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COURSE NAME: HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGNPROPOSED BY: DR.MOHAMED ALNEJEMSEMESTER: FIRST 2015/2016
CHAPTER (5): -The Renaissance in Italy-Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe
Oman College of Management & Technology
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CHAPTER 5 :
The Renaissance in Italy
Baroque and Rococo in Italy
and Northern Europe
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The Renaissance
in Italy
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What was the Renaissance?
• A period after the Middle Ages.
• The start of the “modern world”
• New interest in old stuff, like Greece & Rome
• Changes in thought about art, religion, literature, education
Where did the renaissance Start?
• Began in Italy
• Later spread north to Germany and England
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• The term “renaissance” means
“rebirth,” and stems from ideas
formulated by the Italian poet
Petrarch.
• Petrarch believed that he and his
contemporaries had revived Greek
and Roman ideas and thought after
a period of cultural stagnation in
the Dark Ages following the
collapse of the Roman Empire.
• The Italian city of Florence is
often described as the cradle of the
Renaissance.
The term “renaissance”:
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• Renaissance (1400–1600)o Means “rebirth”o Refers to the time period and the style of arto A renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art.
• Humanismo Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical
potential of human beings.
• Religiono Reformation and Counter-Reformationo Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of the
Italian Renaissance and the northern Renaissance.
The Renaissance in Italy:
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• The Early Renaissance .
• The High Renaissance .
• Late Renaissance and Mannerism.
The Renaissance period in Italy:
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The Early Renaissance in Italy
• Renewed interest in the Classical past
- Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematicunderstanding of the world.
• Art was a balance of the real and ideal
- Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective- Idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nudefigure .
• The artist Giotto represents the transition between the art of theMiddle Ages and the early Renaissance.
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• Building the cathedral began in 1296, but it was still incomplete more than 100 years later.
• No one had figured out how to build its enormous dome
• In 1419 a competition to design the dome was held, Italian sculptor and architect Filippo Brunelleschi won
Florence Cathedral
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Dome of Florence Cathedral
• The construction of Brunelleschi’s dome began in 1420
- It took 16 years to complete
• Dome was a great technological challenge
- 140 feet in diameter, and 170 feet above ground at its top
- Brunelleschi designed the system and equipment for building it
- The dome structure was built layer by layer
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Masaccio, Tribute Money
• Masaccio is a nickname, meaning “Big Clumsy Tom”
• Masaccio applied linear perspective (Brunelleschi’s invention) in Tribute Money
-All elements use the same scale
-Vanishing point and focal point
-Atmospheric perspective
-Creates the believable illusion of three-dimensional space
• Chiaroscuro
-Used to create realistic shading and modeling
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The High Renaissance in Italy
• Beginning of the 16th century
• Continued development of making art look “believable”-Rules of perspective
-Ideal and real
-Religious and mythological subject matter
• Three great Italian artists dominated this period:-Leonardo da Vinci
-Michelangelo
-Raphael
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Late Renaissance and Mannerism
• c. 1530–1600
• A time of historical upheaval-1527 Sack of Rome-1530 Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor
• Late Renaissance art-A reaction to the high Renaissance-Dissonance instead of harmony-Distortion rather than precision
• Mannerism-From the Italian “di maniera,” which means charm, grace-Exaggeration for emotional effect
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Paintings
• Art based on heaven to being based on the natural world
• Inspired by humanism
• Appeared 3D to the human eyes
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Architecture
• Mathematics gave an insight into Classical methods of proportion and structure
• Defined by flat surfaces and strong lines
• Important part symmetry
• Palazzi
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Sculpture
• Early Renaissance sculptors took inspiration directly from Classical Roman and Greek sculptor.
• They imbued their free-standing figures with a range of emotions and filled them with energy and thought.
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Baroquein Italy and Northern Europe
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• Refers to the time period and the style of art.
• Increase in trade, advancements in science.
• Permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
• Baroque art tends to be full of motion and emotion.
Baroque (1600–1750)
Introduction
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Baroque history:
• Early Baroque – 1540’s to 1600’s
• High Baroque 1620’s onwards
Reaction against the artificiality of the 16th century Mannerism
• Realism was again in fashion, although appear in different ways
• Two most important groups of Early Baroque were the Naturalists
and Classicists
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• The term Baroque once had a negative meaning.
• The name is derived from Baroque pearls – pearls with unusual, odd
shapes
• Compared to Renaissance art, it was considered to be “over-
dramatic” and the architecture, “overly decorated”.
The term (Baroque) :
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Baroque style:
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Italian Baroque Spanish Baroque
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French Baroque Dutch Baroque
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Architecture: Characteristics
• Long narrow naves replaced by broader or circular forms.
• Dramatic use of light.
• Large-scale ceiling frescoes.
• External façade with dramatic central projection.
• Interior a shell for painting and sculpture.
• Illusory effects.
• Onion domes in Eastern Europe.
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Sculpture Characteristics:
• The clients are the church and the nobility.
• It is the way of expression of different religious believes.
• It was used as a way of advertising power.
• Works are located in public places, such as courtyards and fountains.
• Creation of images that can be seen from different points of view.
• Tendency to open structures.
• Complicated lines, being the diagonal the most used.
• Interest for the effects of light:
-different treatment of surfaces
-Resource to breaking wall to get the ideal illumination
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Painting
• Subjects: religious and profane (mythological, allegorical, historicalor portraits).
• Composition: complicated; taste for big groups, with different centresof attention. Portraits are just essential.
• Lines: dynamic and complicate. Diagonal is the most used orcombinations of horizontal and vertical.
• Colour: rich, with great effects due to the use of oil and contrastdepending on the areas.
• Strange elements: secondary plans, mirrors.
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Rococoin Italy and Northern Europe
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Rococo
• French style for interior decoration
• It developped mainly at the end of 1720
• It was used in other countries as a French Style
• Characteristics:
Galante: luxurious things
Contraste: asymmety
Chinoiserie: exotic character imitating Chinese arts
The Rococo style :
• Typical of Rococo style :
oPastel color scheme
oSmall scale works
oDelicate rendering of objects and figures
o Idyllic settings
oFête galante and leisure activity of French aristocracy
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Rococo Architecture
• It caught the public taste
• Small and strange buildings
• Elegant parlours, dainty sitting-rooms.
• Walls, ceiling, furniture and works of metal as decoration
• Ensemble of sportive, fantastic and sculptured forms
• Horizontal lines almost completely supressed
• Shell-like curves
• Walls covered by stucco
• White and bright colours.
Rococo Sculpture
• There is not a breaking with the former
• The tune was set by courts and it is decorative
• Staircases, columns with atlantes become common
• Gardens and parks were adorned more than ever before with statues.
• The social role of sculpture increased to show the power of dynasties and nobility, mainly when cities expanded
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Characteristics
• Theme was the pursuit of pleasure
• Romantic love was depicted as sensual.
• Pastels and muted colors
• Attention to finer details
• Public expressions of fashion .
Rococo Painting
Characteristics:
• Flowing curves and flourishes
• Freeform
• Gilded with precious metals
• References the feminine form
• Lots of color
Rococo Furnishings
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