the role of electric mobility in future energy systems

April 21, 2023 1

The role of electric mobility in future Energy Systems

Dr. ir. Zofia Lukszo

With collaboration with dr. Remco Verzijlbergh

Section Energy and IndustryTechnology, Policy and Management@: Z.Lukszo@tudelft.nl

Content

• Why electric mobility?• Responsive demand

• Are the goals of many actors involved the same?• What about the environment?• Why EVs can be compared to cold storage

warehouses?• What can we learn from looking at different price

scenario’s?• Future work

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Future energy systems

Oldschedule generation

to meet demand

New schedule demand

to meet generation

e.g. electric

mobility

Electric mobility

How can electric mobility contribute to a more sustainable transportation & electrical power system and on the same time align the interests

of its relevant actors?

See: Remco Verzijlbergh, The Power of Electric Vehicles, PhD Thesis TU Delft, 2013, http://repository.tudelft.nl/

Why electric mobility - CO2 emission air quality, noise polluttion

Energy usage households +/- 10 kWh

Power sectorcomplex socio-technical system

Standard Household Profile

Estimation of the expected energy usage of EVsData from Mobility Research Netherlands

Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, “Mobiliteitsonderzoek Nederland (in Dutch)” Available: www.mobiliteitsonderzoeknederland.nl

Average: ~34 km~ 90% < 100km

Charging scenario's and network loadBased on real life data

Network load:100 houses and 50 EVs

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Price control

Load Control

Imbalance Control

Separate EV demand profiles

Electric mobility in a city– city of Utrecht

Load flow analysis shows:

• 10% electric mobility

24% overloaded

• Reference case (merely

organic growth)

19% overloaded

See E.J. Kleiwegt, Electric Mobility: on the Road to Energy Transition: A technical and actor assessment of social costs of electric mobility, Master Thesis, TU Delft, 2011http://repository.tudelft.nl/

Example – city of Utrecht

Use calculations for critical component map

Green/Yellow/Redlocations for installing charging stations

Merit order vs emission – two cases

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D A

CO2 emissions of EV charging as a function of CO2 price

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A

D

Dispatch profiles for different vehicles scenarios

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Charging strategy based on predicted price

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Negative price?

Conventional, wind and solar power and spot prices for the German system on June 16th2013.

Responsive demand – cold storage

Oldschedule generation

to meet demand

New schedule demand

to meet generation

e.g. with a cold

storage warehous

e

Matching renewable energy and demand response through price

System model:•Cold store has PV generation on site•PV production known in advance•Pays price Cin(t) for energy, receives Cout(t)

•Temperature upper bound Tmax

Goal: Investigate relations between demand response strategy of a cold store and electricity prices & Evaluate different pricing regimes on optimal energy use

Physical model of cold store

Heat balance

Incoming heat

Outgoing heat

Discretized in time

Resulting equation for T dynamics

System model

• Cold store has PV generation on site

• PV production known in advance

• Pays price Cin(t) for energy, receives Cout(t)

• Temperature upper bound Tmax

Optimization formulation

constraints

Objective function

Compare cold store with EV optimization problem

Optimization problem

State dynamics

Price scenarios

A: flat tariff

B: flat double tariff

C: day-night tariff

D: APX based real time tariff

E: APX based real time tariff, high solar penetration

• Optimal cooling trajectory depends strongly on tariff structure.

• Local use of PV energy depends on tariffs

• Most 'value' of control in case with high solar penetration.

• The effective use of demand response requires the right tariff structure

Comparison

New plans

NWO URSES - CaPP Project

• Design, Management and Control Systems for

multi-modal, detachable decentral sustainable

energy systems

• Car as Power Plant as a multi-modal system (power,

transport, gas/hydrogen, heat)

• ICT and business models for CaPP

• Detachable decentral = fuel cell cars

NWO URSES – CaPP Project

• design, assess and analyse the fuel cell car as power plant (CaPP) in integrated transport and energy systems

• investigate and design robust control systems of CaPP-based smart energy systems

• explore effective incentive and organizational structures for the emergence of CaPP integrated energy and transport systems

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PhD wanted!

CaPP

Most urgent question

• How to reduce uncertainty for actors in the energy chain by developing the science and tools that are needed for smart energy systems?

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