the role of induced mutation using nuclear techniques in crop improvement prof. dr. abdel shafy...
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The role of induced The role of induced mutation using nuclear mutation using nuclear
techniques in crop techniques in crop improvementimprovement
Prof. Dr. Abdel Shafy Ibrahim RagabProf. Dr. Abdel Shafy Ibrahim RagabAtomic Energy AuthorityAtomic Energy AuthorityNuclear Research CenterNuclear Research Center
Plant Research DepartmentPlant Research Department
• Mutation can be briefly defined as a sudden heritable Mutation can be briefly defined as a sudden heritable change in the DNA of a living cell, not caused by the change in the DNA of a living cell, not caused by the common phenomena of genetic segregation or genetic common phenomena of genetic segregation or genetic recombination.recombination.
• Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic variance and development of plant species. They variance and development of plant species. They provide the new materials upon which other factors of provide the new materials upon which other factors of evolution act. And therefore all new species ultimately evolution act. And therefore all new species ultimately arise from mutations. The mutagenesis followed by arise from mutations. The mutagenesis followed by recombination of genes and chromosome and by recombination of genes and chromosome and by natural selection is the fundamental force in evolution. natural selection is the fundamental force in evolution. Although, it happened at the very low rate Although, it happened at the very low rate (one/million), the improvements in different crops are (one/million), the improvements in different crops are due to spontaneous mutations. The rate of due to spontaneous mutations. The rate of spontaneous mutations is differed for different species, spontaneous mutations is differed for different species, varieties for each species, and traits for each verity.varieties for each species, and traits for each verity.
• Therefore, the breeders used nuclear techniques for Therefore, the breeders used nuclear techniques for induced mutations aiming to not completely depend induced mutations aiming to not completely depend on the nature as the only source for variation. on the nature as the only source for variation. Mutations are of interest in two different ways. They Mutations are of interest in two different ways. They provide us with new starting materials (or budding provide us with new starting materials (or budding blocks) for the identifying new genes for studying the blocks) for the identifying new genes for studying the nature of genes and their way of controlling nature of genes and their way of controlling biochemical pathway.biochemical pathway.
Applications of nuclear Applications of nuclear techniques techniques
in plant breedingin plant breeding
Selection
Genetic variation
Mutation induction
Tissue culture
Cross Breeding(using mutants)
Gene Mapping
Genetic Engineering
Disease and PestResistance
Yield Nitrogen FixationEnvironmental and
Soil Conditions
Biochemical andDNA Marker
Mutation breeding
Tracer techniques
both
• Achievements of mutation Achievements of mutation breeding made worldwide:breeding made worldwide:
• The use of mutation techniques for The use of mutation techniques for generating and selecting desired generating and selecting desired genetic variation in different crop genetic variation in different crop species has significantly increased species has significantly increased over the past fifty years, more than over the past fifty years, more than 2600 mutant varieties have been 2600 mutant varieties have been officially released (Kang officially released (Kang et alet al 2007) 2007) of these 60% were released from of these 60% were released from 1985 onward 1985 onward
Fig.2 Cumulative number of Fig.2 Cumulative number of officially released mutant officially released mutant
varietiesvarieties
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
2252 accessions (June 2000)
1700
552
CROPS ORNAMENTAL &DECORATIVE PLANTS
Fig. 3 Mutant varietiesFig. 3 Mutant varieties
1603
97
SEED PROPAGATED CROPS
VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS
Fig.4 Mutant varietiesFig.4 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252 Crops-1700 of total 2252
accessions (2000)accessions (2000)
1072
311
8166 59 111
cereals legumes industerial
vegetables oil crops other
Fig.5 Mutant varietiesFig.5 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252 Crops-1700 of total 2252
accessions (2000)accessions (2000)
19 6825
79
434
269
bread wheat maize durum wheat
other rice barley
Fig.6 Mutant varietiesFig.6 Mutant varietiesCereals-1072 of 1700 Cereals-1072 of 1700
accessions (2000)accessions (2000)
CROSS 667
DIRECT 1585
Fig.7 Mutant varietiesFig.7 Mutant varietiesTotal -2252 accessionsTotal -2252 accessions
88.80%
9.50% 1.70%
Radiation Chemical Other
Fig.9 Mutant varietiesFig.9 Mutant varietiesTotal-1589 direct mutant Total-1589 direct mutant
varietiesvarieties
1411
910
31161 48 22 24
Radiation gamma rays x-rays gamma chronic
fast neutrons thermal neutrons other
Fig. 10 Mutant varieties Fig. 10 Mutant varieties Total- 1589 direct mutant Total- 1589 direct mutant
varietiesvarietiesMutagens- radiation Mutagens- radiation
CharacterCharacterNo. of mutant varietiesNo. of mutant varieties
earlinessearliness165165
SemidwarfnessSemidwarfness165165
yieldyield145145
blast/disease toleranceblast/disease tolerance9898
grain/cooking qualitygrain/cooking quality7979
tilleringtillering4949
tallnesstallness2525
cold tolerancecold tolerance2323
adaptabilityadaptability2222
glutinous endospermglutinous endosperm1717
salinity tolerancesalinity tolerance1010
Table .1 Characters induced by mutationsTable .1 Characters induced by mutations Rice-434 of 1700 accessions Rice-434 of 1700 accessions
Quality characterQuality characterMutant Mutant cultivarscultivarsCropCrop
alkaloid contentalkaloid content77lupin, white lupinlupin, white lupin
amylose contentamylose content1212rice, milletrice, millet
beta carotene cont.beta carotene cont.11sweet peppersweet pepper
brewing and malting brewing and malting q.q.
88barleybarley
cooking quality cooking quality 66buck wheat, cassava, millet, ricebuck wheat, cassava, millet, rice
fiber yieldfiber yield11jutejute
fruit (colour, quality, fruit (colour, quality,
morphology, morphology, ripeningripening
1212apple, grapefruit, green pepper, ind. apple, grapefruit, green pepper, ind. Jujmbe, loqust, Jujmbe, loqust, pench, pepper, sweet cherry, pench, pepper, sweet cherry, tomatotomato
grain (colour, grain (colour, morpholgy., morpholgy., quality, weight)quality, weight)
3737barley, black gram, millet, pea, rice, barley, black gram, millet, pea, rice, sorghum, wheatsorghum, wheat
favovonids cont.favovonids cont.22barley, subterranean d.barley, subterranean d.
juice qualityjuice quality11sugareanesugareane
leaf (colour, quality)leaf (colour, quality)66bermuda grass, tobaccobermuda grass, tobacco
nutritional valuenutritional value11cowpeacowpea
Table 2.Improved quality Table 2.Improved quality characterscharacters
Quality characterQuality characterMutant cultivarsMutant cultivarsCropCrop
oil contentoil content1616caster bean, citronella, caster bean, citronella, flax/linseed, flax/linseed, mustard, rage seed, soybean, mustard, rage seed, soybean, sunflowersunflower
oil qualityoil quality66flax, hop, peppermint, rapeseed, flax, hop, peppermint, rapeseed,
sesamesesame
protein contentprotein content66fababean, maize, sesame, wheatfababean, maize, sesame, wheat
seed (colour, quality, seed (colour, quality, size)size)
3838common bean, groundnut, common bean, groundnut, lentil, mungbean, oriental lentil, mungbean, oriental mustard, pea, mustard, pea, pigeon pea, sesame, soybean, pigeon pea, sesame, soybean, wheatwheat
seed skin qualityseed skin quality11PeaPea
seedlessseedless33orange/mandarin, grapefruitorange/mandarin, grapefruit
silage qualitysilage quality22maize, wheatmaize, wheat
skin colourskin colour22PotatoPotato
starch contentstarch content22sweet potatosweet potato
TOTALTOTAL170170
Table 3. Improved quality Table 3. Improved quality characterscharacters
CropsCropsNumberNumberCropCropNumberNumber
WheatWheat2525alfalfaalfalfa11
SoybeanSoybean99EggplantEggplant11
MilletMillet99Grass peaGrass pea11
BarleyBarley44GroundnutGroundnut11
RiceRice44MungbeanMungbean11
CottonCotton22PeaPea11
AmaranthAmaranth11PigonpeaPigonpea11
Table 4.Drought tolerance Table 4.Drought tolerance induced by mutations (6 of induced by mutations (6 of
1700 accessions1700 accessions
CropsCropsCountryCountry
CerealsCereals
RiceRiceThailandThailandTotal crop value at farm gate for the period 1989-Total crop value at farm gate for the period 1989-9898
US$ 16.9 billionUS$ 16.9 billion
ChinaChinaCumulative planted area between 1986-1994Cumulative planted area between 1986-199410.6 million ha10.6 million ha
JapanJapanTotal crop value 1997Total crop value 1997US$ 937 millionUS$ 937 million
IndiaIndiaAnnual crop valueAnnual crop value
US$ 1.748 US$ 1.748 millionmillion
Bread wheatBread wheatPakistanPakistanAdditional income to farmers during 1991-99Additional income to farmers during 1991-99US$ 87.1 millionUS$ 87.1 million
Durum wheatDurum wheatItalyItalyAdditional income to farmers during 1983-93Additional income to farmers during 1983-93US$ 1.8 billionUS$ 1.8 billion
BarelyBarelyUK-ScotlandUK-ScotlandCrop value (1977-2001)Crop value (1977-2001)US$ 417 millionUS$ 417 million
Numerous Numerous European European countriescountries
Area planted in 1972Area planted in 19722.86 billion ha2.86 billion ha
LegumesLegumes
ChickpeaChickpeaPakistanPakistanAdditional annual income to the growersAdditional annual income to the growersUS$ 9.6 millionUS$ 9.6 million
Black gram (urdbean)Black gram (urdbean)India, India, Value of increased production in season 1998-Value of increased production in season 1998-19991999
US$ 258 millionUS$ 258 million
Oil and industrial cropsOil and industrial crops
CottonCottonPakistanPakistanTotal value of crop from 1983-1993Total value of crop from 1983-1993US$ 3 billionUS$ 3 billion
SunflowerSunflowerUSAUSAGrownGrown50.000 ha50.000 ha
Fruit treeFruit tree
Japanese pearJapanese pearJapanJapanAdditional annual income to the growersAdditional annual income to the growersUS$ 50 millionUS$ 50 million
GrapefruitGrapefruitUSA, TaxasUSA, TaxasGrown area (year 2000)Grown area (year 2000)7.300 ha7.300 ha(75% of (75% of total areatotal area
Table 5. Economic impact of Table 5. Economic impact of mutant varieties mutant varieties
ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN
EGYPTEGYPT • Realizing the potential of induced mutations using Realizing the potential of induced mutations using
nuclear techniques for the improvement of crop nuclear techniques for the improvement of crop plants, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, initiated plants, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, initiated crop mutation breeding programs in the early crop mutation breeding programs in the early 1970s.1970s.
• The objective to increase seed yield and economic The objective to increase seed yield and economic value by incorporating disease and insect value by incorporating disease and insect resistance, better quality traits, shorter growth resistance, better quality traits, shorter growth duration, resistant to drought and salinity, less duration, resistant to drought and salinity, less water requirements.water requirements.
• Significant achievements were obtained: more than Significant achievements were obtained: more than 10 mutant varieties were developed.10 mutant varieties were developed.
• In sesame, three mutant varieties were released as In sesame, three mutant varieties were released as commercial varieties named Taka1, Taka2 and commercial varieties named Taka1, Taka2 and Taka3 since 2000 year.Taka3 since 2000 year.
• These varieties characterized with high seed These varieties characterized with high seed production, early maturity, lower water production, early maturity, lower water requirement, maturity homogenous suitable for requirement, maturity homogenous suitable for mechanical harvesting, better seed quality.mechanical harvesting, better seed quality.
ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN
EGYPTEGYPT • In chickpea, one mutant variety named Inshas10 was In chickpea, one mutant variety named Inshas10 was
released as commercial variety since 2004 and characterized released as commercial variety since 2004 and characterized with high seed production, large seed, resistant to wilt with high seed production, large seed, resistant to wilt disease.disease.
• In rice, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to In rice, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, tolerance to drought.characterized with high seed yield, tolerance to drought.
• In safflower, two mutant varieties were developed and In safflower, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; submitted to General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, spinless, high oil mutants characterized with high seed yield, spinless, high oil content and quality.content and quality.
• In flax, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to In flax, two mutant varieties were developed and submitted to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the General preeminent committee for registration; belong to the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants the ministry of Agriculture since 2005. These mutants characterized with high seed yield, tall fiber.characterized with high seed yield, tall fiber.
• In addition to some promising mutants in wheat are still under In addition to some promising mutants in wheat are still under evaluationevaluation
بذور طفراتالسمسم
ريع 8طفرة مصابالقرن
مصرع 12طفرة بالقرن
بالسالمية 3 قرونالقصيرة
بالسالمية 3 قرونالعادية
+ 3نبات بالحقل 8قرونريع مصا
بة طويــــل 3نباتقرون
بة طويــــل وبة 3نبات قرونالقرن انفتاح
مصا 8قرون + 3ريع
قرون 3نبات واحد بقرن بالمقارنة
المحلى الصنف فى
التفريع 3 عديم قرون
وطول القرون تكدسالثمرية المنطقة
متفرع 3 قرون
من 3 وتفريع قرونأسفل
قرون 3نبات طويلة
مقاومة نباتاتالسمسم لدودة
مقاومة نباتاتالسمسم لدودة
لمقاومة كثيف زغب بة نباتالحشرات
محدودة طفرةالتفريع
سمسم نباتات حقلقرون 3
نباتات حقل حصادقرون 3سمسم
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