustain ademocratic digital world?

Cryptocurrency »Social Bitcoins« are minedby users performing routing in the Internet

Individualsperform routinginstead of service

providers

Routinginformation is

rewarded by SocialBitcoins

Payoffdepends on routing

success &reputation

Incentive to mine Social Bitcoins causes tendencyto be active in several networks simultaneously

Qualified Money

to route

active in many networks

izes strategy:

Incentive

Sustains digital divers

Increases routing

performanceExchangeable

Social Bitcoin+Reputation

Tendency to be active in several networks simultaneouslyinfluences distribution of attention between networks

Social Bitcoinstendency to useseveral networkssimultaneously

ωi(ρa) =

[ρai ]σ∑nl

]σ︸︷︷︸rich-get-richer

+ ξ(⟨ρa⟩ − ρai )︸︷︷︸Social Bitcoin incentive

ξ proportional to price of Social Bitcoins

Social Bitcoin incentive can make digital diversity robustbut only if its value is sufficiently high

ξ = 0.2 ξ = 1.0

Stable

Unstable

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

ρ1,2a

Unstable FPStable FP

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0

σ=0.75

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0

σ=1.5

Stable

Unstable

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

ρ1,2a

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0

σ=1.75

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0

σ=2.5

A democratic, scalable, and sustainable digital future:Multidimensional incentives could lead to sustainability

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

to route

strategy

Optimizes

Incentive

Sustains

digital diversity

Unstable

0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.500.00

Bifurcation diagram

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Democratic

arXiv:1604.08168

Take home message

vision of our digital future.

We need a

democratic,scalable,

sustainable

Make it happen!

Digital diversity, decentralization,

and multidimensional incentivescan lead to a democratic, scalable,

sustainableand digital future.

Thank you!

Kaj Kolja Kleineberg:

• kajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com

• @KoljaKleineberg

• koljakleineberg.wordpress.com

Evolution of the Digital Society reveals Balance between MassMedia and Viral InfluencePhysical Review X (4) 031046K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña

Digital Ecology: Coexistence and Domination among InteractingNetworksSci. Rep. 5, 10268K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña

Competition between global and local online social networksSci. Rep. 6, 25116K.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguña

Hidden geometric correlations in real multiplex networksNature Physics, doi: 10.1038/NPHYS3782, URL: rdcu.be/i9iOK.-K. Kleineberg, M. Boguñá, M. A. Serrano, F. Papadopoulos

A »Social Bitcoin« could sustain a democratic digital worldarXiv:1604.08168 or ssrn.com/abstract=2771326K.-K. Kleineberg, D. Helbing

M. Boguñá, M. A. Serrano, F. PapadopoulosCollaborators:

Credits:

In the Distance: Angus MacRaeObsolete hardware DavidHaywardCables: jerry johnSurveillance: Jon Olav EikenesTeam icon: Joshua JonesCompass: Creative StallBitcoin: Mourad Mokrane, RUMegaphone: Alex Auda SamoraBiohazard: Shailendra ChouhanMoney: Lemon Liu

Layer icon: MentaltoyLoop: useiconic.comConnected: Muharrem FevziÇelikMulti-dimensional incentive:Gregor �rešnarReputation stars: GuilhemInternet router: Thomas UebeIndividual: lastsparkFlower: Nishanth Jois

Let's keep in touch!

Kaj Kolja Kleineberg:

• kajkoljakleineberg@gmail.com

• @KoljaKleineberg

• koljakleineberg.wordpress.com

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