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SINGHANIA MODEL UNITED NATIONS- 2016
The United Nations
Security Council (UNSC)
STUDY GUIDE
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
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“Many say our world is at a tipping point. If we do not act together, if we do not act
responsibly, if we do not act now, we risk slipping into a cycle of poverty,
degradation and despair.”
– Ban Ki Moon, United Nations Secretary General
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Director’s Note
Committee Staff
Country Matrix
About the Committee
Topic Summary
The Agenda
Changes in the Security Council Since Its
Formation
Points of Discussion
Conclusion
References
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9
11
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Director’s Address
Greetings Delegates!
It is an honour to be serving as the Director of the United Nations Security
Council (UNSC) committee, at SMUN 2016. If you’re reading this, it means
you’ve already gathered the will to commence your research. I hope each and
every one of you is looking forward to this grand event as much as I am. This
year, we’ve decided to go a notch ahead by inviting delegates from different
schools across Thane and Mumbai!
The agenda for this year has been decided in light of the recent events and
promises to be an interesting and a dynamic one.
The agenda- ‘Reforms in the Security Council’ is quite different than the
usual agendas of the security council. This agenda deals with the shortcomings
of this very council. The outdated working and composition of the council acts
as a hindrance to the progressive ideas. The membership and the working
methods of the security council reflect a bygone era. When I say, Reforms, it
includes all kinds and sorts of changes-the jurisdiction, membership and more
importantly the issue of veto power. I expect the delegates to discuss each and
every issue to the very detail making the committee an interesting one. This is
one agenda, where every country can participate irrespective of its powers or
importance. It shall be your prerogative to decide the direction in which you
want to take this committee. I really look forward to your creative ideas, and
make use of this great opportunity and platform and showcase your diplomacy
and other skills!
Here’s a bit of personal introduction--
To begin with- I am Jin, pronounced ‘Gin’. No, that’s not what I meant. Jokes
apart, I’ll be serving as the director of the UNSC this year. I am a Science
student, studying in the 12th Grade. I’ve always enjoyed speaking as it is not
only something that I am passionate for, but it also acts as a stress buster from
the hectic schedule which includes long hours of classes and other
commitments. I promise, I won’t be one of those strict directors who bar you
from the committee even for a slight chuckle. While the business of the house
will be quite serious and adhering to the rules, the entertainment motion
which will follow will surely break the serious environment.
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Our assistant director Ms. Hemali Gandhi has been an active participant in
MUNs. Being a humanities student she intends to take up journalism. Her
friendly nature and passion for writing and research makes her a favourable
choice for the Assistant Director.
The Security Council this year would be moderated by Ms. Kavya Bhatnagar,
also a student of the Humanities Stream. She has a flair for writing poems and
dreams to become an author someday.
Please consider that the following guide, as the name suggests, is merely to
provide you with the background of the agenda and cannot serve as the
credible source of information. Your real research lies beyond this guide and
we hope to see some strong content and debate come our way. The agenda at
hand is both vast and complex, and a successful discussion on it would entail
the collective participation of all of you. At the outset, I would like to state that
the agenda is to be analysed from a policy stand point. You do need to deliver
and take up your stand depending upon your country’s policies keeping aside
personal interests.
I hope to see a great level of effort and enthusiasm from you all, so that we all
can take back a great experience.
I welcome all my dear delegates to the Second Annual SMUN. I really look
forward to see you in committee!
Jin Barai, Director –UNSC.
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Committee Staff
Director- Jin Barai
Assistant Director-Ms. Hemali Gandhi
Moderator- Ms. Kavya Bhatnagar
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Country Matrix- Participating Delegations
Dear Delegates,
The judging (since most of you are pretty enthusiastic about winning prizes)
won’t be influenced by how powerful your country is or by its importance.
And the allocation of the countries has been done by the chair’s discretion. P.S
Please go through the subject matter provided below:
Veto power Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote or "veto" by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes. Abstention is not regarded as veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must actively concur to amend the UN Charter or to recommend the admission of a new UN member state. Procedural matters are not subject to a veto, so the veto cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members. A majority of vetoes are used not in critical international security situations, but for purposes such as blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state. Non-permanent members Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council has temporary 10 non permanent members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region.
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The list of the delegations given below would be taking part in this year’s UNSC.
PERMANENT MEMBERS:
USA-United States Of America
Russia- Russia Russian Federation
France- France French Fifth Republic
Britain- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
China- People’s Republic of China
NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS:
India
Japan
Germany
Brazil
Italy
Egypt
Pakistan
DPRK
Portugal
Lithuania
OBSERVERS:
Malaysia
New Zealand
Spain
South Korea
Saudi Arabia
Argentina
Turkey
Canada
Israel
Uruguay
Venezuela
South Africa
Algeria
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NOTE:
1. The only difference between the permanent members and other
members would be of the veto power.
2. The observes will not be allowed to vote on the resolution.
3. The non-permanent members are not with respect to the current
membership of the security council. These are decided by the chair for
the benefit of the committee.
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About the Committee:
History of the Security Council:-
There was a lot of hardwork in finding this information. We had to copy
paste a lot of information from UN’s Website. Jokes apart, it’s very
important for you to know entirely about the c0mmitte that you take part in.
Formation of the security council was mainly a stimulus to the prevailing
hostile conditions and to the air of fear, tension and hatred among countries.
To strengthen your knowledge about the Security Council, here you go: (and
for the tenthies, this is just another chapter in your syllabus)
On October 24, 1945, the victors of World War II — China, the U.S.S.R.,
France, the United Kingdom, and the United States — ratified the UN Charter,
creating the Security Council and establishing themselves as its five
permanent members with the unique ability to veto resolutions. Originally
there were six temporary members, rotating every two years and distributed
on an equitable geographic basis. That rule was more explicitly defined in
1965, when the number of temporary members was increased to ten (five from
Africa and Asia, one from Eastern Europe, two from Latin America and the
Caribbean, and two from Western Europe). The first temporary members were
Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland.
The Charter also established the purpose of the Council, to “investigate
any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international
friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the
continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance
of international peace and security” and to act accordingly, by:
• Investigating any situation threatening international peace;
• Recommending procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute;
• Calling upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt
economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to
sever diplomatic relations; and
• Enforcing its decisions militarily, if necessary.
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On January 17, 1946, the Security Council met for the first time in
London. The first UN peacekeeping mission was deployed in 1948 to the
Middle East; there have been 60 more. Over the last 60 years, the
Security Council has taken action to defuse innumerable
international crises, the most recent of which include those in
North Korea, Iran, and Lebanon
Nature and the scope of UNSC:-
Delegates! You also need to keep in the mind the extent to which the security
council can exercise its powers, that being said we need you to be well aware
of the functions and main purpose of such a council.
The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or an act of aggression. It settles disputes among its Member States
by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of
settlement. It is the Security Council in particular authorizes the creation of all
peacekeeping operations. In addition to maintaining peace and security, other
important objectives include developing friendly relations among countries
based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples; achieving worldwide cooperation to solve international economic,
social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting and promoting human
rights; and serving as a centre where countries can coordinate their actions
and activities toward these various ends. For more than a decade, nations
have been debating Council reform in the UN General Assembly without
result. Change in the Council’s membership, the most thorny issue of all,
requires revision of the UN Charter. Proposals have come and gone, but no
membership plan has yet won the needed support for such a major
institutional change.
United Nations peacekeepers:-
After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by Bolivian "Blue Helmet" at an exercise in Chile member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.
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Topic Summary:
The most exciting part of your study guide begins here. You must be having
lots of questions in your mind and the answer to all your questions begin
from now. Let’s first start on by answering the very basic questions.
Why? – The purpose behind the agenda:-
Security Council, one of the most important and major committee of the
United Nations, holds the promise of international co-operation and has the
primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace, and of
course, security. It is said that the only constant in the universe is change.
With evolving times, change is necessary and one of the major questions that
arise now, of course, is - “Is the Security Council outdated?” “Does one of
major organs of the UN, require a change for the better?” The Security
Council's membership and working methods reflect a bygone era. Though
geopolitics have changed drastically, the Council has changed relatively little
since 1945. It is the need of the hour. The reform of the Council is a part of the
broader issue of the UN, to build a more effective and democratic global
institution. This is what we plan to deal with, at SMUN 2016, in the UNSC.
The Reforms in the Security Council, is our agenda. To make a
change, to make a difference.
Under the United Nations Charter, all members of the United Nations agree
to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. The Security
Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression. This gives the Council a very important
and powerful position in the United Nations and in the world.
Despite dramatic changes in the international system over the past forty-five
years, the composition of the UNSC has remained unaltered since
1965, and there are many who question how long its legitimacy
will last without additional members that reflect twenty-first century
realities. There is little agreement, however, as to which countries should
accede to the Security Council or even by what formula aspirants should be
judged. Reform advocates frequently call for equal representation
for various regions of the world. Moreover, the UN Charter prescribes
that regional parity should be, at most, a secondary issue; the ability to
advocate and defend international peace and security should, it says, be the
primary concern.
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To many, the reform of the Security Council is a question of its
continuing legitimacy.
How can the agenda make a difference?
Expansion of the membership could help enhance its authority. A review of
the working methods could make it more transparent, and agreeing to limit
the use of the veto power. To others, reforming the Security Council is mainly
about increasing their own power; a seat at the table could potentially
translate into greatly increased influence over much of the United Nations
system. Currently, only permanent members have veto power and
they are unlikely to give up this right. Lack of transparency in the
Council's working methods place emphasis on how the Council
goes about making decisions and the lack of information that they
are required to provide to other parts of the UN.
“Chief responsibility for the maintenance of peace and security lies with the
Security Council. It is therefore essential to its legitimacy that its membership
reflect the state of the world.”
– French President Chirac’s address to the United Nations General
Assembly
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The Agenda
The council, is far from representative of the international community.
Decisions really come down to five countries meeting behind
closed doors. This same group of permanent, veto-bearing
members has shaped nearly every major international peace and
security decision since World War II. Currently, four out of five veto-
bearing members are industrialized countries and the fifth, China, is rapidly
approaching industrialized status. Many in the rest of the world seethe at their
exclusion from this elite group. Africa, Latin America, and the Islamic world,
for example, have no permanent voice on the council. Without a voice, it is
understandable why many countries are unwilling to send troops
or aid whenever the Security Council demands it. This imbalance,
highlighted by the recent issues, has made Security Council reform a hot topic
of debate.
Reform History:
Any change in the membership of the Security Council requires a two-thirds
vote from the General Assembly, which includes all the permanent members.
The only change so far to the Security Council was in 1965. At that time, non-
permanent membership was enlarged from six to its present ten.
It is generally agreed that something still needs to change. Even though
everyone seems to agree on the fundamental idea of reform, efforts have been
stymied for over a decade. Most reform proposals relate to the work,
size, and composition of the Security Council. Concerning size and
composition, the General Assembly at the prompting of General Secretary Kofi
Annan adopted resolution 48/26 in 1993. This established the Open-ended
Working Group to consider all the issue of Security Council membership
reform.. For a decade now, diplomats and committees have been working on
Security Council reform. Most of the discussion has revolved around
technicalities such as how much should it be expanded, should they be
permanent members, and whether they should have vetoes or whether vetoes
should be abolished altogether.
In 1997, there was a strong push to get Germany and Japan permanent
Security Council seats. The initiative faced many hurdles that eventually
derailed the effort. Many delegations opposed any more permanent members
since they would create more arbitrary distinctions between member states.
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Other delegations felt it was unfair to only add Germany and Japan since it
would elevate yet another European state and make the council even more
unrepresentative of the world’s people. Italy intensely opposed the Germany-
Japan initiative and pushed for its own Italian Proposal. This proposal
rejected further permanent members in favor of a special class of intermediate
states that would be elected periodically by the General Assembly and would
rotate in and out of Security Council seats.
Security Council Reform Idea: Expansion of Security Council
Many argue for expansion, if only to reflect the steady rise in membership in
the United Nations. The General Assembly has grown from 51 to 191! The
number of permanent members, however, has remained the same. Most
reform proposals suggest expanding the council from five to ten permanent
members, and elected members from ten to fourteen. Beyond that there is
little agreement. What should the new geographic composition be? Which new
members should be awarded permanent seats? Should states be elected by
regional groupings?
“If you add another five permanent members, all of them casting vetoes, forget
about anything being accomplished,” says James Paul, executive director of
the Global Policy Forum. “It’s not just casting a veto, but the threat of casting a
veto that keeps the whole issue off the agenda. A lot of council members
wanted to act regarding Chechnya, but the Russians wouldn’t even allow any
discussion, much less action.”
The countries that will most likely receive a permanent seat on the Security
Council if it ever happens would be Germany, Japan, India, and Brazil.
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Security Council Reform Idea: Giving or taking away the
Veto
How did the permanent five secure these privileges in the first place? After
World War II, the victors took another crack at forming an international body
to bring stability to the globe. Hoping to do better than the ill-fated League of
Nations, the victors anointed themselves responsible for providing the money
and muscle to “maintain international peace and security.” Others saw them
as simply protecting their own interests, but decided that this was a small
price to pay if it meant peaceful coexistence. The Cold War unfolded soon after
and polarized the globe and effectively froze the Security Council. After the fall
of the Berlin Wall, this inactivity changed. There was an outbreak of ethnic,
tribal, and religious conflict across the globe which spurred Security Council
activism in both peacekeeping missions and punitive sanctions. At that point,
the rest of the world, confronted with an active and powerful Security Council
began to question the wisdom of the veto.
Use of the veto after the Cold War has dropped off dramatically but the
statistics belie the true power of the right to veto. The mere threat of the veto
has prevented many actions or talks to ever get under way. For example, the
Security Council never acted in Chechnya since it was assured that Russia
would veto any measure. Following is a graph that shows how many times
each of the Permanent Five countries have used this power. Also included is a
chart showing the subjects of recent veto issues.
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Veto Use in the UN Security Council Graph prepared by Benjamin Holt, September, 1999 Updated by Giji Gya
While in recent years the permanent members have shown restraint in using
the veto, this guarantees nothing of the future. Moreover, the simple threat to
use the veto has been shown to strongly effect the final outcome of Security
Council debates.
Security Council Reform Idea: More Transparency
The Security Council is an exclusive club and acts the part. Oftentimes their
discussions are back-door closed talks. This problem is already being
addressed by measures that would enhance the communication between the
Council and the General Assembly. There is really no argument against
maintaining, improving, and formalizing these measures. Some of these
measures include: regular meetings between the Security Council and the
General Assembly, briefings on the work of the Security Council, more open
meetings of the Council, and transparency of the work of sanctions
committees. These efforts will go a long way to bringing the Security Council
and the General Assembly closer together.
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Perspective of the Players
I have already given an overview of the United Nations and Security Council. I
have also discussed why reform is needed and what some possible reforms are.
Now, It is upto you Delegates, to research on your country’s stand and
understand its position on the given agenda. This will form the base of your
research!
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Changes in the Security Council since its Formation:
Reform of the Security Council has been on the agenda of the General
Assembly (GA) for more than 20 years. This reform has five key elements,
some of which cannot be resolved step-by-step because they are interlinked:
expansion of the Council, extending and/or restraining veto power, regional
representation, size and working methods, as well as the relationship between
the Council and the GA. (See GA Decision 62/557). Options for expansion
include additional permanent seats, additional non-permanent seats, and a
new category of longer-term seats. Currently, the Council has five permanent
members and 10 non-permanent members that are elected for a two-year
term.
The council has 15 members. Five—China (until 1971 the Republic of China
[Taiwan]; since then the People's Republic of China), France, Great Britain,
the United States, and Russia (until 1991 the USSR)—are permanent. The 10
(originally six) non- permanent members are elected for two-year terms by the
General Assembly; equitable geographic distribution is required. Customarily
there are five non-permanent members from African and Asian states, one
from Eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from Western Europe
and elsewhere. In the council the presidency is occupied for one-month terms
in the alphabetical order of the members' names in English.
In 1997 a UN commission proposed changes to the council, including adding
five new permanent members without veto powers, adding four additional
non-permanent members, and placing restrictions on the use of the veto. The
proposed changes were regarded by many nations as a groundwork for
negotiations on the eventual restructuring of the council. Brazil, Germany,
India, Japan, and South Africa have sought permanent seats on the council,
and in July, 2005, the first four nations submitted a General Assembly
resolution calling for the expansion of the council (but not for veto-power for
new permanent members). The African Union, however, has called for new
permanent members to have the veto and for Africa to receive two permanent
seats. There has been no significant progress on the issue, but in Sept., 2008,
the General Assembly unanimously called for intergovernmental negotiations
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on the enlargement of the council, which began in Feb., 2009.
There are two systems of voting in the Security Council. On procedural
matters the affirmative vote of any nine members is necessary, but on
substantive matters the nine affirmative votes required must include those of
the five permanent members. This requirement of Big Five unanimity
embodies the so-called veto. In practice the council has, on most substantive
matters, not treated an abstention by a permanent member as a veto. In two
situations, however, those of recommending applicants for UN membership
and of approving proposed amendments to the charter, the actual concurrence
of all permanent members has been required. The veto has prevented much
substantive action by the UN, but it embodies the reality that resolution of
major crises requires agreement of the major powers.
Under the charter the council may take measures on any danger to world
peace. It may act upon complaint of a member or of a non-member, on
notification by the secretary-general or by the General Assembly, or of its own
volition. In general the council considers matters of two sorts. The first is
"disputes" (or situations that may give rise to them) that might endanger
peace. Here the council is limited to making recommendations to the parties
after it has exhausted other methods of reaching a solution. In the case of
more serious matters, such as "threats to the peace," "breaches of the peace,"
and "acts of aggression," the council may take enforcement measures. These
may range from full or partial rupture of economic or diplomatic relations to
military operations of any scope deemed necessary. By the terms of the
charter, the UN was forbidden to intervene in matters "which are
essentially … domestic," but this limitation was not intended to hinder Security
Council measures to prevent threats to peace. The charter was intentionally
ambiguous regarding domestic issues that could also be construed as threats
to peace and left a potential opening for intervention in domestic issues that
threaten to have dangerous international repercussions.
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Background on Security Council Reform
Since the UN General Assembly began debating Security Council reform in 1993, several models have been put forward as viable options and several countries have put themselves forward as candidates for permanent membership. This page provides background information on Security Council Reform.
The Security Council is not representative of the geopolitical realities of the modern world. Both Africa and Latin America lack a permanent seat on the Council, while Europe is overrepresented and Asia is underrepresented. These problems are not easily addressed because the Permanent Five members (P5) of the Council do not want to see their power diminished. As a result, little progress has been made since 1993 in spite of the number of proposals that have been suggested. The central issues in Council reform are membership, transparency and working methods, and the veto.
The P5 generally opposes any expansion of membership of the Council that would diminish their power though they occasionally support some countries bids. As negotiations are currently stalled over membership expansion, P5 countries have supported bids for membership by some countries. Most recently, the US gave its support to India. France has backed Africa for a permanent seat.
The "G4" countries have put themselves forward as the most serious candidates for permanent membership in the Council. Brazil, Germany, India and Japan have positioned themselves as leaders within the UN, but have failed to garner enough support - or quell the opposition - to ascend as permanent members.
Other blocs of states have put forward reform proposals. During the 1990's, the Coffee Club opposed adding countries as permanent members, and instead proposed that members be elected on a regional basis to create more parity in representation. This effort was re-energized in the mid-2000's by Italy under the name Uniting for Consensus, and it has been actively working towards regionally based reform.
Another group, self-identified as the Small Five (S-5), has put forward a series of proposals for Council reform as well. The S-5 (Costa Rica, Jordan, Lichtenstein, Singapore and Switzerland) advocates for more transparency and coordination between the Security Council and the General Assembly and Economic and Social committees. The proposal also included some guidelines on the use of the veto.
As a separate bloc, the African Union has put forward a suggestion to expand the Council, giving Africa and Latin America permanent seats and increasing
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representation for all regional areas. The expansion of the council would also include giving the power of the veto to new permanent members.
In December 2004, Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed changes to the Security Council as part of the High Level Panel's Report on Threats, Challenges and Change. In March 2005, Annan reiterated the two suggested plans, known as Model A and Model B. Despite his attempts to push forward reform, neither plan was accepted by all of the factions in play.
While the issue of membership seems to hold observers' attention in the media, the issues of transparency and working methods and veto power are just as important. Currently, only permanent members have veto power and they are unlikely to give up this right. Lack of transparency in the Council's working methods place emphasis on how the Council goes about making decisions and the lack of information that they are required to provide to other parts of the UN. Furthermore, the subsidiary bodies of the Council do not include UN members unless they are members of the Council at the time. As a result, many countries that have not served, or are not currently serving, on the Council are being left out of the decision-making process.
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Points of Discussion
Your first priority after getting your country would be to submit your
position paper at the email id given below. For more information on the
position paper please refer to the procedural guide.
Second item and the most important one is to start with your research.
Here are some pointers, or rather guidelines for the delegates:
Answer all the basic questions pertaining to the agenda-What’s in for
your country? How will it benefit your country? Which stand should
your country(complying with the policies, obviously) take?
Do not stick to one particular issue as the committee deals with all sorts
of reforms
Make sure you are prepared for any sorts of crisis or emergency
situation the chair might throw in (not giving out any hints)
QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER
Should any significant changes take place?
If yes, what should be the changes?
Every change should be discussed to the finest detail
Since the scope of the topic is vast, the further questions mainly
depend on the direction to which the committee proceeds.
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Conclusion
Delegates!
It is really important that you are thorough with this study guide. This guide
can’t be cited as a source during the committee discussion but would be of
great help to you during your research. Your research should, obviously be
pertaining to your country and country’s policies and should not be limited to
this guide. This guide is simply an overview of the agenda. Everyone needs to
do their homework on the agenda.
We’ve made sure that we do not include major points and important research
articles in this study guide, so as to ensure that you get research done and
most of the articles and documents are available to you for discussion during
the committee. Do research the updated information on various news agencies but
be careful of quoting the credible sources only while presenting arguments/points.
Happy Researching!
If you feel the need to contact us, or reach out to us or you need any sort of
help, feel free to email us at
seccouncil.smun16@gmail.com
We look forward to this grand event!
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References:
Documents from the following sources will be considered as credible proof for any allegations made in committee or statements that require verification.
Reuters: Appropriate Documents and articles from the Reuters News agency will be used to corroborate or refute controversial statements made in committee.
UN Document: Documents by all UN agencies will be considered as sufficient proof.
Reports from all UN bodies including treaty based bodies will also be accepted.
Government Reports: Government Reports of a given country used to corroborate an allegation on the same aforementioned country will be accepted as proof.
We expect you to keep your content and research strong enough to
structure your argument related to a policy.
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