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Formation Evaluation
Sandeep Ramakrishna
Technical Advisor – Petrophysics
Wireline and Perforating
Houston
2 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Halliburton’s Experience in Unconventional Reservoirs
3 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Source Rock Reservoirs – Engineered for Success
Drill - Hydraulic Stimulation – Produce
– Drilling a well(s) specifically detailed and optimized for
a stimulation completion.
– Use optimum real-time & recorded measurements to
• Placing the wellbore for optimum Stimulation
• Evaluating the wellbore for Stimulation design
4 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Formation Evaluation Components
Formation Evaluation
• Mineralogy
• Porosity, permeability
• Fluid Characterization (typing, saturation …etc)
Geo-Chemistry
• TOC,
• Kerogen,
• Maturity ..etc
Geo-Mechanics
• Mechanical Properties
• Stress Field
• Frac. Parameters
5 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Coring and Sampling
– Total Organic Carbon, Pyrolysis maturity
– XRD, XRF Minerology %
– GRI Porosity and Perm (commercial Lab)
– Sorption-Desorption Isotherms (commercial Lab)
– Brinnell Hardness
– Stress Testing and Calibration
– Acid Solubility
– CST - Capillary Suction Time
6 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
GEM™ - Elemental Spectroscopy – accurate elemental
weight percents
The GEM tool directly measures some of the key, yet
difficult elements to quantify
Aluminum for shales / clays
Magnesium for carbonates (dolomite vs.
limestone)
Manganese measurement (clays, ankerite)
7 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Elementals
Mineralogy
Grain Density
Reserves
Porosity
Production
Quartz
Calcite
Pyrite
Illite
Mg Chlorite
Na Feldspar
Kerogen
XRD Data
Haynesville Shale Example
Quartz
Calcite
Pyrite
Illite
Mg Chlorite
Na Feldspar
Kerogen
XRD Data
8 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DRY Rock Mineral Analysis Core XRD
9 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Brittleness Index and Brinnell Hardness
Brittle = High YM, Low PR
Ductile = Low YM, High PR
Brittle = High Brinnell Hardness
Ductile = Low Brinnell Hardness
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Woodford Marcellus Floyd Haynesville Bossier Barnett CV Lime Ohio SS Coal Eagle Ford
BH
N #
11 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Borehole Images from Marcellus Shale
12 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
SPE 115258
Shale Completion Strategy: Based on Brittleness
Index
Brittleness Fluid System Fracture Geometry Fracture Width Closure Profile
70% Slick Water
60% Slick Water
50% Hybrid
40% Hybrid
30% X-Linked
20% X-Linked
10% X-Linked
Brittleness Proppant Concentration Fluid Volume Proppant Volume
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Liquid Production
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
Youngs Modulus
7 E 6
6 E 6
5 E 6
4 E 6
3 E 6
2 E 6
1 E 6
Low
High
Barnett
Marcellus
Eagleford
Haynesville
Barnett
Marcellus
Eagleford
Haynesville
13 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
ShaleXpertTM
GEM Mineralogy
GEM Volumetrics
TOC & Kerogen
Sw
Vert vs.Horiz
PR,YM, & Stress
Pseudo
Brittleness
2D vs 3D
Stress
Anisotropy
Haynesville
Bossier
DFIT & GRI Perm,
micro vs.nano darcy
Free & Sorbed
Cumm Gas
14 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Vertical
SPECTRAL GAMMA
NEUTRON DENSITY
RESISTIVITY
SONIC
Horizontal
GAMMA
NEUTRON DENSITY
RESISTIVITY
Horizontal Cased
SPECTRAL GAMMA
PULSED NEUTRON
DIPOLE ACOUSTIC
ELEMENTAL-MINERALOGY
IMAGE LOG
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
DIELECTRIC
ROTARY SIDEWALL CORES
SONIC
MUD LOG
LASERSTRAT
CORE ANALYSIS
MICROSEISMIC
TRACER SCANS
PRODUCTION LOGS
ShaleXpertTM
What logs are required?
BASIC
ENHANCEMENTS
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