the skeletal system ch. 6 introduction to chapter
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
CH. 6INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER
ROOTS:
arthr/o = joint cervic/o = neck chondr/i, chondr/o, chondr/io = cartilage cost/o = rib myel/o= bone marrow occipit/o = back of head oss/eo, oss/i, ost/e, ost/eo = bone sacr/o = sacrum spondyl/o = vertebra stern/o = sternum
WHY DO WE NEED A SKELETON?
It provides a framework for the body and gives it ___________.
It supports organs and ____________ them from injury.
It provides a place for muscles, ligaments, and tendons of the body to ____________ to.
It helps to make ________________ possible.
It stores ______________.
It provides a place for __________________.
WHAT IS BONE AND WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
Bone is one of the types of ______________ tissue in the body.
It is also called _____________ tissue.
It is made up of water and mineral salts.
________________ is the formation of or conversion into bone or a bony substance (calcification is the deposition of calcium in a tissue).
WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
The outer surface is called _____________ BONE and is very dense. It is the thickest in the midshaft of a long bone to provide
strength and prevent bending of the bone
The inner layer is called ________________ BONE and is spongy and latticelike and is less dense than compact bone
WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
The SHAFT (____________) of the bone contains the _____________ CAVITY
It is filled with YELLOW MARROW (fat storage) and RED MARROW (hematopoietic tissue)
Yellow marrow replaces red marrow as an animal ages.
WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
________________ covers the surface of bone and is a tough, vascular membrane. It is where tendons, ligaments, and muscles attach to the body. It has a nerve and blood supply.
The inner layer of the periosteum contains ___________________ which are cells responsible for bone growth and repair.
WHAT IS BONE MADE OF ?
The medullary cavity of bone has arteries and veins that enter and exit the cavity via the ___________ ____________ which are openings in the bone
HOW DO BONES GROW?
They grow in LENGTH at the junction of the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS at the _____________ _________ (growth plate). It is also called the ___________.
They grow in THICKNESS in the layers of the periosteum.
HOW DO BONES GROW?
Bones are stimulated to grow via ___________ HORMONE (GH) which is produced by the ____________ gland.
There is a teamwork between ______________ producing bony tissue and _______________ eating away bony tissue to prevent the bone from becoming too thick. This process slows as an animal ages.
SHAPES OF BONE
________ (femur, humerus)
________ (carpal bones)
________ (sternum, scapula)
____________ (vertebrae)
AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL, HYOID BONE,VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: BONES OF THE LIMBS
SKULL
2 major segments: Bones of the Cranium and Facial Bones
PURPOSE: protects the brain and the sensory organs.
The ONLY mobile bone is the ______________________ (lower jaw)
The skull bones unite at the ____________.
• SINUSES are located within the skull and are _______- filled cavities
• Sinuses are usually named for the skull bone that contains the sinus
The nares open into 2 major air passages that end in the pharynx. The nasal passages are filled with very fine scrolls of bone called ___________________.
These are covered in pink mucosa. Air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it passes through the turbinates in the nose on the way to the lungs.
CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONES – form the forehead Horns are an extension of the frontal bone
PARIETAL BONES – form upper part of each side of the skull
TEMPORAL BONES – form the lower part of the sides of the skull.
OCCIPITAL BONE – forms the back of the skull foramen magnum– opening at the base of the occipital
bone that allows the spinal cord to pass from the skull to the spine
FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA – bone that forms the upper jaw
MANDIBLE – forms the lower jaw. Only movable bone in the skull
maxilla
mandible
HYOID APPARATUS – U shaped structure made up of both bone and cartilage. Suspends the tongue, larynx, and floor of the mouth
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (backbone)
There are 5 types of vertebrae: ____________(C), ____________ (T), ______________ (L), ____________ (S), _______________ (Cy)
Each vertebrae has a body Each vertebrae has a body and an arch. and an arch. – BodyBody – bears the weight – bears the weight– ArchArch – forms the canal that – forms the canal that
houses the spinal cordhouses the spinal cord
• Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs are are between the bodiesbetween the bodies• -Made of cartilage and -Made of cartilage and
serve as shock serve as shock absorbersabsorbers
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1st vertebrae: _______: supports the skull
2nd vertebrae: _____:
what the atlas rotates on
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
Attach to ribs Thoracic Cage: composed
of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
protects the vital organs of the chest and allows the lungs to expand and contract during respiration
RIBS
PURPOSE: form the thoracic wall and protect the heart and lungs
Flat, curved Each rib has bony and
cartilagenous components The cartilagenous
component is located ventrally
They unite at the ___________________ junction
STERNUM
BREASTBONE Located on ventral midline of chest Flat bones called STERNEBRAE
that connect to each other via cartilage
Most cranial bone is the __________________
Most caudal bone is the __________________
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
Support the abdomen
One bone that results from the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae Attaches to pelvisSACRAL VERTEBRAE
COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAE
Also called caudal or tail vertebrae
Can be docked- spinal cord ends near the lumbosacral junction
AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL, HYOID BONE,VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
APPENDICULAR SKELETON: BONES OF THE LIMBS
SCAPULA (shoulder blade) Large triangular bone on the side
of the thorax
HUMERUS (upper arm)
ULNA and RADIUS (forearm) Ulna forms the elbow
CARPUS (wrist) Numerous short/irregular
bones arranged in 2 rows
METACARPALS (palm) Vary in number between species (Ex: dog – 5, horse – 3) Numbered from medial to lateral
DIGITS (toes) Numbered from medial to lateral PHALANGES are located within the digits Usually 3 phalanges in one digit (P1, P2, P3)
PELVIS (hip)
3 pairs of bones that fuse to become one IIium – the largest bone
Flares out to the side Ischium – strongest, most caudal Pubis – Most ventral
FEMUR (thigh) Longest bone in the body Forms part of the STIFLE (knee)
PATELLA (kneecap)
TIBIA (shin) AND FIBULA Tibia is larger than fibula, and
bears more weight
TARSUS (ankle) Called HOCK in animals Composed of numerous irregularly
shaped bones arranged in rows
METATARSALS (foot) Very similar to metacarpals Vary in number between species Numbered medial to lateral
DIGITS (toes) Same as forelimb
JOINTS-an articulation between bones and cartilage that is held in place by ligaments
SYNARTHROSES (Fibrous joints) no movement Ex: Skull
AMPHIARTHROSES (Cartilaginous joints)
slight movement Ex: Pelvis at pubic symphysis, vertebral column
DIARTHROSES (Synovial joints) freely movable Most numerous in the body Ex: Hip joint, shoulder joint
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