the renaissance, 1350-1600 ad
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The Renaissance, 1350-1600 AD“The School of Athens” Rafael Sanzio {Papal Apts.}
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Explain the social,
political, and
economic changes
caused by the
Crusades that led
to the beginning of
the Renaissance.
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Defeat of Roman Empire (476 AD) ended trade
and started a self-subsistent economy
= *manor system
Attila of the Huns Alaric of the Visigoths
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In Great Britain the ranks of the nobility are, in ascending order: Baron,
Viscount (Vice Count), Earl (Count), Marquess (Marquis), and Duke.
The Prince of Wales, a title granted to the male heir to the throne by the
monarch, has a singular coronet topped with a single arch, in distinction to
the double arch of the crown of the monarch.
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People lived on Medieval manors for
protection and production of goods
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11“Ooh, serf’s rule, baby!”
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Villages were walled in and protected by
the lord’s armies
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Pope Francis{current Pope / chosen in 2013}
14Cardinal
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Archbishop
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Bishop
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Priest
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Monk
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Catholic Church Powers:
1. Excommunication
2. Interdict
3. Inquisition
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The Crusades {1096 – 1291 AD}
brought back trade and money
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In 1089 AD, the Seljuk
Turks (Moslems) took
control of the Holy Land
and prevented
Christians from taking
pilgrimages to the area.
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Pope Urban II’s Speech in which He Calls for the Crusades
1. List five tools that Pope Urban used to make his speech
successful? Explain each.
A. (list the tool and put the number/s of the lines in the speech)
B.
C.
D.
E.
2. Draw a picture illustrating something Pope Urban said in his
speech.
3. Write a paragraph explaining whether or not the speech was
successful AND how it was successful.
4. Find five vocabulary words that you do not know and write them
as letters A – E. Leave two blank lines for each vocabulary
word.
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Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099) – called for the Crusades in a powerful
speech delivered in Clermont, France – in 1095 AD. QUOTE FROM
THE SPEECH - - “When they wish to torture people by a base death, they
perforate their navels, and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines,
bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the
viscera having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon the ground.”
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The Crusades (1096 – 1291 AD)
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Key Crusades ports {Venice and Genoa} became
early centers of Renaissance trade. A middle class
formed and the market economy returned.
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Crusades War was lost to Moslems. Yet, trade
began again with the Mideast and its valuable silks,
spices, and jewels.
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Results of the Crusades:
1. The Christians lost the war (Turks retained control of
the Holy Land.
2. Trade between the Mideast and Europe started.
Spices, silks, jewels, and Persian rugs were very
important trade items.
3. A middle class developed in Europe. (came from
peasants who became artisans who could make
products to be sold in the Mideast)
4. The market economy returned to Europe.
5. Tax money from the middle class helped to create
centralized governments.
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MONEY causes the Renaissance
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“Money” Pink Floyd (Roger Waters) 1973
Money, get away.
Get a good job with good pay and you're okay.
Money, it's a gas.
Grab that cash with both hands and make a stash.
New car, caviar, four star daydream,
Think I'll buy me a football team.
Money, get back.
I'm all right Jack keep your hands off of my stack.
Money, it's a hit.
Don't give me that do goody good bullshit.
I'm in the high-fidelity first class traveling set
And I think I need a Lear jet.
Money, it's a crime.
Share it fairly but don't take a slice of my pie.
Money, so they say
Is the root of all evil today.
But if you ask for a raise it's no surprise that they're
giving none away.
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FRQ (Free Response Question) # 1 - - 35 minute timed
write
Explain the social, political, and economic changes,
brought on by the Crusades, that started the
Renaissance.
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Model for a New Civilization =
Classical Greece
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Model for New Civilization = Classical Rome
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Technological advance
accompanied the new trade
Johann
Gutenberg’s
printing press
(commercial use in
1456 AD
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Johann Gutenberg
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The Bubonic Plague’s worst wave hit
from 1347-1377 AD. 35% of Europe’s
population was erased.
Large internal pockets of pus (buboes) found close to lymph glands
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Florence was
the early
center of the
Renaissance.
Halfway
between Rome
and N. Europe
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Florence
= central
location
between
Vatican &
N.
Europe
trade
routes
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Vatican = Headquarters of the
Roman Catholic Church {in Rome}
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Government of Florence called the
*Signoria
Piazza Signoria
Governmental
Center
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Florence = 1st Center of the
Renaissance
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Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
(includes Brunelleschi’s il Duomo
and Giotto’s Belltower)
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Interior of “il Duomo”
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The Baptistery, Florence
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“The Door of Paradise” by Ghiberti took
25 years to complete! (Baptistery)
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Ponte Vecchio, Florence
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*Cosimo de Medici (strong leader of
Florence and great art patron)
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1. Rural
2. Religious focus
3. Backwards socially – still in late
stages of feudalism
4. Main emphasis on getting to
heaven
5. Christian Humanism
6. Also known as the
REFORMATION
1. Urban
2. Secular focus
3. Progressive – chance to build a
new society
4. Main emphasis on virtue or
success
5. Humanism
Northern European Renaissance Southern European Renaissance
Possible FRQ = Compare and contrast the Northern European Renaissance
and the Southern European Renaissance.
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1st Phase of the Renaissance =
*Humanism (1325-1375 AD)
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Father of Humanism =
*Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374)
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Dante Aligheri (1265-1321) = an example of a Medieval
writer. In Medieval literature everything had religious
symbolism. (Dante’s masterpiece = Divine Comedy)
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*Giovanni Boccacio {1313-1375}
In the Renaissance, writers began to write in a SECULAR style. In other
words, they just told things the way they were - - without always
connecting them to religion.
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*Pico della Mirandola {1463-1494} gave
best description of “humanism” in
“Oration on the Dignity of Man”
Man alone (among all creatures)
was given the ability to become
as successful as possible or to
sink to the lowest of levels. In
other words, God gave man the
ability to control his own
destiny.
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2nd Phase of Renaissance =
*Civic Humanism {1375-1460}
Cicero = Roman
hero for Civic
Humanism
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3rd Phase of Renaissance =
Neoplatonism {1460-1576}
Plato = role
model for this
phase
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Plato in Rafael’s fresco, “The
School of Athens”
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1453 AD = Ottoman Turks conquered
Byzantine Empire {Greek} and took
control of Constantinople
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Marsilio Ficino and Greek
scholars fled to Florence and
created the Florentine Academy
62The Japanese Embassy in Washington D.C.
63Chinese Embassy in Washington D.C.
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Vittorino da Feltre {d. 1446} =
leading Renaissance educator
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Baldassare Castiglione – The
Book of the Courtier
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Lorenzo Valla – “The Donation of
Constantine” {philology}
Lorenzo Pope Sylvester and Emperor Constantine
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Holy Roman Empire
indicated by the area
inside the dark red lines
(indicated by arrows)
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Original translation of the Bible
called The Latin Vulgate
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Desiderius Erasmus translated
the Greek version of the Bible
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Humanists Outside Italy
Guillaume Budé
Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris
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Francois Rabelais
Gargantua and Pantagruel
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Women and Renaissance Culture
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Chivalry
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Sexual Double Standard
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Noted Renaissance Women
Christine de Pisan The Treasure of the City of Ladies
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Vittoria Calonna 1492 - 1547
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Vittoria Colonna as sketched by
Michelangelo Buonarotti
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Laura Cereta
(1469-1499)
• Great scholar at 15
• Symbolic of choices
women have to make
upon marriage proposal
• Widowed at 18 & worked
as scholar for remaining
12 years of life
• Men thought educated
women violated nature
and ceased to be women
• Cereta said women who
did not educate
themselves were “empty
women”
• Blamed women
themselves for accepting
subordination to men
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Renaissance Politics
• Return to centralized government
• Use of educated bureaucrats
• Political idea of “balance of power”
• Use of embassies and ambassadors
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Lorenzo “the Magnificent” de
Medici {1449-1492 Florence}
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1454-1455 Treaty of Lodi represents
political idea of “balance of power”
• Treaty created 2
separate sides to keep
the balance of power on
peninsula
• Milan, Naples, &
Florence
VERSUS
• Venice and Papal States
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Lorenzo de Medici’s son, Giovanni
de Medici (who became Pope Leo X)
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1490 - A new despot, Ludovico Sforza {aka
Ludovico “il Moro” came to power in Milan &
broke the alliance between Milan & Naples
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Pope Alexander VI (Borgia)
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French King, Charles VIII{IN PANIC, Ludovico Sforza invited Charles to serve as an ally
in the fight against Naples, Florence, and the Papal States}
(A “hot” guy no matter which portrait you choose!!)
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Piero de Medici {son of Lorenzo}
ruled Florence from 1492-1494
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Dominican Prior, Girolamo Savonarola
ruled Florence from 1494-1498 through
theocracy.
Statue of Savonarola leading Florence
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The Signoria (or Council of 10) regained
control of Florence (gov’t returned to a
Republic) in 1498 and made Niccolo
Machiavelli the republic’s Secretary & Diplomat
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) is known as
the father of modern political science largely
because of his book, The Prince (1513)
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Key ideas in The Prince by
Machiavelli:
• Use whatever tactics are necessary to get & keep
complete political power
• Do all evil at one time
• ** Better to be feared than loved **
• Avoid being hated by keeping hands off men’s
property & women
• ** Leadership metaphor of “the fox and the lion” **
• Use lies & deception as men are easily deceived
• People judge more on appearance than on actual
accomplishments
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“ The Rack”
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“St. Jerome in
His Study”
Albrecht Dürer
(silver engraving)
Machiavellian analogy of
the “fox and the lion.”
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King Henry VII – England
• Tudor Dynasty
• One of 1st
to use the
*Royal Council
(institution)
• Chose *middle class
advisors (tactic) to
serv*e on Royal
Council
• *Court of the Star
Chamber (institution) –
no jury, accused not
told evidence held
against him, used
torture
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English kings tried to use *diplomacy (tactic) to
avoid expensive wars which required them to go to
Parliament to get approval for tax increases.
Parliament used the *power of the purse to control
kings.
Meeting of
Parliament in
the 1500s AD
95
French King Charles VII
Created new taxes to
provide a steady stream of
revenue to finance his
rule:
*gabelle (tactic) – tax on
salt
*taille (tactic) – property
tax
Charles also created a
*royal standing army
(institution) which often
consisted of mercenaries.
Was used to control his
own people and fight wars.
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King Ferdinand of Spain
Established *the Inquisition
(institution) in 1478 AD.
Religious court designed to
hunt down *heretics and
bring them to trial.
Had 3 judges, known as
Inquisitors.
Almost always found people
guilty. Famous for its use
of torture.
The guilty were burned at
the stake!
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Inquistion Torture Devices
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Inquistion Torture Devices
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Inquistion Torture Devices
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Inquistion Torture Devices
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Corruption in the Papacy helped
cause the Reformation of the 1500s
Papal tiaras (Pope hats!)
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Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503
(aka Roderigo Borgia)
• Most corrupt pope
to hold the papacy
• Used his religious
power to get secular
political power for
his children
(Lucrezia & Cesaré)
• Made his son,
Cesaré, leader of
Romagna
103
Pope Julius II 1503-1513
{aka Giuliano della Rovere}• Greatest patron of arts
in history of papacy
• Moved center of Renaissance to the Vatican in 1503
• Issued the “Jubilee Indulgence” to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
• Known as the “warrior pope”
• Contracted syphilis from a prostitute
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Michelangelo Buonarotti
The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican
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Donato Bramante (architect who
redesigned St. Peter’s Basilica
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The Vatican
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Rafael Sanzio – “The School of Athens” in the papal apartments
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