topic 3 - theories of childhood
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TOPIC 4:
THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
What are children learning and how do they learn?
When do children develop emotional capabilities similar to adults?
How do children process information?
How do childhood experiences affect personality development?
TRADITIONAL QUESTIONS ASKED ABOUT Children
Born out of a discontent with the ways traditional academic perspectives saw children and treated childhood as
simply a step on the way to adulthood, the new sociology of children was established.
the New Sociology of Children
Introduced by sociologist Barrie Thorne,
Launched as an area of academic study by Gertrud Lenzer in 1991,
... And theoretically advanced by William Corsaro in the U.S. and Alan Prout and Alison James in the UK.
the New Sociology of Children
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDED BY
B.F. Skinner(& Pavlov)
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
REINFORCEMENT& PUNISHMENT
ARE KEY in Learning
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
Some Assumptions:#1. Child is Passive
#2. Adults Shape Children
#3. Development is Unilateral
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
MICRO / IndividuaL
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
Assumptions:
#1. Child is Passive
#2. Adults Shape Children
#3. Development is Unilateral
FOUNDED BY: B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement & PunishmentAre Key in Learning
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Psychological Theory
of BEHAVIORISM
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
FOUNDED BY
Durkheim & Parsons
SOCIALIZATION IS VIEWED...
Older Generations PASS Culture Onto Younger Generations
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
Some Assumptions:#1. Child is passive
#2. Children must be shaped to fit in
#3. Cultural transmission insures survival
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
MACRO / SOCIETAL
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
Assumptions:
#1. Child is Passive
#2. Children must be shaped to fit in
#3. Cultural transmission
insures survival
FOUNDED BY: Durkheim, Parsons
FOCUS: Macro / Societal
OLDER GENERATION
PASSES CULTURE On To YOUNGER GENERATION
Functionalist ViewOF SOCIALIZATION THEORY
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
FOUNDED BY
Piaget & Vygotsky
(Neither)
Children...
Interpret, Organize, and Use
Information
From Their Environment
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
Some Assumptions:#1. Development occurs in discrete stages
#2. Child must accomplish one stage successfully before moving on to the next
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
MICRO / IndividuaL
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
Assumptions:
#1. Development occurs in discrete
stages
#2. Child must accomplish one
before moving on to the next
FOUNDED BY: Piaget, Vygotsky
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Interpret, Organize and Use Information from their Environment
SOCIAL LEARNINGPERSPECTIVE
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
FOUNDED BY GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
MICRO / IndividuaL
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
Children Develop Identityin response to
interactions with others
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
Some Assumptions:#1. Child is an active agent
#2. Identity is based on children’s perceptions of others’ perceptions of them
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
Assumptions:
#1. Child is an active agent
#2. Identity is based on children’s
perceptions of others’ perceptions
of them
FOUNDED BY: Mead
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Develop Identity in response
to Interactions with others
INTERACTIONISTPERSPECTIVE
THEORETICAL Innovations
Interpretive Reproduction
FOUNDED BY
William Corsaro
Children Negotiate, Share
and Create Culture with Adults
and Each Other
Interpretive Reproduction
Some Assumptions:#1. Children are active agents#2. Children are innovative and creative#2. Children influence adults in addition
to being influenced by them
Interpretive Reproduction
Micro-MaCRO Connections
Interpretive Reproduction
Assumptions:
#1. Children are active agents
#2. Children are innovative & creative
#2. Children influence adults and
vice versa
FOUNDED BY: Corsaro
FOCUS: Micro / Individual
Children Negotiate, Share, and Create
CulturE with Adults and Each Other
Interpretive Reproduction
Ecological Perspectives
FOUNDED BY
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Child Develops Competence
Within a
Social Network
Ecological Perspectives
Micro-MaCRO Connections
Ecological Perspectives
OVERLAPPINGSOCIAL CIRCLES
Some Assumptions:#1. Social systems overlap and interact#2. Interactions between systems shape
child outcomes#3. The goal for the child is competence
Ecological Perspectives
Assumptions:
#1. Social systems overlap and interact
#2. Interactions between systems
shape child outcomes
#2. The goal for the child is competence
FOUNDED BY: Bronfenbrenner
FOCUS: Micro/Macro
Ecological Perspectives
Child Develops CompetenceWithin a
Social Network
Structural Perspectives
FOUNDED BY JENS QVORTRUP
(NOT JENS QVORTRUP)
Childhood is a Permanent
Structural CategorySimilar to Social Class
Structural Perspectives
Some Assumptions:#1. Childhood constitutes a particular
social form#2. Children are exposed to the same
social forces as adults#3. Children actively construct society
Structural Perspectives
Micro-MaCRO Connections
Structural Perspectives
Assumptions:
#1. Social systems overlap and interact
#2. Interactions between systems
shape child outcomes
#2. The goal for the child is competence
FOUNDED BY: Qvortrup
FOCUS: Macro
Childhood is a Permanent Structural
CategorySimilar to Social Class
Structural Perspectives
CRITICAL Perspectives
FOUNDED BY BARRIE THORNE
and James & Prout
ChildrenRESIST domination, both actively and passively
CRITICAL Perspectives
Some Assumptions:#1. Children are active agents#2. Adults have more power than children
and use it to control and dominate them#3. Like other oppressed groups, children
will resist domination
CRITICAL Perspectives
Micro-MaCRO Connections
CRITICAL Perspectives
Assumptions:
#1. Children are active agents
#2. Adults have more power than children and use it to
control and dominate them
#2. Like other oppressed groups, children will resist
domination
FOUNDED BY: Thorne,
Prout & James
FOCUS: Micro-Macro
ChildrenRESIST domination, both actively & passively
CRITICAL Perspectives
Behaviorism
Socialization
Learning Theory
Interactionist
Interpretive Reproduction
Ecological
Structural
Critical
USING THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Which of these theories do you tend to use to explain children’s lives/childhood?
Sometimes two theories will give us two different
perspectives on an event or situation
Sometimes different theories will be compatible and will
expand our understanding of an event or situation
How do children theorize about their lives?
THE
MARSHMALLOW TEST
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