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Kunio AKATSU JICA Advisor , JICA H/Q (Meteorology)

19 February 2013

The Status of Meteorological Observation in the Asian Countries

Self-Introduction

Red Colored Country : Stayed over 2 years

Mongolia (4 times)Bangladesh (3 times)Myanmar (5 times)

Viet Nam (3 times)Laos (twice)Thailand (3 times)Cambodia (twice)Philippines ( 5 times)Indonesia (once)

Sri Lanka(once)

Dominican Republic (once)

Countries visited or stayed as ODA Projects, mainly

Myanmar (over 2 years)

(over 2 years)

(2 years)

Pakistan Bhutan

Mozambique

Content of the Lecture

(1) Current status of Meteorological Instrument and its Maintenance

(2) Unreasonable Results of Analysis by using Observation Data from the Instrument which is not well Maintained or Calibrated

(3) Simple Calibration System at the Local Observatory

(4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument

(5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS.

Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (1/4)

Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (2/4)

Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (3/4)

Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (4/4)

Wind pressure type Some NMHSCs still use it

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （wind vane / anemometer) (1/2)

Wind mill type wind vane and anemometer

Wind vane and Anemometer

Robinson’s Anemometer Observers watch the counter of run-of-wind meter. This is still poplar in many NMHSCs

Conventional Wind vane Observers have to observe Wind direction by his/her visual

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （wind vane / anemometer) (2/2)

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （rain gauge) (1/2)

Tipping bucket type It become to be popular

Reserve pot type It is very popular at almost all NMHSCs

Pluviograph type Few countries use it for actual usage and at many NMHSCs, Recording Chart is not set up

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （rain gauge) (2/2)

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （Thermometer / Hygrometer) (1/2)

Natural ventilation shelter type Almost all AWS has a same type shelter

Mercury thermometer and wet-bulb in a Screen It is used at every NMHSCs

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （Thermometer / Hygrometer) (2/2)

Thermo-hygrograph and ventilated psychrometer Very few NMHSCs used it, for actual usage

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (1/2)

Thermopile type

Cambell-Stokes type It is very popular at almost all NMHSCs

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (2/2)

Recording Actinometer Instrument has installed, however, almost all Recorder doesn’t work

(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （Barometer) (1/1)

Fortin type Barometer It is installed almost all NMHSC including Local Observatories

Aneroid Barograph Only few NMHSCs used it actually

Digital Barometer Few NMHSCs used it as the standard Instrument

Limitation of Observation for more accurate Wind Velocity

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

StationA

Station B

Frequency of Wind Velocity on each Rank (%)

Over half of year, wind velocity is under 0.5 m/s

Station A and B is only 5km far with same condition, approximately

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （wind vane / anemometer) (1/2)

A shaft of Anemometer bends at this point It become rusty

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

N NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

Windrose (Annual) ( by 6 hourly Synoptic Observation Data)

16 points of

Direction 0

10

20

30

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

16 points of

Direction

Country A Country B

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （wind vane / anemometer) (2/2)

Limitation of Observation of wind direction Limitation of Observation of wind direction

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Rain gauge)

It needs a more detailed maintenance

This type is made with low cost, however it may includes some observation error

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

27.1

2.20

11

28.1

2.20

11

29.1

2.20

11

30.1

2.20

11

31.1

2.20

11

1.1.

2012

2.1.

2012

3.1.

2012

4.1.

2012

5.1.

2012

6.1.

2012

7.1.

2012

8.1.

2012

9.1.

2012

10.1

.201

2

11.1

.201

2

12.1

.201

2

13.1

.201

2

Current-Asman AWS-Asman

17.5 days

⊿T℃

Comparison Comparison

Assmann aspiration psychrometer (as Standard Instrument)

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Thermometer)

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Hygrometer) (1/2)

Cotton textile has not exchanged for a long time

0

20

40

60

80

100

6:30

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6:30

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6:30

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6:30

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6:30

15

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6:30

15

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Assman

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

6:30

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6:30

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6:30

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6:30

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6:30

15

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Assman

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Hygrometer) (2/2)

Before exchange of Cotton textile

After exchanging of Cotton textile and cleaning up the wet bulb

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Barometer) (1/2)

Over 30 years has passed since its installation Its accuracy is concerned

Distance Between 2 sensors : 40 m Height difference : Digital type is 3 m lower than Current barometer)

(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （Barometer) (2/2)

(3) Simple Mobile Type AWS for Site Calibration Calibrated by JMA, Battery driven, can be stored in car Trunk (Designed by AKATSU Kunio)

Data Logger Anemometer & wind vane Thermometer Hygrometer Actinometer Digital Barometer Container

Assmann

(1) On the Management of Quality Control of Meteorological Instruments Only few NMHSCs carry out the Regular Maintenance and

Repair Only few NMHSCs have a system of traceability However, almost all NMHSCs have some concern on the

quality of observation data

(2) (In future) Necessity of preparation of National Standard Instruments at each NMHSC

(4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument

1. General condition of AWS in many NMHSCs There are a lot of AWSs which doesn’t work or out of order in

many NMHSCs

2. Points to be taken care in case of AWS (1) AWS requires a high technology for maintenance Maintenance staff have to master AWS by reading its

technical manual (2) Concerning Data Processing Units Keep away from small insects and dust Keep away from very hot and high humid condition as

possible as Protect from long time power cut off Utilize a OVP and AVR device and UPS

3. Carry out the comparative analysis between Conventional and AWS data

(5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS.

Kunio AKATSU